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1 

2 

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2 

3 

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6 

THE    AVOIMvS 


HUBERT  HOWi:  BANCROFT 


^f 


o 


THE    WORKS 


OF 


HUBEirr  HOWE  BANCROFT 


VOLUME  XXXI 


ISTORV  OF  WASfllXGTOX.  IDAHO,  AND  MONTANA 

1845-1889 


SAN    FRANCISCO 
THE   HISTORY  CO>rPANY,  PUBLISHERS 


18U0 


Entered  accordinpr  to  Art  of  Cmipjrcss  in  the  Year  isno,  by 

HUBERT   H.  BANCROFT, 
111  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washiugton. 

All  Rijhti  Reserved. 


fc^ 
^91 


PBEFACE. 


In   my   History  of  the  Northwest    Coast   I   have 
brought  down  the  annals  of  Washington,  Idaho,  and 
Montana  to  the  end  of  the  fur  company  reginio,  in 
184G,  at  wJiich  time  the  question  of  boundary  between 
the  possessions  of  Great   Britain  and  those  of  the 
United  States  was  determined,  the  subjects  of  the 
former  power  thereupon  retiring  from  the  banks  of 
the  Cohimbia  northward  beyond  the  hne  of  latitude 
49°.     In  the  History  of  Oregon  I  have  likewise  given 
much  of  the  early  affairs  of  the  territory  treated  of  in 
this  volume,  that  territory  for  a  time  being  a  part  of 
Oregon;  just  as  in  the  history  of  Washington  much 
is^ given  of  the  history  of  Idaho,  and  in  the  history 
ot  Idaho  much  of  Montana. 

Under   the    terra    Northwest   Coast    I    originally 
included  all  that  vast  region  of  North  America" nortli 
of  the  42d  parallel  and  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
Alaska  alone  excepted.      When,  in   184G,  the  south- 
ern hne  of  British  Columbia  was  determined,  all  that 
remained  was    called    Oregon.     Later,  from  Oreo-on 
M-as  set  off  Washington;  from  Washington  wastset 
off  Idaho;  and  from  Idaho,  for  the  most  part,   was 
set  off  JMontana.     Thus  for  some  part  of  the  history 
Montana  we  look  to  the  annals  of  Idaho   Wash- 
ton,  Oregon,  and  the  Northwest  Coast;  for  part 

(V) 


of 
in 


▼I 


PREFACE. 


of  the  history  of  Idaho  wo  look  to  the  annals  of 
Wasliiiigton  and  tlic  rest;  and  for  tlie  history  of 
Waahin<4'ton  we  must  have  also  the  histories  of  Ore- 
gon and  the  Nortliwost  Coast.  I  have  \>vv)\  thus 
explicit  on  this  point,  iji  order  that  the  ]ie<)ple  of 
Wasliington,  Idalio,  and  IMontana  might  thoroughly 
understand  how  the  histories  of  their  respective  sec- 
tions are  distributed  in  this  series — histories  which 
if  segregated  from  the  series  and  issued  separately 
would  each  fill  a  space  equal  to  two  of  my  volumes. 


There  were  those  among  the  early  pioneers  who 
came  to  the  Northwest  Coast  some  who  deter- 
mined, while  securing  to  themselves  such  homes  as 
they  might  choose  out  of  a  broad  expanse,  to  serve 
their  government  by  taking  possession  of  the  terri- 
tory north  of  the  Columbia  River,  not  as  Vancouver 
had  done  fifty-seven  years  before,  by  stepping  on 
shore  to  eat  luncheon  and  recite  some  ceremonies  to 
the  winds,  nor  as  Robert  Gray  had  done,  a  fcnv  years 
later,  by  entering  and  naming  the  great  River  of  the 
West  after  his  ship;  but  by  actual  settlement  and  oc- 
cupation. I  need  not  repeat  here  the  narrative  of 
those  bold  measures  by  whicli  these  men  of  destiny 
achieved  what  they  aimed  at.  I  wish  only  to  declare 
that  they  no  more  knew  what  was  before  them  than 
did  the  first  immigrants  to  the  Willamette  Valley. 
Nevertheless,  it  fell  out  that  they  had  found  one  of 
the  choicest  portions  of  the  great  unknown  north- 
west; with  a  value  measured  not  alone  by  its  fertile  soil, 
but  also  by  its  wonderful  irdand  sea,  with  its  salt- 
water canals  branching  off  in  all  directions,  deep,  safe 
from  storms,  always  open  to  navigation,  abounding  in 


TREFACE. 


tH 


fish,  bordered  many  miles  wide  with  the  most  magnifi- 
cent forests  on  earth.  It  did  not  require  the  im- 
agination of  a  poet  to  picture  a  glowing  future  for 
Puget  Sound,  albeit  far  away  in  the  dim  reaches  of 
time.  To  be  in  some  measure  connected  with  that 
future,  to  lay  ever  so  humbly  the  corner-stone,  was 
worth  all  the  toil  and  privation,  the  danger  and  the 
isolation,  incident  to  its  achievement. 

Not  only  was  there  this  inland  sea,  with  its  treas- 
ures inexhaustible  of  food  for  the  world,  and  its  fif- 
teen liundred  miles  of  shore  covered  M'ith  pine  forests 
to  the  water's  edge,  but  surrounding  it  were  many 
small  valleys  of  the  richest  soils,  watered  by  streams 
fed  by  the  pure  snows  of  the  Cascade  and  Coast 
ranges,  lialf  prairie  and  half  forest,  warm,  sheltered 
from  winds,  enticing  the  weary  pilgrim  from  the 
eastern  side  of  the  continent  to  rest  in  their  calm 
solitudes.  It  was  true  that  the  native  wild  nuiu  still  in- 
habited these  vallcj's  and  roamed  the  encircling  moun- 
tains, to  the  number  of  thirty  thousand ;  but  in  so  vast 
a  country  three  times  as  many  would  have  seemed 
few;  and  the  incomers  were  the  sons  of  sires  who  had 
met  and  subdued  the  savage  tribes  of  Amei-ica  as 
they  pushed  their  way  westward  from  Plymouth  Hock 
to  the  Missouri  and  beyond;  therefore  they  had  no 
hesitation  now  in  settling  in  their  midst.  They  had 
been  bred  to  the  belief  that  "the  British  and  Ind- 
ians" would  melt  before  them. 


The  sources  of  material  for  writing  this  volume  arc 
similar  to  those  which  have  enabled  me  to  write  all 
my  volumes;  namely,  all  existing  printed  matter, 
books,  public  documents,  and   newspapers,  together 


' 


vUi 


PREFACE. 


with  many  valuable  manuscripts,  the  results  of  hun- 
dreds of  dictations,  containing  the  experiences  of  those 
first  upon  the  ground  in  the  various  localities,  or  who 
have  in  any  manner  achieved  distinction  in  (^ganiz- 
ing  society  and  government  in  these  domains. 


of  hun- 
)f  those 
or  who 
)rganiz- 


COXTEOTS  OF  THIS  VOLUME. 


PILSTOIiY   OF  WASHINGTON. 

chaptp:r  I. 

THE    FIK.sr    SEITLEMENTS. 

1845-1853. 
Attitude  of  the  Hu.lson's  Bav  Conipanv-Arir.),-,,.!  TV 

ciat.  P.eeea  Ko..t.n.:..a-«;.U^U  ^^  j!;,^:?:;;^^^^^ 
H.g  .lands  ru>nwat.,...-Bu«l.  Pnu.ie-,  'han.bc.r^  Frairie-N^,  ~ 
-Ma,n.^..  and  Birth.-Tl.o  Indian.  ]>,-„„ounce  against  .'  W hi'  e 
Man-Ettect   of   falifornia  Gold   Di.covory-Tl.e  Ti.  ,Vr  T 

To..  i.,,u.,__,v.ddue,  i.and  seuied-!oe::;t;:;::';i^e:::; 


PACE 


1 


CHAPTER   ir. 

rOLITICS  AMJ   DKVKLOI'MENT. 

CHAPTER  HI. 

ORGAXIZ.VrroN    OF   (;OVEK.NMENT. 

18r);i-l855. 

lion  '' :  2;rLv:t"~''™''-'*'"''''''^^ 

ottvcns  111  iiaateru  Washington 70 

(ix) 


T 


CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER   IV 

INDIAX    WAUrt. 

1853-1S5G. 


PAOE 


Causes  of  the  Indian  Outhrcak— Discovery  of  Gold  near  Fort  Colville- 
Yakimas  Hostile — Expeditions  of  Major  O.  G.  llaller  into  tlie  Snake 
and  Yakima  Countries — Vakinia  Caiiniaign  of  ISfiy — Movement  of 
Troops  on  the  Sound — Attack  on  Seattle — War  Vessels  on  the  Sound 
— Walla  Walla  Campaign  of  tiie  Oregon  Volunteers — Operations  of 
the  Second  Oregon  llcgiinent — Attack  on  the  Cascades^ — Colonel 
Cornelius  Returns  to  Portland 108 

CHAPTER   V. 

INDIAN    WARH. 

ISJO-lSoS. 

Action  of  the  Governor — Disposition  of  Forces — New  Uattalions — Plan 
of  Campaign— Battle  of  Wliitu  llivcr— On  the  Sound — Martial  Law 
—  Figliting  at  Joim  Day  Kivcr  and  (irand  Kond — East  of  the  Cas- 
cade Range — Stevens  in  the  Hostile  Country — Failure  of  his  Council 
— Lechi's  Betrayal,  Arrest,  'i'lials,  and  llxicution— Assassination  of 
Quiemuth — Termination  of  Ho.-tilitijs  on  tlu;  .Sound — Result — War 
Debt — Clarke  and  Wright's  Campaign — l)efeat  of  Steptoe — Battles 
of  Four  Lakes  and  Spokane  Plains  in  the  Yakima  Country — Walla 
Walla  Country  Reopened 157 

CHAPTER   VI. 

THROUGH   I'uru  AUMIMSIUATIONS. 
IS.")")- 1807. 

Party  Politics — Election  of  Delegate— Martial  Law — Stevens  Chosen 
Delegate —Death  of  Stevens — His  Character— Governor  McMulIin — 
Eraser  River  Mining  Excitement — Its  I'^tlcM^t  on  Washington — Ser- 
vices of  Secretary  Mason — (iovernor  Gliolson — Henry  M.  ^lc<iill — 
The  Capital  Question — Tlie  University— (iovernor  Wallace — (iover- 
nor Pickering — The  Custom-house  Controversy — Inundation  of  Port 
Angeles 201 


: 


CHAPTER  VII. 

MINING    AND    J'OWN-MAKIXO. 
1S()1-18()3. 

(Organization  of  the  First  Washington  Infantry — Companies  from  Califor- 
nia— (iold  Discoveries — Military  Road — Eraser  River  Travel— Col- 
villo  Mines— The  Malheur  Country— Tlio  Similkamecn  Mines— 
Au'erican  Miners  in  British  Columbia-  (Iold  Discoveries  on  the 
Clearwater— Ou  Suako  River — Protest  of  the  Nez  I'erces— Pierce  City 


CONTENTS. 


XI 


'olville — 
le  Snake 
ument  of 
le  8ouml 
atious  of 
-Colonel 


108 


IS — Plan 
;ial  Law 
tlio  Cas- 
Couucil 
atioii  of 
It-War 
-Fiattles 
-Walla 


157 


-Oro  Fmo-Lewiston-Very  Rich  Digginga-Califomia  Eclipsed- 
Sulnioa  River  Mines-Political  Ettect— Winter  Sufferings— Powder 
antl  John  Day  Rivers— Florence  and  Warren  Diggings-Boisd  Mines 
— Orgauizatioii  of  the  Territory  of  Idaho 227 

CHAPTER   VIII. 

GOVERNMENT    AM)    DEVELOPMENT. 

1863-1886. 
Effect  of  Territorial  Division— Election  of  Delegate— Negro  Suffrage- 
Party  Politics— The  Legislature— Peace  and  Progress-Steamboating 
—Navigation  Companies— Clearing  Rivers— Public  Buildings— In- 
sane Asylum  and  Penitentiary— Legislative  Divorces— Government 
Reservations— Judicial  Affairs— Another  Delegate— Governor  Flan- 
ders—Governor  Salomon— Governor  Ferry— Governor  Newell— Era 
of  Railways— More  Elections-Political  Platforms— Convention- 
Woman's  Rights— Legislature 264 

CHAPTER   IX. 

PROGRESS   AND  STATEHOOD. 

Remarkable  Growth  of  the  Territory— Demand  for  Statehood— Enabling 
Act— State  Convention— Character  of  tlie  Delegates- Constitution 
Ratified  — Waiting  for  a  Proclamation- Meeting  of  First  State 
Legislature— Character  of  Members— Unexpected  Delay  of  the  Presi- 
dential Proclamation— Election  of  Senators 301 


Chosen 
lullin— 
n— Ser- 
lc(iill— 
-Gover- 

of  Port 


201 


Palifor- 
■I-  Col- 
lines — 
on  the 
'cc  City 


HISTORY   OF    IDAHO. 
CHAPTER   I. 

PHYSTCAI,   FEATI'HES   AND    NATURAL   WEALTH. 

Territorial  Limits— The  World's  Wonder-land- Rivers,  Mountains,  and 
Valleys— Piienomcnal  Features— Lava-fields— Mineral  Springs- 
Climate— Scores  of  Limpid  Lakes-  -Origin  of  the  Name  '  Idaho  '-In- 
difference of  Early  Innnigrants- Natural  Productions-(;ame-F(,o.l 
Supply— Fur-bearing  Animals— First  Mormon  Settlement— County 
Divisions  of  Idaho  as  Part  of  Wasiiington 393 

CHAPTER    H. 

EARLY   SKTTLEMENT. 
1 8(12- 1860. 

Mineral  Discoveries— Counties  and  T.iwns—Inmigration— Routes  to 
the  Mines- Indian  Wars— Forts— Quartz-mining-C'ompanics  and 
Claims— More  Town-lniilding- Stage-roads- Sliding  Clul)s— Trallio 
and  Travel— On  gon  versus  California- Mail  Contracts- Prospecting 
and  Mining— Nuw  Districts— Output  of  Precious  Motiils 40G 


xu 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  III. 

POLITICAL   AFIAIRS. 

18G3-1885. 


PAGE 


Governor  Wallace — Territorial  Organization— Judicial  and  Legislative 
Matters — Acting  tioveruor  Daniels — (lovernor  Lyon — .Secession  Sen- 
tiniento — Crimes  an<l  Punishments— Tiie  Magruder  Massacre— Vigi- 
lance Committees — Political  and  Highway  Robberies — Acting  Gov- 
ernor Smith — The  Capital  Question— Legislatures — Cliuracter  of 
Lyon — Acting  Governor  Howlett — Governor  Ballard— Gibbs — Mars- 
ton — Curtis  —  Bowen  • —  Bennet  —  Judges  —  Governor  Thompson — 
Bray  man — Neil — Buun — Politics — Territorial  Limits — Federal  and 
Territorial  Officers ii'2 


N| 


CHAPTER   IV. 

THREATENI.Va   ASPECT  OF   AFFAIRS. 

18C1-1874. 

Tribal  and  Territorial  Divisions  of  the  Aborigines — Attitude  of  the  Nez 
Perce  Nation— Gold  Discovery  on  the  Nez  Perce  Reservation  — 
Council  at  Lapwai — Terms  of  Treaty  Disregarded  liy  the  White 
Men — -Aboriginal  Diplomacy— Big  ThuT'dcr  and  the  Missionaries — 
Terms  of  tlie  New  Treaty — Claim  of  Eagle-from-thedight— Speech 
of  Lawyer — Coufereuco  with  Joseph 481 


CHAPTER   V. 

INDIAN    WARS. 

1874-1878. 

March  of  the  Cavalry—Attitude  of  Joseph — His  Opinion  of  Indian  Res- 
ervations-Indian Outbreaks — Military  Companies  in  the  Field — 
The  (Governors  of  Washington,  Oregoji.  and  Idaiic — Battle  of  Cotton- 
wood—.Teidousics  between  Regulars  and  Volunteers — Battle  of  Clear- 
M'ater-Flii^lit  of  Joseph— Battle  of  Ruby  Creek  -On  Snake  Creek 
■ — Surrender  of  .Toseph  -Anfither  Indian  Treaty — Disall'ection  of  the 
Bauuacks— Further  Fighting— End  of  llostilitiea 497 


CHAPTER   VI. 

NATURAL    WEALTH. 

18(w-1885. 
Mining  Prosperity  ami  Reverses — Early  ami  Later  Developments — The 
Several  Gold  antl  Silver  Mining  Districts-  Tlie  Snake  River  Ri'gion 
—  Produ(!tion— Base  Metals — Iron  Veins — Salt — Sulphur — Soda — 
Miea — Stone — Agriculture — Soil-  G rasses  and  Grazing — Forests— 
Cliuiatu — Ueultii — Boundless  Pussibilitius 5'27 


PAGE 


I 


CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER   VII. 

MATERIAL   AND   SOCIAL   rROGRESS. 

1864-1886. 


m 


PAQK 


44-2 


Ada  County-Creat.on  of  the  Capital  of  Idaho-Origi.  and  Development 
of  1  o wns-1.  anumg  Settle.nents-Orcl.ards-Stock-raising  -  Pio- 
neers-Alturas  County-Mineral  and  Agricultural  Lan.ls  and  Settle- 
ment-Bear  Lake  County- Boise,  Cassia.  Custer,  Idaho,  K<.otenai, 
Lemhi,  ^ez  Perce.  Oneida,  Owyhee,  Shoshone,  and  Wasliington 
Counties-Public  Lands  in  Idaho-Social  Condition-E.lucation- 
Ke hgion-Benevoleut  Societies-Public  Improvements-Railroads 
and  lelegraphs ^ , . 


481 


HISTORY   OF   MONTANA. 
CHAPTER  I. 

NATURAL    WEALTH    AND    SETTLEMENT. 
17L'8^1802. 

The  Name-Configuration  and  Climate- Game- Stock-raising  Advan- 
tages-Mmerals  and  Metals- Cataeombs-Mauvaises  Terrey  Early 
Kxplorations-Eur-lmnters  and  Forts-Missionaries  and  Missions- 
Overland  Ex-ilorations-Railroa.l  Survey -Wagon-roads- Early 
.Steand>oats-(;old  Discoveries-The  Cattle  Business-First  Settlers 
—New  Counties  of  Washington 


589 


497 


CHAPTER  II. 

TOWN-BUILDINO    AND   SOCIETY. 

1862-1864. 
Exploring  Expe.litions-Pioneers  of  ^rontana-Prospecting  Parties-Or- 
ganization of  Districts-Stuart  and  Bozeman-l>e  Lacy-Biograph- 
ical Sketches  (,f  Settlers-  Freights  an.l  Freight  Trains-Earlv  Soci- 
ety of  the  Mines- Road-agents  and  Vigilance  Committees-Legallv 
Organized  Bamlitti-Tho  Sheriff  Highwayman  an.l  his  Deputies-A 
lypical  1  rial— Wholesale  Assassination  and  Retribution (j'Jl 


CHAPTER  III. 

POLITICAL   AM)   JCDICIAL. 

1864-1866. 

Organization  of  thoTerritory-Boun.laries  Establisho.l-Oovcrnor  E.lger- 

ton-.ludges  Appointed- First  Legislature-Seat  of  (Jovernment- 

Seal  --Map  -Moaghcr,  Acting  Covernor-l'art  ,•  Issues-Convention 

-Election- Early  Newsi.apers- Vigilance  Committee  lutiuence- 


Ill 


xiv  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Eastern  Solons — DiflSculties  Encountered  by  the  Early  Judges — 
Beidler — More  Legislation — (iovernor  Smith — Education — Assay 
Office — Surveyor-general — Removal  of  Capital 642 

CHAPTER    IV. 

POLITICAL    HISTORY. 

1800-1880. 
Special  Legislation — All  Made  Null  by  Congress — Useful  Laws — The  Cap- 
ital Question — Party  Issues — The  Several  Legislatures — Governor 
Aphley — Governor  Potts — Nevrspapers — Railway  Legislation — The 
Right-of-way  Question — Territorial  Extravagance — Northern  Pacific 
Railway — Local  Issues — Retrenchment  and  Reform 


CHAPTER  V. 

INDIAN    WARS. 

1855-1882. 
The  Blackfoot  Nation — Crows  and  Sioux — Their  Lands  and  their  Charac- 
ters— The  Old,  Old  Issue — Treaty-making — Treaty-breaking,  Fight- 
ing, and  Finishing — Movements  of  Troops — Montana  Militia  Com- 
panies— Establishing  Forts — Expeditions  for  Prospecting  and  Dis- 
covery— Reservations — Long-continued  Hostilities  —Decisive  Meas- 
ures  


666 


690 


CHAPTER   VI. 


MININO    AND   CATTLE-RAIMING. 
1804-1880. 

Influx  of  Prospectors— Continued  Mineral  Discoveries — Alder  and  Last 
Chance  Gulciies — Mining  Adventures — Some  Notable  Discoveries — 
Hydraulic  Machinery —  Quartz-mining  —  Transportation—  Routes 
and  Freights— The  Business  of  Cattle-growing— Ranges — Brands- 
Round-up — Product  and  Profit— Further  Mining  Developments- 
Condition  of  Agriculture  and  Horticulture 720 

CHAPTER  VII. 

OENEKAL    DEVELOPMENT. 
1870-1888. 

Condition  of  Montana  from  1870  to  1880— Countries  Compared— Total 
Production  in  1888 — Price  of  Labor— Railroad  Era — Agriculture — 
Lumbering— Wages — Transportation  Companies — Coal— Looses  in 
Cattle — Mining  Development — Butte — Phillipsburg— Deer  Lodge— 
Helena — Groat  Falls — Benton — Eastern  Montana — Moral  and  Social 
Condition 750 


Lssay 


PAOB 


642 


Cap. 
nior 
The 
cific 


666 


CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER  Vlir. 


4 

i 
J 


XV 


PROGRESS   AND   STATEHOOD, 

1884- 1S89 
Convention  of  1884-Election  of  Delegate  Ind  Legislature- Republican 
and  Democratic  Conventions-Territorial  Officers-Governor  Leslie 
Appointed-Legislative  Sessions  and  Enactments-Memorials  con- 
cerning Mmeral  Lands-The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad-Laws  to 
Guard  Electioiu-Thomas  H.  Carter,  Delegate_B.  P.  White,  Gov- 
ernor-Lnab  ing  Act  Passed  by  Congress-Constitutional  ConvLntion 
-beoMtea  of  the  Constitution-Political  Troubles 731 


rac- 
5ht- 
oin- 

Dia- 
3as- 


690 


ast 
9 — 
tes 
3 — 
) — 


720 


tal 


in 


lal 


750 


^ 


tL.. 


AUTHORITIES   CO^^SULTED 


IN   THE 


HISTORY    OF    WASHINGTON,    IDAHO 
AND  MONTANA 


ALsaraka  or  Home  of  the  Crows.     Philadelphia,  18G8. 

"Oroim;  1873.     ^'^™  ""''^  ""  ^''''""   ^'"'''*-     ^^°«*°"'  ^^OO;  Portland, 
Albany  fOr.'),  Register;  State  Itights  Democrat. 

N  Jv  wt  I'hW.'"'*^^  ^'"•""'"  ^^^^^^^>  from  Cadet  to  Major-general. 
Alaiiiuila  Kiifiiial. 

American  Almanac.     Boston  and  New  York,  1830  etaeq. 
American  Mining  Index.  ^ 

American  Mi.ssionary.     New  York,  18G2  et  seq. 
Anaheim  (Cal.),  (iazette. 
Anderson  (Alex.  C),  History  of  the  Northwest  Coast.     MS 

t,"f'V^-.f?W'^'^*l'°-     «'-^n  Francisco.  18G5 
Autioch  (CiiL),  Ledger. 

Aliplegate  (.Jesse),  Views  of  Oregon  History.     MS 

Appleton  (l>.  &  Co.),  Journal.     New  York    18G8  ei  seq. 

Armstrong  (A.  N.),  Oregon.     Chicago,  1857.  ' 

Army  and  Navy  Journal.  ^ 

Ashland  (Or.),  Tidings. 

Astoria  (Or.),  Astorian. 

Atlantic  Monthly.     Boston,  1858  et  sen. 

Austin  (Nev.),  Reiie River  Reveille. 

Bigley  (V.  I.),  The  San  Juan  Aflfair.     MS. 
Hiker  City  (Or.),  Reveille. 

muou  (\\  m  I.),  Adventures.     MS 
Jmcro  t  (A.  L.)    Journey  to  Oregon  in  1802.     MS. 

b'    cr.':      Hult-f  h';-^'/'\"'"'  "-YA'  "'""''^-     '^'"'  Francisco.  ,882. 
fi^^^lcJ!^j;£Z:l^^^-     San  Francisco,  188G.    2  vols. 
1  irnes  (( J .  A. ),  Oregon  and  California.     MS. 

narrows  (\V  lUmm),  1  wclve  Nights  in  a  Hunter's  Camp.     Boston,  18G9. 

( xvii ) 


Philadelphia,  1882. 


XTIU 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED 


Battle  Mountain  (Nev.),  Messenger. 

Bear  River  City  (Utah),  Index. 

Belcher  (Edward),  Narrative  of  a  Voyage  Round  the  World   in   183G-42. 

London,  1843.     2  vols. 
Bell  (Win  A.),  Settlement  of  Seattle.     MS. 
Bellevuo  (Id.),  Wood  River  News. 
Benton  (Thos  H.),  Speech  in  U.  S.  Senate,  1847. 
Berlin  Arbitration,  Papers  Relating  to  tlie  Treaty  of  Washington  (N.   W. 

Boundary),  vol.  v.     Washington,  1872. 
Blaciifoot  (111.),  Register. 
Blake  (\V.  r.).  Production  of  the  Precious  Metals.     New  York  and  London, 

ISO!). 
Blanchet  (F.  N.),  Catholic  Missionaries  of  Oregon.     MS.;  Historical  Sketches 

of  the  Catholic  Church  in  Oregon.     Portland,  1878. 
Boise  City  (Id.),  Newspapers:  Chronicle;  Democrat;  Idahoan;  Idaho  States- 

man;  News. 
Boiler  (Henry  A.),  Among  the  Indians.     Philadelphia,  18C8. 
Bonanza  City  (Id.),  Yankee  Fork  Herald. 

Bond  (N.  T. ),  Early  History  of  Coloratlo,  Montana,  and  Idaho,     MS 
Bonnemaine  (Baron  de),  Stock-raising  iu  Montana.     MS. 
Boston  (Mass.),  Advertiser. 

Bowles  (Sanil),  Our  New  W.  st.     Hartford,  New  York,  and  Chicago,  18C9. 
Bowman,  Oregon  and  Washington.     MS. 
Bozeman  (Mont.),  Avant  Courier. 

Bradshaw  (Chas  M.),  in  Sketches  of  Washington  Territory.     MS. 
Briefe  aus  den  Vcreinigten  Staaten  von  Ncrd-Amerika.     Leipzig,  1853. 
Briggs  (Albert),  Port  Townsend.     MS. 
Bristol  (S.),  Idaho  Nomenclature.     MS. 
Bristow  (E.  L.),  Rencounters.     MS. 
British  Columbia  Sketches.     MS. 
Brooks  (Chas  W.),  Japanese  Wrecks,  Stranded  and  Picked  up  Adrift,  in  the 

Nortli  Pacitic  Ocean.     San  Francisco,  1876. 
Brown  (B.  F.),  Narrative.     MS. 
Browne  (J.  H.),  Autobiography.     MS. 

Browne  (J.  Ross),  Report  on  the  Mineral  Resources  of  the  States  and  Terri- 
tories West  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.     Washington,  1808. 
Burchard  (H.  C),  Reports  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint  upon  the  Productions 

of  the  Precious  Metals  iu  tlie  U.  S.     Washington,  1881,  1882,  1883, 

1884. 
Burnett  (Peter  H.),  Recollections  of  the  Past.     MS.     2  vols. 
Butler  (J.  S.),  Life  and  Times  iu  Idaho.     MS. 
Butte  (Mont.),  Miner. 

Campbell  (J.  L.),  Idaho;  Six  Months  in  the  Gold  Diggings.  Chicago,  1804; 
Western  Railroad  and  Emigrant  Guide.     Ciiieago,  18G7. 

Camp  (David  W.),  An^rican  Year  Book  and  National  Register.  Hartford 
(Conn.),  18(59  etseq. 

Carr  (Ezra  S.),  The  Patrons  of  Husbandry  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  San  Fran- 
cisco, 1875. 

Carson  (Nov.),  State  Register. 

Cheyenne  (Wyom.),  Leader. 

Clark  (Jos.  G.),  Lights  and  Shadows  of  Sailor  Life.     Boston,  1848. 

Clyman  (Jas),  Note  Book,  1844-G.     MS. 

Codnian  (John),  The  Round  Trip.     New  York,  1879. 

Coffin  (C.  C),  The  Seat  of  Empire.     Boston,  1870. 

Coghanour  (D.),  Boise  Basin.     MS. 

Coke  (Henry  J.),  A  Ride  over  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Oregon  and  Cal. 
London,  1852. 

Colfax  (Wash.),  Palouse  Gazette. 

Colorado  Mining  Review,  in  S.  F.  Coast  Review,  Apr.  1873. 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


XIX 


Colunil)ia  (^^o.),  Pastoral  Address,  etc.     n.  pi.,  18()4. 

C(>ii^,'ru.-(.si(inaMilot)e.     Washington  (I >.  C),  1840etse(j. 

CoutemiiDrary  Biography,  etc.     San  Francisco,  ISSl. 

('oo))cr  (.las),  M;iritinie  Matters.      M.S. 

Cooiiur  ami  Suckluy,  Natural  History  of  Wash.  Ty.     New  York,  1859. 

Coriune  (Utah),  Ueporter. 

Cornwallis  (Knialian),  New  Eldorado,  etc.     London,  1858. 

Corvallis  (Or.),  (iazctte. 

Co.x  (Ross),  Ailvcnturca  on  the  Columbia  River.     London,  1831;  New  York, 

KS:{'_>.     '2  vols. 
Cram  (T.  J.),  Tii[)og.  Memoir  on  the  Deptof  the  Pacific.      Washington,  1859. 
Cyclopedia  ot  Missions.     New  York,  18G0. 

Dallas  (Or. ),  Repuhlican. 

Daly's  Address  Amor.  Geog.  Soc,  1873. 

Davidson  ((Jeorgc),  Coast  Pilot  of  Cal.,  etc.     Washington,  18G9. 

Davis  (.letf.  C),  in  Mil.  Repts  Dept  Colundna,  Sept.  1,  1874. 

Dayton  (Or. ),  Columbia  Clironicle;  Deni.  State  Journal;  W'cekly  News. 

Deady  (.M.  P.),  Hist.  Oregon.     MS.;  Scrap-Book. 

Deans  (.las),  Vancouver  Island.     M.S. 

Dc  Bow  (J.  I>.  B.),  Encyclopedia  of  Trade,  etc.     London,  1854.    2  vols. 

De  Cosmos  (Amor),  Br.  Col.  CJovernment.     MS. 

Deer  Lodge  (Mont. ),  Inilependent;  New  Northwest. 

De  (J root  (Henry),  British  Columbia,  etc.     San  Francisco,  1850. 

Dennv  (A.  A.),  Snocjuahnie  Iron  Mountain.     MS.;  in  Wash.  Ter.  Sketches. 

-MS. 
De  Smet  (P.  J.),  Letters  and  Sketches.     Philadelphia,  1843;  Voyages  aux 

Montagues  Rocheuses.     Lille  (Fr.),   1859;   Western  Missions  and  Mis- 

.sionaries.     New  York,  18G8. 
Des  Moines  (Iowa),  Register. 

Desmond  (II.  E.),  in  S.  F.  Alta  California,  Apr.  1,  1880. 

Dickinson  (I )anlS.),  Speeches,  Correspondence,  etc.     New  York,  18G7.  2vols. 
Dimsdaie  (Thos  .T. ),  Vigilantes  of  Montana.     Virginia  City  (Mont.),  18GG. 
Dix  (John  A.),  Speeches,  etc.     New  York,  18G4.  2  vols. 
Dowell's  Scrap-Book. 

Drew  (('.  S.),  Owyhee  Reconnois.     Jacksonville  (Or.),  18G5. 
Dunlop  (Jas),  Digest  of  (Jenl  Laws  of  U.  S.     Philadelphia,  185G. 
Dunn  (Jolin),  Hist,  of  the  Or.  Territory.     London,  1844. 
Dutch  Flat  (Cal.),  Forum. 

Eastwick  (Phil.  O.),  Puget  Sound  Coal  Mines.     MS. 

El)cy  (f Jeo.  W.),  Journal.     MS.;  Letter  in  Euos' Collection.     MS. 

Edinburgli  Review,  18.")9  et  seq. 

Edwards  (P.  L.),  Sketches  of  Oregon.     MS. 

Eldridge  (Edward),  Sketch  of  Washington  Ty.     MS.;  in  Vancouver  Regis- 

tur,  Apr.  2,  1875. 
Elko  (Nev.),  Independent. 

Ellice  (E.),  in  Rept  Hudson's  Bay  Co.,  Aug.  1857. 
EUicott  (Eugene),  Puget  Sound  Nomenclature.     MS. 
Esmeralda  (Nev.),  Herald,  Dec.  21,  1879. 
Eureka  jNev.),  Humboldt  Times;  Sentinel. 
Evans 


ncnt,  MS.:  Hist.  Mem.,  MS.;  Letter  to  Mrs  \  ictor,  MS.;  Martial  Law 
in  Wash.  Ty,  MS.;  Northwest  Boundary,  MS.;  Northwest  Coast  Hist., 
MS.,  in  Olympia  Club  Conversatiims,  MS.;  Oregon,  MS.;  Pnyallup  Ail- 
dress,  MS.;  Reannexation  of  B.  C.  to  the  U.  S.,  Olympia  (Wasli.),  1870; 
Scrap-Book;  Trial  of  Leschi,  MS.;  Trial  of  YellowJim,  MS.;  Washing- 
ton, Past  and  Future,  Olympia,  1877;  Washingtoa  Records,  No.  11,  MS. 


XX 


AUTHOUITIKS  CONSULTED. 


FariiuT  (K.  J  ),  RfsouiccH  of  tliu  Rocky  Mountains.    Cleveland  (0),  1883. 

Kiiniliam  (.1.  T.),  liiat.  ot  Oriigoii  Territory.     New  York,  1844. 

Forry  (lOlislia  1'.),  McsNigu  to  l.cgiHlativv  Assoinbly  (VVasli.),  IS7H. 

Findlay  (Alex.  (J.),  IMrectory  ior  tlie  Navigation  of  the  I'aeilic  Ocean.  Lon- 
don, I8.')l.   '2  parts. 

Finlay.soii  (R. ),  V'aiiooiivor  iMlaiul  and  N.  W.  Coaiit.     MS. 

FisliiT  (L    '*. ),  Advertiser's  (Jliide.     Nan  Francisco,  ISTOetseq. 

Fisher  (11.  S.)and  Colliy  (Clias),  Anier.  Statis.   Annual.     New  York,  1854. 

Fitzj^erald  (.las  K. ),  (.'liarter  and  rroceedings  of  11.  U.  L'o.  with  Rvferenuc  to 
Vancouver  Island.      London,  1841(. 

Flanders  (.\lvin\  Siieech  on  I'uget  Sound  and  Columbia  River  R.  R.  Bill, 
n.  i>l..  IStiS. 

Folsoni  (Cal.),  Telejjraiih. 

Ford  (N.),  I'ioni^r  Road  Makers. 

Fort  Hcnton  (.Mont.),  New  Nortiiwest;  Record;  River  Vrcaa. 

Fort  Lingly  Journal.      MS. 

Fremont  (.1.  C. ).  Kxploring  Expedition,  etc.,  184Ii-4.     Washington,  1845. 

Fresno  (Cal.),    Expositor. 

Fry  (F.),  Fry's  Travellers  (Juide.     Cincinnati,  18G5. 

Gannett  (Henry),  Lists  of  Elevations.      Washington,  1877. 

Cirlielde  (S.),  Climates  of  the  Northwest.      Philadelphia,  1872. 

Garnett  (fiouis  A.),  Outliueu  «)f  a  Sciiemo  for  Controlling  the  Coal  Trade. 
New  York,  18(M. 

(iiiss  (Patrick),  Journal  of  Lewis  and  Clarke's  Expedition,  etc.  Loudon, 
1808. 

General  Orders  Hdqrs  Dept  of  the  Columbia,  June  22,  1874;  Sept.  20,  Dec. 
31,  187.'). 

Gn>l)s  (A.  C),  Notes  on  Or.  History.     MS. 

(tilths  (George),  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Reports,  i. 

(libhs  (O.  .r.).  Treaty  with  Great  Ihitain.      MS. 

(Jilhert  (J.  J.),  Lo^iginff  and  R.  R.  Huildinj;.     MS.;  Puget  Sound.     MS. 

(Jodilard  (F.  B),  Wliere  to  Emigrate,  and  Why.     New  York,  18<;<). 

(ioM  Hill  (Nev.),  News. 

Goodyear  (W.  A.),  Coal  Mines  of  the  Western  Coast,  etc.  San  Francisco, 
1877. 

Grant  (W.  C),  Description  of  Vancouver  Island,  in  London  Gcog.  Soe.  Jour- 
nal, xxvii. 

Grass  Valley  (Cal.),  Republican;  Union. 

(iray  (W.  H.).  History  of  Oregon.     Portl.and,  etc.,  1870. 

Greenhow  (Robt),  Hist,  of  Oregon  and  California.  London,  1844;  and  Bos- 
ton (Mass.),  1847. 

(Jrover  (Lafayette),  Notable  Things  in  Or.  History.     MS.;  Public  Life.     MS. 

Hivll  (.Tames),  Sketcbes.  of  the  West.     Cincinnati,  18.14;  Philadelphia,  18.35. 

Hancock  (Samuel),  Thirteen  Years'  Residence  on  tlie  Northwest  Coast.     MS. 

Hanford  (Abby  J.),  Indian  Attack  on  Seattle.     MS. 

Hansard's  Parliamentary  D'ibates.     Loudon,  18G0. 

Har()er's  Magazine.      New  York,  1854  et  seq. 

Harrison  (.T.  M.),  Harrison's  Guide,  etc.,  of  the  Pacific  Slope.  San  Fran- 
cisco, 1872. 

Harvey  (Mrs  Eloise),  Life  of  McLougldin.     MS. 

Haydeii  (F.  V.),  Geol.  Survey.     Washington  (D.  C),  1873  et  seq. 

Hays'  Scrap-Books.      12!)  vols. 

Hayt  (E.  .\.),  in  Sec.  Inter.  Rept,  1878-<). 

Healdsburg  (Cal.),  Russian  River  Flag;  Standard. 

Helena  (^lont.).  Herald;  Independent;  Post;  Republican;  Rocky  Mtn  Ga- 
zette. 

Hesperian.     San  Francisco,  1858  et  seq. 

Hill  (N.  D.),  in  Wash.  Ty  Sketches.     MS. 


I 


■ii 

1 


k 


AUTUOIUTIES  CONSL' I.TEU. 


•),  1883. 
»ui.    Lon- 


k,  1854. 

Jt'erunce  to 

li.  11.  Bill. 


,  1845. 


Kil  Trade. 

London, 

.  20,  Dec. 

MS. 

;iiicisco, 
oe.  Jour- 

tiul  Bos- 

.     MS. 

i.-i,  18.35. 
t.     MS. 

1  Frau- 


ta  Ga> 


llians  ((JuHtavus),  Orcjjoii  and  its  Institutions.  New  York,  l.SliS;  Oiij^oh: 
Its  Ili.stKiy,  lite,  liulfalo  (N.  V.),  ISul;  Voyiigo  ilound  tliu  World,  etc. 
liull.d..  (.N.  v.),  1«.>0. 

Ui.itoinMl  M.i<,'azini;,  etc.     Botiton  (MasH. ),  IH'tJ  et  soq. 

ililtcU  (.ioliM  S.),  ConnHcroc  and  Indu.itry  of  tlic  I'ac.  Coast.  San  Fran- 
oi.sco,  ItiM;  llvsourocs  uf  Culitornia.  >Sau  Frouuisuo,  1874;  Scrap-Buukit; 
.\liiniilautnrt;.>t;  Wattliinj^ton  Territory. 

Hofiii  (li.),  lli.itory  ol  liUlio  t'onnty.     MS. 

Honolulu  (S.  1.),  b'riunil;   I'olyne.siau. 

Hopkins  (('.  T. )  and  Kingot  (•!.),  Ship-buildiug  on  tliu  I'au,  Coast.  Sau 
Fraiii'i.sco,  1 807. 

Howard  (.lacol)  M.),  Speech  in  U.  S.  Senate,  April  1(5,  18(H). 

Howard  (().  <).),  in  Military  lltpts  Dept  Coluniltia,  Sept.  I,  187(>. 

Howisoii  (N.  .M.),  lleiiort  on  Coast,  Harbors,  etc.,  of  Oregon,  1840.  Wash- 
ington, IS48. 

Hudson's  Bay  and  PiiKet  Sound  Agric.  Co. 's  Claims.  Montn^al  ((Jan.),  iiiid 
Washington  (1).  ('.),  1808etHeq.  Meniuriais  Presented  to  the  Connni.s- 
sioners,  April  17,  18(55. 

Huinlioldt  (Nov.),  Times. 

llutchings' California  Magazine,  ISij?  ct  seq. 

Hutton  (.J.  M.),  Early  Events,  etc.     MS. 

Idaho  City  (Id.),  News;  Union;  World. 

Idalio:  (Jeueral  Laws,  18(5.'{  4  et  se(i. ;  House  an<l  Council  .Journals,  1803-4 
etsecj. ;  Scraps;  Supt  Pub.  Instruction  Reports,  1805  et  seq. 

■Fackson  (Cal.),  Amador  Ledger. 

.lacksonville  (Or. ),  Deni.  Times;  Sentinel. 

Judge  (.las),  in  Walla  Walla  Statesman,  July  30,  1870. 

Kelley  (Hall  J.),  Hist,  of  the  Settlement  of  Oregon.    Springfudd  (Mass.),  18(58. 

Kcnyoii  (F.j,  ijaws  of  Idalm  Kehiting  to  (Quartz.     San  Francisco,  18(5(5. 

Kip  (Lawrence),  Army  ijife  on  „.ie  Facitic.  New  York,  18.")!).  Imlian  Coun- 
cil in  the  Valley  of  the  Walla  Walla,     San  Francisco,   1855. 

KirchoH'  (Tlieo(h)r),  Ueisel)ilder  und  Skisscn  aus  Ainerika.  New  York,  187.'), 
187(5.    '-'vols. 

Kiiai)[)  (H.  H.),  Statements  of  Events  in  Idaho.     MS. 

Knox  (Thos  W.),  Underground  World,  etc.     Hartford  (Conn.),  1878. 

Kohl,  in  Pac.  R.  R.  Reports,  xii.     Washington  (D.  C),  1800. 

La  Conner  (Wash.),  Pugot  Sound  Mail. 
La(rrandc  (Or.),  Mountain  Sentinel,  in  Idaho  Worlil. 
Langevin  (H.  L.),  Report,  IS.VJ.     Ottawa  (Can.),  1872. 
Langley  (H.  C),  Pacific  Coast  Directory,  18(51)  et  seq.     San  Francisco. 
Larocipie,  Skagit  Mines. 
Lawson  (.Tas  S. ),  Autobiograi)hy.     MS. 

Lee  (D.)  and  Frost  (J.  H.),  Ten  Years  in  Oregon.     Now  York,  1844. 
Lewis  (Phil.  H.),  Coal  Discoveries  in  Wash.  Ty.     MS, 

Lewis  and  Clarke's  Travels  to  the  Source  of  the  Missouri  River,  etc.     Lon- 
don, 1814. 
Lewiston  (Id.),  Ctolden  Age;  Journal;  Northerner;  Radiator;  Signal. 
London  Time.i,  ,Ian.  1'2,  18(51. 

Lord  (.Fno.  K.),  Naturalist  in  Vancouver's  Island,  etc.     London,  18(56. 
Los  Angeles  (Cal.),  Herald;  Republican;  Star. 

Louisville  (Ky),  Courier-Journal,  in  Boise  Statesman,  Jan.  8,  1S70. 
Ludlow  (F.  H.),  Heart  of  the  Continent.     New  York,  IS70. 
Ludlow  (Wm),  Rept  of  a  Reconnoissauce,  etc.,  1875.     Washington,  1876. 


Macfarlane  (.Tas),  Coal  Regioua  of  America. 
Maize  (H.  B.),  Early  Events.     MS. 


New  York,  1873. 


xxu 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


i  <i 


Mariposa  (Cal. ),  Gazette. 

Marsliall  (J.  VV.  M.),  C'liriatian  Missions,  etc.     New  York.  1804.     2  vols. 

Martin  (R.  M.),  Hudson's  Biiy  Territories,  etc.     Loudon,  1S4'J. 

Marysviile  (Cal.),  Appeal. 

Mayne  (R.  C),  Four  Years  in  Br.  Col.     Loudon,  18()2. 

MeCabe  (.las  D.  Jr.),  Comprehensive  View  of  Our  Country,  etc.     I'hiladel- 

piiia,  etc.,  1870. 
McClure  {.\.  K.),  Tliree  Thousand   Miles  through  the  Rocky  Mouutaina. 

I'hiladelpliia,  18G'J. 
McConnell  (VV.  J.),  Idaho  Inferno.     MS. 
McCorinick  (S.  J.),  Aliiii'iiac  for  Wasli.,  Oregon,  etc.     Portland  (Or.),  1854 

etHe([. ;  Portland  Directory,  18(>;{  et  se(j.     Portland  (Or.). 
McCrackcn  (.Jno.),  Early  Steainlioating.      MS. 
McKay  (,las  Win),  ReeoUectioua  of  Hudson's  Bay  Co.     MS. 
Meagher  (Thos  F.),  in  Harper's  Magazine,  Oct.  1807;  in  Hays'  Scraps,  Min- 
ing,', iii.,  25-0. 
Meeker  (E.),  Washington  Territory,  etc.     Olympia,  1870. 
Mercer  (A.  S.),  Washington  Territory,  etc.     Utica  (N.  Y.),  1805. 
Mercer  (Thos),  in  Bell's  Settlement  of  Seattle.     MS. ;  in  Wash.  Ty  Sketches. 

MS. 
Meteorological  Register,  U.  S.  Army,  184.'{-.>4.     Washington  (1).  C),  1855. 
Metliodist  Episc.  Church  Ann.  Conferences,  18.">G  et  se(j.     Sau  Francisco. 
Miller  (.Foaquin),  in  Walla  Walla  (Wash.)  Statesman,  Dec.  11,  1880. 
Miner  (The),  San  Francisco,  1800  et  8e(£. 
Missoula  (Mont.),  Missoulian;  Pioneer. 
Modesto  (Cal.),  News. 

Montana:  Hist.  Soc.  Contributions,  Helena,  1870  et  seq.;  Scraps. 
Montana  Pub.  Doc:  Auditor's  Reports,  1800  et  seq. ;  Council  Journals,  18C4 

etseq. ;  House  Journals,  1804  et  secj. ;  Law.s,  18()4et8eq. ;  Proclamation 

of  Cov.  Potts,  1877;  Reports  of  (Jov.  to  Sec.  of  Interior,  1800  et  seq. 
Monteitii  (.Jno.  B. ),  in  Rept  Sec.  Interior,  1877-8. 
Monterey  (Cal.),  Democrat. 
Morris  (Wm  (1.),  Address  before  Soc.  Cal.  Volunteers,  April  25,  18GG.     San 

Francisco. 
Morse  (Eldridge),  Notes  of  Hist,  and  Res.  of  Wash.  Territory.     24  vols.  MS. 
Morse  (.led.),  Rept  to  Sec.  of  War  on  Indian  Affairs.     New  Haven  (Conn.), 

1S22. 
Moseley  (H.  N.),  Oregon:  Its  Resources.     Loudon,  1878. 
Mullan  (.lohn).  Miners' and  Travellers' (^uide,  etc.     New  York,  ]86i>;  Rept 

on  the  Construe,  of  a  Military  Road,  etc.     Washington,  1808;  in  Walla 

AV^alla  (Wash.)  Statesman,  June  0,  1803. 
Murphy  and  Harned,  Puget  Sound  Business  Directory,  1872. 

Napa  (Cal.),  Register. 

National  Almanac,  180.S  et  seq.     Philailelpliia,  etc. 

Neil  (dov.  J.  B.),  Message  to  I<laho  Legislative    Vssembly,  in  Silver  City 
(Id.)  Owyhee  Avalaiche,  Dec.  18    1880;  Message,  1882;  Reports  to  Sec. 
of  Interior,  1880,  1.  <2. 
Newberry  (.T.  S.),  Repoi     iu  Pac.  R.  R.  Reports,  vi. 

loma  Herald;  Ledger;  North  Pac.  Coast, 
ena  (Mont.)  Gazette,  Sept.  0,  1873. 
Vflfairs.     MS. 
Iventures.     M.S. 

altimore  and  Philadelphia,  1811  et  seq. 
j' Guide,     u.pl.,  1872. 

1880. 


New  Tacoma  (Wash.), 
New  York  Tribune,  in  i 
Nichols  (Roweua),  India. 
Nidever  (Geo. ),  Life  and  . 
Niles'  National  Register. 
Northern  Pac.  R.  R.  Scttl 


Oats  (J.  W.),  in  The  Calift    lian,  Feb. 

Olympia  Club  Conversations.     MS. 

Olympia  (Wash.),  Columbian;  Echo;  Overland  Press;  Pacific  Tribune;  Pio- 
neer; Pioneer  and  Democrat;  Puget  Sound  Courier;  Territorial  Reiiub- 
lican;  Transcript;  Washington  Standard. 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


XXIU 


lfi4.     2  vols. 

i). 


etc.     I'liiladel. 
wy  .Mountains. 

ii<l  (Or.),  1854 

'  Scraps,  Min- 

05. 
Ty  Sketches. 

t).  C),  1855. 

Francisco. 

1880. 


ps. 

oiirnals,  1864 
Proclaniatiou 
00  ft  scq. 


.  1800.     San 

24  vols.  MS. 
on  (Coun.), 


ISO.-);  Kept 
iS;  in  Walla 


ilver  City 
jrts  to  Sec. 


una;  Pio- 
il  Repub- 


O'Meara  (.las),  in  Idaho  World,  Oct.  'i,  1807. 

Oreguu  Arciiives.     MS. 

Ort'j^on  City,  Enterprise;  Oregon  Spectator. 

Oregon  I'ub.  Uoo.  an  follows:  Adj.-lienl  Report,  1800;  Jour.  Council,  lt>o2-.3, 

1853-4;  Ji>ur.  House,  1805;  Jour.  Senate,  1800,  app. 
Oregon  and  Washington  Scraps. 
Oregon  and  Washington;  Statement  of  Delegation  in  Regard  to  War  Claims. 

n.  inipt. 
Overland  Montlily,  in  Bois6  Statesman,  Sept.  10,  1870. 
Overland  Press,  in  Portland  Wy.  Oregoniaii,  April  30,  1804. 
Owens  (deo.),  I)irectory;  East  of  Cascade  Mountains.     Sau  Francisco,  1805. 
Oxford,  Idaho  Enterprise. 

Palmer  (Joel),  Journal  of  Travels  over  the  Rocky  Mountains,  etc.  Cincin- 
nati, 18.V_'. 

Parker  (J.  (I.),  Puget  Sound.     MS. 

IVirce  (U.  M.),  Memoranda.     MS. 

lV'n^'ra  (B.  J.),  Report  of  Recent  Surveys  etc.     Eugene  City  (Or.),  1865. 

Pettygrove  (F.  W.),  Oregon  in  184'J.     .»iS. 

Phelps  (T.  S.),  Remi  -iscences  of  Seattle.     Philadelphia,  1881. 

Pluinmer  (A.  A.),  in  Wash.  Ty  Sketches.     xMS. 

Pomeroy  (Wash.),  Independent. 

P()rtlan<l  (Or.),  Advertiser;  in  Sac.  Union,  Nov.  23,  1800;  Bee;  Bulletin; 
Columbia  Evng  Telegram;  Herald;  New  Northwest;  Orejjon  Deutche 
Zeitung;  Oregonian;  Pac.  Clirist.  Advocate;  Standard;  West  Shore. 

Portland  (Or.),  Board  of  Trade  Report,  1877. 

PortTownscnd  (Wash.),  Argus;  Democ.  Press;  Message;  Northwest;  Register. 

Price  (Henry  A.),  in  Niles'  National  Register,  Ixiii.,  242-3. 

Quigley  (Hugh),  Irish  Race  in  California,  etc.     San  Francisco,  1878. 

Rabbison  (A.  B.),  Orowth  of  Towns.     MS. 

Rawlings  (Thos),  Confederation  of  the  Br.  N.  Amor.  Confederation.  Lon- 
don, 1805. 

Raymond  (R.  W.,,  Mining  Industry  of  the  States,  etc.  New  York,  1874; 
Statistics  of  Minos,  etc.  Washington,  1873;  in  H.  Ex.  Doc,  210,  42d 
Cong.  3d  Sess.;  H.  Ex.  Doc,  141,  43d  Cong.  1st  Scss.;  H.  Ex.  Doc, 
177,  43d  Cong.  2d  Sess.;  H.  Ex.  Doc,  lu'J,  44th  Cong.  Ist  Sess. 

Red  Bluff  (Cal.),  Independent;  Sentinel. 

Redwood  (Cal.),  Gazette. 

lieiny  (.lules)  and  Brencldcy  (Julius),  Journey  to  Great  Salt  Lake  City. 
London,  1801. 

Reno  (Nov.),  Gazette. 

Ronton  (Wash.),  Coal  Company.     San  Francisco,  1874. 

Ril)lett  (Frank),  Snake  River  Region.     MS. 

Riciiniond  (Ind.),  Herald,  in  Silver  City  Owyhee  Avalanche,  Doc  9,  1871. 

llichar<lson  (A.  D. ),  Beyond  the  Mississippi.     Hartford  (Conn.),  1S07. 

Roberts  (Geo.  B.),  Recollections.     MS. 

Roder  (Henry),  Bellingham  Bay.     M.S. 

Roseburg  (Or.),  Indeper.den  ;  Plaindealer. 

Rossi  (PAbbie),  Souvenirs  d'uu  Voyage  en  Oregon  et  en  Californie.  Paris, 
1804. 

Ruby  City  (Id.),  Owyhee  Avalanche. 

Rusling  (.Fas  F.),  Across  America.     Now  York,  1874. 

Russell  (Florence),  Child  Life  in  Oregon.     Boston  (.Mass.),  n.  d. 

Sacramento  (Cal.),  Bee;  Record-Union;  Union. 

Saint-Amant  (M.  de),  Voyages  en  Californie  et  dans  I'Orc'gon.     Paris,  1854. 
8 1  Louis  (Mo.),  Democrat,  in  S.  F.  Bulletin,  July  28,  1871;  Times-Journal, 
March  11,  1879. 


;? 


il 


XXIV 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


San  Francisco,  1870, 
New  Haven  (Conn. ), 


St  Paul  (Minn.),  Pioneer,  in  Helena  (Mont.)  Independent,  June  13,  1878. 

Salem  (Or.),  Muicuryj  Oregon  Ai-gus;  Statesman;  Unionist;  \Viilamette 
Farmer. 

Salinas  (Cal. ),  City  Index. 

Salomon  (Gov.  E.  S.),  Message  to  Wash.  Legis.  Assembly,  1871. 

Salt  Lake  City,  DeserutNews;  Herald;  Telegraph;  Tribune;  Union  Vedette. 

San  Buenaventura  (Cal.),  Free  Press. 

San  Uiego  (Cal.),  Union. 

San  i'rauciseo  newspapers  as  follows:  Abend  Post;  Advocate;  Alta  Califor- 
nia; bulletin;  Cal.  Clirist.  Advocate;  Call;  Chronicle;  Comiul  Herald 
and  Market  Rev. ;  Comml  Review;  Courrier  de  San  Francisco;  Elevator; 
Evening  Picayune;  E.\aminer;  Colden  Era;  Herald;  Journal  of  Com- 
merce; .Mining  Review;  Mining  and  Soieiitific  Pre.s.s;  Monitor;  Pacific 
News;  Pacilio  Rural  Press;  Post;  Stock  Report;  Tlie  Pacific;  Times; 
True  Californian;  \'isitor. 

Saxton  (Chas),  in  Niles'  National  Register,  Ixix.,  242. 

Sayward  (W.  T.),  Pioneer  Reminiscences.     MS. 

Scenes  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.     Pliiladelphia,  184G. 

Scliultz  (Mrs  T.),  Early  Anecdotes.     MS. 

Seattle  (Wash.),  Intelligeneer;  Post;  Puget  Sound  Dispatch;  Puget  Sound 
(jlazctte;  Puget  Sound  Semi-weekly;  Tribune;  Washington  Gazette. 

Shasta  (Cal.),  Courier. 

Shoup  ((t.  L. ),  Idaho  Territory.     MS. 

Shuck  (•     T.),  Representative  and  Leading  Men,  etc. 
1875. 

Silliman  (Benj.),  Amer.  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts. 
1819  et  seq. 

Silver  City  (Id.),  Owyhee  Avalanche. 

Simmons  (M.  T.),  in  H.  B.  Co.  Evidence  in  H.  B.  Co.  Claims;  in  Ind.  Affairs 
Ri'[)ort,  ]8.")7,  1S")8. 

Sini|)son  (Sir  fr. ),  Narrative  of  a  Journey  Round  the  World.  London,  1817. 
2  vols.;  in  Rept  Huilson's  Bay  Co.,  July,  Aug.,  1857. 

Siskiyou  County  (Cal.),  Affairs.     MS. 

Smyth  (Jolm  H.),  Law  of  Homestead,  etc.     San  Francisco,  1875. 

Snohomish  (Wash.),  Northern  Star. 

Solano  (Cal.),  Suisun  Herald. 

Sonith  (Sic.  R.  (i^.),  in  Re]it  Hudson's  Bay  Co.,  July,  Aug.,  1857. 

Spahling  (H.  H.),  in  Van  Tramp  (J.  C),  Prairie  and  Rocky  Mtu  Adventures, 
etc.     St  Loui.s  (Mo.),  1800. 

Spenee  (Thos),  Si;ttler's  ( Juide  in  the  U.  S.,  etc.,  18C2. 

Spirit  of  .Mi.ssious.     New  York,  1808. 

Spokane  Falls  (Wash.),  Spokane  Times. 

Star  (F.  R.),  Idaho.     MS. 

Steele  (.Mden  H.),  With  the  Rifle  Regiment.     MS. 

Steele  (Fre.l.),  in  Gen.  Orders  Hd(irs  Dept  Columbia,  Nov,  1,  18G7. 

Steilaeoom  (\.'ash.),  Puget  Sound  Express;  Herald. 

Stevens  (I.  I.),  Address  on  the  Northwest.  N.  Y.,  Dec.  2,  1858;  Wa.shing- 
ton,  1858;  in  lud.  Affairs  Report,  1854;  Letter  to  R.  R.  Convention,  etc., 
Washington  (1).  C),  1800;  Message  to  Wash.  Legis.  Assenddy,  1850  7, 
in  H.  Jour.,  app.,  i.-xxiii.;  Narrative,  in  Pac.  R.  R.  Reports,  .xii.;  Proc. 
declaring  Pierce  Vo.  under  Martial  Law,  in  Wash.  H.  .lour.,  1850-7, 
npp.,  xxxix.;  Remarks  on  War  Expenses  of  Wash,  and  Oregon,  etc., 
Washiniiton  (D.  C),  1800. 

Stockton  (C;d.),  Iiide]iendent. 

Straliorn  (Robt  E  ),  Resources  and  Attrao.  of  Idaho,  etc.  Boise  City  (Id.), 
ISSl:  To  the  Rockies,  etc.     Chicago,  1881. 

Strong  (Wtii).  Hist,  of  Oregon.      MS. 

Stuart  (Mrs  A.  H.  H.),  Rept  of  Bourd  of  Immigration  to  Wa.sh,  Logis.  As- 
senddy.  Olympia  (Wash.),  1877;  Wash.  Territory;  Inlormalion  Con- 
ceruing,  etc.,  its  Soil,  etc,     Olympia,  1875. 


# 


J^. 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED 


XXV 


J 13,  1878. 
;    Willamette 


uion  Vedette. 


Alta  Caiifor- 
)ininl  Herald 
Jf>;  Elevator; 
iial  of  Coin- 
litor;  Pacific 
cific;  Times; 


*uget  Sound 
Gazette. 


ncisco,  1870, 
ivcn  (Conn.), 

Iiicl.  Affairs 
)n<lon,  1817. 


Adventures, 


Wasliing- 
ition,  etc. , 
,-,  lS.-.(i  7. 
.;  I'rou. 
1 85(1-7, 
gon,  etc., 


:ity  (Id.), 


iOifig.  As- 
Lion  Cou- 


Stuart  (Granville),  Montana  aa  It  is.     New  York,  1805.     lu  Moutaua  Hist 

Soo.  rroccuiliug.s,  i.     n.  inipt. 
Susanvilic  (C'al.),  Lassen  Co.  Aitvocate. 
Sutherland  (i'lios  A.),  Howard's  Campaign  against  Nez  Perce  Indian.s,  1877. 

Portland,  11578. 
Swan  (.las  ti.),  in  Boston  (Mass.)  Ev.  Transcript,  May  25,  1857;  Northwest 

Coast,  etc.     New  York,   1857;  Scrap-Books.     2  vols;  Wash.   Sketches. 

MS. 
Swan  (J.  M.),  Colonizations.     MS. 
Sylvester  (Edward),  Founding  of  Olynipia.     MS. 
Syinons  (T.  \V.),  in  S.  Ex.  Doc.  18G,  47th  Cong.  Ist  Sesa. 

Taconia  (Wash.),  Pac.  Trilmne. 

The  D.illes  (Or.),  Dalles  Inland  Emi)ire;  Mountaineer. 

The  Mining  In.lustry.     Denver  (Colo.),  1881. 

Thompson  (A.  \V.),  Law  of  the  Farm.     San  Francisco,  1870. 

Thornton  (J.  Q.),  Or.  and  California  in   1848.     New  York,   1849;   Oregon 

History.     MS. 
Toil  (John),  New  Caledonia.     MS. 
Tolmie   (Wrii   F.),  Journal,   1833.     MS.;   Pugct   Sound   and   N.  W.  Coast. 

MS. 
Townsend  (.Ino.  K.),  Narrative  of  a  Journey,  etc.     Philadelphia,  1839. 
Trihuiie  Alnrinac.     New  York,  1838  et  seq. 
Tucker  (Eph.  W.),  Hist,  of  (h-egon.     Buffalo  (N.  Y.),  1844. 
Tuscarora  (Nev.),  Times-Review. 
Twiss  (TiMvers),  Oregon  Question.     Loudon,  184G. 

rmatilla  (Or.),  Advertiser;  Colutnhia  Press. 

'J.  S.  I'ul).  Dm;,  as  follows:  Acts  and  Resolutions,  18.")3-4  et  scq.;  Bureau  of 
Statis.  Reports,  18.")4  et  sci). ;  Census,  18")()  i^t  se<( . ;  (Jommerce  and  Nav. 
Reports,  18."')7  et  sei).;  Commercial  Relations,  Reports,  1858  et  se{|.; 
Commissioner's  Reports:  Agriculture,  1855  et  seip;  10duc;ition,  1854  et 
sei].;  Indian  Affairs,  1854  et  scip  ;  Internal  Revenue,  1803  et  se(j.;  Lands, 
1855  et  scq.;  Director  of  Mint  Reports,  1803  et  se(j.;  Congress.  Direc, 
lS5;i-4  et  seij. ;  House  Journals,  1853-4  et  seep;  H.  Com.  Re])ts,  370, 
35tli  Cling.  1st  Sess.;  no.  030,  43d  Cong.  1st  Sess.;  no.  1505,  40th 
Cong.  'Jd  Sess.;  Ex.  l)oc.,  93,  35th  Cong.  1st  Sess.;  no.  1,  4'.M  Cong. 
3d  Sess.;  Lite  Saving  .Service  Reports,  1880  et  seq.;  Messages  and  Docs., 
1853  4  (!t  sc^,;  Ollicial  Begisti.'rs,  1853  et  setp;  Postnuister-Ceid  Re- 
ports, 1.S.53  et  sell. ;  <^>u,irtermaster-(!enl  Reports,  1849  et  seep;  Iveply  of 
U.  S.  to  lliidsiiiis  Bay  Co. "s  Claims,  Washington,  187'2;  Sec.  Interior 
Reports,  1854  et  seq.;  Sec.  Treasury  Rc]iorts,  1854  et  seip;  Sec.  W'iir 
Reports,  1S49  et  seq.;  Sen  ite  .Journals,  1853  4  et  seq.;  S.  Com.  Rcport-i, 
47,  41st  ("ling.  'Ji'  Sess.;  S.  Ex.  Doc,  10,  .3.3d  Cong.  I'd  Sess.;  no.  5,  ."Uili 
Cong.  3d.  Sess.;  S.  Misc.  Due.,  '200,  35th  Con;,.  1st  Sess.;  Surgeontli'lil 
Circular  no.  8,  1875;  Surveyor-Genl  Riqiorts,  18.54  et  seq.;  U.  S.  Evi- 
dence, in  lluiison's  Bay  Co. 's  Claims,  Washington,  187*2. 

Utah,  Hand- liook  of  Reference,  etc.     S,  L.  City,  1884. 

Yallejo  (Cal.),  Chronicle. 

Vancouver  (Wash.',  Chronicle;  Clarke  County  Jtcgister;  Indejiendent. 

Van  Tramp  (.Ino.  C),  Prairie  and  Rocky  Mtn  Adventures.  St  Louis  [Mn.), 
I80t). 

Viagero  Universal.     Madrid,  1790  1801.     43  vols. 

Victor  (Mrs  F.  F.),  All  over  Oregon  and  Washington.  S,in  Francisco,  187-'; 
Kivei' of  liie  West.      Hartford  (Conn.),  I.S70. 

Victoria  (\'.  l.K  British  Colonist;  Colmiist  and  Chronicle;  N'ictoria  tia/cttc 

Virginia  City  (Mont.),  (,'a]iit;d  Time  r,  Madisouian;  Montana  Democrat;  .Mon- 
tana I'n-il ;  \'irgini:i  and  Helena  Post. 

Virginia  City  (Nov.),  Eviig  Clirouicle;  Uniou. 


Hi;; 


XXVl 


AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED. 


Wuddiagtoii    (Alfred),    Fraser   Miuea  Vindicated.      Victoria  (V.    I.),   1858; 

Overland  Koutu  througii  Br.  N.  America.     Loudou,  1SG8. 
Wait^ljiii'gli  (Wasli.),  Tiiiiu.1. 
Walla  NValla    (Waali.),   Spirit  of  the  West;  Statesman;  Union;  ^^  ashingtou 

Duiaoi^rat;    Watchman. 
W^ashi Hilton  (L).  C),  Chronicle,  in  Virginia  and  Helena  (Mont.)  Tost,  Oct,  15, 

ISjii. 
Wuliingfcon:   Scraps;   Sketches.      MS. 
VVailiini^toii  Territory:    Correspondence  Relating  to  Indian  Hostilities,  in  S. 

Kx.  Ihni.  til),    ;Utli   Cong.  1st  Sess.;  Settler's  Guide.     New  York,  n.  d. ; 

Nsw  York,    1878;    True    Exhibit   of   in    1880.     Kew    Taconia   (Wash.), 

18SJ;  Womjii's  Christ.  Tein.  Union. 
Wasliitigton   Territory    Pub.    Doc.    as   follows:    Board   of  Ininiigr.   Circular, 

.Maroli    1,    1878;   Council    Journal,    18.54    et    t^fq.;    Covernoi's    Mcssafics, 

ISryi  et  sofj. ;   Kousu   .Fourual,  18.")4  etseq. ;  Opinions  of  Snpitinio  Court, 

18.54-64;    Ilivenuo  Law,    1801);    Road    Laws,    1.S77;    School   Law,    1877, 

Statutes,    18.54    et    seij. ;     Territorial    OHicial    Reports;    Adjutant-Gcnl, 

18.54  et  sell-;  Comptroller.    18,54   et  seq. ;    Governor  to  Sec.  of  Interior; 

18.5.5  et  soij.;   Librarian,  ]835  etseq.;  Supt  Pub.  Instruction,  1873  et  seq. ; 

Surveyor-*  rcid,   18.54  et  seq. 
Wjc.I  (Cli  is  I']  ),  Queen  Charlotte  Island  Expedition.     MS. 
WliatcDji  (Wish  I,  B.dlingbam  Bay  .Mail. 

Wlieeler  ((reo    M  ),  U.  S.  (^oolog.  Surveys  West  of  the  One  Hundreth  Me- 
ridian.    Wasiiington  (I).  C),  1873  et  seq. 
Wliite  (Elijah),   Concise    View    of   Or.    Territory.     Washington,   1846;  Ten 

Years  in  Oregon.      Ithaca  (N.  Y.),  18.50. 
White  {Z.  L.),  in  Hiiydon  (P.  V.),  Great  West.      Blooinington  (111.).  1880. 
Whitney  (,J.  D.),   Notice  of  the  Mtn  Heights  in  the  U.  S.     San  Francisco, 

18(i2. 
Wliitworth  (aoo.   F.),  Statement.      MS. 
Wdkes  (Chas),    U.    S.   E.\plor.    Expedition,   18.38-42.     Philadelphia,   1844  et 

seq.     '25  vols. 
Wilkcson  (Saud),   Wilkeson's  Notes  on  Pugot  Sound,     n.  impt. 
Williams  (Henry  T.),  Pacific  Tourist.     New  Y'ork,  1870. 
Wiuiicnini!ca  (Nov.),  Silver  State. 

Winser  (H.  .T.),  Groat  Northwest,  etc.     Now  York,  1883. 
WisUzenus   {P.  A.),    Austlug  Nach  den  Felsen-(tebirgen  ini  Jahro  ]8;>it.     St 

Louis  (Mo.),  1840. 
Wolfe  (.J.  M.),  Mercantile  Guide.     Omaha  (Neb.),  1878. 
Wood  (C.  E.  S.),  in  Century  Mag,,  May  1884. 
^\^)ol  Bros.,  Live  Stock  .Movement,  1880-4.     n.  inipt. 
Wood   (H.    Clay),    Young  Joseph  and  Nez  Percd  Indians.     Portland  (Or.), 

1870. 
Woodland  (Cal.),  Democrat. 
Wyoming  Indiana  and  Settlers.     MS. 

Yakima  (Wash.),  Wy.  Record;  Signal. 

Yale  10.    (}.),    in    Burchards    Prod,    of  Proc.    Metals,    1080.      Washington 

(b.  C),  1881. 
Yankton  (Dak.),  Press-Dacotaian. 
Yoslor  (H.  L.).  Settlement  of  Wasli.  Territory.     MS. 
Yreka  (Cal.),  Wy.  Journal,  Dec.  4,  1801;  Union. 

ivhriskie  (Jas  C),  Pub,  Land  Laws  of  thn  U.  S.     San  Francisco,  \ii~0. 


(V.   I.),   1858; 

•";  ^^  ashingtou 
)  ToBt,  Oct.  15, 


hostilities,  in  S. 
:w  York,  n.  d. ; 
icouia  (Wash.), 

iiiigr.  Circular, 
1101  s  Mc.s.-ajies, 
Siijiroiin;  Court, 
nol  Law,  1877, 
Ailjutaiit-Gfiil, 
It'c.  of  Interior; 
on,  1873et  seq. ; 


Hundreth  Me- 

ton,   1846;  Ten 

(111.),  1880. 
Sail  Francisco, 

jlphia,   1844  et 


HISTORY  OF  WASHINGTON. 


1 

hro  18.TJ.     St 

3 

:;. 

)rtland   (Or.), 

^V^l8llington 


1370. 


CHAPTER  r. 

THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 

1845-1853. 

Attitpde  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company — Michael  T.  Simmons  and 
Associates  Proceed  Northward — Settle  at  Budd  Inlet — Puoet 
Sound— Highlands— TuMWATBR—BusH  Prairie — Chambers  Prairie 
— Xkah    Bay — Marriages    and    Births — The  Indians   pRONonNCE 

AGAINST    THE    WhITE    MaN — EFFECT  OF  CALIFORNIA    GoLD    DlSCOVERY 

— The  Timber  Trade— Towns  Laid  out — Wuidbey  Island  Settled — 
occcpation  of  the  coast  country. 

Doctor  John  McLouohlin,  autocrat  of  Fort  Van- 
couver, at  the  instigation  of  the  London  managers 
of  tlie  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  but  contrary  to  his 
own  judgment,  exercised  his  influence  to  induce  the 
incoming  citizens  of  the  United  States  not  to  locate 
themselves  north  of  the  Columbia  River,  as  in  the 
])artition  presently  to  be  made  all  that  region  would 
probably  be  British  territory.  To  the  average  Amer- 
ican emigrant  of  that  day  the  simple  fact  that  a 
Britisher  should  wish  him  not  to  settle  in  any  certain 
part  of  the  undivided  territory  was  of  itself  sufficient 
incentive  for  him  to  select  that  spot,  provided  it  was 
not  much  worse  than  any  other.  There  must  be 
some  special  attraction  in  the  direction  of  Puget 
Sound,  else  the  fur  company  would  not  so  strongly 
advise  people  not  to  go  there. 

So  thought  Michael  T.  Simmons,  a  stanch  Ken- 

BUT.  Waib.— 1 


II     ] 


2  THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 

tuckian,  whom  the  reader  has  met  before,  in  the 
history  of  Oregon,  he  being  of  the  immigration  of 
1844,  and  spending  the  ensuing  winter  with  his 
family  at  Fort  Vancouver,  where  he  made  shingles  to 
pay  expenses,  his  wife  meanwhile  improving  the  time 
by  giving  birth  to  a  sou,  named  Christopher,  the  first 
American  born  in  western  Washington. 

Simmons  was  a  fine  specimen  of  a  man,  and  a  good 
representative  of  the  class  that  went  into  Washington 
about  this  time,  determined  to  remain  there,  particu- 
larly if  England's  majesty  ordered  them  out.  Just 
j)ast  thirty,  having  been  born  at  Sheppardsville 
the  5th  of  August,  1814,  possessing  the  grand 
physique  of  the  early  men  of  Kentucky,  unlettered 
though  not  unenlightened,  he  possessed  the  qualities 
which  in  feudal  times  made  men  chiefs  and  founders 
of  families.  His  courage  was  equalled  only  by  his 
independence;  he  could  not  comprehend  the  idea  of  a 
superior,  having  come  from  a  land  wherein  all  were 
kings  though  they  ruled  only  a  pigsty  or  a  potato-patch. 

He  had  intended  to  settle  in  the  valley  of  Kogue 
River  before  so  much  had  been  said  against  his  going 
north,  but  this  determined  him.  During  the  winter 
of  1844-5,  with  five  companions/  he  proceeded  north- 
ward, but  only  reached  the  fork  of  the  Cowlitz, 
whence  he  returned  ^  o  Fort  Vancouver.  Again  he 
set  out  the  following  July  with  eiglit  others,"  and 
guided  beyond  Cowlitz  })rairie  by  Peter  Borcier,  who 
had  perfonne<l  the  same  service  for  Wilkes  in  1841, 
he  not  only  reached  the  Sound,  but  made  a  canoe 
voyage  as  far  as  Whidbey  Island,  satisfying  himself 
of  the  commercial  advantages  of  this  region.  Then 
he  made  his  selection  at  the  head  of  Budd  Inlet, 
where  Des  Chutes  River  drops  by  successive  falls  a 
distance  of  eighty  feet,  constituting  a  fine  mill-power. 
The  place  had  the  further  advantage  of  being  at  no 

'  Ilciny  Willinmson,  James  Loornis,  nnd  Henry,  James,  and  Jolin  Owens, 
none  of  w  Ikmii  tinully  settk'd  nortli  of  the  Columbia. 

Hieoruo  Wmuicli,  l>iivid  Crawford,  Charles  Eaton,  Niniwon  Evcrman, 
Seybiui-  Thornton,  \Villium  Sliuw,  David  I'urkur,  and  Jolm  Hunt. 


,  in  the 
ration  of 
A'ith  his 
ingles  to 
the  time 
the  first 

d  a  good 
shington 
,  particu- 
it.  Just 
)ardsville 
0  grand 
nlettcrcd 
qiuiHties 
founders 

y  i>y  i^.is 

idea  of  a 

all  were 

ito-patch. 

)f  lloouo 

his  ji'oing 

le  winter 

(1  north- 

Cowlitz, 

^.gain  he 

ers,"  and 

cier,  who 

in  1841, 

a  canoe 

himself 

.     Then 

d  Inlet, 

falls  a 

ll-|)Ower. 

ig  at  no 

Tolin  Owens, 
II  Evermant 


SIMMOXS  THE  PIOXEER.  9 

great  distance  from  Fort  Xisqually,  the  only  supply 
post  in  this  part  of  the  territory,  with  the  French 
settlements  to  the  south  of  it  on  the  Cowlitz  prairie 
constituting  a  link  with  the  Columbia  lliver  and 
Willamette  settlements.  The  selection  for  the  pur- 
poses of  a  new  community  in  a  new  country  was  a 
good  one,  and  was  prompted  by  a  desire  somewhat 
similar  to  that  of  the  methodist  missionaries  to  get  pos- 
session of  Oregon  City,  on  account  of  the  water-power. 
IL-ivino"  chosen  his  site,  he  returned  to  tlic  Colum- 
l)ia  to  remove  his  family,  which  he  did  in  (October, 
accompivnied  by  James  McAllister,  David  Kindred, 
Gal)riel  Jones,  (xeorge  W.  Bush,  and  their  wives  and 
children,  live  families  in  all,  and  two  single  men,  Jesse 
Foi'gnson  and  Samuel  B.  Crockett,  these  seven  men 
l)ciiig  the  first  Americans^  to  settle  in  tlie  region  of 
i*ugct  Sound,*  although  John  II.  Jackson,  of  the 
same  inunigration,  had  been  a  little  bef  )rehand  with 
them  in  point  of  time,  and  selected  a  claim  five  miles 
north  of  the  French  settlements,  and  ten  miles  be- 
yond the  Cowlitz  hmding,  on  a  small  tributary  of  that 
rivci-,  near  the  trail  to  the  Cliehalis,"  which  site  ho 
called  Jtighlands,  and  where  he  had  already  erected 
a  house." 

"  r  purposely  leave  out  Richmond,  who  was  not  a  'settler,'  and  who  ahan- 
doiiid  the  mission.  Ferguson  married  Maigaret  llutlciigc  May  "JU,  lSo3. 
l>.'iliii]H((.  ('ohiinhiiiii,  Jnne  4,  1S,"),'{. 

'  I'Aory  ]>;irt  nf  tlic  great  Wasjiington  Inlet  was  now  eondng  to  be  called 
I'u'jttt  SdimiiI.  It  HO  appears  in  liu!  writings  of  almost  all  aiitiiors,  besides 
belli,'  jilways  rc^t'eiri'd  to  in  conversjition  by  that  naiiio.  Admiralty  Inlet 
w:is  toiiiid  too  long  a  name,  ami  the  lirst  seltlcnieiits  of  liotli  JMiglish  and 
Aimi  jeans  were  upon  (hat  portion  ealli-d  after  I'nget,  whirli  temlcd  to  '"<hib. 
li-h  it:H  nsp,  for  in  passing  np  and  down  these  wati'is  it  was  not  ;asy  to  dis- 
cern where  Olio  division  iinled  and  another  began.  Says  iMigeiK'  i'jllicot,  of 
tiie  r.  S.  const  survey,  who  has  been  in  that  service  since  i.S(i4;  'N'ancouver 
nniiieil  the  head  of  the  sound  above  ])ainrs  ]iassage  rnget  Sound,  'J'wenty 
ye;iiM  ivro  tlie  designation  had  extended  itself  in  popular  use  as  far  as 
l*'iiiit  lleliaiiee  (at  the  foot  of  'I'iie  Narrows).  Now  it  is  applied  to  tlio 
wli  ill'  sound  as  far  as  nellingham  Kay.  instead  of  Achniralty  Inlet,  the  U.  S. 
eliMit  now  calls  it  I'nget  Sound.  Kliicor.^  PikjiI  SoiiihI,  MS.,  i.  Indeed,  how- 
ever it  happened,  it  is  not  correct  to  call  these  wateis,  in  some  phn.'es  wellnigli 
fathomless,  by  the  name  of  sonnd,  which  implies  shallowness,  but  thoro  ia 
Mo  witlistanding  custom  and  conveidence. 

^Sonietimea  called  Chickeeles.  Sec  Xfillir  nacrs,  i.  30.1. 

^.iackson,  I  am  tohl,  intemled  going  to  the  Sound,  and  as  early  as  '>rareh 
Bot  out  With  the  design  of  taking  up  the  water-power  at  the  falls  of  Dea  Chutes, 


!       I 


4  THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 

It  required  fifteen  days  to  open  a  road  for  the  pas- 
sage of  the  ox-teams  from  CowHtz  landing  to  Budd 
Inlet,  a  distance  of  less  than  sixty  miles.  Simmons 
named  his  place  New  Marke«,  but  subsequent  settlers 
called  it  by  the  Indian,  and  more  appropriate,  name  of 
Tumwater,^  which  it  keeps,  and  which  to  avoid  confu- 
sion I  shall  hereafter  use. 

The  seven  Puget  Sound  settlers  took  their  claims 
within  a  radius  of  six  miles.  Kindred  two  miles  south 
of  Tumwater,  McAllister  about  six  miles  north-east, 
and  the  others  intermediate,  on  a  sandy  plain  now 
known  as  Bush  prairie,  from  George  W.  Bush.^  In 
the  same  summer  or  autumn  George  Waunch  located 
himself  on  the  Skookum  Chuck,  making  the  ninth 
man  not  in  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  service  who 
settled  north  of  the  Cowlitz  farm  in  1845. 

The  first  house  was  built  on  Kindred's  claim,  at  the 
west  edge  of  Bush   prairie,"  Simmons   build!  g  at 

which  he  had  heard  of;  but  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  travel  at  this  season,  he 
proce  'ded  no  farther  than  Simon  Plomondou's  place  on  tlie  Newaukum  lliver,  a 
confluent  of  the  Cliehalis.  But  about  the  second  week  in  July  he  again  set  forth 
for  Puget  Sound,  accompanied  by  W.  P.  Dougherty,  H.  A.  G.  Lee,  Joseph 
Watt,  Jacob  Haldry,  and  Stewart.  The  Orcgonians  turned  back  from  the  Clie- 
halis,  and  Jackson,  after  exploring  the  country  in  that  vicinity,  returned  to  the 
Cowlitz  and  took  a  claim  as  above  stated.  Wliile  returning  for  his  family  he 
met  Simmons'  party.  John  K.  Jackson  was  a  native  of  Durham,  parisli  of 
Stcindrop,  England,  born  Jan.  13,  1800.  He  landed  at  New  York  Sept.  27, 
1833,  and  went  directly  to  111.,  where  he  settled  Nov.  5th  ieaving  his  first 
American  home  for  Or.  in  1844.  He  was  a  butcher,  kept  a  public  house  at 
Highlands,  and  dispensed  good-cheer  with  good-humored  hospitality  during 
tlie  early  days  of  Washington.  His  house  was  a  rendezvous  for  the  transac- 
tion of  public  business,  the  first  courts  in  Lewis  county  being  held  there,  and 
there  was  discussed  the  propriety  of  a  separate  territorial  organization.  He 
died  May  5,  1873.  Ohjmpia  Tran»cript,  May  31,  1873. 

'Signifying  strong  water,  referring  to  the  falls.  This  word  displaced 
both  the  Dcs  Chutes  or  Falls  River  of  the  French,  and  the  New  Market  of 
Simmons.  It  is  now  common  usage  to  say  Tumwater  Falls  as  well  as  Tum- 
water town.  Skookum  Chuck,  the  Chinook  jargon  for  rapids,  is  better  ver- 
nacular for  strong  water,  and  is  the  name  of  a  branch  of  the  Chehalis. 

*Georgo  W.  Bush  (colored)  was  born  in  17!)0  in  Penn.,  but  in  early  life  re- 
moved to  Mo.,  and  in  1844  to  Or.,  finishing  his  long  journey  by  going  to 
i'uget  Sound.  He  was  respected  and  honored  by  the  pioneers  for  his  gener- 
us  and  charitable  traits  and  manliness  of  character.  He  resided  on  the 
)'.'airie  which  bears  his  name  until  April  5,  1SG3,  when  he  suddenly  died  of 
Hemorrhage  by  the  bursting  of  a  blood-vessel.  His  son  George  became  a 
liighly  esteemed  citizen,  who  was  made  president  of  the  Washington  Indus- 
trial Association,  and  whose  wheat,  raised  on  Bush  prairie,  was  awarded  the 
first  premium  at  the  Centennial  Exposition  in  Philadelphia,  Morse's  Wash. 
TiT.,  MS.,  i.  54. 

*  Mrs  Tabitha  Kindred,  who  was  many  years  a  widow,  died  June  12,  1872, 


the  pas- 
bo  Budd 
liminons 
settlers 
name  of 
d  confu- 

r  claims 
28  south 
rth-east, 
ain  now 
sh.^  In 
I  located 
le  ninth 
vice  who 

Ti,  at  the 
Idl  g  at 

ia  season,  he 

ium  Kiver,  a 

;ain  set  fortli 

Lee,  Joseph 

oni  thcClie- 

urned  to  the 

is  family  he 

,  parish  of 

rk  Sept.  27, 

ng  his  first 

lie  house  at 

lity  during 

he  transiic- 

there,  ami 

tion.    He 

displaced 

Market  of 

all  as  Tuin- 

better  ver- 

ilis. 

larly  life  re- 
liy  going  to 
his  gener- 
Mcd  on  tiie 
ily  died  of 
became  a 
|ton  Indus- 
carded  the 
rse'n  Wash. 

Le  12,  1872, 


I 

'■m 

I 


EARLY  ANNALS  OF  TUMWATER.  6 

Tumwater  the  following  summer.  These  men  had 
enough  to  do  to  discharge  their  debts  to  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company.  McLoughlin  and  Douglas,  who,  not- 
withstanding their  efforts  to  turn  the  American  settlers 
south  of  the  Columbia,  seeing  they  would  go  north, 
gave  the  officers  of  the  company  on  Cowlitz  prairie 
and  at  Fort  Nisqually  orders  to  furnish  Simmons' 
company  with  200  bushels  of  wheat  at  eighty  cents  a 
bushel,  100  bushels  of  pease  at  one  dollar,  300  bushels 
of  potatoes  at  fifty  cents,  and  a  dozen  head  of  cattle 
at  twelve  dollars  each.^"  During  the  winter  they  were 
visited  by  a  party  of  four  men,  who  proceeded  as  far 
as  Nisqually,  but  did  not  remain  in  this  region."  In 
JMarch  Mrs  McAllister^"  gave  birth  to  a  son,  who  was 
named  James  Benton,  the  first  American  born  on 
Puget  Sound. 

In  the  following  year  as  many  American  men  set- 
tled north  of  the  Cowlitz  and  about  the  head  of  the 
Sound  as  in  1845,  but  not  as  many  families.  At  the 
confluence  of  the  Skookuin  Chuck  and  the  Chehalis, 
half-way  from  the  Cowlitz  landing  to  Tumwater,  two 
claims  were  made  by  Sidney  S.  Ford "  and  Joseph 
Barst.  Those  who  went  to  the  Sound  were  Charles 
H.  Eaton,**  and  his  brother  Nathan,  who  located  liim- 

at  tlie  age  of  89,  having  resided  on  Bush  prairie  27  years.  Ohimpia  Tranxcrlpt, 
June  15,  1872.  The  children  were  two  sons,  Jolni  and  B.  Kindred,  and  two 
(laughters,  Mrs  Parrot  of  Oregon  City,  and  Mrs  Simmons  of  the  Cowlitz.  Ohjm- 
jiia  Courier,  June  15,  1872.  Mrs  Gabriel  Jones  died  July  18,  18G8.  Her 
home  was  two  miles  from  Tumwater.  Ohjmjiia  Standard,  July  25,  1868.  She 
was  70  years  of  age,  and  had  been  several  years  a  widow. 

'"A'i'o/m'  Historical  Memoranda,  consisting  of  a  compilation  of  newspaper 
articles,  chiefly  written  by  himself,  prepared  as  the  foundation  to  future  his- 
torical writing,  and  which  he  has  generously  placed  in  my  hands,  has  furnished 
me  with  this  item. 

"They  were  Wainbow,  Wall,  Smith,  and  Pickett, 

'^  Mrs  McAllister  died  in  1874.  Stiilacoo/n  Exprrgs,  Sept.  10,  1874. 

"  Ford  was  born  in  New  York  in  1801,  and  died  Oct.  22,  IStiO.  His  wife, 
Nancy,  was  lx)rn  in  New  York  in  1800.  They  were  married  in  1823,  and  re- 
moved to  Michigan  in  18.'?4,  to  Missouri  in  1840,  and  to  Oregon  in  1845. 
Tlieir  children  and  descendants  made  their  home  on  Ford  prairiu,  about  the 
head  waters  of  the  Clichalis. 

"Eaton  was  an  immigrant  of  1843.  He  was  born  in  Oswego  co.,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  22,  1818,  removing  to  Ohio  at  an  early  age,  whence  he  came  to  Oregon. 
In  the  Indian  war  of  18.")5  he  was  commissioned  capt.  In  1850  he  removed 
to  Ti  imlcut  prairie,  and  again  to  Yakima  Valley  in  1870,  wliero  ho  was  en- 
gaged iu  Btock-raisiug.     He  died  at  Yakima  City  Dec,  10,  1876. 


I    i 
1    1 


6  THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 

self  on  the  east  side  of  Budd  Inlet,  on  what  is  now 
called  Chambers  prairie,  being  the  first  to  take  a 
claim  north  of  Turawater;  Edmund  Sylvester,^'^  of 
Oregon  City,  who,  in  partnership  with  Levi  L.  Smith, 
took  two  half-sections  of  land,  one  directly  on  Budd 
Inlet,  two  miles  below  Tumwater,  and  the  other  on 
the  edge  of  Chambers  prairie;  Alonzo  Marion  Poe, 
Daniel  D.  Kinsey,  and  Antonio  B.  Rabbeson.'"  Sev- 
eral  other  i)ersons  arrived  at  the  Sound  during  the 
autumn,  but  did  not  remain  at  that  time." 

In  January  1847  three  brothers  from  Marion  county, 
named  Davis,  one  with  a  family,  arrived  at  Tumwater, 
besides  Samuel  Cool,  A.  J.  Moore,  Benjamin  Gordon, 
Leander  C.  Wallace,  Thomas  W.  Glasgow,  and  Sam- 
uel Hancock.'*     In  March  there  arrived  Elislia  and 

"* Sylvester  was  born  in  Deer  Isle,  Maine.  For  antecedents,  see  Hist.  Or., 
i.  424,  this  series,  llis  manuscript,  entitled  Olympta,  wliicli  affords  nie  many 
authoritative  items  of  early  history,  is  especially  useful  in  tlie  present  volume. 

'"Rabbeson  was  born  in  1824,  and  was  by  trade  a  carpenter.  He  came  to 
Oref^on  from  New  York  City  in  1840,  and  immediately  went  to  Tuget  Sound, 
settling  near  Sylvester's  claim,  where  ho  still  resides.  His  manuscript, 
Groivth  of  Towns,  contains  a  narrative  of  the  immigration  of  1840,  with  good 
character  sketches  of  some  of  tlie  men  in  it,  followed  by  an  interesting  account 
of  the  settlement  of  Washington,  his  reason  for  coming  to  the  Sound  being  a 
preference  for  salt-water.  Most  writers  place  Wallace  in  the  immigration  of 
1817,  but  Kabl)eson  says  he  came  with  him  in  1840.  Growth  of  Towns,  MS., 
13.  This  is  the  Wallace;  killed  in  the  attack  on  Nisqually  in  the  spring  of 
1849.  Hist.  Or.,  ii.  07-8,  this  series.  In  January  1854  Kabbeson  married 
Lucy  Barnes  of  Olympia. 

"  Elisha  and  William  Packwootl,  Jason  Peters,  Tliomaa  Canby,  and  Elisha 
and  James  McKindley  examined  the  country  and  returned  to  the  Willamette 
to  winter.  Two  of  them  only  finally  settled  north  of  the  Columbia.  Ernns" 
Hist.  Mem.,  11.  The  names  of  David  Coiner  and  J.  E.  Conat  also  appear  as 
settlers  of  this  year,  but  more  I  do  not  know  about  them. 

'*  Hancock  left  Independence,  Mo.,  in  the  spring  of  184.'),  but  remained 
in  Or.  City  one  year.  He  then  started  to  go  to  Puget  Sound  with  two  others, 
names  unknown,  by  tlie  way  of  the  Columbia,  Laker  Bay,  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  tlr.r'  strait  of  Fuca.  They  succeeded  in  drawing  their  canoe  across  the 
necK  of  sand  north  of  Cape  Disappointment,  but  tlie  sight  of  the  ocean  in 
Nov.  disheartened  them,  and  they  decided  to  try  walking  from  the  coast  in- 
land, hoping  to  reach  the  Sound  in  that  way.  But  Hancock,  seized  with 
fever,  was  left  in  charge  of  tiio  Indians,  who,  after  extorting  every  article  he 

fjossessed,  conveyed  him  to  Astoria,  where  ho  recovered.  What  became  of 
lis  companions  (Iocs  not  appear  in  his  Thirteen  Years'  Uesidenee  in  Washiinj- 
ton  Territory,  MS.,  from  which  I  take  his  biography.  After  recovery,  ho 
again  set  out  for  the  Sound  by  tlio  way  of  the  Cowlitz,  arriviug  at  Tumwater 
early  in  1847,  and  going  to  work  at  shingle-making  like  tlio  others.  In  the 
spring  of  1849  Hancock  went  to  Cal.  for  gold,  where  he  had  a  great  many  ad- 
ventures, if  wo  may  credit  the  marvellous  stories  contained  in  his  Thirteen 
Years.  On  returning  to  Puget  Sound  in  the  autumn  of  1849,  he  brouglit  a 
Btock  of  goods  to  sell  to  settlers  oud  uativcs,  aud  having  disposed  of  a  portion, 


PACKWOOD  AND  HANCOCK.  7 

William  Packwood,  with  their  families.  The  first 
settled  on  land  later  owned  by  David  J.  Chambers. 
Packwood  abandoned  it  in  Auj^ust  to  return  to  the 
Willamette.     William  Packwood  took  a  claim  on  the 

set  out  to  explore  for  coal,  having  heard  that  this  mineral  was  to  be  found 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Sound.  In  these  explorations  he  spent  sonio 
months,  probably  trading  at  the  same  time  with  the  Indians.  In  1850  or 
s])ring  of  1851  he  took  some  goods  to  Xeah  Bay;  but  the  Indians  being  hos- 
tile, lie  was  compelled  to  save  himself  by  an  artifice,  WTiting  in  the  presence 
of  the  savages,  and  telling  them  that  it  was  to  bring  the  chief  of  all  the  white 
men  to  avenge  him  if  slain.  Their  superstitious  fear  of  paper  missives,  tlie 
power  of  which  tliey  had  witnessed  without  understanding,  conquered  their 
love  of  plunder,  and  they  carried  him  safely  to  Port  Townsend.  On  his  re- 
turn he  once  more  explored  for  coal  on  the  Snohomish  and  Stilaguamish  riv- 
eis,  where  ho  found  it,  find  discovered  also  the  Cedar  and  Dwamish  rivers. 
In  Nov.  1851  he  took  passage  in  the  brig  Kendall,  which  was  in  the  Sound, 
and  went  to  S.  F.  to  purchase  macliinery  lor  a  saw-mill,  togetlier  with  another 
stoik  of  goods.  Having  completed  his  purchases,  he  shipped  them  on  board 
a  vessel,  the  Knywja,  for  I'uget  Sound.  Captain  Davis  was  ignorant  of  nau- 
tical science,  and  Jiad  never  been  upon  the  coast  of  Oregon.  When  Hancock 
recognized  the  entrance  to  the  strait  of  Fuca,  Davis  declined  to  enter,  and  to 
test  the  matter,  a  boat  was  sent  ashore  with  Hancock,  the  mate,  and  three 
other  persons,  iit  an  unknown  island.  A  fog  coming  down  hid  the  s-esscl,  and 
thi:  party  v  ere  detained  three  days;  and  no  sooner  did  the  fog  clear  away 
tiian  the  natives  discovered  and  attacked  them,  compelling  them  to  put  to 
Bca.  In  the  mean  time  the  vessel  was  quite  lost  to  sight.  Two  days  moru 
pa.ssed  on  another  small  island,  but  here  again  the  Indians  caused  them  to 
tuUe  to  their  boat.  Several  days  more  were  passed  iu  this  manner  before  tlio 
party  was  finally  rescued  by  some  Indians  from  V.  I.,  under  orders  from  an 
otiitiT  of  the  II.  B.  Co.,  to  whom  they  had  reported  the  condition  of  the  boats 
crew.  Clothing  and  provisions  were  despatched  to  them,  and  they  were 
bronyht  to  Sooke  harbor,  where  they  received  unlimited  hospitality  for  three 
days.  On  coming  to  Victoria  the  Kaijiifia  was  found  to  be  there,  having  by 
chance  got  into  the  strait  and  to  port,  but  without  endeavoring  to  pick  up 
tiiat  portion  of  her  crew  and  passengers  left  "ithout  provisions  on  an  unknown 
const.  But  that  was  not  all.  A  considerable  portion  of  Hancock's  goods  had 
been  sold,  for  which  no  satisfaction  could  be  obtained  in  a  foreign  port.  Tiio 
sninniing  up  of  tlie  M'hole  matter  shows  that  he  was  disappointed  in  his  project 
of  building  a  mill  at  Clallam  Baj',  and  was  subjected  to  much  loss,  which  ho 
endeavored  to  make  up  by  furnishing  timber  for  the  California  market.  In 
the  autumn  of  1852  he  removed  to  Neah  Bay,  determined  to  establish  a  trad- 
ing-post among  the  Indians,  which  he  succeeded  in  doing,  though  not  without 
building  fortilications  and  having  sonic  narrow  escapes.  Ho  afterward  pur- 
cliased  an  interest  in  tlio  brig  Eco/lc,  \Volfe  master,  and  traded  with  the  Ind- 
ians on  the  northern  coast,  until  the  brig  was  blown  on  shore  and  \vrecked. 
and  the  savages  had  despoiled  it  of  its  cargo.  From  this  expedition  he  re- 
turned ali\c,  after  many  adventures  with  the  savages  and  tiie  exercise  of  much 
tact  in  averting  their  hostile  intentions.  Escaping  to  Clya(piot  Bay,  he  found 
thc!  schooner  Demaris  Core,  Capt.  Eli  Hathaway,  lying  there,  which  returned 
with  his  party  to  Neah  Bay;  but  the  Indians  having  become  more  threaten- 
ing than  l)eforo  at  that  place,  Hancock  determined  to  remove  his  goods  to 
AVliidbey  Island,  and  did  bo — there  being  no  vessel  in  port — by  lashing  together 
three  canoes  and  covering  them  with  planking,  on  which  the  movables  were 
placed,  a  ship's  long-boat  being  also  loaded  and  towed  behind.  A  sail  was 
rigged  by  setting  cedar  planks  upright,  and  then  the  craft  was  navigated  100 
miles  to  I'cnn  Cove.    There  ho  settled,  and  married  Susau  Crockett, 


death  occurred  in  Sept.  1883,  at  Coupeville, 


His 


6  THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 

south  bank  of  the  Nisqually,  and  there  remained.^ 
During  the  summer  John  Kindred,  J.  B.  Logan,  B. 
F.  Shaw,  Robert  Logan,  and  A.  D.  Carnefix  joined 
the  settlement  at  the  head  of  the  Sound,  and  on  the 
10th  of  June  the  Skookum  Chuck  settlement  was  re- 
enforced  by  the  birth  of  Angeline  Ford,**  the  first 
American  girl  born  north  of  the  Columbia.  Late  in 
the  autumn  there  arrived  at  the  Sound  Thomas  M. 
Chambers,  with  his  sons,  David,  Andrew,  Thomas  J., 
and  McLean,  two  of  whom  had  famiUes,^  and  George 
Brail  and  George  Shazar. 

From  Nisqually  the  settlers  obtained  pork,  wheat, 
pease,  potatoes,  and  such  other  needful  articles  as  the 
company's  stores  furnished.  In  184G  Simmons  put 
up  a  small  flouring  mill  at  Des  Chutes  falls,  in  a  log 
house,  with  a  set  of  stones  hewn  out  of  some  granite 
blocks  found  on  the  beach,  which  was  ready  to  grind 
the  first  crop  of  wheat,  if  not  to  bolt  it;  but  unbolted 
flour  was  a  luxury  after  boiled  wheat. 

"Pack wood  was  a  native  of  Patrick  co.,  Va,  bom  in  1813,  removing  with 
his  father  Elisha  to  Ind.  in  1819.  In  1834  he  migrated  to  Mo.,  and  ten  years 
later  to  Or.,  finally  coming  to  rest  on  the  Nisqually.  There  was  a  large  fam- 
ily of  the  Packwoods,  six  of  whom  arrived  in  Or.  in  1845.  See  list  on  p.  626 
and  530,  IJist  Or.,  i.,  this  series.  In  1848  William  went  to  Cal.,  where  his 
brother  Elisha  was  then  residing,  but  appears  to  have  returned  without  much 
improving  his  fortunes.  He  constructed  a  ferry  on  the  Nisqually,  and  re- 
mained on  his  claim — with  the  exception  of  a  period  of  service  in  the  Indian 
war  of  1855 — until  1867,  when  he  sold  it  to  Isaac  P.  Hawk.  Later  he  made 
his  residence  at  Centreville,  on  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad.  For  many 
years  Packwood  occupied  his  summers  in  exploring  the  mountains  east  ana 
west  of  the  Sound,  the  pass  at  the  head  of  the  Cowlitz  having  been  discovered 
by  and  named  after  him,  and  some  valuable  mineral  deposits  reported  by  him, 
especially  of  anthracite  coal.  Morse's  Wash.  Ter.,  MS.,  i.  54-87. 

=">  Miss  Ford  married  John  Shelton. 

*'  This  family  was  of  Scottish  origin,  but  had  been  for  half  a  centniy  in  th« 
U.  S.,  residing  in  Ind.  and  Ky.  They  emigrated  to  Or.  in  1845.  Their  goods 
being  detained  at  The  Dalles,  in  Feb.  1846,  the  sons  constructed  a  flat-boat, 
12  by  20  feet,  with  a  whip-saw  and  hammer,  using  oak  pins  for  nails,  and 
loading  it  with  13  wagons  and  the  goods  of  seven  families,  descended  the  C<>- 
lumbia.  Thomas  M.  Chambers  settled  on  the  prairie  south-east  of  Olympia, 
which  bears  his  name,  and  where  Eaton  had  settled  before  him.  Here  he 
lived,  and  at  an  advanced  age  died.  David  J.  located  on  a  smaller  plain  3^ 
miles  east  of  Olympia,  and  made  a  fortune  in  stock-raising;  Andrew  settled 
between  the  Nisqually  plains  and  Yelm  prairie.  The  first  mill  in  Pierce  co. 
was  erected  by  Thomas  M. ,  on  Chambers  Creek  near  Steilacoom.  He  was  bom 
in  Ky  in  1701,  and  died  at  Steilacoom  Dec.  1876.  Rebecca,  wife  of  Andrew 
J.  Chambers,  died  June  29,  1853.  On  the  18th  of  January,  1854,  be  married 
Margaret  White. 


^  LUMBER  AND  LOVE.  9 

Late  the  following  year  a  saw-mill  was  completed 
at  Tumwater,  built  by  M.  T.  Simmons,  B.  F.  Shaw, 
E.  Sylvester,  Jesse  Ferguson,  A.  B.  Rabbeson,  Ga- 
briel Jones,  A.  D.  Carnefix,  and  John  R.  Kindred, 
who  formed  the  Puget  Sound  Milling  Company,  Oc- 
tober 25,  1847,  Simmons  holding  the  principal  num- 
ber of  shares,  and  being  elected  superintendent.  The 
mill  irons,  which  had  been  in  use  at  Fort  Vancouver, 
were  obtained  from  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company. 
The  lumber  found  a  market  among  the  settlers,  but 
chiefly  at  Nisqually,  where  it  was  sent  in  rafts,  and 
also  a  little  later  was  in  requisition  to  erect  barracks 
and  officers'  quarters  at  Steilacoom.''^  Shingle-making 
was  also  an  important  industry,  shingles  passing  cur- 
rent at  Fort  Nisqually  in  exchange  for  clothing  or  other 
articles.  Room  for  idlers  there  was  none,  and  this 
was  fortunate,  since  indolence  in  contact  with  savagery 
soon  breeds  vice,  aggravated  by  enforced  solitude. 

Daniel  D.  Kinsey  was  the  first  lucky  bachelor  to 
secure  a  mate  in  these  wilds,  by  marrying,  on  the  Gth 
of  July,  1847,  Ruth  Brock,  M.  T.  Simmons,  one  of 
the  judges  of  Vancouver  county,  officiating.  Samuel 
Hancock  and  A.  B.  Rabbeson  were  the  first  to  vary 
shingle-making  with  brick-making,  these  two  taking 
a  contract  to  burn  a  kiln  of  brick  in  July  1847,  on  the 
farm  of  Simon  Plomondon  at  the  Cowlitz.  And  thus 
they  not  only  held  their  own  in  the  new  country,  but 
increased  in  property  and  power. 

As  early  as  the  summer  of  this  second  year  they 
had  begun  to  recognize  the  necessity  of  communica- 
tion between  points,  and  in  August  blazed  out  a  trail 
from  Tumwater  to  the  claim  of  Sylvester  and  Smith, 
two  miles  below  on  the  Sound,  which  now  began  to  be 
called  Smithfield,  because  Levi  L.  Smith  resided 
there,  and  because  it  came  to  be  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion by  the  law  of  the  tides. 

'*  The  date  of  the  lease  from  Simmons,  proprietor  of  the  claim,  is  August 
20,  1847,  to  continue  for  5  yeai-a  with  the  privilege  of  ten.  The  site  described 
tras  the  north-wcat  part  of  the  lower  full.  Evana'  Hist.  Mem.,  ii.;  Hiat,  Or., 
iL  70,  thia  series. 


10 


THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 


In  the  autumn  of  1847,  rendered  memorable  by  the 
massacre  at  Waiilatpu,  which  alarmed  these  feeble 
settlements,  and  by  the  prevalence  of  measles  among 
tlie  Indians,  for  which  the  white  people  knew  them- 
selves held  responsible  by  the  miserable  victims  and 
their  friends,  there  were  few  additions  to  the  popula- 
tion. Jonathan  Burbee,  an  immigrant  of  that  year, 
took  to  himself  some  land  on  the  little  Kalama  River; 
Peter  W.  Crawford,  E.  West,  and  James  O.  Raynor 
located  claims  on  the  Cowlitz  near  its  mouth,  being 
the  first  settlers  in  this  vicinity,^'  and  Andrew  J. 
Simmons  took  a  claim  on  Cowlitz  prairie,  where  ho 
died  February  1872.'" 

Nor  were  there  many  accessions  to  the  population 
of  the  Sound  in  1848.  Rev.  Pascal  Ricard,  oblate 
father,  established  a  mission  three  miles  below  Tum- 
water,  June  14th,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  inlet, 
and  thereby  secured  half  a  section  of  land  to  the 
church.  Thomas  W.  Glasgow  made  a  tour  of  explo- 
ration down  the  Sound,  and  took  a  claim  on  Whidbey 
Island,  the  first  settlement  attempted  there,  and 
situated  north-east  from  the  Port  Townsend  of  Van- 
couver, directly  facing  the  strait  of  Fuca.  Here  he 
erected  a  cabin  and  planted  potatoes  and  wheat.  His 
loneliness  seems  to  have  been  alleviated  during  his 
brief  residence,  a  half-caste  daughter  testifying  to  the 
favor  with   which  he  was  regarded  by  some  native 


; 


*'In  1847,  when  Crawford,  whose  biography  is  given  in  my  Hist.  Or.,  i. 
647,  was  looking  for  a  place  to  settle,  the  only  white  persons  living  on  the 
Cowlitz  were  Antoino  Gobain,  a  Canadian,  who  had  charge  of  the  H.  B.  Co.'s 
warehouse  on  the  west  bank  of  the  river  aboii  i  two  miles  from  the  Columbia, 
and  Thibault,  another  Canadian,  who  lived  oyp*  lite  on  the  east  bank.  From 
there  to  tlie  Cowlitz  farms  all  was  an  unbroken  wilderness.  Crawford  and 
West  took  their  claims  adjoining  each  oth-,.-  0.1  the  east  bank,  where  Crawford 
permanently  had  his  home,  and  Raynor  un  t'.ie  west  bank,  wltere  he  designed 
laying  out  a  town.  Crawford's  2f^ar.,  MS.,  98.  Owen  W.  Bozarth,  wlio  was 
of  the  immigiation  of  1845,  settled,  as  I  suppose,  about  this  time  on  Ca^Ma- 
pootle  or  Lewis  River,  so  called  from  the  land  claim  of  A.  Lee  Lewis,  about 
7  miles  above  the  mouth. 

**  Olympia  Wash.  Standard,  March  2,  1872.  I  find  mention  of  Alexander 
Barron,  who  died  in  Feb.  1878;  William  Rutledgo,  who  died  June  1872; 
Henry  Bechman,  who  died  April  1879;  Fdix  Dodd,  who  died  the  same  month 
and  year;  J.  H.  Smith,  who  died  May  1879;  and  John  E.  Fickuell — all  of  whom 
settled  north  of  the  Columbia  this  year. 


GLASGOW  ON  WHIDBEY  ISLAND. 


11 


brunette;*  yet  he  returned  to  Tumwater  to  secure 
other  companions,  and  persuaded  Rabbeson  and  Carne- 
fix  to  accompany  him  back  to  his  island  home. 

On  the  voyage,  performed  in  a  canoe,  they  pro- 
ceeded to  the  head  of  Case  Inlet,  and  carrying  their 
canoe  across  the  portage  to  the  head  of  Hood  canal, 
explored  that  remarkable  passage.  Carnefix  turned 
buck  from  the  mouth  of  the  Skokomish  River,^ 
Glasgow  and  Rabbeson  continuing  on  to  Whidbey 
Island,  which  they  reached  in  July.  But  they  were 
not  permitted  to  remain.  Soon  after  their  arrival  a 
general  council  of  the  tribes  of  the  Sound  was  held 
on  the  island,  at  the  instigation  of  Patkanim,  chief  of 
the  Snoqualimichs,  to  confer  upon  the  policy  of  per- 
mitting American  settlements  in  their  country.  It 
was  decided  that  Glasgow  must  quit  the  island, 
Mliich  he  was  at  length  forced  to  do,^^  escaping  by 
the  aid  of  an  Indian  from  the  vicinity  of  Tumwater. 

^^ Glasgow's  daughter  married  William  Hastie.  Morse's  Wash.  Ter.,  MS., 
i.  113. 

^^  It  was  the  turn  of  Carnefix  to  cook  and  attend  to  camp  work.  A  chief 
Bering  th'"  thought  him  to  bo  a  slave,  and  offered  to  purchase  him.  The  jeats 
of  liis  companions  so  annoyed  Carnefix  that  bo  abandoned  their  company. 
h'raiis'  Hid.  Mem.  ii. 

'"  J'atkanim  exhibited  the  tact  in  this  instance  which  marked  him  as  a 
sav.ige  of  uncommon  intelligence.  Parade  has  a  great  effect  upon  tho  human 
niiiul,  whether  savage  or  civilized.  Patkanim  gave  a  great  hunt  to  the  assem- 
bled chiefs.  A  corral  was  constructed,  with  wings  extending  across  the  island 
from  Penn  Cove  to  Glasgow's  claim,  and  a  drive  made  with  dogs,  by  which 
more  than  00  deer  were  secured  for  a  grand  banquet  at  the  inauguration  of 
the  council.  Patkanim  then  opened  the  conference  by  a  speech,  in  which  he 
urged  that  if  the  Americans  were  allowed  to  settle  among  them  they  would 
soon  become  numerous,  and  would  carry  off  their  people  in  large  fire-shipa 
to  a  distant  country  on  which  the  sun  never  shone,  where  they  would  be  left 
to  perish.  Ho  argued  that  the  few  now  present  could  easily  be  exterminated, 
wliich  would  discourage  others  from  coming,  and  appealed  to  the  cupidity  of 
his  race  by  representing  that  the  death  of  the  Americana  in  the  country 
would  put  the  Indians  in  possession  of  a  large  amount  of  property.  But  the 
Indian&  from  the  upper  part  of  the  Sound,  who  were  better  acquainted  with 
the  white  people,  did  not  agree  with  Patkanim.  The  chief  of  the  bands  about 
Tumwater,  Snohodumtah,  called  by  the  Americans  Graylicad,  resisted  the 
arguments  of  the  Snoqualimich  chief.  He  reminded  the  council  that  previous 
to  the  advent  of  the  Americans  the  tribes  from  the  lower  sound  often  made 
war  upon  the  weaker  tribes  of  his  section  of  the  country,  carrying  them 
off  for  slaves,  Hut  that  he  had  found  the  presence  of  the  Boston  men  a 
protection,  as  they  discouraged  wars.  Patkanim,  lingered  at  tliis  opposition, 
created  a  great  excitement,  which  seemed  to  threaten  a  battle  l)etween  the 
tribes,  and  Rabbeson  becoming  alarmed  fled  back  to  the  settlements.  Two 
days  later  Glasgow  followed,  being  assisted  to  escape  by  a  friendly  Indian, 
but  leaving  behind  him  all  his  property.  Id.,  11-12. 


I 


12 


THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 


Glasgow  seems  to  have  taken  a  claim  subsequently 
in  Pierce  county^  and  to  have  finally  left  the  terri- 
tory."'^ 

During  this  summer  Hancock  took  a  claim  on 
the  west  side  of  Budd  Inlet,  and  built  a  wharf  and 
warehouse;  but  having  subsequently  engaged  in 
several  commercial  ventures  involving  loss,  he  finally 
settled  in  1852  on  Whidbey  Island,  Patkanim  having 
in  the  mean  time  failed  in  his  design  of  exterminating 
the  American  settlers.  Rabbeson,  glad  to  be  well 
away  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  Snoqualimich 
chief,  went  with  Ferguson  to  work  in  the  wheat- 
fields  of  the  Cowlitz  farm,  now  in  charge  of  George 
B.  Roberts,  where  they  taught  the  Frenchmen  how 
to  save  grain  by  cradling,  after  which  the  new 
method  was  high  in  favor  and  the  cradling  party  in 
demand. 

All  at  once  this  wholesome  plodding  was  inter- 
rupted by  the  news  of  the  gold  discovery  in  Califor- 
nia, and  every  man  who  could  do  so  set  off*  at  once 
for  the  gold-fields.  They  made  flat-boats  and  floated 
their  loaded  wagons  down  the  Cowlitz  River  to  where 
the  old  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  trail  left  it,  drove 
their  ox-teams  to  the  Columbia  River  opposite  St 
Helen,  and  again  taking  the  trail  from  the  old  Mc- 
Kay farm,  which  the  Lees  had  travelled  in  1834, 
emerged  on  the  Tualatin  plains,  keeping  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Willamette  to  the  head  of  the  valley. 
They  here  came  into  the  southern  immigrant  road, 
which  they  followed  to  its  junction  with  the  Lassen 
trail  to  the  Sacramento  Valley,  where  they  arrived 
late  in  the  autumn,  having  performed  this  remarkable 
journey  without  accident.^ 

"In  July  1858  he  married  Ellen  Horan.  Ohjmpia  Pioneer  and  Dem., 
July  30,  18r)8. 

^See  IJiat,  Or.,  ii.  45,  this  series.  Also  /{nbbeson's  Orowth  of  Towns,  MS., 
11-12;  ilancock'a  Thirteen  Years,  MS.,  105-17.  Sylvester,  who  with  liub- 
boson,  Ferguson,  and  Borst  went  to  California  in  the  spring  of  1849,  describes 
the  route  as  I  have  given  it.  His  company  had  one  wagon  and  4  yokes  of 
oxen;  and  there  were  three  other  wagons  in  the  train.  They  started  in  April 
and  reached  Sacramento  in  July.  Olympia,  MS.,  13-15. 


GOLD  AND  INDIANS. 


18 


sequently 
the  terri- 

claim  on 
half  and 
Imaged  in 
he  finally 
:n  having 
minating 
be  well 
lualimich 
e  wheat- 
f  George 
lien  how 
the  new 
party  in 

as  inter- 
i  Califor- 
F  at  once 
d  floated 
to  where 
it,  drove 
)osite  St 
old  Ma- 
in   1834, 
the  west 
J  valley, 
nt  road, 
'  Lassen 
arrived 
larkable 


and  Dem., 

'owns,  MS., 
with  Iiub> 
),  describes 
4  yokes  of 
ed  in  April 


I 


The  rush  to  the  mines  had  the  same  temporary 
effect  upon  the  improvement  of  the  country  north  of 
the  Columbia  that  I  have  noticed  in  my  account  of 
the  gold  excitement  in  the  Willamette  Valley.  Farm- 
ing, building,  and  all  other  industries  were  suspended, 
while  for  about  two  years  the  working  population  of 
the  country  were  absent  in  search  of  gold.  This  inter- 
ruption to  the  steady  and  healthy  growth  which  had 
begun  has  been  much  lamented  by  some  writers,** 
with  what  justice  I  am  unable  to  perceive;  because 
although  the  country  stood  still  in  respect  to  agricul- 
ture and  the  ordinary  pursuits  of  a  new  and  small 
population,  this  loss  was  more  than  made  up  by  the 
commercial  prosperity  which  the  rapid  settlement  of 
the  Pacific  coast  bestowed  upon  the  whole  of  the  Ore- 
gon territory,  and  especially  upon  Puget  Sound,  which 
without  the  excitement  of  the  gold  discovery  must 
have  been  twenty  years  in  gaining  the  millinjj  and 
other  improvements  it  noM'  gained  in  three. 

In  the  mean  time,  and  before  these  results  became 
apparent,  the  settlements  on  the  Sound  were  threat- 
ened with  a  more  serious  check  by  the  Snoqualimichs, 
who  about  the  first  of  May  attacked  Fort  Nisqually 
with  the  intention  of  taking  it,  and  if  they  had  suc- 
ceeded in  this,  Patkanim's  plans  for  the  extermination 
of  the  white  people  would  have  been  carried  out.  In 
tliis  affiiir  Leander  C.  Wallace  was  killed,  and  two 
other  Americans,  Walker  and  Lewis,  wounded,  the 
latter  surviving  but  u  sliov^;  time.  For  this  crime 
Quallawort,  a  brother  of  Patkaiiim,  and  Kassass, 
another  Snoqualimich  chief,  suffered  death  by  hang- 
ing, as  related  in  a  previous  volume.^^  This  was  a 
somewhat  different  termination  from  that  anticipated. 
Putkanim,  even   after   the   Snoqualimichs   were  re- 

'"  Evans  says,  in  his  Hist.  Mem.  10,  that  *tlie  exodus  in  searclj  of  gohl  waa  a 
grievous  c'-  and  that  years  of  sober  advancement  and  industry  were  ro- 
(jiiirrd  to  roLt, Iterate  from  its  consequences.'  1  iiavo  nieutioued  iu  my  hiatory 
of  tjrej^on  tliat  other  writers  take  the  same  \'iew. 

"yyist.  On,  ii.  07-8,  80. 


14 


THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 


pulsed,  sent  word  to  the  American  settlers  that  they 
would  bo  permitted  to  quit  the  country  by  leavinjj 
their  property.  To  this  they  answered  that  they 
had  come  to  stay,  and  immediat  ly  erected  block- 
houses at  Tumwater  and  Skookum  Chuck.  This 
decided  movement,  with  the  friendship  of  the  Indians 
on  the  upper  part  of  the  Sound,  and  the  prompt 
measures  of  Governor  Lane,  who  arrived  March  2d 
at  Oregon  City,  followed  by  the  establishment  of 
Fort  Steilacoom  about  the  middle  of  July,  crushed 
an  incipient  Indian  war.^^ 

The  outbreak  did  not  seriously  interrupt  the  dawn- 
ing fortunes  of  the  settlers,  who  Avere  scrupulout^ly 
careful  to  prevent  any  difficulties  with  the  natives  by 
a  custom  of  uniform  prices  for  labor  and  goods,  and 
perfect  equity  in  dealing  with  thcm.^'* 


'.?,iK 


i| 


Owing  to  the  California  exodus,  the  year  1849 
was  remarkable  only  for  its  dearth  of  immigration. 

''  Writers  on  tliis  attack  on  Nisqimlly  have  laiil  too  little  stress*  on  Pat- 
kanim's  ilcsifjus.  'J'akeii  in  conncetiou  with  tiio  iirocecdings  of  tiic!  previous 
Biunnier  at  Wiiidbey  I.slaiul,  tlic  intention  soems  clear;  tlie  (jiiarrel  vitli  tlie 
Nisquallies  was  but  a  pretence  to  account  for  tiie  appearance  at  the  fort  of 
the  iSnoqualimiulis  in  tlieir  war-paint.  Tlie  killing'  of  tlio  Anieric;,ns  was  but 
an  iuciilent,  as  they  could  not  have  known  that  they  hIiouKI  meet  a  party  of 
the  settlers  there.  The  plan  wns  to  eajiture  the  fort  and  tlie  supply  of 
annnunition,  after  which  it  would  have  been  ((uito  csy  to  make  an  end  of 
the  settlements,  already  dcpriveil  Ijy  the  exodus  to  California  of  a  lai;;e  sharo 
of  their  ligiiting  material.  Tlic  Jl.  15.  Co.,  confident  of  their  iullucuei!  witii 
the  Indians,  cither  did  not  suspect  or  did  not  like  to  admit  that  the  Snoipia- 
limichs  intended  mischief  to  them,  though  Tolniie  confesses  that  whiMi  lio 
went  outside  tlic  fort  to  bring  in  Wallace'.s  body  ho  was  aimed  at;  but  tho 
person  was  prevented  tiring  by  a  Sinalionusli  Indian  i)resent,  wlio  repn^cd 
liim,  saying,  'Jlarm  enough  done  for  one  ihiy.'  Tolniii'.f  Piir/it  Somn/,  MS. 
35.  All  accounts  agree  tliat  I'atkanini  was  insid..  tho  fort  wlien  tho  liring 
by  tho  Snoipialiinichs  was  commenced,  and  that  it  began  wjien  a  gnu  was 
discharged  inside  the  fort  to  clean  it.  Miiy  not  this  have  been  the;  precjcai- 
eerted  signal?  But  tho  closing  of  the  gates  with  tho  chief  inside,  and  tho 
liring  from  tho  bastion,  disconcerted  tlic  cons]iirators,  who  retreated  to  ct)\  er. 

''^J'lvans  meat  ions  in  his  II  iM.  Mem.,  I '2,  that  l'atter8<)Ti,an  iinmigiantof  i.S47, 
who  afterward  left  tho  country,  beciinie  ind(^bted  to  an  In<liiin  for  bi'inging 
Ilia  family  up  the  Cowlitz  River,  but  could  not  jiay  him,  and  gave  his  note  fur 
I'i  months.  At  the  end  of  tlio  year  tho  Indian  ciinie  to  eliiim  his  nay,  but 
still  tho  man  had  not  tho  money,  on  learning  which  the  Indian  oirerni  to  take 
a  hc'fer,  which  oiler  was  ileclined.  Tho  Imlian  then  went  to  tho  white  set- 
tlement at  Tumwater  and  entered  his  complaint,  when  a  meeting  was  called 
and  a  committee  appointed  to  return  with  him  to  tho  liou'.(  .)f  the  debtor, 
wiio  wns  compelled  to  deliver  up  tho  heitor.  This  satialied  the  creditor  uuii 
kept  tho  peuco. 


BACK  FROM  THE  MINES. 


15 


hat  they 
y  leaving 
hat  thuy 
;d  block- 
;k.  This 
3  Indians 
!  proni[)t 
larch  2d 
micnt  of 
,  crushed 

he  dawn- 
.ipulout^ly 
atives  hy 
oods,  and 


oar   1849 
migration. 

tress  on  Piit- 

tho  previous 

rril  witli  the 

it  tlic  fort  of 

c;,iiM  was  Ijiit 

•et  ii  piirty  of 

ic  siipiily  of 

ke  iiii  oiul  of 

a  l:ii;;c  Hliuro 

liliuMico  with 

tlio  Siioiiua- 

lat  when  ho 

Jit;  hut  the 

ho  ri']irovf(l 

Soiiiitl,  MS. 

II  tho  tiriii;^ 

1  ii  gnu  vas 

the  iiri'coii- 

ilo,  and  tlio 

I'll  to  i'o\  I'r 

iiitot  IS}?, 

or  lirin;.'inj| 

his  note  fur 

lis  iiay,  hut 

Cll  to  tilivO 

o  white  set- 

:  was  calkil 

tho  lU'htor, 

rcililu:'  uud 


But  by  the  end  of  the  year  most  of  the  gold-hunters 
were  back  on  their  claims,  somewhat  richer  than 
before  in  the  product  of  the  mines.  Early  in  January 
1850  there  arrived  the  first  American  merchant  vessel 
to  visit  the  Sound  since  its  settlement.  This  was  the 
brig  Orbit,  William  H.  Dunham  master,  from  Calais, 
Maine.  She  had  brought  a  company  of  adventurers 
to  California,  who  having  no  further  use  for  her,  sold 
her  for  a  few  thousand  dollars  to  four  men,  who 
thought  this  a  good  investment,  and  a  means  of  get- 
ting to  Puget  Sound.  Their  names  were  I.  N.  Ebey, 
B.  F.  Shaw,  Edmund  Sylvester,  and  one  Jackson. 
There  came  as  passenger  also  Charles  Hart  Smith,  a 
young  man  from  Maine  and  a  friend  of  Captain  Dun- 
lin m.  M.  T.  Simmons,  who  had  not  gone  to  the  mines, 
..ad  sold,  in  the  autumn  of  1849,  his  land  claim  at  Tum- 
svator,  with  the  mills,  to  Crosby"*  and  Gray,  furmcrly 
of  l*ortland,  for  thirty-five  thousand  dollars.  With 
a  portion  of  this  mone}'  he  purchased  a  controlling 
interest  in  tho  Orbit,  and  taking  C.  H.  Smith  as  part- 
ner, sent  tho  brig  back  to  San  Francisco  with  a  cargo 
of  ])iK'S,  with  Smith  as  supercargo,  to  dispose  of  them 
and  |uirchasc  a  stock  of  general  merchandise.  The 
vessel  returned  in  July,  and  the  goods  were  opened  at 
Smithtield,  which  by  the  death  of  Smith  ^'  had  come  to 

"Captain  Clanrick  Crosby  was  a  navigator,  and  first  saw  the  waters  of 
r.iL'et  Soiui  1  ui  eoiiimaiid  of  a  ship.  Ho  continued  to  reside  at  Tniiiwater 
down  to  t  .;lin  u  -.f  liis  death,  Oct. '_'!),  1S79,  at  tlicageof  7o  years.  His  wife, 
riiocha  !i.,  diid  Nov.  'J5,  1871.  Their  children  are  Clanrick,  .Ir,  William, 
^VaUer,  KnuDv.  Mvn  (ieorge  ]).  Hilcs,  and  Mrs  J.  H.  Naylor.  Na'}  Tm-onui 
y.'wr '/,  i.>  ■{.  '^'),  1S70.  t'l-osliy  was  speaker  of  tho  house  of  representatives 
bi  I8ii),  .Dnn:rtjVo  ff-iiid-hook;  1804,  3.")3. 

'I  :vi  J.;  hroj-  ••^iiiith  wa  Iiorn  in  tliu  state  of  New  York,  and  studied  for 
tho  prcsi)_,  ^Pi  \i  11'"  i:,U'y  J  hut  migrating  to  Wisconsin,  became  there  attaclied 
to  a  haU'-ca.stu  yiv],  a  catholic.  To  marry  under  these  circumstanees 
\Miul(l  he  a  violation  of  rule,  and  iic  made  another  to  remove  to  Oregon.  l>iit 
liis  he.ilth  wa.s  alleoted,  and  he  suH'ered  with  epilepsy.  Ho  was  elected  to 
tho  Ore^ou  legislature  in  1848,  hut  did  not  livo  to  take  his  scat,  being 
(liDwned  in  tho  latter  part  of  August  while  going  from  his  claim  to  Tiimwater, 
altiuked,  it  was  supposed,  by  convulsions,  whicli  overturned  his  canoe.  Ho 
built  tho  lirst  cabin  in  what  is  now  tho  city  of  Olympia,  on  Main  Street,  half- 
May  between  Se(M)nd  and  Third  .streets,  a  cabin  Hi  feet  H(|uare,  of  split  cedar, 
with  'I  stone  filc-plaee,  a  stick  chimney,  uiiil  roofed  witli  foiir-ftnt  shingles 
lieji  -  witii  weight-iioles.  'I'ho  cabin  had  one  door,  and  three  jiani  s  of  glass 
fnf .  '  di.wj  a  I'oiigh  pnneheon  floor,  and  a  rough  jiartition  dividing  oil'  a 
bei!  o     '    ad  closet.     The  furniture  consisted  of  a  bcilstead,  made  iiy  boring 


1' 


16 


THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 


be  the  sole  property  of  Sylvester,  and  ^vaa  now  called 
Olympia,  at  the  suggestion  of  I.  N.  Ebey  .^  Sylvester's 
claim  on  the  prairie  was  abandoned  when  he  took  pos- 
session of  the  claim  on  the  Sound,^'^  and  was  taken  by 
Captain  Dunham  of  the  Orbit,  who  was  killed  by  being 
thrown  from  his  horse''  July  4,  1851,  the  government 
reserving  the  land  for  his  heirs,  who  long  after  took 
possession. 

In  order  to  give  his  town  a  start,  Sylvester  offered 
to  give  Simmons  two  lots  for  business  purposes, 
which  were  accepted;  and  a  house  of  rough  boards, 
two  stories  high — its  ground  dimensions  twenty  feet 
front  by  forty  in  depth — was  erected  at  the  corner  of 
First  and  Mivu  -ets,  and  the  cargo  of  the  Orbit 
displayed  for  sai.       jmith  acting  as  clerk.     The  firm 

holes  in  the  ui:>  'ight  plankine  and  inserting  sticks  to  support  the  bed,  two 
tables,  some  benches,  and  stools  of  domestic  mimufacture.  The  furniture  of  the 
table  was  tin,  and  scanty  at  tliat,  Tw  o  acres  of  land  were  e  iclosed,  in  which 
com,  beans,  pumpkins,  squashes,  potatoes,  pease,  turnips,  cabbages,  melons, 
cucumbers,  beets,  parsnips,  carrots,  onions,  tomatoes,  .'adishes,  lettuce, 
parsley,  sweet  fennel,  peppergrass,  summer-savory,  and  sunl.owers  were  culti- 
vated. The  live-stock  belonging  to  this  establishment  comprib->d  5  hogs,  3  pigs, 
7  hens,  a  cock,  a  cat  and  dog,  a  yoke  of  oxen,  and  a  pair  of  horses.  These  de- 
tails arc  taken  from  a  humorous  document  supposed  to  have  been  written 
by  Smith  himself,  still  in  the  possession  of  a  gentleman  of  Olympia.  As  a 
picture  of  pioneer  life,  it  is  not  without  value.  A  diary  kept  by  >Smith  has 
also  been  preserved,  in  which  appear  many  hints  of  his  sad  and  solitary  mus- 
ings upon  his  life  in  the  wilderness  and  his  disappointed  hopes.  Evans'  Hist. 
Noti»,  4. 

'"  Evans'  Jlistorical  Notes,  a  collection  of  authorities  c-  the  early  settle- 
ments, with  remarks  by  Evans,  gives  Ebey  as  the  author.  Sylvester  says, 
speaking  of  Ebey,  'We  got  the  name  from  the  Olympic  range;'  from  which  I 
have  no  doubt  Evans  is  correct.  The  town  was  surveyed  by  William  L. 
Frazer  in  1850;  and  afterward  by  H.  A.  Goldsborough,  who,  it  will  be  remem- 
bered, remained  in  tl,  e  territory  when  the  U.  S.  steamer  Mansachusetls  sailed 
awaj'  in  the  spring  of  1850.  Jlist.  Or.,  ii.,  chap,  ix.,  this  series. 

"'Sylvestir,  in  his  Olympia,  MS.,  does  not  mention  L.  L.  Smith,  but 
speaks  only  of  hir.iself,  and  gives  the  impression  that  he  alone  settled  at 
Olympia  in  IS'l'^,  This  evasion  of  a  fact  puzzled  me  until  I  came  upon  the 
explanation  in  Evans'  Hist,  Notes,  2,  where  he  mentions  Sylvester's  reticence 
in  the  matter  of  Smith,  and  tells  us  that  it  arose  from  an  apprehension  that 
Smith's  heirs  might  some  time  lav  claim  to  the  town  site  and  disturb  the 
title.  This  fear  Evans  declares  to  be  groundless,  and  that  Sylvester  'lawfully 
survived  to  the  sole  ownership  of  Smith's  claim,'  by  the  partnership  clause  of 
the  Oregon  land  law. 

"Swan,  in  Olympia  Club,  MS.,  6. 

**  Tl)c  Orbit,  being  of  little  or  no  use  to  her  owners,  Simmons  having  so'u 
his  mills,  was  taken  to  the  Columbia  by  Captain  Butler  for  her  owncro  in 
the  summer  of  1851.  She  sot  into  the  breakers  on  the  bar  and  was  aban- 
doned. Tlio  tide  returning  floated  lier  into  Baker  Bay  in  safety.  Some  per- 
sons who  beheld  her  drifting  took  her  to  Astoria  and  claimed  salvage;  but 


COMMERCIAL  BEGINNINGS. 


w 


ow  called 
ylvester's 
took  pos- 
taken  by 
.  by  being 
vernment 
ifter  took 

er  ojftered 
purposes, 
h.  boards, 
^eiity  feet 
corner  of 
the  Orbit 
The  firm 

the  bed,  two 
irniture  of  the 
)8ecl,  in  which 
>agfs,  melons, 
jhes,  lettuce, 
ira  were  culti- 
5  hogs,  3  pigs, 
3.  These  ue- 
been  written 

mpia.  As  a 
iSinith  has 
solitary  mus- 

Evans'  Hist. 

early  settle- 
Ivcster  says, 
from  which  I 

William  L. 
11  be  remem- 
husetta  sailed 

Smith,  but 
le  settled  at 
Tie  upon  the 

's  reticence 
hension  that 

disturb  the 
;er  'lawfully 

ip  clause  of 


having  bo*u 
owncra  in 

d  T^asaban- 
Some  per- 

ftlvage;  but 


had  a  profitable  trade,  as  we  may  well  believe  when 
cooking  stoves  without  furniture  sold  for  eighty  dol- 
lars,*" American  commerce  was  thus  begun  with  a 
population  of  not  more  than  one  hundred  citizens  of 
the  United  States  in  the  region  immediately  about 
Puget  Sound.*^  Three  of  the  crew  of  the  British 
sliip  Albion  settled  in  the  region  of  Steilacoom; 
namely,  William  Bolton,  Frederick  Rabjohn,  and 
William  Elders.  If  it  is  true,  as  I  have  shown  in  a 
previous  volume,^"  that  the  Americans,  as  soon  as  they 
were  armed  with  the  power  by  congress,  exhibited  a 
most  unfriendly  cxclusiveness  toward  the  British  com- 
j^any  which  had  fostered  them  in  its  way,  it  is  easy 
to  perceive  that  they  vere  actuated  partly  by  a  feel- 
ing of  revenge,  .and  a  desire  for  retaliation  for  having 
been  compelled  to  show  the  rents  in  their  breeches  as 
a  reason  for  requiring  a  new  pair,"  and  to  account  for 
tiie  rents  besides,  to  prove  that  the  Indian  trade  had 
not  been  interfered  with.  Now  these  irrepressible 
Aniericans  were  bringing  their  own  goods  by  the 
slii[)-l()ad,  and  peddling  them  about  the  Sound  in 
canoes  under  tlio  noses  of  the  company.  It  was  cer- 
tainly an  unequal  contest  when  legal  impediment  was 
removed. 

Simmons  l)rouglit  her  back  to  the  Sound,  where  she  was  fmally  sold  at  mar- 
shal's sale,  and  purchaaod  l)y  a  company  consistin;,'  of  John  M.  Swan,  H.  A. 
(lolilshorougli,  and  otluTS,  wlio  loaded  her  with  piles  and  undertook  to  navi- 
gate her  to  the  S.  I.  They  met  with  a  gale  in  Fuca  Straits  and  had  their 
rigging  Mown  to  pieee'^,  hut  managed  to  get  into  Esquimault  harbor,  where 
they  sold  the  vessel  to  the  II.  15.  Co.  for  $1,000.  The  company  relitted  her, 
changed  lier  name  to  tlie  DUcovenj,  and  used  her  on  the  northern  coast  until 
ISi'jS,  when  she  was  employed  as  a  police  vessel  on  Frasei  Ilivcr  in  collecting 
lieeii.ses.  Afterward  she  was  reaoUl  to  Leonard,  of  the  firm  of  Leonard  k 
<!rei'n  ot  Portland,  and  her  name  of  itrhit  lestored;  she  Mas  taken  to  China 
and  again  sold,  where  she  disappears  from  history.  She  is  remembered  as  the 
first  American  vessel  that  over  jicnctrated  to  the  head  of  l'ug(^t  Soumi,  or  en- 
gaged in  a  eonmierce  with  Americans  on  its  waters.  Olympia  Vlub,  ^IS.,  2-8. 

^"Iliilibeson,  in  Oli/iiipia  Club,  MS.,  3. 

*'  Raliboson  says  that  in  the  winter  of  1849  or  spring  of  1850.  at  the  time 
the  IJritisli  ship  Albion,  was  lying  at  Dungeness  cutting  spars,  he  went  down 
to  that  port  witli  Eaton  and  others,  and  in  returning  ho  fell  in  with  an  Amer- 
ican vessel  coming  up  for  piles,  which  he  piloted  to  the  upper  sound,  secnring 
the  contract  for  furnishing  the  cargo.  Ho  thinks  her  name  w;>3  The  P/rinde.^, 
and  tlie  next  vessel  in  tlio  sound  the  Robert  JJowcn,  Growth  of  Towns,  MS.,  14, 

*'^  I  list.  Or.,  ii.,  l04-(i,  this  scries. 

*'>Sijli-ent(rii  O/j/mjiin,  MS.,  12. 
III8I.  Wash.— 2 


18 


THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 


In  the  Orbit  came  John  M.  Swan,**  who  in  1850 
settled  on  a  claim  immediately  east  of  Olympia,  which 
became  Swantown.  Another  passenger  was  Henry 
Murray,  who  took  a  claim  east  of  Steilacoom.  In  July 
Lafayette  Balch,  owner  of  the  brig  George  Emory, 
arrived  at  Olympia  with  a  cargo  of  goods,  which  he 
unloaded  at  that  place;  but  finding  he  could  not  get 
such  terms  as  he  desired  from  the  owner  of  the  town 
lots,  he  put  his  vessel  about  and  went  down  the  Sound, 
establishing  the  town  of  Port  Steilacoom,  putting  up 
a  large  business  house,  the  frame  of  which  he  brought 
from  San  Francisco,  and  to  which  he  removed  the 
goods  left  at  Olympia  to  be  sold  by  Henry  C. 
Wilson,*'  who  appears  to  have  arrived  with  Balch, 
and  wlio  settled  on  the  west  shore  of  Port  Townsend 
on  the  15th  of  August.  On  the  15th  of  October 
I.  N.  Ebey  took  up  the  claim  from  which  Glasgow 
had  been  ejected  by  the  Indians  on  the  west  side  of 
Whidbey  Island,  about  a  mile  south  of  Penn  Cove. 
R.  H.  Lansdale  about  the  same  time  took  a  claim  at 
the  head  of  Penn  Cove,  where  the  town  of  Covcland 
was  ultimately  laid  out.  In  November  the  George 
Emory,  which  had  made  a  voyage  to  San  Francisco, 
brought  up  as  passengers  half  a  dozen  men  who  in- 
tended getting  out  a  cargo  of  piles  for  that  market, 
and  who  landed  five  miles  north  of  Steilacoom.  One 
of  their  number,  William  B.  Wilton,  selecting  a  claim, 
built  a  cabin,  and  the  adventurers  went  to  work  with 
a  will  to  make  their  fortunes.     Their  only  neighbor 

**I  do  not  know  Swan's  antecedents,  except  that  he  was  in  the  mines  in 
April  1849,  and  that  after  working  there  for  three  months  he  became  ill,  and 
determined  to  go  north  as  soon  as  ho  could  get  away,  for  his  health.  Find- 
ing the  Orbit  about  to  sail,  he  took  passage  in  her.  His  idea  was  to  go  to 
V.  I.,  but  when  ho  arrived  at  Mctoria  he  found  the  terms  of  colonization 
there  repulsive  to  him,  and  went  on  witii  the  vessel  to  the  head  of  I'ugct 
Sound,  where  ho  remained.  Swans  Colonization,  MS.,  2. 

*'"  Wank.  Skelchi's,  MS.,  38-9;  Sylvester' h  Oh/mpia,  MS.,  19-20;  Swan'n 
Colonization,  MS.,  4-5.  Wilson  marrie<l  Susan  1'.  Keller  in  Oct.  1854.  She 
was  a  daughter  of  Cantain  Josiali  P.  Keller  of  Maine,  who  settled  at  Port 
Gamble,  or  Teekalet  Bay,  in  tiio  autumn  of  1853,  with  hia  family.  He  was 
born  in  1812,  and  emigrated  to  Puget  Sound  from  Boston.  Ho  was  a  useful 
and  respected  citizen,  being  the  founder  of  the  village  of  Teekalet.  Hia 
death  occurred  Juno  U,  1802,  at  Victoria.  Port  Townaeud  Northwest,  Juno 
18U2. 


a 


ri. 


PORT  TOWNSEND. 


19 


was  William  Bolton,  who  could  not  have  been  very 
well  supplied  with  the  requirements  for  a  lite  in  the 
woods,  as  they  were  unable  to  obtain  oxen  to  drag 
the  fallen  timber  to  the  water's  edge,  and  in  April 
1851  abandoned  their  enterprise,  after  disposing  of 
as  much  of  the  timber  they  had  felled  as  could  be 
loaded  on  a  vessel  without  the  aid  of  oxen.  Two  of 
their  number,  Charles  C.  Bachelder  and  A.  A.  Plum- 
nier,*"  then  went  to  Port  Townsend,  and  took  claims 
on  Point  Hudson,  about  a  mile  north-west  of  Wilson, 
where  they  were  joined  in  November  by  L.  B.  Has- 
tings and  F.  W.  Pettygrove,  formerly  of  Oregon  City 
and  Portland,  who  had  ruined  himself  by  speculating 
in  property  at  Bcnicia,  California.  In  February, 
J.  G.  Clinger*^  and  Pettygrove  and  Hastings  took 
claims  adjoining  those  of  Bachelder  and  Plummer 
on  the  north  and  west,  and  soon  these  four  agreed 
to  lay  out  a  town,  and  to  devote  a  third  of  each  of 
their  claims  to  town-site  purposes — a  fair  division, 
considering  the  relative  size  and  location  of  the 
claims.  Bachelder  and  Plummer,  being  unmarried, 
could  take  no  more  than  a  quarter-section  under  the 
Oregon  land  law,  which  granted  but  IGO  acres  as  a 
donation  when  such  claim  was  taken  after  the  1st  of 
December,  1850,  or  by  a  person  who  was  not  a  resi- 
dent of  Oregon  previous  to  that  time.  Pettygrove 
and  Hastings,*^  having  both  emigrated  to  the  territory 

"  Plummer  was  a  native  of  Maine.  He  was  a  saddler  in  the  quartermas- 
ter's department  under  Parker  H.  French  on  the  march  to  El  Paso  of  the  3d 
infantry  in  1841).  From  El  Paso  lie  went  to  Mazatlan,  and  thence  by  the 
bark  J'hwiiix  to  San  Francisco  in  May  ISoO.     In  the  spring  of  IS.'il  ho  took 

iiassa^'e  on  the  6Vor;/e  Emofij,  Capt,  IJiilch,  for  Paget  Sound,   Wash.  Skclrlufi, 
dS.,  ;{?;  sue  iilso  Soldiio  Co.  //(,<^,  157. 

*'  Pettygrove  and  Hastings  arrived  in  the  schooner  Mary  Taylur,  from 
Portland.  I'himuier,  in  Was/i.  SkHvh(>>,  MS.,  a  collection  of  statements  taken 
down  by  my  sliortduind  reporter,  says  that  into  his  cabin,  15  by  ,'H)  feet,  \\ero 
crowded  for  a  time  the  families  of  Pettygrove,  Hastings,  and  dinger.  Houses 
were  erected  as  soon  as  they  conveiuently  could  be  on  the  claims  taken  by 
these  settlers,  and  could  not  have  been  ready  much  before  spring. 

'"IJiiggs,  in  his  I'ort  Toioimcml,  MS.,  contaiuinga  history  oi  the  inunigra- 
tion  of  1847,  early  Oregon  matters,  and  an  account  of  tlio  settlement  of  I'ort 
Townsend,  says  that  Hustings  was  in  his  company  crossing  the  plains. 
Ihiggs  settled  on  the  Suntiam,  where  Hastings  i)aid  him  a  visit,  jtersuading 
him  to  go  to  Puget  Sound.  Has  tings  and  Pettygrove  thcu  weut  over  to  look 
fur  a  location,  and  Gxud  upou  Port  Towusuud. 


20 


THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 


t 


previous  to  1850,  and  being  married,  were  entitled  to 
take  a  whole  section,  but  their  land,  being  less  favor- 
ably situated  for  a  town  site,  was  worth  less  to  the 
company;  hence  the  terms  of  the  agreement. 

The  new  town  was  named  after  the  bay  upon  which 
it  was  situated,  Port  Townsend,  and  the  owners  con- 
stituteil  a  firm  for  the  prosecution  of  trade.*" 

As  timber  was  the  chief  marketable  product  of  the 
country,  and  as  Hastings  and  Pettygrove  were  owners 
of  three  yokes  of  oxen,  the  company  at  once  set  to 
work  cutting  piles  and  squaring  timbers;  at  which 
labor  they  continued  for  about  two  years,  loading  sev- 
eral vessels,'''*  and  carrying  on  a  general  merchandise 
business  besides." 

In  May  1852  Albert  Briggs  settled  a  mile  and  a 
half  south  from  Port  Townsend,'^*  and  in  September 
came  Thomas  M.  Hammond,  who  took  a  narrow  strip 
of  land  west  of  the  claims  of  Hastings  and  Wilson, 
and  whicli,  coming  down  to  the  bay,  adjoined  Briggs 
on  the  north.^^     The  names  of  all  the  donation-land 

"In  the  agreement  between  the  partners,  says  Briggs,  $/{,000  was  to  be 
put  into  a  joint  stock  to  carry  on  merchandising  and  a  lishery,  neither  part- 
ner to  draw  out  more  than  tlie  net  income  according  to  their  share;  but  at 
the  end  of  three  years  the  original  stock  might  be  drawn  from  the  concern. 
A  condition  was  imposed,  on  account  of  liabits  of  intemperance  on  tlie  jjart  of 
Bachehler  and  Pettygrove,  that  if  any  member  of  tlie  firm  should  Ite  declared 
incompetent  by  a  vote  of  tlie  others  to  attend  to  business  on  account  of  drink, 
ho  should  forfeit  his  interest  and  quit  tlie  company.  Bachelder  lost  his  share 
by  this  agreement,  receiving  a  few  hundred  dollars  for  his  land  from  Petty- 
grove.    He  died  at  I'ort  Lutllow  not  long  after.  Id.,  '2-1-5. 

'■"The  brig  ir<7/(nf/.s/cy  several  times,  brig  t/nmp.'«  Marshall  once,  ship  Tal- 
jwrr  once,  and  bark  Mart/ Adams  once,  riumnier,  in  W'a.'^li.  Sketrhfs,  MS,.,  40. 

^'  The  first  house  erected  in  Port  Townsend  after  I'lummer's  was  by  R.  M. 
Caiucs,  for  a  hotel  on  Water  Street,  later  occupied  as  tlie  Ai-i/iix  newspaper 
olHco.  Then  followed  residences  by  Wilson,  J.  G.  dinger,  wlio  had  tuken  a 
laud  claim  a  mile  and  a  half  south  of  the  town,  Benjamin  Ross,  who  witli  his 
brother  R.  W.  Ross  had  located  land  fronting  on  the  Fiica  sea  at  the  head  of 
the  strait,  William  Webster,  John  Price,  and  E.  S.  Fowler,  who  had  a  stock 
of  merchandise.  Plummcr,  in  IVash.  Skrtc/nH,  MS.,  40-1.  Mrs  Clinger  was 
the  mother  of  the  first  white  child  born  in  Port  Townsend. 

^'  Briggs  was  born  in  Vt.  Ho  arrived  in  Or.  in  1847  witli  the  immigration, 
in  company  with  Lot  Whitcomb,  and  worked  at  his  trade  of  carpenter  for  a 
year  or  more,  settling  at  last  on  the  Santiam,  where  he  remained  until  18./2, 
when  he  went  to  the  Sound  on  the  solicitation  of  his  friend  Hastings.  Ho 
brought  his  family,  and  built,  according  to  his  own  statement,  the  first  frame 
liouso  and  brick  cldmncy  at  or  near  Port  Townsend,  and  brought  the  first 
liorses  and  cattle  to  tlio  place.  Port  7'owiixeiid,  MS.,  1,  35. 

*^  Hammond  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  born  about  1820,  arrived  in  the  U. 
^J.  in  182!),  and  came  to  Cal.  iu  1841)  with  the  gold-seekers.    J.  B.  Buidelman 


LOW  AND  TERRY. 


21 


claimants  about  Port  Townscnd  are  here  mentioned 
ill  niv  account  of  its  settlements. 

In  the  latter  part  of  Aup^ust  1851,  in  the  van  of 
the  immigration,  arrived  at  Portland  John  N.  Low 
and  C.  C.  Terry.  In  September  they  took  their 
cattle  and  whatever  live-stock  thoy  possessed  down 
the  Columbia,  and  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's 
trail  to  the  valley  of  the  Chehalis,  where  they  were 
left,  while  Low  ^*  and  Terry  proceeded  to  the  Sound 
to  explore  for  a  town  site,  fixing  at  last  upon  Alki 
Point,  on  the  west  side  of  Elhott  Bay,  where  a  claim 
was  taken  about  the  25th,  and  a  house  partially  con- 
structed of  logs.  Tliey  found  that  others  were  pre- 
])aring  to  settle  in  the  vicinity,  and  were  encouraged. 
John  C.  Holgate,  a  young  man  and  an  immigrant  of 
1847,  who  had  served  in  the  Cayuse  war,  had  visited 
the  east  side  of  Elliott  Bay  in  1850,  selecting  a  claim 
for  himself '"^ 

Previous  to  the  arrival  of  Low  and  Terry  at  Alki 
Point,  Luther  M.  Collins  took  a  claim  hi  the  valley 
of  the  Dwamish  or  White  River,''*'  and  before  they 

&  Co.  of  San  Francisco  wished  liim  to  start  a  fishery  and  cut  piles  for  that 
market.  He  took  passage  on  the  bark  Powhatan,  Captain  Melleii,  for  I'ugot 
Sound,  but  ))y  the  timj  he  was  ready  to  begin  business  the  linn  had  failed, 
and  Ifannnond  cast  in  his  lot  with  tlie  settlers  of  Port  Townsend.  H'luih. 
iilelrhcn,  MS.,  9a-7. 

''Mohn  X.  Low  was  bom  in  Ohio  in  1820.  He  removed  to  111.,  where 
he  married,  in  1848,  L/dia  Colburn,  born  in  I'enn.  Low  brought  to  Or.  a 
hord  of  choice  stock  for  dairy  purposes,  which  were  the  lirst  selected  Aiiieri- 
ean  cattle  taken  to  the  Sound  country,  and  seems  to  have  had  a  more  detinite 
purpose  in  emigrating  than  many  who  camo  to  the  Pacific  coast  at  that 
period.  J/or.sc'.s  Wnnh.  Ter.,  MS.,  i.  118-19.  Charles  Carroll  Terry  was  a 
native  of  New  York  state. 

^ '  I  follow  the  account  of  Mrs  Abby  J.  Hanford,  who,  in  a  manuscript 
giving  an  account  of  the  Settlement  of  Seattle  and  the  Indian  War,  makes  this 

Iiositive  statement  concerning  Holgate's  visit.  Mrs  Hanford  was  a  sister  of 
lolgate,  whose  family  came  to  Or.  in  18r)3,  and  to  Wash,  in  lSo4.  Mis 
Kli/alietli  Holgate,  mother  of  Mrs  Hanford,  was  born  ut  Middlcton,  Ct,  in 
17!Hi;  was  married  at  Pittsbnrg,  Pa,  in  1818,  to  A.  L.  Holgate,  who  diid  in 
lSt7,  and  accompanied  her  children  to  Ctr.  She  died  in  Jan..  1S80,  at  the 
house  of  her  daughter,  whose  husband's  land  adjoined  that  of  J,  C.  Holgate. 
Senlile  Jiilelliijena'r,  .Ian.  '24,  1880. 

^"'riu!  river  .system  of  this  region  is  peculiar;  for  example.  White  River 
and  ('e(hir  River  l)oth  rise  in  the  Ciiscado  Mountains  and  have  a  nortli-uest 
couvse.  Cedar  ilows  into  Lake  Washington,  from  which  \>y  the  same  mouth  but 
IX  dili'erent  channel  it  runs  out  again  in  a  south-west  course,  called  liluck  River, 


22 


THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 


returned  to  Portland,  Collins,  Henry  Van  Assalt,  and 
Jacob  and  Samuel  Maple  arrived  and  settled  upon  the 
Dwamish,  where  they  had  previously  taken  claims.®^ 

Leaving  their  house  half  built,  the  settlers  at  Alki 
Point  returned  to  Portland,  where  Low  had  left  his 
wife  and  four  children.  Here  they  found  Arthur  A. 
Denny,  also  from  Illinois,  although  born  in  Indiana, 
with  a  wife  and  two  children ;  William  N.  Bell,  a  na- 
tive of  Illinois,  with  a  wife  and  two  children;  and  C. 
D.  Borem,  with  a  wife  and  child;  besides  David  T. 
Denny,  unmarried — who  were  willing  to  accept  their 
statement  that  they  had  discovered  the  choicest  spot 
for  a  great  city  to  be  found  in  the  north-west. 

On  the  5th  of  November  this  company  took  pas- 
sage on  the  schooner  Exact,  Captain  Folger,  which 
had  been  chartered  to  carry  a  party  of  gold-hunters 
to  Queen  Charlotte  Island,  and  Low's  party  with  a  few 
others  to  Puget  Sound.  The  Alki  Point  settlers  ar- 
rived at  their  destination  on  the  13th,  and  were  dis- 
embarked at  low  tide,  spending  the  dull  November 
afternoon  in  carrying  their  goods  by  hand  out  of  the 
reach  of  high  water,  assisted  by  the  women  and  chil- 
dren. "And  then,"  says  Bell,  artlessly,  in  an  auto- 
graph letter,  "the  women  sat  down  and  cried."'^  Poor 
women  1    Is  it  any  wonder?   Think  of  it:  the  long  jour- 


into  White  River,  joining  the  two  by  a  link  little  more  than  two  miles  long. 
Below  this  juuctiou  White  River  is  called  Dwamish,  with  no  better  reason 
than  that  the  Indians  gave  that  name  to  a  section  of  the  stream  where  they 
resided.  There  is  a  link  by  creeks  and  marshes  between  White  River  and 
the  Puyallup,  and  the  whole  eastern  shore  of  the  Sound  is  a  network  of  rivers, 
lakes,  creeks,  and  swales,  the  soil  of  the  bottom-lands  being  very  rich,  but 
overgrown  with  trees  of  the  water-loviug  species.  Prairie  openings  occur  at 
intervals,  on  wliich  tlie  settlements  were  made. 

^'  I  am  thus  particular  in  tlie  matter  of  priority,  because  there  is  a  slight 
but  perceptible  jealousy  evident  in  my  authorities  as  to  the  claim  to  prece- 
dence in  settlement.  From  the  weiglit  of  testimony,  I  think  it  may  be  fairly 
said  that  the  Dwamish  Valley  was  settled  before  Alki  Point.  Jacob  Maplo 
was  born  on  the  Monongehela  River,  Green  county,  Pennsylvania,  1798.  Hia 
father  removed  to  Jefl'erson  county,  Ohio,  in  1800,  and  died  in  1812.  The 
family  subsequently  lived  in  soutiiem  Iowa,  from  which  they  emigrated  to 
Oregon  by  the  way  of  California,  aiTiving  in  1851.  Morse's  Wash.  Tcr.,  MS., 
ii.  8.  Another  settler  claiming  priority  is  Martin  Tafteson,  who  took  a  claim 
ou  Oak  Harbor  in  1851.  Morse'e  Wanh.  Ter.,  MS.,  xxi.  43-5. 

"'  I  have  a  valuable  dictation  by  Mr  Bell,  entitled  the  Settlement  of  Seattle, 
MS.,  in  which  many  historical  facts  are  set  forth  in  an  interesting  manner. 


POUXDING  OF  SEATTLE. 


fiS 


salt,  and 
upon  the 
claims.®^ 
;  at  Alki 
left  his 
rthur  A. 
Indiana, 
ell,  a  na- 
;  and  C. 
David  T. 
ept  their 
3est  spot 
b. 

;ook  pas- 
3r,  which 
l-hunters 
'ith  a  few 
ttlers  ar- 
^vere  dis- 
ovember 
it  of  the 
and  chil- 
an  auto- 
"^     Poor 

jng  jour- 
miles  long. 

otter  reason 

where  they 

River  and 

k  of  rivers, 

ry  rich,  but 

Qgg  occur  at 

is  a  slight 
m  to  prece- 
ay  be  fairly 
acob  Maple 

1798.  His 
1812.  The 
iiigrated  to 

fer.,  MS., 
ook  a  claim 

<t  of  Seattle, 
manner. 


ney  overland,  the  wearisome  detention  in  Portland, 
the  sea-voyage  in  the  little  schooner,  and  all  to  be  set 
down  on  the  beach  of  this  lonely  inland  sea,  at  the 
bemnning  of  a  long  winter,  without  a  shelter  from  the 
never-ceasing  rains  for  themselves  or  their  babes.  It 
did  nt)t  make  it  any  easier  that  nobody  was  to  blame, 
and  that  in  this  way  only  could  their  husbands  take 
their  choice  of  the  government's  bounty  to  them.  It 
was  hard,  but  it  is  good  to  know  that  they  survived 
it,  and  that  a  house  was  erected  during  the  winter 
which  was  in  a  measure  comfortable.^" 

Low  and  Terry  laid  out  a  town  at  Alki  Point,  call- 
ing it  New  York,  and  offering  lots  to  those  members 
of  the  company  who  would  remain  and  build  upon 
them.  But  the  Indians  in  the  vicinity  had  given  in- 
formation during  the  winter  concerning  a  pass  in  the 
Cascade  Range  which  induced  the  majority  to  remove 
ill  the  spring  of  1852  to  the  east  side  of  the  bay,  where 
they  founded  a  town  of  their  own,  which  they  called 
Seattle,  after  a  chief  of  the  Dwamish  tribe  residing  in 
tlie  vicinity,  who  stood  high  in  the  estimation  of  the 
American  settlers.®" 

D.  T.  Denny,  W.  N.  Bell,  A.  A.  Denny,  and  C. 
D.  Boren  took  claims  in  the  order  mentioned  on  the 
east  shore,  D.  T.  Denny's  being  farthest  north,  and 
Boren's  adjoining  on  the  south  a  claim  made  at  the 

**  Bell's  house  was  constructed  of  cedar  planks  split  out  of  the  tree,  the 
Oregon  cedar  having  a  straiglit  grain.  These  planks  were  made  smoother 
witli  carpenter's  tools,  and  were  joined  neatly  in  the  flooring.  Some  window- 
Basil  were  obtained  from  Olympia,  and  the  '  first  house  in  King  county '  (I  quote 
Bell)  was  after  all  a  decent  enough  domicile  when  it  was  completed. 

'"  Seattle  is  described  as  a  dignified  and  venerable  personage,  whose  car- 
riage reminded  the  western  men  of  Senator  Benton;  but  I  doubt  if  the  Mis- 
souri senator  would  have  recognized  himself,  except  by  a  very  great  stretch  of 
iinagiuatiou,  in  this  naked  savage  who  conversed  only  in  signs  and  grunts.  It 
is  said  that  Seattle  professed  to  remember  Vancouver — another  stretch  of  the 
imagination.  See  Olympia  Wash.  Standard,  April  25,  18C8;  Rkhardson'a 
Missin.  ,410.  It  is  well  known  that  the  Indians  north  of  the  Columbia  change 
their  names  when  a  relative  dies,  Swan's  N,  IV,  Coast,  189,  from  a  belief  that 
tliu  spirits  of  the  dead  will  return  on  hearing  these  familiar  names.  Seattle, 
on  hearing  that  a  town  was  called  by  his  name,  and  foreseeing  that  it  would 
bo  a  disturbance  to  his  ghost  when  he  should  i)ass  away,  made  this  a  ground 
for  levying  a  tax  on  the  citizens  while  living,  taking  his  pay  beforehand  for 
the  inconvenience  ho  expected  to  sufTer  from  the  use  of  his  name  after  death. 
Yeder's  Wash.  Ter.,  MS.,  6;  Murphy,  in  Appkton'a  Jourtial,  II,  1877. 


24 


THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 


;   li 


II- 


J    !lr 


same  time  bj  D.  S.  Maynard  from  Olympia,  who  in 
turn  adjoined  Holj^ate,  and  who  kc[)t  the  tirst  trading- 
house  in  the  town.  Seattle  was  hud  off  upon  the 
water-front  from  about  the  middle  of  Maynard's  claim, 
a  larj^er  one  than  either  of  the  others,"'  and  on  which 
the  first  house  was  built,  to  the  north  line  of  Bell's 
claim.  Then  in  the  autumn  came  Henry  L.  Yesler, 
who  was  looking  for  a  mill  site,  and  who  was  admitted 
to  the  water-front  by  a  re-arrangement  of  the  contig- 
uous boundaries  of  Boren  and  Maynard.*'' 

*'  Maynard  camn  to  Or.  in  Sept.  1850,  and  took  his  claim  nndcr  the  dona- 
tion law  us  a  married  man,  and  as  a  resident  prior  to  Dec.  1850,  which  would 
have  entitled  him  to  040  acres.  But  on  ♦Vj  -JCd  uf  Dec,  185"J,  he  obtained 
from  tlie  Or.  leg.  a  divorce  from  J.yd'-.  A.  Mayuanl,  whom  lie  had  married  in 
Vt,  oa  the  'JStli  of  August,  IS'28,  and  left  in  Ohio  when  lie  emigrated.  In 
Jan.  IS.'iIlhc  married  Catherine  Broshears,  and  soon  after  gave  the  required 
notice  of  settlement  en  his  claim,  aeknowledgin;,  !iis  previous  marriage,  but 
asserting  that  his  first  wife  died  Dec.  24,  18j'2.  In  iluc  course  a  certilicato 
was  i.ssued  to  Maynard  and  Avife,  giving  the  wes.t  lialf  of  the  claim  to  the  hus- 
band and  the  east  half  to  tin;  wife.  But  the  ootiimissiouer  of  the  general  land- 
office  held  that  the  heirs  of  Lydia  A.  Maynard  should  have  had  the  east  half, 
alio  being  his  wife  when  he  settled  on  the  lam),  and  until  tl.,;  following  Dec. 
These  matters  coming  to  the  ears  of  the  first  Mrs  Maynard  and  her  two  sons, 
they  appeared  and  laid  claim  to  the  land,  and  the  case  being  considered  upon 
the  proofs,  neither  Lydia  A.  Maynard  nor  Cutherine  Maynard  received  any 
part  of  the  land,  the  claim  of  the  first  being  rejected  because  she  had  acquired 
no  rights  ))y  her  iircsence  in  the  country  previous  to  the  divorce,  nor  could 
she  inherit  as  a  widow  after  the  divorce — an  iiii(juitous  decision,  by  the  way, 
where  no  notice  has  been  served — and  the  olaim  of  the  second  being  rejected 
beciiusc  she  was  not  the  wife  of  Maynard  en  the  1st  of  Dec,  18o^,  nor  within 
one  year  thereafter.  The  320  acres  which  should  have  belonged  to  one  of 
these  women  reverted  to  the  govcmmtiit.  Maynard  died  in  1873.  Put/ft 
Sound  jyixpntch,  March  14  and  April  18,  187'2;  Seattle  I lUtUiifeucer,  March 
17,  1873,  Feb.  10,  1877;  -S*.  /'.  Alia,  March  2,  1873. 

'^'^  Yesler  was  a  native  of  Maryland;  went  to  Ohio  in  1832,  and  emigrated 
thence  in  IS'il  to  Or.,  intending  to  pvit  up  a  saw-mill  at  Portland;  but  the 
wreck  of  the  General  Warren  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  and  otlier  fancied 
drawbacks  caused  him  to  go  to  Cal.  aiid  to  look  around  for  some  land  in  that 
state;  but  meeting  a  sailing-master  who  had  been  in  Puget  Sound,  he  learned 
enough  of  the  advantages  of  this  re/^ion  for  a  lumbering  establishment  to  de- 
cide him  to  go  there,  and  to  settle  at  Seattle.  Yeslcr's  was  the  first  of  the 
saw-mills  put  up  with  a  design  to  establish  a  trade  with  8.  F.,  and  being  also 
at  a  central  point  on  the  Sound,  oecame  historically  important.  The  cook- 
house belonging  to  it,  though  onlv  a  'dingy-looking  hewed-log  building  about 
25  feet  square,  a  little  more  than  one  etory  high  with  a  shed  addition  on  the 
rear,' was  for  a  number  of  yea  is  the  only  place  along  the  cast  shore  of  the 
Sound  where  comfortable  entertainment  could  be  had.  'Many  an  old  I'uget 
Sounder,' says  a  correspondent  of  the /^H(7P<  iSoM«(i  Weelly,  1806,  'remembers 
the  happy  hours,  jolly  nights,  strange  encounters,  and  wild  scenes  he  has 
enjoyed  around  the  broad  fireplace  and  hospitable  board  of  Yesler's  cook- 
house.' During  the  Indian  war  it  was  a  rendezvous  for  the  volunteers;  it 
was  a  resort  of  naval  officei-s;  a  judge — Lander — had  his  ofhce  in  a  corner  of 
it;  for  a  time  the  county  auditor's  office  was  there;  it  had  served  for  town-hall, 
court-house,  jail,  military  headquarters,  storehouse,  hotel,  and  church.    Elec- 


ts 
I 


DECADENCE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


25 


a,  who  in 
t  trading- 
upon  the 
'd's  claim, 
on  which 
of  Bell's 
Li.  Yeslor, 
admitted 
le  contig- 


idcr  the  dona- 
wliich  woulil 
2,  he  ol>tained 
ad  married  in 
iii;,'ratcd.  lu 
;  the  required 
marriage,  but 
10  a  certilicate 
im  to  the  hus- 
I  general  land- 
.  the  cast  lialf, 
blluwiug  Dec. 
hor  two  sons, 
usidered  upon 
received  any 
!  liad  acquired 
cc,  nor  could 
,  by  the  way, 
<eiiig  rejected 
k),  nor  within 
ed  to  one  of 
KS73.  Pur/ft 
iicer,  Alareh 

nd  emigrated 
nd;  but  the 
tl'.er  fancied 
land  in  that 
he  learned 
ment  to  de- 
first  of  the 
d  being  also 
The  cook- 
ilding  about 
"ition  on  the 
shore  of  the 
m  old  I'uget 
remembers 
encs  ho  has 
esler's  cook- 
lunteers;  it 
a  corner  of 
)r  town-hall, 
urch.    Eiec- 


Before  proceeding  to  these  deci.sive  measures,  the 
town-site  company  made  a  careful  hydrographic  sur- 
vey of  the  bay,  Bell  and  Boren  paddKng  the  canoe 
wliile  Denny  took  the  sounding.s.  On  the  23d  of  May, 
1853,  the  town  plat  was  filed  f(jr  record,^  Bell  keep- 
in*'  his  claim  separate,  from  which  it  was  long  called 
Belltown.  Being  really  well  situated,  and  midway 
between  Port  Townsend  and  Olympia,  it  rewarded  its 
founders  by  a  steady  growth  and  by  becoming  the 
county  seat  of  King  county.  Its  population  in  1855 
was  about  three  hundred. 

The  en)bryo  city  of  New  York  never  advanced  l>e- 
yond  a  chrysalid  condition;  but  after  having  achieved 
a  steam  saw-mill,  a  public  house,  and  two  or  three 
stores,  and  after  having  changed  its  name  to  Alki, 
an  Indian  word  signifying  in  the  future,  or  by  and 
by,  which  was  both  name  and  motto,  it  gave  way  to 
its  more  fortunate  rival.  It  had  a  better  landing 
than  Seattle  at  that  tiuie,  but  a  harbor  that  was  ex- 
})()sed  to  the  winds,  where  vessels  wore  sometimes 
bhnvn  ashore,  and  was  otherwise  inferior  in  [)osition."* 
Teiry,  at  the  end  of  two  years,  removed  to  Seattle, 
Mliere  he  died  in  1867.''^  Low  went  to  California 
and  the  east,  but  finally  returned  to  Puget  Sound 
and  settled  in  Seattle. 

In  the  spring  of  1853  there  arrived  from  the  Wil- 
Lmiettc,  where  they  had  wintered,  David  Phillips"* 

tions,  social  parties,  and  religious  services  were  held  under  its  roof.  Tl'o  first 
scrnion  preached  in  King  co.  was  delivered  there  by  Clark,  and  the  first,  suit  at 
law,  which  was  tlic  case  of  the  mate  of  the  Franklin  Adamn  for  selling  the  ship's 
stores  on  his  own  account,  was  held  here  before  Justice  Maynard,  who  dis- 
charged the  accused  with  an  admonition  to  keep  his  accounts  more  correctly 
tlnieaftcr.  For  all  these  memories  the  old  building  was  regretted  when  in  bS63 
it  was  demolished  to  make  room  for  more  elegant  structures.  Ycslo-'e,  iyii.<h. 
To:,  MS.,  13.  D.  S.  Smith  of  Seattle  is,  tlimigh  not  the  first  settler  at 
that  place,  the  first  of  the  men  who  finally  .settled  there  to  have  visited  tlie 
place,  on  a  whaling- vessel  which  entered  the  Sound  in  18^7.  Seattle  Pac. 
Tribune,  June  24,  1877;  Pnrict  Sound  Dispatch,  July  8,  1870. 

MJ/oMp'.s  WoKh.  Ter.,  MS.,  ii.  6. 

^\KI!icoll\i  PvgH  Sound,  MS.,  19. 

*' Terry  had  a  trading-post  at  Alki,  ns  well  as  Low  and  S.  M.  Iloldemeas. 
In  18.")C  he  married  Mary  J.  Kussell,  daughter  of  S.  W.  Russell,  of  the  White 
Kiver  settlement.  After  her  husband's  death  in  1873,  Mrs  Terry  married 
W.  H.  Gilliam,  but  died  in  1875. 

'ThiUips  was  a  native  of  I'cnn.,  but  for  some  years  anterior  to  1852 


» 


THE  yiRST  SETTLEMENTS. 


and  F.  Matthias  from  Pennsylvania,  Dextor  Horton 
and  Hannah  E.,  his  wife,  and  Thomas  Mercer,  from 
Princetown,  Illinois,*^  S.  W.  Russell,  T.  S.  Russell, 
Hillery  Butler,  E.  M.  Smithers,  John  Thomas,  and 
H.  A.  Smith.  They  came  by  the  way  of  the  Cowlitz 
and  Olympia,  whence  they  were  carried  down  the 
Sound  on  board  the  schooner  Sarah  Stone,  which 
landed  at  Alki,  where  the  six  last  mentioned  re- 
mained for  the  summer,  removing  to  Seattle  in  the 
autumn.  J.  R.  Williamson,  George  Buckley,  Charles 
Kennedy,  and  G.  N.  McConaha  and  family,  also 
arrived  about  this  period,  and  settled  at  Seattle.  A 
daughter  born  to  Mrs  McConaha  in  September  was 
the  first  white  native  of  King  county. 

There  settled  in  the  Dwamish  or  White  River 
Valley,  not  far  from  the  spring  of  1853,  William 
BuUston,  D.  A.  Neel}'-,  J.  Buckley,  A.  Hogine,  J. 
Harvey,  William  Brown,  a  Mr, Nelson,  and  on  Lake 
Washington®^  E.  A.  Clark. 

TIio  pursuits  of  the  first  settler.«i  of  Seattle  and  the 
adjacent  country  wore  in  no  wise  different  from  those 
of  Olympia,  Steilacooni,  and  Port  Townsend.  Tim- 
ber was  the  most  available  product  of  this  region,  and 
to  getting  out  a  cargo  the  settlers  on  the  Dwamish 
River  first  applied  themselves.  Oxen  being  scarce 
in  the  new  settlements  previous  to  the  opening  of  a 

rosiiled  in  Iowa.  He  went  into  mercnntilo  business  in  partnersliip  with 
Horton,  having  a  branch  house  in  Olympia.  They  dissnlvod  in  IMil,  and 
Phillips  took  tho  (Jlynipia  business.  In  1870  they  rounite<l  in  a  banking 
tstablishnient  in  Seattle.  In  the  mean  time  Phillips  was  elected  to  sevenil 
county  otliccs,  and  3  times  to  n  seat  in  tho  legislature  of  Wash.  Ho  was  at 
the  time  of  liis  death,  March  187-.  president  of  tiio  pioneer  society  of  W.  T. 
Vlymimi  TraiiHrri/if,  March  0,  187'-;  Seattle  Iiitelliji'jncer,  March  11,  1872. 

•"Mercer,  in  Wom/i.  Ter.  Skctchvn,  M8.,  I-S. 

•"At  this  time  tho  lakes  in  tho  vicinity  of  Seattle  were  not  named.  In 
18')4  the  settlers  held  an  informal  meeting  and  decided  tu  call  tho  larger  one 
AVushington  and  the  smaller  Union,  because  it  united  at  times  tho  former  with 
the  bay.  Mercer,  in  Wanh.  Ter.  Sketehc^,  M.S.,  (I.  It  is  not  improbable,  eays 
Murnhy,  in  Appfetoii's  .foiirnal,  II,  18)7,  that  tho  government  will  open  a 
canal  between  liiko  Wi;shingt(>n  and  tho  Sound,  which  could  l)o  I'.ono  for 
$1,000,000,  in  order  to  nuike  the  lak.)  a  naval  station.  It  is  '2't  miles  long, 
.S  to  5  miles  wide,  an  altitude  above  sea-level  of  18  feet,  sutKcient  depth  to 
float  the  heaviest  ships,  and  is  surrounded  by  timber,  iron,  and  coal,  which 
liutural  advantages  it  is  Lelieved  will  sooner  or  later  make  it  of  importance 
to  the  United  States.  Puyet  Suttnd  Dinoatch,  July  8,  1870;  Victor'a  (Jr.  and 
Waxh.,  240. 


NEW  DUNGENESS. 


87 


road  from  Walla  Walla  over  the  Cascade  Mountains, 
there  was  much  difficulty  in  loading  vessels,  the  crew 
usiii""  a  block  and  tackle  to  draw  the  timber  to  the 
landing.®* 

They  cultivated  enough  land  to  insure  a  plentiful 
food  sup])ly,  and  looked  elsewhere  for  their  profits,  a 
]iolicy  wliich  the  inhabitants  of  the  Puget  Sound  region 
continued  to  pursue  for  a  longer  period  than  wisdom 
would  seem  to  dictate.  Many  were  engaged  in  a 
])(itty  trade,  which  they  preferred  to  agriculture,  and 
especially  the  eastern-born  men,  who  were  nearly  all 
traders.  To  tliis  preference,  more  than  to  any  other 
cause,  should  be  attributed  the  insignificant  improve- 
ments in  the  country  for  several  years. 

About  the  time  that  Seattle  was  founded,  B.  I.  Mad- 
ison settled  at  New  Dungeness,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Dungeness  River.  He  was  a  trader  in  Indian  goods 
iuid  «ontraband  whiskey,  and  I  fear  had  many  imi- 
t;»to).s.  His  trade  did  not  prevent  him  from  taking 
a  l.ind-claim.  Socm  afterward  came  D.  V.  Brown- 
tit  Id,  w  lio  located  next  to  Madison.  Durinjj  the  sum- 
ni(  r,  John  Thornton,  Joseph  Leary,  George  B.  Moore, 
.biliM  Donnell,  J.  C.  Brown,  and  E.  H.  McAlmond set- 
tle.! in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  New  Dungeness,  and 
ciiL,'iiged  in  cutting  timber  to  load  vessels.  They 
liud  lour  yokes  of  oxen,  and  were  therefore  equipped 
for  the  business.  That  season,  also,  George  H.  Ger- 
risli  located  himself  near  this  point,  and  kept  a  trad- 
ing-post for  the  sale  of  Indian  goods. 

in  the  following  spring  came  the  first  family, 
Thomas  Abernethey  and  wife.    C  M.  Bradshaw^'and 

"Tlic  firat  vessel  loaded  at  the  head  of  Elliott  Pa*'  was  the  Lronrm,  which 
ti)iik  II  cargo  in  the  winter  of  1851-'2,  1  have  among  mj  liiatcji'icul  corrispnnd- 
ciiiu  II  letter  written  by  Eli  II.  Maplo  coneeniiiiu;  ilio  (irst  Hettknient  of  King 
I'liunty,  wiio  says  that  his  brother  Samuel  lielned  to  I  lad  tliis  vessel  intiig 
iiiirliiir,  whieh  lio  thinks  was  tlio  first  ono  loaded  on  the  Soiimi,  in  wiiiel.  ho 
is  mistaken,  as  I  liavo  siiown.  I'his  member  of  tho  Mupl'.^  funiily  did  not 
an  i\  ('  until  the  autunia  of  1!S5'2,  when  ho  joined  his  fatiier  uad  bnthcr  in  tlio 
I'wiiuiisii  Valley, 

'"('liarles  iM.  Hradshaw  was  lK)rn  in  Penn.,  eamo  to  Or.  with  tho  iminigra- 
tiou  (if  ia't'l,  and  settled  scin  afterward  near  New  Dungeness,  on  Si^uiui's  ^)rairio, 


THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 


1  • 


several  other  single  men  followed,  namely,  S.  S.  Ir- 
vine, Joseph  Leighton,  Eliot  Cline,  John  Bell,  and 
E.  Price.  Irvine  and  Leighton  settled  east  of  New 
Dungoness  on  Squini  Bay.  The  second  family  in  the 
vicinity  was  that  of  J.  J.  Barrow,  who  first  settled  on 
Port  JJiscovery  Bay  in  1852,  but  removed  after  a 
year  or  two  to  Dungeness.  Port  Discovery  had 
other  settlers  in  1852-3,  namely,  James  Kayn»er, 
John  E.  Burns,  John  F.  Tukey,  Benjamin  Gihhs, 
Richard  Gibbs,  James  Tucker,'^  Mr  Boswell,  and  Mr 
Gallagher. 

There  was  also  one  settler  on  Protection  Island  in 
1853,  James  Whitcom,  who,  however,  abandoned  his 
claim  after  a  few  months  of  lonely  occupation.'^  Chi- 
macum  Valley  had  also  one  settler,  li.  S.  liobinson, 
in  1853. 

There  was  no  part  of  the  country  on  the  Sound  tliat 
settled  up  so  rapidly  during  the  period  of  which  I  am 
speaking  as  Whidbey  Island.     This   preference  was 

wlierc  he  remained  until  1SC7,  when  he  removed  to  Port  Townseiid.  He 
BtutliiMl  law,  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1SG4,  after  wliich  \.u  was  bcvcral 
times  elected  to  the  legislature,  and  twice  made  attorney  of  the  .'M  judicial 
ditttrict,  am  well  aa  member  of  the  conistitutional  convention  in  1878.  il'aah. 
Sk-elrhcs,  MS. ,  CD. 

"Tucker  was  murdered  in  1803.  It  will  appear  in  the  course  of  this  his- 
tory tliut  murders  were  very  fre(|Ucnt.  Many  of  them  were  cummitted  by 
the  Indians  from  tiio  northern  coast,  who  came  up  the  strait  ii>  tiicir  canoes, 
and  cruii^ing  aliout,  eitlun-  attacked  isolated  settlements  at  niglit,  or  seized  ami 
killed  wliitc  men  travelling  about  the  Sound  in  canoes.  The  drst  vessel  tliat 
came  into  tiio  liarl)or  of  Isew  Dungeness  for  a  cargo  was  tiie  Jv/ui  Adaini,  in 
tiie  spi'ing  of  bSoU.  Jewell,  her  master,  started  with  hia  steward  t'>  go  to 
I'ort  Towusend  in  a  small  boat,  and  never  waa  seen  again.  Tlie  Indians  a<l- 
nutted  tiiat  two  of  tiieir  people  had  murdered  tiie  two  men,  but  as  it  conld 
not  be  siiown  that  tlu^y  were  dead,  tiie  accused  were  never  tried.  McAlmond, 
V  ho  was  a  competent  ship-U'astcr,  sailed  tiie  vessel  to  S.  K.  An  eccentric 
mail,  wlio  obtained  tiie  simbriiir.ct  of  ArUansaw  Traveller  by  Ids  peregrinations 
in  the  legion  of  Dungeness  in  1S,')4,  was  siiot  and  killed  by  Indians  wliiie 
alone  in  his  canoe.  The  (•rime  came  to  ligiit,  ami  tlic  criminals  were  tried 
and  siutcnced;  but  one  of  tlicm  <lied  of  disease,  and  tlie  other  escapeil  l)y  an 
error  in  tiio  entry  of  judgment.   Ihadsliaw,  in  II'ils/i.  Skclnhru,  MS.,  (i.*)  0. 

'^  i'l'otcctioii  Island  was  so  named  liy  \'ancouver  liecause  it  liiy  in  front  of 
and  protected  Port  lliscoveiy  from  the  nortli-wcst  winds.  The  lirst  actual 
or  periiiancnt  settlers  on  tliis  island  were  AVintiehl  Ebey,  brother  of  I.  N. 
Kbey,  and  (Jcorgo  Ebey,  his  cousin,  who  took  claims  there  in  lS.i4.  KhcyA 
JoiiriKil,  MS.  Whitcom  was  a  native  of  Ottawa,  Canada,  who  came  to  I'liget 
Sound  in  bS.VJ,  and  hrst  located  himself  on  the  I'ort  (iainble  side  of  Foul- 
Weatlier  lllull'— also  named  by  N'aMcouver — in  the  service  of  the  milling  I'om- 
pany  at  that  ]ilaue,  putting  the  lirst  lire  under  the  boilers  of  Port  (jamble 
mill.    Ho  left  the  Sound  in  18<14,  but  returned  in  1872. 


WHIBBEY  ISLAND  SETTLEMENT. 


29 


owino-  to  the  fact  that  the  island  contained  about  six 
thousand  acres  of  excellent  prairie  land,  and  that  the 
western  men,  who  located  on  farms,  were  accustomed 
to  an  open  country.  No  matter  how  rich  the  river- 
bottoms  or  poor  the  plains,  they  chose  the  plains 
rather  than  clear  the  river-bottoms  of  the  tangled 
jungles  which  oppressed  them.  Whidbey  Island  pos- 
sessed, l>esides  its  open  lands,  many  charms  of  scenery 
and  excellences  of  climate,  together  with  favorable 
position;  and  hither  came  so  many  of  the  first  agri- 
(ultuialists  that  it  was  the  custom  to  speak  of  tlie 
island  as  the  garden  of  Puget  Sound.  Its  first  pcr- 
niaiieiit  settlers  were,  as  I  have  mentioned,  Isaac  N. 
Ehev  and  R.  II.  Lansdale.'^ 

Lansdale  first  fixed  his  choice  upon  Oak  Harbor, 
but  removed  to  Penn  Cove  in  the  spring  of  1852. 
The  legislature  of  1852-3  organized  Island  county, 
and  fixed  the  county  seat  at  Coveland,  on  Lansdale's 
eliiiiii.  He  continued  to  reside  there,  practising  med- 
ii  iiie,  until  he  was  made  Indian  agent,  in  ])ecend)er 
18J4,  when  his  duties  took  him  east  of  the  Cascade 


■'  I.  X.  Klicy  was  from  Mo.,  and  camo  to  Or.  in  1S48  just  in  time  to  join 
tlin  lirst  ;!ol(l-liuntcra  in  (.'al.,  wliero  lio  was  niotlccatcly  Hiicoi'sstiil.  His  «  ifc, 
],\li(  I  Lii  Whitby,  iii'c  Davis,  came  to  join  her  liusliand,  lainj^'iiij;  witii  h«  i  i heir 
tw'i  ^iiiis,  Kason  and  Kllison,  in  IM.">I,  in  eonipany  with  the  CroeUttt  liiiiiily. 
.Ml.^  ]■;'•  ,,',  a  beautiful  and  relined  lady,  waH  the  lirst  \vliit«!  wuinan  on  \\  hid- 
li  y  Is'.ind.  A  daughter  Wiirt  born  to  her  there.  She  died  <if  idnsiimplioii 
Si|it.  •_'!),  KS.'dt,  nnd  Ehey  married  for  his  seeond  wife  Mrs  llinily  A.  Si-oiiee. 
In  lN."i;)  (ieorge  W.  Kbey,  a  ynung  man  and  eousin  to  I.  N.,  inMni;4ratid  to 
ru;.'it  Sdiind  ill  eoiii]ianv  with  other  eousiiis  named  Koyid.  In  |S."(4  eaiuo 
.hirc.li  i;hey,  fatlier  of  1.  N.,  liis  mother,  wlmse  maiden  iiiime  was  Sarah  l>iiie, 
hnrii  ill  \'a,  his  brother  ^Vinlield  Seott  Kliey,  two  Bisters,  Mrs  Mary  Wright 
aiid  IJuth  iOliey,  two  cliildrcn  o^  Mrs  \Vri;L,dit,  whose  husband  was  in  ('id., 
iiiid  (ieorge  \V.  l>eam,  v  ho  aiterwani  married  the  diiiittiiter.  Inter  Mrs  .Mniira 
N.  l!nos  of  S,  l>\  Mrs  Knos  has  jdaeed  in  my  haiid-i  a  series  of  journal.-  kept 
liy  iiiriiibera  of  her  family,  eoveriiig  a  periiKl  between  April  Is.'i  1  and  .Vpril 
i^^iil,  ill  which  year  Winlield  tlicd  of  eoiisumption.  .laeoli  Kliey,  \\hodieil  in 
Keli.  Isfi'.',  was  born  in  IVnii.  Out.  'J'J.  ITH.'t.  lie  s.'r\ed  in  thi'  war  of  I.M2, 
under  t  leii.  Harrison,  lie  emigrated  to  111.  in  ls;{'J,  iiiid  in  the  I'.laek  Hawk 
wiir  eoiiiiiiiiiided  a  eeinpany  in  the  same  battalion  with  ( 'aptiiiii  Abraliiim  l.iii- 
iiilii.  Siilise(|uently  he  removed  to  .\dair  eounty,  .Missouri,  \\  heme  the  lam- 
ily  liiiiie  to  Washington.  'I'he  dentil  of  his  wife,  «hieh  oeeuried  in  |s..!l,  was 
li.isteiiiil  l>y  the  shocking  fate  of  her  son,  Isaac  N'..  who  was  iiiurth  red  nt  his 
nun  home  by  the  liaidah  Indians,  in  one  of  tlieir  mysterious  iiieursions,  in 
the  simiiner  of  |.S."i7,  eoneerning  which  I  hIiiiII  have  more  to  sjiy  in  another 
j'liiie.  (ieorge  W.  Beam  died  in  lS(i(J.  TiiiH  series  of  deaths  niakua  the 
ill  tory  of  this  pioneer  family  an  reinurkablu  as  it  is  muluncholy. 


ao 


THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 


Mountains,  where  he  remained  for  some  years.'*  The 
other  settlers  of  1851  were  Uric  Friend,  Martin  Taft- 
son,  WilHam  Wallace  and  family,  James  Mounts, 
Milton  Mounts,  Robert  S.  Bailey,  Patrick  Doyle, 
and  G.  W.  Sumner.  In  1852  came  Walter  Crock- 
ett,'* with  his  son  John  and  family,  and  five  other 
children,  Samuel,  Hugh,  Charles,  Susan,  and  Wal- 
ter, Jr,  Judah  Church,  John  Chondra,  Beujannn 
Welchur,  Lewis  Welcher,  Joseph  S.  Smith  and  fam- 
ily, S.  D.  Howe,  G.  W.  L.  Allen,  Richard  B.  Hol- 
brook,  born  and  bred  near  Plymouth  Rock,  George 
Bell,  Thomas  S.  Davis,  John  Davis,  John  Alexander 
and  family,  Mr  Bonswell  and  family,  N.  D.  Hill,'* 
Humphrey  Hill,  W.  B.  Engle,  Samuel  Maylor, 
Thomas  Maylor,  Samuel  Libbey,  Captain  Eli  Hatha- 
way, and  Mr  Baltic. 

In  the  spring  of  1853  the  brig  ./.  C.  Cahot,  Dryden 
master,  brought  to  the  island  from  Portland  John 
Kellogg,  James  Busby,  Thomas  Hastie,  Henry  Ivens, 
John  Dickenson,  all  of  whom  had  families,  jNTrs  Re- 
becca ^laddox  and  five  children,'''  Mrs  Grove  Teny 
and  daughter  Chloe,  R.  L.  Doyle,  who  married  Miss 
Terry,  Nelson  Basil,  and  A.  Woodard,  who  subse- 
quently went  to  01ym[)ia.  Others  who  settled  on 
Whidbev  Island  in  1853  were  Edward  Barrington,'^ 
Robert  C.  Hill,  Charles  H.  Miller,  Nelson  Miller, 
Captain  Tliomas  Coupe,  who  founded  Coupevillo, 
John  Kemieth,  Isaac  Powers,  Captain  William  Rob- 

'•Ricli.^nl  Hyatt  Ivinsdale  was  born  in  ^Id  in  1812,  but  bred  in  Ohio,  and 
removed  to  Ind.,  then  to  111.,  and  liiiuUy  to  Mo.  in  IS4U.  In  1840  lie  canio 
to  Or.  via  Cal.,  entering  the  Columbia  in  Oct.  He  was  lirat  auditor  of  Clarke 
CO..  and  first  {Ktstinaster  north  oi  the  Coluiuhia.  He  |uirchaiicd  hall'  uf 
Short's  town  site  at  Vancouver,  \\  hicli  he  lost  and  alumdoned. 

"Walter  Crockett,  Sen.,  Oied  Nov.  '2r>,  18(W,  aged  8.J  years.  Seatlli-  InUl- 
liijnicir.  Dee.  0,  18(i!). 

'"  Nathaniel  D.  Hill  was  Itorn  in  I'a  in  1824,  and  came  to  Cal.  in  18,50;  was 
employed  in  the  S.  F.  cMstom-liouse;  went  to  the  mines  i.nd  on  a  farm  in  So- 
noma N'allev,  but  linally  embarked  with  his  brothers  for  I'uget  Sound,  and 
Bcttled  on  VVhi.lbcy  Island.    Wash.  SLrlr/ifs,  MS.,  70-81. 

"  Mrs  Maddox  maiTied  L.  M.  Ford  of  Skagit  River  in  November  18ijr>. 
Jd.,4\. 

'^Edward  Barrington  died  in  Jan.  1883.  Port  Towniiend  Argiu.  Jou.  20, 
18S3.     Cuuxie  died  iu  1877. 


BELLINGHAM  BAY. 


m 


ertson,"^  Charles  Seybert,  Thomas  Lyle,  all  of  whom 
had  families,  Henry  McClurg,  Captain  B.  P.  Barstow, 
Edward  Grut,  Lawrence  Grenman,  Marshall  Camp- 
hell,  Jacob  S.  Hindbaugh,  George  W.  Ebey,  and 
Charles  Thompson. 

When  I  have  added  the  names  of  Samuel  Hancock, 
John  Y.  Sewell,  Thomas  Cramey,  John  M.  Izcth, 
])ana  H.  Porter,'*'  Winfield  S.  Ebey,  and  George  \V. 
Beam,  who  settled  the  following  year,  I  have  enu- 
merated most  of  the  men  who  at  any  time  have  lon-^ 
resided  upon  Whidbey  Island,  so  quickly  were  its 
lands  taken  up,  and  so  constant  have  been  its  first 
settlers. 


Smttif  Intel- 


Settlement  \vas  extended  in  1852  to  Bellingham 
Bay.  William  Pattle,  while  looking  for  spar  timber 
among  the  islands  of  the  Fuca  sea,  landed  in  this  bay, 
and  while  encamped  upon  the  beach  observed  frag- 
iiunts  of  coal,  which  led  to  the  discovery  of  a  deposit. 
I'aitlo  posted  the  usual  notice  of  a  claim,  and  went 
away  to  make  arrangements  for  opening  his  coal  mine. 
JJuring  his  absence  Henry  Iloder,^^  who  was  looking 

'"Ilnbertson  was  born  in  Norfolk,  Va  in  1809.  At  the  age  of  27  he  began 
seft-,i.'ning,  aiul  first  came  to  S.  F.  in  command  of  the  baik  Crrole.  Ik  was 
•I'trrvwiid  in  connnancl  of  the  brig  Tarqnhm,  which  he  owned,  and  wiiicli 
lpiimL.'lit  him  to  I'uwjt  Sound  in  18J'2.  Taking  n  claim  on  Whidbey  Ishind, 
lie  ciiutimu'd  to  trade  to  S.  F.  until  18."m,  when  ho  sent  his  vessel  to  tlio  S.  I. 
ill  ili;iii;c  of  his  first  oflicer,  who  sold  her  and  pocketeil  the  proceeds.  Koli- 
citsou  lost  .^.'10,000  by  this  transaction,  but  had  a  competency  remaining.  Ho 
v;i.s  first  keeper  of  tho  light  erected  in  18G0  on  Admiralty  Head,  on  the  west 
cuu-it  < if  the  island.  /(/.,  HO-l. 

"'  I'urtcr  was  inspector  uf  apara  at  Port  Ludlow  some  years  later.  Ho  died 
in  M.nicii  1S80. 

'■'  Hoilcr  was  a  n.-^Mve  of  Oiiio,  and  camo  to  Cal.  in  18.")0.  His  partner,  R. 
V.  IVabody,  and  himself  had  tlie  usual  adventures  in  the  mines,  nannwly 
esciipiug  <leath  at  tlie  hands  of  the  famous  Joa(piin  Miirieta.  After  ^in  luling 
two  years  in  mining  and  trading,  lloder  and  I'eabody  went  to  Or.  City  to 
eiij;iij,'e  in  Halmon-tisliing,  but  were  diverted  from  their  i>nrpoBe  by  tlie  iiigii 
prirc  of  lumber  conse()uent  upon  tiio  great  fire  in  S.  F. ,  and  determined  to 
I'uiM  a  s'iW-iuill.  Visiting  I'uget  Sound  with  this  object  in  view,  they  wero 
Inl  by  information  ol)taineil  at  I'ort  Townsend  to  erect  tlieir  mill  at  Helling- 
iiain  iJay,  on  a  stream  which  dried  iip  as  soon  as  tlie  winter  rains  were  o\  er.  a 
iiii--l<ii(iiiu'  which,  added  to  a  fall  in  tho  price  of  lumber,  nearly  ruined  Hoder 
an  1  I'eabody.  These  facts,  with  a  general  aecountof  the  history  of  the  lower 
Koiiml  and  Itellingliam  Bay,  are  obtained  from  llodrr'x  IliHiinjhum  ISnii,  MS., 
an  rx.cllfnt  uuthoiity,  and  also  from  u  well-written  autograph  Sbtf/i  by 
Kilwurd   Kldridgc,   who  settled  at    the    aamu    timu   with    Koder.      liodur, 


32 


THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 


for  a  place  to  establish  a  saw-mill,  arrived  from  San 
Francisco  on  tlio  schooner  William  Allen,  with  R.  V. 
Pcabody,  Edward  Eldridge,^^  H.  C.  I>i,^e,  and  Wil- 
liam Utter,  Henry  Hewitt  and  William  Brown. 
Koder,  Pctibody,  and  a  millwright  named  Brown, 
whom  they  found  at  Olynjpia,  formed  the  Whatcom 
Mining  Company,  taking  the  Indian  name  of  the 
place  where  their  mill  was  situated  as  a  designation. 
Hewitt  and  William  Brown,  who  were  engaged  in 
getting  out  logs  ftjr  the  mill,  in  the  sunnner  of  1853, 
discovered  coal  on  the  land  adjoining  Battle's  claim, 
and  sold  their  discovery  for  $18,000,  Roder  and  Pea- 
body  having  just  abandoned  this  claim  for  one  more 
heavilv  timbered.*"'  About  the  same  time  came  L.  N. 
Colhns,  Alexander  McLean,  Mr  Roberts,  and  Mr  Lyle, 
with  their  families,  which  completes  the  catalogue  of 
American  settlers  in  this  region  in  1853. 

In  the  autumn  of  1852,  on  account  of  devastating 
fires  in  California,  and  the  great  immigration  of  that 
year  to  Oregon,  a  milling  fever  possessed  men  of  a 
speculative  turn,  and  led  to  the  erection  of  several 
saw-mills  besides  those  at  Seattle  and  Belli ngham 
Bay.  In  March  1853  the  Port  Ludlow  mill  was 
erected  by  W.  T.  Say  ward  ^  on  a  claim  taken  up  by 
J.  K.  Thorndike  the  previous  year.  It  was  followed 
the  same  season  by   the  Port  Gamble  mill    at   the 

Elilridjic,  nnd  Peabody  still  reside  at  Whatcom  on  Bcllinghain  Bay.     Roder 
iimrriLMl  Elizjibetli  Austin  of  Ohio. 

*^Eldriilgo  was  a  sca-faiiny  man,  and  shipped  at  N.  Y.  for  S.  F.,  where  he 
arrivc<l  in  IS-li),  and  wont  to  the  mines.  Not  making  the  expected  fortune, 
he  joined  tlio  P.  M.  Steamship  Teinipxnec  in  I80O,  but  niarried  and  returned 
to  mining,  which  lie  followed  W  a  year,  when  on  going  to  S.  F.  to  take  pas- 
sage to  Australia  he  met  Roder,  a  former  acquaintance,  and  was  persuaded  to 
accompany  him  to  Paget  Hound.  Mrs  Eldridgo  was  the  first  wliite  woman 
in  the  Jielliiigham  Bay  settlement.  Eldridge  has  occupied  some  oiiieiul  posi 
tions,  and  was  a  mtinber  of  the  constitutional  convention  of  1S78. 

*-'Iti  a  chapter  on  minerals,  I  shall  give  this  history  more  iiarticularly. 

^'Sayuard  \\a8  a  native  of  Maine.  lie  came  to  C'al.  via  Mexico,  arriving 
in  tlie  spring  of  US4!).  The  nan-ative  of  his  business  experience  in  1840-61 
forms  a  story  of  unusual  interest,  which  is  contained  in  a  manuscript  by  him- 
self called  /'ioiurr  Jicmciii.scenccs,  very  little  of  which,  however,  relates  to 
Washington.  The  mill  which  ho  built  was  leased  in  IS.IS  to  Amos  Plunney 
&  Co.,  who  subseiiuently  purchased  it.  iScu  also  Sylvester' n  Olym^na,  MS.,  21, 
and  Wank,  Sixkhis,  MS.,  42. 


CHE^OOK  AND  BAKER  CITY. 


» 


from  San 
,vith  R.  V. 
,  and  Wil- 
li! Brown. 
id    Brown, 

Whatcom 
[no  of  the 
iesit^nation. 
engageu  lu 
or  of  1853, 
tie's  claim, 
)r  and  Poa- 
r  one  more 
came  L.  N. 
id  jNIr  Lylo, 
jatalogue  of 


devastating 
:ion  of  that 
J  men  of  a 
of  soveral 
Bellingham 
mill  was 
von  up  by 
followed 
ill    at   the 


as 


nn  litiy.    Roder 

S.  F. ,  where  he 
ipectwl  foitinie, 
hI  niul  ictmiicJ 
V.  to  take  jius- 
im  pei'suadeil  to 
t  white  woman 
lie  ollicial  po8> 
S78. 

initieularly. 
Icxico,  iirriving 
iiico  ill  1849-51 
iiaeript  hy  him- 
ever,  relates  to 
lAmos  I'hinney 
Imyia,  MS.,  21, 


entrance  to  Hood  Canal,  erected  by  the  Puget  Mill 
Company,  the  site  being  selected  by  A.  J.  Talbot. 
Almost  simultaneously  Port  Madisonand  Port  Blakely 
were  taken  up  for  mill  sites,  and  somewhat  earlier 
C.  C.  Terry  and  William  H.  Benton  erected  a  mill 
at  Alki,  which  was  removed  two  or  three  years  later 
to  Port  Orchard.'' 

From  1847  to  1853  there  had  been  a  steady  if  slow 
march  of  improvement  in  that  portion  of  the  terri- 
tory adjacent  to  the  Columbia  and  Cowlitz  rivers  and 
the  Pacific  ocean.  A  few  families  had  settled  on 
Lewis  liivcr,  among  whom  was  Columbia  Lancaster, 
whom  Governor  Abcrnethy  had  appointed  supreme 
judge  of  Oregon  in  1847,  vice  Thornton,  resigned,  but 
wlio  removed  from  Oregon  City  to  the  north  side  of 
the  Columbia  in  1849.  In  the  extreme  south-west 
corner  of  what  is  now  Pacific  county  were  settled  in 
1848  John  Edjnunds,  an  American,  James  Scar- 
htn'ouuh,  an  Englishman,  John  E.  Pinknell,  and  a  Cap- 
tain Johnson;  nor  does  it  appear  that  there  were  any 
otlur  residents  before  the  returning  gold-miners — 
l)eiiig  detained  now  and  then  at  Baker  Bay,  or  com- 
ing l)y  mistake  into  Shoalwater  Bay — discovered  the 
advantages  which  these  places  offered  for  business. 
Wilham  JVtcCarty  had  a  fishery  and  a  good  zinc  hoUvse 
at  Chinook  in  1852;  and  Washington  Hall  was  post- 
master at  that  place  in  the  same  year,  and  it  is 
])robable  they  settled  there  somewhat  earlier.  In 
]  850,  the  fame  of  these  places  having  begun  to  spread, 
Elijah  White,  who  had  returned  to  the  Pacific  coast, 
es.saj'ed  to  build  upon  Baker  Bay  a  town  which  ho 
named  Pacific  City,  but  which  enjoyed  an  existence^* 
of  only  a  year  or  two. 

•5  Ycslcr'n  Wanh,  Tfr.,  MS.,  4-.').  Port  Orchard  waa  nnmed  after  an  ofTiccr 
of  Vancouver'a  ship  Discover!/,  May  24,  1792.  Sec  also  L'llii-olt'x  I'mjit  Souml, 
M.S..  •_>4. 

''"Lawson.  in  his  Autnhioqrnphy,  MS.,  .3.'),  gives  some  account  of  tliis 
ptiterprise.  Ho  says  that  White  was  tlie  originator  of  it.  'I  do  not  know,' 
lie  observes,  'whether  ho  made  any  money  out  of  the  selieme,  but  he  did  suc- 
ceed in  niakins  a  number  of  dupes,  among  whom  was  Jumes  D.  Holmau.' 

llMX.  WAHU.— 3 


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ill 

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84 


THE  FIRST  SErrLEMENTS. 


That  great  expectations  did  attach  to  Pacific  City 
was  made  apparent  by  a  petition  signed  by  A.  A. 
Skinner  and  250  others  to  have  it  made  a  port  of 
entry  and  delivery.*^ 

About  the  same  time  that  Pacific  City  was  at  its 
best,  Charles  J.  W.  Russell,  who  was  engaged  in  trade 
there,  settled  on  Shoal  water  Bay,  and  turned  his  at- 
tention to  taking  oysters,  with  which  the  bay  was 
found  to  be  inhabited.  In  1851  Russell  introduced 
Shoalwater  Bay  oysters  into  the  San  Francisco  mar- 
ket, carrying  them  down  by  the  mail-steamer.  In 
the  autumn  Captain  Fioldstead  took  a  load  of  oysters 
to  San  Francisco,  which  arrived  in  a  damaged  condi- 
tion. Anthony  Ludlum  then  fitted  out  the  schooner 
Sea  Serpent  for  Shoalwater  Bay,  which  succeeded  in 
saving  a  cargo,  and  a  company  was  formed  to  carry  on 
a  trade  in  oysters,  composed  of  Alexander  Hanson, 
George  G.  Bartlett,  Garrett  Tyron,  Mark  Winant, 
John  Morgan,  and  Frank  Garretson,  who  purchased 
the  schooner  Robert  Bruce,  after  which  the  town  of 
Bruceport  was  named,®-  and  entered  into  the  business 
of  supplying  the  California  market.  In  the  autumn 
of  1852,  besides  the  above-named  persons,  there  were 
at  Shoalwater  Bay  Thomas  Foster,  Richard  Hillyer, 
John  W.  Champ,  Samuel  Sweeny,  Stephen  Marshall, 

Holman  had  expended  828,000  in  erecting  and  fumisliing  a  liotel.  White 
represented  that  there  might  lie  found  at  Pacific  City  a  park  tilled  with  deer, 
Bchool- houses,  handsome  residences,  and  other  attractions.  A  newspaper 
was  to  be  started  there  by  a  Mr  Shephard;  a  Mr  Hopkins  was  engaged  to 
teach  in  the  imaginary  school-liouse,  and  others  victinnzed  in  a  similar  manner. 
Holman,  who  was  the  most  severe  sutlerer,  vacated  the  hotel  and  took  a  claim 
in  the  neighborhood,  which  the  government  subsequently  reserved  for  military 
purposes.  Twenty-nine  yearfv  afterward  Holman  received  §"2r),00()  for  his 
claim,  and  had  land  enough  left  to  lay  out  a  sea-side  resort,  which  \w.  called 
Ilwaco.  Sac.  Tranm-ript,  June  19,  1850;  Or.  Spedntor,  Aug.  22,  ISoO;  IJ.  S. 
SinlutPit  lit  Lan/p,  x\.  (i04.  Holman  was  born  in  Ky  in  1814,  bred  in  Tcnn., 
and  camo  to  Or.  in  1846.   Morsf's  W'anh.  Ter.,  MS.,  ii.  88-9. 

«'Oc.  Statesman,  April  4,  IS.'iO;  S.  t\  Pacijk  News,  Aug.  1,  1850;  S.  F. 
Courier,  Sept.  21  and  Oct.  2,  1850. 

^  I  take  this  account  from  an  article  published  in  the  (V.  F.  Bulletin,  where 
it  is  said  the  schooner  was  burned  while  lying  at  her  landing,  and  the  oom- 

{)any  forced  to  go  ashore,  whei'o  they  encamped  on  the  south  side  of  North 
kiy,  and  from  being  known  an  the  Bruce  company,  gave  that  name  to  the 
place  08  it  grew  up.  Lvaiw'  Hid.  Mim.,  21;  Pac.  Ii.  II.  UvporUt,  i.  405. 


SHOALWATER  BAY. 


i*acific  City 

by  A.  A. 

!  a  port  of 


f  was  at  its 
Ted  in  trade 
rned  his  at- 
le  bay  was 
introduced 
ncisco  mar- 
eamor.     In 
d  of  oysters 
aged  condi- 
lie  schooner 
ucceeded  in 
i  to  carry  on 
ler  Hanson, 
irk  Winant, 
)  purchased 
he  town  of 
he  business 
ho  autumn 
tliere  were 
rd  Hillyer, 
Marshall, 

hotel.  White 
JHUed  with  «lcer, 
A  new  spaptT 
Iwas  engaged  to 
Isiinilaruiaiiner. 
Ind  totili  a  claim 
Ived  for  military 
l§-2.'),00()  for  his 
Ivliich  ho  called 
12,  ISoO;  U.  S. 
I  bred  in  Tcnn. , 

1 1,  1850;  S.  F. 

^uUrtin,  where 

and  the  L-om- 

j  side  of  North 

It  nunio  to  the 

i.  405. 


Charles  W.  Deuter,  Richard  J.  Milward,  A.  E.  St 
John,  Walter  Lynde,  and  James  G.  Swan.** 

A  transient  company  of  five  men  were  at  the  same 
time  enf^atycd  in  cutting  a  cargo  of  piles  for  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  during  the  autumn  Joel  L.  Erown,  Samuel 
Woodward,  J.  Henry  Whitcomb,  Charles  Stuart,  Joel 
and  ;Maik  Bullard,  and  Captain  Jackson,  of  the  immi- 
trration  of  that  year,  settled  on  the  bay.  Brown's 
party  cut  a  wagon-road  across  the  portage  between 
Bakor  and  Shoalwater  bays.  Brown  intended  erect- 
iii<'-  a  tradiiig-liouse  and  laying  out  a  town,  but  died 
before  ho  had  fairly  got  to  work,'^at  his  house  on  the 
Baliix  Biver.  Later  in  the  same  season  Charles 
Stuart  took  a  claim  on  the  Willopah  River;  and 
J  )avid  K.  Weldon  and  family  from  San  Francisco — 
]Mis  Weldon  being  the  first  white  woman  in  this  set- 
tltiiient — built  a  residence  and  trading-house  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Necomanche  or  North  River,  besides 

'■■' Autlior  of  The  North-vxst  Const,  or  Three  Yearn' Residence  in  Waxh'nKjton 
Tirn!">\i.  which,  besides  being  an  entertaining  narrative,  is  a  valuable  au- 
tliiiiity  oil  Indian  customs  and  ethnology.  Swan  was  born  in  Mcdford,  Mass., 
Jiiii.  1 1,  I  -"IS;  a  son  of  Samuel  Swan,  an  East  Indian  trader,  who  was  lost  on 
.MiiiDi's  liil'^'o,  Cohasset,  Mass.,  in  IH'23,  while  (jn  his  homeward  voyage  from 
tlir  west  African  coast  with  a  cargo  of  palm-oil,  ivory,  ami  gold-dust,  in  the 
b:  i^'  //d/"'  suit  of  lioston.  His  maternal  uncle,  William  Tufts,  was  supcr- 
cari,'')  fur 'I'licodorc  Lyman  of  Boston,  in  the  ship  O'ltntimnzin,  in  ISlXi,  and 
wiis  wrtckc'il  on  Seven  Mile  beach,  New  Je.-sey,  on  his  return,  Feb.  3,  1810. 
StDiics  (if  tlie  Xootka,  Ncali  Biiy,  and  Chinook  chiefs  wei-c  familiar  to  hiuj  in 
liis  ihildliood,  and  his  interest  in  the  aboriginal  iniiabit'uits  was  greater  than 
tli.it  ot  a  casual  observer,  as  his  remarks  are  more  happily  descriptive  or 
s'  iintitii'.  Ho  left  Doston  in  the  winter  of  1)>40,  in  the  sliip  A''7>  lioi/,  Thomas 
llult,  arriving  in  S.  F.  in  the  spring  of  18.10,  where  lie  bought  an  interest  in 
tlic  steamboat  Tehama,  ruiming  to  Marysvdlc,  acting  as  purser  of  the  l)oat. 
He  was  concerned  in  other  enterprises  with  F'arwell  and  Curtis,  until  becom- 
ing aiipiaintcd  with  0.  J.  W.  Russell,  who  invited  him  to  nuike  a  visit  to 
Slioahvatcr  Ikiy,  he  determined  to  remain,  and  take  a  claim  at  the  mouth  of 
tlie  (I'ucniuelin  Creek,  where  he  resided  until  IS'Hl,  when  he  went  cast  and 
jmblislicd  his  book,  returning  in  ISoO  to  Port  Townseiid.  In  ISd'i  lu^was 
iippiiiatcd  teacher  to  the  Makah  Indians  at  Neali  I5aj",  and  filled  tliat  position 
fi'i'  four  years,  when  he  again  went  east  and  published  a  second  book  on  tiio 
Makali  Indians,  with  a  treatise  on  their  language,  wiiich  was  issued  as 
aullioritativo  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  18(10,  as  was  also  anotlicrjiapcr 
on  tlic  llaitlah  Indians  of  Queen  Charlotte  Island.  In  187")  Swan  was  ap- 
pointcil  commissioner  to  collect  articles  of  Indian  manufacture  for  tlic  nat  ional 
iiiiiscum,  which  were  (ixhibited  at  the  great  exposition  of  1870  in  I'liiladelphia, 
besides  having  occupied  many  public  places  of  more  honor  than  i)rolit.  Ho 
wj's  later  a  practising  lawyer  of  J'ort  Townsend.  These  facts,  with  nnich  more 
fur  wliich  I  have  not  space,  I  find  iii  his  autograph  Sketche-t  of  \Vaiihimjto>\ 
Ti rriton/,  MS.,  in  my  collection. 

•"A'lm/taJV.  iV.  Count,  U. 


•30 


THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS. 


which  he  erected,  in  company  with  Groorgc  Watkins, 
the  first  saw-mill  in  this  part  of  the  territory  in 
1852-3.  Woodward  settled  on  the  Willopah  River,  ten 
miles  from  its  mouth,  being  the  first  to  locate  on  that 
stream."^  Whitcom  was  the  second,"^  fallowed  by 
William  Gushing,  Gardiner  Crocker,  Soule,  Christian, 
and  Guisy. 

On  the  Boisfort  prairie,  previously  settled  by  Pierre 
Chelle,  a  Canadian  half-breed,  C.  F.  White  was  the 
first  American  settler  in  1852.""  From  1851  to  1853 
near  Claquato  settled  H.  N.  Stearns,  H.  Buchanan, 
Albert  Purcell,  A.  F.  Tullis,  L.  A.  Davis,  Cyrus 
White,  and  Simeon  Bush. 

In  the  winter  of  1850-1  John  Butler  Chapman, 
from  the  south  side  of  the  Columbia,  made  a  settle- 
ment on  Gray  Harbor,  and  laid  out  the  town  of  Che- 
halis  City.  But  the  undertaking  languished,  getting 
no  further  than  the  erection  of  one  house,  when  Chap- 
man, finding  himself  too  remote  from  afl'airs  in  which 
he  was  interested,  removed  to  the  Sound,  and  with  his 
son,  John  M.  Chapman,  took  a  claim  adjoining  Balch 
at  Stcilacoom,  and  competed  with  him  for  the  dis- 
tinction of  founding  a  city  at  this  point,  his  claim 
finally  relapsing  to  the  condition  of  a  farm.  In  1852 
J.  L.  Scammon,  from  Maine  by  way  of  California,  set- 
tled several  miles  up  the  Chehalis  from  Gray  Harbor, 
where  Montesano  later  was  placed,  with  four  others 

'^Morse's  Wwih.  Ter.,  MS.,  ii.  74;  Swan'a  N.  W.  Comt,  G.'i. 

•M.  H.  Whitcom  was  bom  in  Vt  in  1824,  removed  to  Ohio  at  the  age  of 
1.3  years,  married  in  that  state,  and  went  to  111.  in  1S45,  whence  he  came  to 
Or.  in  1847,  and  to  Shoalwater  13ay  in  ISo'J.  Morse,  who  has  expended  much 
liilKjr  in  searching  out  pioneer  families,  says  that  in  1854  S.  P.  Soule,  S.  A. 
Soule,  E.  Soule,  Charles  Soule,  Christian,  and  Geisy  settled  in  the  vicinity 
of  Shoalwater  Hay.  Tiie Oeisy  families,  of  which  there  were  two.  Mere  mem- 
Ixjrs  of  the  communistic  association  of  i'cnnsylvania  farmers,  who  had  emi- 
grated to  Wisconsin;  but  being  dissatisfied,  had  sent  this  (Jcisy  as  agent  to  look 
out  lands  in  Or.  or  Wash.  Ho  selected  land  on  the  Boisfort  prairie,  near  Dul- 
lard, (.rocker,  and  Woodward,  and  soon  after  brouglit  out  40  families.  Tiie 
Geisy  fuiniiics,  however,  having  met  with  several  losses  by  death  from  acci- 
dent and  natural  causes,  and  being  imablo  to  gain  control  of  Woodward's 
landing  on  tiie  river,  which  they  desired  for  their  community  purposes,  be* 
oamo  di8Courag<>d  and  k-ft  the  country. 

'^  North  Pacyic  Coant,  Jan.  15,  1880. 


3  Watkins, 
Brritory  in 
1  River,  ten 
ite  on  that 
•llowed  by 
,  Christian, 

1  by  Pierre 
be  was  the 
51  to  1853 
Buchanan, 
rvis,  Cyrus 


Chapman, 
xle  a  settlc- 
iwn  of  Che- 
led,  getting 
when  Chap- 
rs  in  wliich 
nd  with  his 
ning  Balch 
or  the  dis- 
his  claim 
In  1852 
ifornia,  set- 
ay  Harbor, 
V)ur  others 


WARBASSPORT  AND  CASCADE.  tl 

who  did  not  remain.  In  the  two  succeeding  years 
the  less;er  Ciiehahs  Valley  was  settled  up  rapidly, 
connecting  with  the  settlements  on  the  upper  Che- 
luilis  made  at  an  earlier  period  by  H.  N.  Stearns,  H. 
]Ju(lianaii,  Albert  Purcell,  A.  F.  TuUis,  and  L.  A. 
Davis;  and  the  Cowlitz  Valley,  which  was  also  being 
settled,  but  more  slowly. 

Jonathan  Burbee,  who  removed  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Cowlitz  in  1848,  was  drowned  on  fio  Columbia  bar 
in  tlie  winter  of  1851-2,  when  a  schooner  which  ho 
liad  loaded  with  potatoes  for  California"*  was  lost;  but 
Ills  family  remained.  Next  after  him  came,  in  184i), 
II.  1).  Huntington,  Nathaniel  Stone,  Seth  Catlin, 
Uiiviil  Stone,  James  Redpath,  James  Porter,  and  R. 
C.  Smith,  the  three  first  named  having  large  families, 
now  well-known  in  Oregon  and  Washington.  Their 
claims  extended  from  near  the  mouth  of  the  Cowlitz 
on  the  west  aide  for  a  distance  of  two  or  three  miles. 

The  next  settlement  was  at  Cowlitz  landing,  made 
by  E.  D.  Warbass,""  in  July  1850,  when  Warbassport 
was  founded  by  laying  ofFa  town  and  opening  a  trading- 
house.  About  the  same  time  a  settlement  was  made 
on  the  north  side  of  the  Columbia  at  the  lower  cas- 
Ladcs,by  George  Drew,  who  had  a  town  surveyed  called 
Cascade,  where  a  trading-house  was  established  by 
(jrcoige  L.  and  George  W.  Johnson,  F.  A.  Chenowetb 
and  T.  B.  Pierce.  Contemporaneously,  at  the  upper 
(ascades,  Daniel  F.  and  Putnam  Bradford,  B.  M. 
Bishop,  Lawrence  W.  Coe,  and  others  had  settled, 

»♦  Swan  says  that  Captain  Johnson,  John  Dawson,  and  another  man  were 
ili'owiicd  together  while  crossing  the  Cohiinliia  in  a  boat;  that  before  this, 
MoCaity  was  <lrowned  whiio  crossing  tlie  Walhiciit  River,  returning  from  a 
visit  to  Jolinson,  and  that  Scarborough  died  before  Johnson  at  his  homo. 
This  vas  all  previous  to  1854. 

•■'  Warbass  was  born  in  N.  J.  in  182."),  came  to  Cal.  in  1849,  where  he  was 
an  auctioneer  at  Sac.,  Imt  his  health  failing  there,  he  visited  (Jr.,  and  ended  by 
sitttin;,'  on  the  Cowlitz,  though  he  explored  the  Snoiioniisii  and  Snoqualiniich 
livers  in  I8.">1,  and  in  18o3  assisted  Howard  to  explore  for  coal.  He  was  po.st- 
iii.ijitor  under  postal  agent  Coc  in  hat  year,  and  continued  to  reside  on  tiie 
Cowlitz  until  18o5,  when  he  voluntcircd  as  captain  of  a  company  to  light  the 
Indians.  He  became  a  post  sutler  afterward  at  Kellingham  l$«y  and  San 
.lu.iii  Island,  where  lie  then  resided,  and  was  county  auditor  and  nicinber  of 
tlic  iruislature  from  San  Juan  county.  JJortit'j  Wanh,  Tti:,  MS.,  ii.  oA;  AUn 
i  ulij'orilia,  Nov.  'J,  ISo'J. 


I 

I 


i'\' 


THE  FIRST  SETTLEMENTS.. 


and  the  Bradfords  had  also  estabhshed  a  place  of 
trade.** 

These  were  the  people,  together  with  some  who 
have  yet  to  be  mentioned,  and  others  who  may  never 
be  mentioned,  wlio  had  spread  themselves  over  the 
western  portion  of  Washington  previous  to  its  organ- 
ization as  a  territory,  concerning  which  I  shall  speak 
presently.''^ 

**Or.  Spectator,  Aug.  28,  1850;  Coke's  Ride,  319. 

•'  I  have  gatlicrt'il  ti\c  following  names  of  the  pioneers  of  1852  not  men- 
tioned in  the  foregoing  jxigcs:  llev.  Daniel  Bagley,  Kcv.  D.  R.  McMillan,  R. 
M.  Hathaway,  Smith  Haya,  Logan  Hays,  Gilmore  Hays,  Stephen  Jiodgilon, 
Samuel  Holmes,  Joim  Harvey,  Richard  B.  Holbrook  (married  Airs  Sylvester, 
vi'e  Lowe,  of  Maine),  .John  Hogne,  Levi  L.  dates,  Charies  (Jrahani,  William 
H.  Gillan  and  family,  Daniel  B.  Fales,  wife  and  chiMren,  Felt,  Cortland 
Ethcridge,  W.  B.  Engle,  Shirley  Ensign,  Joel  Clayton,  Josepii  Cushnian,  Levi 
Douthitt,  Frank  V.  Dugau,  Gideon  Bromfield,  (leorgo  A.  Barnes  and  wife, 
Anna,  Thomas  liriggs,  J.  C  Brown,  John  IJuckley,  James  Allen,  G.  W.  L. 
Allen,  W.  B.  D.  Newman,  William  Jarmin,  Daniel  Kaiser,  A.  W.  Moore, 
John  \V.  McAllister,  Caleb  Miller,  Thomas  Monroe,  Stephen  P.  McDonald, 
Joseph  Mace,  William  Metcalfe,  Samuel  McCaw,  F.  McNatt,  Abner  Martin, 
Asa  W.  I'ierce,  F.  K.  Perkins,  James  Riley,  B.  Ross  and  family,  Daniel 
Stewart,  Samuel  D.  Smith,  David  Shelton  and  wife,  Christina,  M.  C.  Sim- 
mons, James  Taylor,  Thomas  Tallentire  and  family,  Amos  F.  Tullis,  J.  K. 
Thorndyke,  William  Turnhull,  J.  S.  Turner,  John  Vail,  Charles  Vail,  D.  K. 
Weldcn,  H.  R.  W^oodward,  G.  K.  Willard,  Benjamin  Welch  :,  Lewis  Weluher, 
William  C.  Webster  and  family,  t>amuel  Woodward,  John  Walker,  James  R. 
W^atson,  B.  F.  Yantis,  Judah  Clmr;;h,  from  Pontiac,  Michigan,  died  in  1853, 
aged  GO  years.  W^illiam  Rutledge,  who  settled  on  Black  River,  near  Lake 
Washington,  was  also  uu  iunnigrout  ox  1852.  He  died  June  1,  1872,  aged  78 
years. 


I!  ! 


CHAPTER  n. 


POUTICS  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 

1845-1853. 

PT'  .:?.  ^^^F^^•^.s— Settlers  versus  the  Pitoet  Sound  AcBicrtTtnuL  Coh- 

PANV— liKl'ICKSENTATION     ly     HIE    OREGON     LEGISLATURE — MOVEMENTS 

Tow.Miu  THE  Foundation  o»  tue  New  Territory  of  Columbia — 
Memorial  to  Congress — If  not  a  Territory,  then  a  State — Queen 
('iiAi:i.<>TTE  Island  Expedition — The  Oregon  Legislature  Petition 
Ci>m;ukss  for  a  Division  of  Territory — Congress  Grants  the  Peti- 
T(iN — Bi  T  Instead  of  Columbia,  the  New  Territory  is  Called  Wash- 
ington—Officers Appointed— Roads  Cjnstructed— Immigration. 

In  t^c  previous  chapter  I  have  made  the  reader  ac- 
qinint'  d  with  the  earliest  American  residents  of  the 
ttTiiiory  north  of  the  Columbia,  and  the  methods  by 
w hiih  they  secured  themselves  homes  and  laid  the 
fouiulations  of  fortunes  by  courage,  hardihood,  fore- 
sight, by  making  shinj^les,  bricks,  and  cradling-ma- 
<•] lilies,  by  building  mills,  loading  vessels  with  timber, 
laying  out  towns,  establishing  fisheries,  exploring  for 
coal,  and  mining  for  gold.  But  these  were  private 
enterprises  concerning  only  individuals,  or  small  groups 
of  men  at  most,  and  I  come  now  to  consider  them  as 
a  body  politic,  with  relations  to  the  government  of 
Oregon  and  to  the  general  government. 

The  first  public  meeting  recorded  concerned  claim- 
jumping,  against  which  it  was  a  protest,  and  was  held 
in  Lewis  county,  which  then  comprised  all  of  the  ter- 
ritory north  of  tl)e  Columbia  and  west  of  the  Cascade 
]\Iountains  not  contained  in  Clarke  county,  and  prob- 
ably at  the  house  of  John  R.  Jackson,  June  11,  1847. 
The  second  was  held  at  Tuin water  November  5,  1848, 

(39) 


4ft 


POLITICS  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


*    ! 


and  was  called  to  express  the  sentiments  of  the  Amer- 
ican settlers  concerning  the  threatened  encroachments 
of  the  Pu<;et  Sound  A^xricultural  Association.  "This 
fall,"  says  an  old  settler,  "the  company  conceived  the 
desij^n  of  making  claim  under  the  treaty  for  the 
immense  tract  called  the  Nisqually  claim,  lying  south 
of  the  Nisqually  River,  and  with  that  view  drove  a 
large  herd  of  cattle  across  the  river."  The  American 
residents,  in  a  convention  called  to  order  by  M.  T. 
Simmons  and  presided  over  by  William  Pack  wood, 
passed  a  series  of  resolutions,  a  copy  of  wliich  was  pre- 
sented to  W.  F.  Tolmie,  the  agent  in  charge  of  Fort 
Nisqually,  by  I.  N.  Ebey  who  had  just  arrived  in  the 
country,  and  Rabbeson,  with  the  declaration  that  the 
Anjericans  demanded  tlie  withdrawal  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company's  herds  to  the  north  side  of  the 
Nisqually  within  one  week  from  the  day  the  notice 
was  received. 

The  preamble  set  forth  that  the  herds  of  the  com- 
pany would  soon  consume  all  the  vegetation  of  the 
country  ranged  by  them,  to  the  detriment  of  the  set- 
tlers on  the  south  or  west  side  of  the  river;  and  that, 
as  these  cattle  were  wild,  if  suffered  to  mix  with  do- 
mesticated cattle  they  would  greatly  demoralize  thcin. 
It  was  thereupon  resolved  that  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Com[)any  had  placed  obstacles  in  the  way  of  the 
Americans  who  first  designed  settling  on  P«<jfet 
Sound— inferring  to  the  Simmons  colony — using  mis- 
representation and  fraud  to  prevent  them,  and  evvu 
threatening  ft)rce;  that  they  held  the  conduct  (*f  Tolmie 
censurable  in  endeavoring  to  prevent  settlement  by 
Americans  on  certain  lands  which  he  pretended  were 
reserved  by  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  184'j,  although 
he  knew  they  were  not;  that  this  assumption  of  right 
was  oidy  equalled  by  the  baseness  of  the  subterfuge 
by  whicii  the  company  was  attempting  to  hold  other 
large  tracts  l)y  an  ap|)arent  compliance  with  the 
organic  land  law  of  the  territory — that  is,  by  taking 
claims  in  the  names  of  servants  of  the  company  who 


A  PROTEST  OF  AMERICANS. 


41 


did  not  oven  know  where  to  find  the  lands  located  in 
their  iiiunos,  hut  who  were  compelled  to  aj^ree  to  con- 
vey these  lands  to  the  company  when  their  title 
should  have  hcen  completed. 

Tliev  deihr.ed  that  they  as  American  citizens  had 
a  rc-'-ard  tor  treaty  stipulations  and  national  honor, 
and  were  ji'ulous  of  any  infringement  of  the  laws  of 
the  country  hy  persons  who  had  no  interest  in  the 
ulorv  or  i»r()sp('rity  of  tho  government,  but  wt-n;  for- 
(.i'ii-l)i)iii  ami  «)wed  allegiance  alone  to  Great  Britain. 
Thcv  wanictl  the  company  that  it  had  nevei  been  the 
polity  of  the  United  States  t  grant  })reem[)tion 
rights  to  (»l]ier  than  Americr.n  citizens,  or  tli  'se  who 
had  (Icclart'd  their  intention  to  become  such  in  a  legal 
form,  and  that  such  would  without  doubt  bj  the  con- 
ditions of  land  grants  in  the  expected  donr  tion  law. 

Tiiey  declared  they  viewed  the  daim"^  .I'ld  improve- 
ments made  subsequent  to  the  treat)  oy  the  Puget 
Sound  Agi'cultural  Company  as  giving  them  no 
rights;  and  as  to  their  previous  rights,  they  were  only 
possr.ssory,  and  the  United  States  had  never  ])arted 
with  (he  actual  title  to  the  lands  occupied,  but  that 
any  American  citizen  might  approjniate  the  land  to 
hinistlf,  with  the  improvements,  and  that  the  clainjs 
hi  Id  by  the  servants  of  the  coiiijiany  would  not  be 
rt'sptH'ted  unless  the  nondnal  settlers  became  settlers 
in  fact  and  American  citizens.^ 

Within  the  week  allowed  the  company  to  withdraw 
their  cattle  from  the  Nisqually  plains  they  hatl  with- 
drawn them,  and  there  was  no  trouble  fron»  that  -jource. 
The  threat  implied  in  the  resolutions,  to  sustain  any 
American  citizen  in  appropriating  the  lands  I'laluud 
!iy  the  company  and  not  by  individuals  who  had  re- 
nounced allegiance  to  (Ireat  Britain,  together  with  the 
improvements,  was  carried  out  to  the  letter  iluring  the 

'Or.  Si)ertator,  ,1an.  11,  1840.  I.  N.  ElM>y  is  said  hy  Viil>ht«M(m  to  liavo 
<lraiiL;litoil  tlio  rosulutiuiiB.  though  Habljo.soii  was  ehuiriiian  of  the  <'oiiiinitli'i', 
aiiii  S.  11.  Cruckutt  thu  thii'il  im:inl»'i'.  Iln  kn(!>v  of  tlui  lon^  fi'iul  hctwciM 
ocrtaiii  ut  hiu  oountrynu'ii  and  thu  llu(li«>ir«  lliiy  Com  puny,  uiul  witlioiii  know- 
in,'  t  he  merita  of  tho  caso  on  cither  bide,  wtw  [)n'[Mui'd  in  uny  event  to  be  all  ungly 
Auiuriciiu. 


42 


POLITICS  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


following  twelve  years,  their  lands  being  covered  with 
squatters,  and  the  products  of  tlie  Cowlitz  farm  taken 
away  without  leave  or  compensation,^  not  by  the  men 
who  composed  this  meeting,  but  by  others  who  adopted 
these  views  of  the  company's  rights. 

The  land  laid  claim  to  by  the  agricultural  company, 
in  their  memorial  to  the  joint  connuission  provided 
for  by  the  convention  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain  March  5,  1864,  was  "the  tract  of 


I 


ta.  ,.: 


'Gcorgo  B.  Roberta,  in  his  RccLlIectionn,  MS.,  89,  91,  94,  speaks  very  fecl- 
inj;ly  of  what  he  was  coinnellcd  to  suirer  from  )84(i  to  1871,  ijy  reason  of  his 
ni"nih('rshi|)  and  agency  of  the  company  at  the  Cowlitz  farni.  'The  fortunes 
of  tlio  company  were  n(,jn  the  fiiit  el)li,'  ho  siiy.->,  'and  rather  than  go  north, 
or  trlsewlirrc,  I  thought  I  had  brttcr  settle  as  a  farmer  on  the  Ncwankuin.  I 
iiiadi)  out  very  poorly  as  a  Bctt'.er,  and  when  Stevens'  war  broke  out,  1  left  my 
family  and  went  for  a  short  time  as  mail-guard,  but  was  soon  employed  as  a 
clerk  to  (lei..  Miller,  (iiutrtermaster-general  of  volunteers.  .  .In  tiie  Fra.ser 
Kiver  excitement  ..f  IS.kS,  I  went  to  Victoria  and  arranged  with  Tolmie, 
then  agent  of  the  1*.  S.  A.  A.,  to  carry  on  tho  Cowlitz  farm  on  a  small  scale 
foi  my  own  benefit;  but  I  wiui  to  keep  the  buiUlings  in  repair  and  the  farm 
at  it:<  then  size  until  some  action  was  had  with  the  government.  I  took  pos- 
session unopposed,  and  all  went  well  until  my  hay  was  put  up  in  cocks,  when 
here  came  a  lot  of  follows,  armed  with  rifles,  and  carried  itall  off.  One  of  these 
scpiatters  was  the  justice;  so  my  lawyer,  Klwood  Evans,  reoonnnended  chang- 
in;^  tlio  venue.  The  jury  diciilcd  tiiat  they  knew  nothing  of  treaties,  and  of 
course  r  iiad  all  tho  expense  to  bear.  Tim  company  said  the  crops  were  mine, 
and  they  would  hav<.'  nothing  to  do  with  it.  Then  foUowed  the  burning  of  ^ 
]ar;;e  barn,  etc.,  poor  KcndalTs  letter  and  murder,  then  injunction  anil  diKSU- 
lutioh,  thu  loss  of  ]iapers  by  the  judge  when  the  time  of  trial  came,  so  as  not 
to  pi'onounee,  and  so  this  matter  went  from  lH,VJto  1871... The  judge  wjis 
a  federal  oppointee,  and  in  theory  independent,  but  liable  to  be  uitseatcd  at 
any  tiii->t  and  returned  to  tho  people  whom  ho  had  otl'cnd'td .  . .  1  could  not 
w  itii  any  grace  relin(iuish  the  property  entrusted  to  my  care,  to  say  nothing  of 
the  Ncpiatters  I'enderingmo  t(H)poi;r  to  leave.  Whether  the  comixmy  from  any 
sinister  motives  heljied  these  troubles  1  know  not.  I  leave  to  your  imagina- 
tion tlio  state  1  was  kept  in,  and  my  family;  sometimes  my  windows  at  night 
■were  riddled  with  shot,  my  fenci^s  set  opeii,  and  in  »lry  weather  set  on  lir«. 
It  was  an  immense  effort  to  unseat  me,  and  cheat  the  government  of  these 
land.M,  and  all  the  chtnmr  against  the  P,  S.  A.  A.  was  for  nothing  elso... 
The  I*.  iS.  A.  A.  one  year  paid  I'ierce  county  ^7,tKK)  in  taxes,  but  it  is  likely 
the  company  was  astuto  enough  to  do  so  with  tho  view  of  the  record  showing 
till'  value  of  their  nropcrty  at  that  time.  In  l.S70or  1871  Salucius  (!arllcldo 
succeeded  in  getting  d' .latiou  claims  for  tho  "hardy  pioneers."  Well,  I 
aluiiys  thought  a  ]iiimeer  was  a  pcrsin  who  hewed  out  a  farm,  not  one  who 
violently  took  i)ossessioii  of  a  beautiful  property  th.'it  had  been  carefully,  not 
to  say  Hi'ieiitilically,  farmed  for  over  thirty  years.'  This  shows  to  what  acts 
the  sentiment  adopted  by  the  early  settbii's  toward  the  I'uget  Sound  Com- 
{Hiiiy  iiitbiencod  ruda  mill  iiiiHcriipulous  or  ignorant  and  prejudiced  m"n;  anil 
also  the  injustice  inllicted  upon  in.lividuuls  by  the  carrying-out  of  their  views. 
For  the  previous  biography  of  (J.  11.  Roberts,  sci;  J/iKl.  Or.,  i.  I'lS-U,  this 
series.  He  finally  settled  at  Cathlani.'t,  whern  he  kept  u  store,  and  held  thu 
ollices  of  probate  judge,  treasurer,  and  deputy  auditor  of  Wahkiakum  county. 
He  died  ill  tho  spring  of  ]SH',i,  and  his  wife,  Uosu  Biruio,  uyeur  or  twovttriier. 
See  note  ou  p.  ill  i.fvol  il..  //«.«/.  Or, 


HE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


43 


)vcred  with 
farm  taken 
bv  the  iiion 
'ho  adopted 

il  company, 
n  provided 
ted  States 
,he  tract  of 

speaks  very  fecl- 

l)y  reason  of  his 

'  The  fortunea 

r  than  go  north, 

I  Newaukiun.     I 

kc  out,  1  left  my 

I  eniployotl  aa  a 

.  .In   tlie  Fraser 

A  witli  Tohnic, 

on  a  Hinall  Hcalo 

iiir  antl  the  farm 

;nt.     I  took  pos- 

p  in  coeks,  when 

off.    One  of  tliesc 

innieniled  eliang- 

[  treaties,  ami  of 

crofis  were  mine, 

tlie  l)urnin{;  of  .t 

iction  and  clisso- 

eamc,  so  aii  not 

Tiie  judge  wan 

be  UT' seated  at 

d.  .  .1  couhl  not 

;o  Biiy  notliing  of 

mpany  from  any 

lu  your  iinaginu- 

lindowR  at  niglit 


land  at  Xisqually,  extending  along  the  shores  of 
Pur»'ct  Sound  from  the  Nisqually  River  on  ono 
side  to  tlie  Puyallup  River  on  the  other,  and  back 
to  the  Cascade  Range,  containing  not  less  than 
201  square  miles,  or  107,040  acres,"  with  "the  land 
and  farm  at  the  Cowlitz  consisting  of  3,572  acres, 
more  or  less," '  which  they  proposed  to  sell  back  to 
the  United  States  together  with  the  Hudson's  Bay 
C(»mj)a'  .  's  lands,  and  the  improvements  and  live-stock 
of  both  companies,  for  the  sum  of  five  million  dollars. 
Tlicy  received  for  such  claims  as  were  allowed  $750,- 
OOO.  Tliat  the  sum  paid  for  the  blunder  of  the 
oovornment  in  agreeing  to  confirm  to  these  companies 
tluir  claims  without  any  definite  boundary  was  no 
^icater,  was  owing  to  the  persistent  effort  of  the 
settlers  of  Washington  to  diminish  their  possessions.* 
Another  specimen  of  the  temper  of  the  early  settlers 
was  shown  when  the  president  and  senate  of  the 
riiited  States  sent  them  a  federal  judge  in  the  person 
of  William  Strong.  They  refused,  as  jurors,  to  be 
bidtlen  by  him,  "in  the  manner  of  slave-driving,"  to 
repair  to  the  house  of  John  R.  Jackson  to  hold  court, 
when  the  county  conmiissioners  had  fixed  the  county 
seat  at  Sidney  S.  Ford's  claim  on  the  Chehalis,  at 
whicli  place  they  held  an  indignation  meeting  in 
October  1851,  M.  T.  Shmuons  in  the  chair.^ 

When  the  Hudscm's  Bay  Company  in  1845  made 
a  compact  with  the  pnn'isional  government  of  Oregon 
to  give  it  their  support  on  certain  conditions,  there 
existed  no  county  organization  north  of  the  Columbia 
Jkiver,  except  as  the  counties  or  districts  of  Tualatin 
and  Clackamas  extended  northward  to  the  boundary 
of  the  Oregon  territory,  declared  by  the  legislature 

'  X'W  Tdcoma  Xorth  Pacific  Coast,  Juno  l.'>,  18S0,  ;.iO. 

*  At  a  ineetin>^  held  at  Stcilacoom  in  May  IH.'il,  it  is  Rtntod  that  Tolmie 
nM  tlic  coiiipany'H  a^eiit  iiad  diininisiied  tlieir  elaim  to  I  (4  Mipuiic  niileH,  after 
the  piissa^^o  of  tiie  land  law,  but  that  ho  Wi .  nsing  every  meaiiH  to  drive 
si'ttlci's  olt'  tliat  tract,  with  what  hucucss  I  need  uot  nay.  Or.  Sjiectutor,  June 

ri,  IS,-. I, 

^>Soo  Uiat.  Or.,  ii.  IG'2,  this  seriea. 


M 


a  I 


1 1,« ' 


fiii; 


44 


POLITICS  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


of  1844  to  be  at  the  parallel  of  54°  40',  when,  as  no 
Auioriean  citizens  resided  north  of  the  Columbia  at 
that  time,  no  administration  of  colonial  law  had  ever 
been  necessary;  but  on  the  conn)act  going  into  effect, 
fjid  Americans  settling  in  the  region  of  Paget  Sound, 
the  district  of  Vancouver  was  created  north  of  the 
Columbia,  and  officers  appointed  as  follows:  James 
D(iugl.is,  M.  T.  Simmons,  and  Charles  Forrest  dis- 
trict judges,  and  John  R.  Jackson  sheriff.^ 

Oil  the  19th  of  December  1845  the  county  of 
Lewis  was  created  "out  of  all  that  territory  lying 
north  of  the  Columbia  River  and  west  of  the  Cowlitz, 
up  to  54°  and  40'  north  latitude,"  and  was  entitled  to 
elect  the  same  officers  as  other  counties,  except  that 
the  sheriff  of  Vancouver  county  was  required  to  assess 
and  collect  the  revenue  for  both  districts  for  the  year 
184(5.  Xo  county  officers  were  appointed,  but  the 
choice  of  judges  and  a  rej)resentative  was  left  to  the 
))eople  at  the  annual  election  in  184G,  when  W.  F. 
Tolmie  was  chosen  to  represent  in  the  legislature 
Lewis  county,  and  Henry  N.  Peers'  Vancouver 
county,  while  the  privilege*  of  electing  judges  was 
not  regarded. 

Uugald  McTavish,  Richard  Covington,  and  Rich- 
ard Lane,  all  Hudson's  Bay  Company  men,  were  ap- 
1)ointLd  judges  of  Vancouver  district  to  fill  vacancies, 
»ut  no  appointments  were  made  in  Lewis  county. 
At  the  session  of  1 840  a  change  was  made,  re([uiring 
the  people  to  elect  their  county  judges  or  justices  of 
the  peace  for  the  term  of  two  years,  at  the  annual 
flection.     Under  this  law,  in  1847  Vancouver  countv 

•The  li'gislaturc  of  Angust  184.'>  catabliwlieil  a  liom;h  of  coiinty  jiul^^os  to 
hold  ollii'c  oui',  two,  niid  tlifco  years,  niul  tlio  sninc  liody  in  tlio  fnUowiiig 
Dcct'iiibcr  inadii  tlio  three  yours' jtidgo  iiresiilent  of  tlie  distrii-t  eoiut  of  his 
tliKtrict.  Or.  Liiw-',  184U-!>,  '.V2-X  Doiigliiswin  prusiilent  of  thiulistnot  court 
of  Vancouver;  SiiiiuioiiH  held  ollieo  two  years  and  Forrcbt  one  year, 

'  Peers  was  a  tuleutvd  young  niau  of  tho  U.  U.  Co.,  a  gooil  versifier,  and 
fair  legislator. 

"Tliiji  was  simpiv  a  privilege  gr.intod  by  resolution  of  tho  loKislatnre  of 
184>5,  thcsootDctiiti  being  aii;>'niiteil  by  that  body,  and  vaouueius  lilhd  by  tho 
governor  until  Dcccnilter  'S4lt,  when  au  act  was  pawtetl  providing  for  thtt 
clectiou  of  judges  and  other  uuuuiy  olUoers.  Ui:  SjitcliUor,  Jan.  'Jl,  1647. 


LEWIS  AND  VANCOUVER  COUNTIES. 


43 


,'hcn,  as  no 

!)()luinbia  at 

w  had  evor 

into  effect, 

igut  SoUDtl, 

jrtli  of  the 
»ws:  James 
Forrest  dis- 

county  of 
•itory  lying 
,ho  Cowlitz, 

entitled  to 
uxcept  tliat 
•ed  to  assess 
for  the  year 
id,  bnt  the 

left  to  the 
'hen  W.  F. 

legislature 

Vancouver 
judges  was 

and  Rich- 
[n,  were  ap- 
vacanc'ies, 
^is  county, 
recjuiring 
justices  of 
he  animal 
ver  count V 


[unty  jmlgos  to 
li  tliu  fiiUovving 
V-t  court  uf  Ilia 
iKiiIistrict  cuurt 
yi'tir. 
vuroitiur,  and 

loj^islntnre  of 
u!i  tilli'tl  by  tlio 
^vidiiix  for  tU« 
21,  1S47. 


elected  Hichard  Lane,  R.  R.  Tliompson,  and  John 
White,  one  man  of  the  fur  company  and  two  Ameri- 
cans, justices  of  the  peace,  and  Henry  N.  Peers  rep- 
resentative; while  Lewis  county  elected  Jacob  Wooley, 
S.  li.  Crockett,  and  John  R.  Jackson  justices,"  and 
Simon  Plomondon,  Canadian,  for  representative. 
Vancouver  county  elected  William  Bryan  sheriff  and 
assessor,  Adolphus  Leo  Lewis  treasurer,  and  R. 
Covington  county  clerk;  Lewis  county  elected  ^M. 
] hock  assessor,  James  Birnie  treasurer,  and  Alonzo 
^r.  Poe  sheriff.'"  The  vote  of  Lewis  county  at  this 
(lection  gave  Abernethy  the  majority  for  governor, 
which  ho  did  not  have  south  of  the  Columbia. 

In  184S  Lew^is  county  was  not  represented,  tho 
moiulur  elect,  Levi  Lathrop  Smith,  whose  biograph}* 
I  give  elsewhere,  having  been  drowned;  Vancouver 
ntriity  was  represented  by  A.  Lee  Lewis.  Little 
]<"  ishition  of  any  kind  was  effected,  on  account  of  tho 
ii'/stMice  of  so  h>''go  a  part  of  the  population  in  Cali- 
iinia.  For  the  same  reason,  the  only  general  news- 
paper in  tho  territory,  the  Oregon  Spectator,  was 
Mispended  during  several  months  of  1849,  covering 
tho  ini[)ortant  period  of  the  erection  of  a  territorial 
g(»v('rnnient  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States  by 
.Joseph  Lane,  appointed  governor  of  Oregon  by  Pres- 
ide.it  Polk,  and  on  its  resuming  publication  it  gave 
bnt  briefly  election  and  legislative  news.  From  this 
niiMgro  statement,  it  appears,  however,  that  tho  ap- 
portionment of  representatives  under  the  new  order 
ot"  things  ahowed  one  joint  member  for  each  branch 
of  the  legislature  for  Lewis,  Vancouver,  and  Clatsop 
counties,  SanjU'^l  T.  McKean  of  tho  latter  in  tho 
ionnci!  and  M.  T.  Simmons  of  Lewis  in  the  lower 
house."     The    territory    liaving   been    laid    off    into 

•Simmons  tnnst  liavo  acted  ns  juilg'.<  of  Lnwia  county  previous  to  this, 
tlioM.'li  .iiipoiiitctl  for  Vdiicoiivei',  for  th«  inuniu'fii  of  l>,iiiifl  I).  Iviiiscy  iiiul 
Until  llr.ick  WHS  Bolomnizeil  in  July  \Ak^  by  'Judjjo'  SiiiuuouB.  Ecuhh    iliot. 

So',  s.  {». 

'  ",•.  SixrMtor,  .Tuly  iW,  1847. 
"A/.,  Utt.  18,  1841). 


■  1.1 


46 


POLITICS  AND  DEVELO    MENT. 


three  judicial  districts,  Lewis  county  beinj^  in  the 
third,  the  first  territorial  legislature  passed  an  act 
attaching  it  to  the  first  district,  in  order  that  the 
judge  of  that  district,  Bryant,  tiie  other  judges  be- 
ing absent,  might  repair  to  Steilacoom  and  try  the 
Snoqualiniich  who  had  shot  two  Americans  at  Nis- 
qually  in  the  March  previous,  which  was  done,  as  I 
have  fully  related  elsewhere;''  this  being  the  first  court 
of  which  tiiere  is  any  record  in  Lewis  county,  and  the 
first  United  States  court  north  of  the  Columbia. 

The  member  from  the  north  side  of  the  Columbia 
was  absent  from  the  long  term  held  after  the  adjourn- 
ment in  July;  and  as  McKean  was  more  interested 
in  Clatsop  than  Lewis  or  Vancouver,  the  settlers  of 
the  latter  counties  felt  themselves  but  poorly  repre- 
sented, the  most  important  act  concerning  their  divis- 
ion of  the  territory  being  the  change  of  name  of  Van- 
couver to  Clarke  county/'  In  the  following  year  they 
were  in  no  better  case,  although  they  elected  for  the 
first  time  a  full  set  of  county  officers.  McKean  was 
still  their  councilman,  and  another  member  from 
Clatsop  their  assemblyman,  Truman  P.  Powers,  a 
good  and  true  man,  but  kuowing  nothing  about  the 
wants  of  any  but  his  own  innnediate  locality.  How- 
ever, by  dint  of  lobbying,  a  new  county  was  create<l 
at  this  session  out  of  the  strip  of  country  bordering 
on  Shoal  water  Bay  and  the  estuary  of  the  Columbia; 
and  in  1851  the  three  counties  north  of  the  river  were 
able  to  elect  a  councilman,  C<jlun)bia  Lancaster,  and 
a  representative,  1).  ¥.  Brownfield,  in  whom  they  jiut 
their  trust  as  Americans.  Alas,  for  human  expecta- 
tions! Both  of  these  men,  insteail  of  attending  to  the 
needs  of  their  constituents,  entered  into  a  scpiabble 
over  the  location  of  the  seat  of  government,  and  with 
idiotic  obstinacy  remained  staring  at  enn)ty  benches 
in  Oregon  City  with  three  other  dunces  for  two 
weeks,  when  they  returned  to  their  homes. 

"//(x*.  Or.,  ii.  79-80,  this  scriea. 
»  Or.  Juur.  Council,  1840,  «U. 


CHAPMAN'S  SCHEME. 


«7 


Now,  the  people  south  of  the  Columbia,  whose  rep- 
resentatives were  ever  on  the  alert  to  secure  sonie 
iMiicfits  to  their  own  districts,  were  not  to  be  blanietl 
for  the  state  of  affairs  I  have  indicated  hi  the  remote 
rt'<non  of  I*iiget  Sound,  or  for  not  embodying  in  their 
frequent  memorials  to  congress  the  wants  and  wishes, 
never  pioperly  expressed  in  the  legislative  assembly. 
IJut  with  that  ready  jealousy  the  people  ever  feel  of 
the  strong,  they  held  the  territorial  legislature  guilty 
of  asking  everytliing  for  the  Willamette  Valley  and 
nothing  for  Pnget  Sound.  This  feeling  prepared 
their  minds  for  the  development  of  a  scheme  for  a  new 
teiiitory,  which  was  first  voiced  by  J.  B.  Chapman, 
a  lawvir,  the  founder  of  Chehalis  City,"  a  trading 
politician  and  promoter  of  factions.  He  had  lived  in 
( )regon  City  or  Portland,  but  conceived  the  idea  of 
enlarging  his  field  of  operations,  and  in  the  winter  of 
]s.")()-l  explored  north  of  the  Columbia  for  a  proper 
Held.  On  the  17th  of  February,  1851,  he  wrote  to 
A.  A.  IJurham  of  Oswego,  on  the  Willamette,  that 
he  found  "the  tairestand  best  })ortion  of  Oregon  north 
ot'tlie  Colundjia,"  and  that  no  doubt  it  must  and  would 
he  a  separate  territory  and  state  from  that  of  the 
south.  "The  north,"  he  said,  "must  be  Columbia 
Territory  and  the  south  the  State  of  Oregon.  How 
poetical  I — from  Maine  to  Columbia;  and  how  mean- 
ing of  space!""  The  letter  was  signed  'Carman  and 
Cliapman,'  but  no  one  ever  heard  of  Carman,  and 
]''.\ans,  who  made  special  inquiry,  thinks  he  was  a 
myth. 

Chehalis  City  being  too  remote,  and  wanting  in 
population  for  the  centre  of  Chapman's  designs,  he  re- 
moved soon  after  to  the  Sound,  where  he  attempted 
to  establis!i  Steilacoom  Citv,  adioininy;  the  Port  Steil- 
acoom  of  Palch,  but  failed  to  secure  his  object  of  suj)- 

".I.  n.  Cliapmim  also  located  a  paper  town  on  the  upper  tMichalis,  wliich 
hi- cnllnl  ("liarlL'ston,  l)iit  wliii'Ii  iiL'Vur  Imd  a  roal  cxistuiice.  Knmi'  />>ri.iioii 
<;/  l/tr  Ti  i-ri/nri/,  i.,  hoiiig  a  collection  of  printed  niatter  on  tlio  subject,  witli 
liotcM  Ity  Khvood  Kvuna. 

''o',:  S/,o-lii/or,  April  10,  ISJl;  Olympin  Stnndard,  April  28, 1808;  Emn»' 
liivUivn  of  Tttritori/. 


48 


POLITICS  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


planting  the  latter.  In  politics  he  was  more  success- 
ful, because  he  contrived  to  assume  the  distinction  of 
originating  the  idea  which  he  had  only  borrowed  from 
those  who  were  nursing  their  wrath  over  wrongs,  and 
of  anticipating  a  contemplated  movement  by  getting 
it  into  print  over  his  signature. 

The  iirst  real  movement  made  in  the  direction  of  a 
new  territory  was  on  the  4th  of  July,  1851,  when  the 
Americans  about  the  head  of  the  Sound  met  at  Olym- 
pia  to  celebrate  the  nation's  birthday.  Chapman, 
being,  as  he  asserts,  the  only  lawyer  an)ong  them,  was 
chosen  orator  of  the  occasion,  and  in  his  speech  re- 
ferred to  "the  future  state  of  Columbia"  with  an  en- 
thusiasm which  delighted  his  hearers.  After  the 
ceremonies  of  the  day  were  over,  a  meeting  was  held 
for  the  purpose  of  organizing  for  the  effort  to  procure 
a  separate  government  for  the  country  north  of  the 
Columbia,  Claiirick  Crosby,  the  purchaser  of  the  Tum- 
water  pro[)erty  of  ?\I.  T.  Sinmions,  being  chairman  of 
the  meeting,  and  A.  M.  P« c  secretary.  The  meeting 
was  addressed  by  I.  N.  Ebey,  J.  13.  Chapman,  C. 
Crosbv,  and  H.  A.  Goldsborouy:h.''  A  committee  on 
resolutions  was  appointed,  consisting  of  Ebey,  Golds- 
borough,  Wilson,  Chapman,  Simmons,  Chambers,  and 
Crockett.  The  committee  recommended  a  convention 
of  representatives  from  all  the  election  precincts  north 
of  the  Columbia,  to  be  held  at  Cowlitz  landing  on  the 
2Dth  of  August,  the  object  of  which  was  to  "take  into 
careful  consideration  the  present  peculiar  position  of 
the  northern  portion  of  the  territory,  its  wants,  the 
best  method  of  supplying  those  wants,  and  the  pro- 

a  division  of 


priety  ot  an  ( 
the  territory. 


3arly  appeal  to  congress 


'"  |{.  A.  <  ii>l(ls1)ornugh  was  a  brother  of  Louia  M.  Ooldsborongh,  com- 
mantlor  of  the  MnMnrhu»fH>i,  which  was  in  the  Sound  in  the  spring  ol  1850, 
nmliing  nii  cxiiniiiiation  of  the  shores  with  reference  to  military  and  naval 
resiMvations,  aii<l  tlic  security  of  commerce.  H.  A.  GoMslwrougli  remained 
at  Olyinpiii  wlieii  tiie  AfnMnnrhusellM  left  in  July,  and  became  a  resident  of  the 
territory,  lie  devoted  much  time  to  exploring  for  minerals,  and  discovered 
cDul  on  the  Stiluguamish  Itiver  as  early  aa  the  autumn  of  1850.  Or.  Specta- 
tor, Nov.  14,  18uO.     He  was  the  first  collector  of  iiitarnal  revenue  iu  WMh. 


PETITION  FOR  A  NEW  TERRITORY. 


49 


To  this  motion  the  settlers  on  the  Cowlitz  made  a 
quick  response,  holdini^  a  meeting  on  the  7th  of  July 
at  the  house  of  John  R.  Jackson,  who  was  chairman, 
and  Vj.  J)-  Warhass  secretary.  At  this  meeting 
('liiutuinn  was  present,  and  with  Warbass  and  S.  8. 
Ford  reported  resolutions  favoring  the  object  of  the 
pinitosL'd  convention.  Tlie  committee  of  arrangements 
consisted  of  (reorge  Drew,  W.  L.  Frazer,  and  E.  1). 
Warbiiss,  and  the  corresponding  committee  of  J.  B. 
Chapman  and  (ieorge  B.  Roberts. 

When  the  convention  assembled  on  the  day  ap- 
pointed there  were  present  twenty-six  delegates.*^ 
The  business  the  convention  accomplished  was  the 
nieinoriahzing  of  congress  on  the  subject  of  division, 
th<'  instruction  of  the  Oregon  delegate  in  conformity 
with  this  meujorial,  the  petitioning  of  congress  for  a 
territojial  road  from  some  |)oint  on  Puget  Sound  to 
Walla  Walla,  and  a  plank  road  from  the  Sound  to  the 
nn'uth  of  tlu!  Cowlitz,  with  suitable  appropriations. 
It  also  asked  that  the  benefits  of  the  donation  land 
l.iw  should  l>e  extende<l  to  the  new  territory  in  case 
their  prayc*  for  division  should  be  granted.  It  de- 
tiiM  (I  the  limits  of  twelve  counties,  substantially  in 
the  forn»  in  which  they  were  established  by  the  Ore- 
gon legislature;  and  having  made  so  good  a  beginning, 
aiijonrned  on  the  second  day  to  the  3d  of  May  follow- 
ing, to  await  the  action  of  congress  in  the  interim," 
when,  if  their  prayer  should  have  been  refused,  they 
Were  to  j)roc<jed  to  form  a  state  constitution  and  ask 

'■  Fi'Diii  Moiitici'llo,  near  tlie  inoutli  of  tlie  Cowlitz,  Sctli  Catliii,  .Toiitithiiii 
Burlii't',  ItdliiTt  lluiitross;  from  (Jowlitz  laiuling,  E.  I).  WuHkwh,  1101111  U. 
.lackson,  W.  L.  FraziT,  Simon  IMoiiioikIoii;  from  Nowanknm,  S.  S.  Suuiutcrs, 
A.  1!.  I'llicniiaii),'!),  Miirccl  Itiriiie,  Sidney  S.  Konl,  .liinics  ('oclirun,  Josoph 
IJorst;  from  'I'uinwatcr,  M.  T.  Simmons,  C'lanrick  t'rosljy,  Joscpli  Bnwiii-ars, 
A.  .1.  SiiiinioMs;  from  Olympia,  .  M.  I'oe,  I).  S.  Maynanl,  1).  F.  Hrowntielil; 
from  Strilai-ooiii,  T.  M.  ("liamlxTk  Jolin  IJrailley,  .F.  H.  Chapman,  II.  C.  Wil- 
son. .Idliii  Ktlj,'ar,  i\n(l  F.  S.  Italoli.   Or.  Sfufrsinii^i,  Sept.  'I'.i,  1851. 

"'Till'  memorial  \va.s  prepared  l>y  Cliapnian,  liaKli,  and  M.  T.  Simmons. 
Tlif  iitlier  committees  wt-re  a.s  follows:  Territorial  *ii)Vi'rnini'nt,  Cliapman, 
Jackson,  Simmons,  HnntrcH.s,  and  CliamlH;i'H;  districts  and  Counties,  l>i-o\vn- 
field,  Wd.son,  Crosby,  .Taekson,  lJurln'e,  I'lomondoii,  Kd),'ar,  and  Warl)as8, 
Rights  and  l'rivilef;cs of  Citizens,  Ilnntress.  M:iyiiaril,  andCiiapman;  Internal 
Improvements,  M.  T.  Simmons,  liurbee,  unii  Burst;  Ways  ami  Moans,  Frazer, 
A.  J,  Simmons,  and  BnuUey. 

IllHl.  WaHII. — i 


'm 


M  POUTICS  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 

admission  into  the  union!  Such  was  the  expression 
of  the  representatives  "  of  Lewis  (jounty — for  every 
precinct  represented  was  in  the  county  of  Lewis,  Pa- 
(rific  and  Clarke  counties  having  sent  no  deU^gates. 
The  grievances  suftered  were  in  fact  chiefly  felt  in 
the  region  represented  at  the  convention. 

Soon  after  the  Cowlitz  meeting  occurred  the  con- 
flict of  the  jurymen  of  Lewis  county,  before  referred 
to,  with  their  first  federal  officer.  Judge  Strong.  In 
accordance  with  an  act  of  the  legislature  authorizing 
and  requiring  the  county  judges,  any  two  of  whom 
should  constitute  a  board  of  countv  commissioners  for 
the  selection  of  a  county  seat,  the  place  of  holding 
court  was  fixed  at  S.  S.  Ford's  claim  on  the  Cheha- 
lis.  But  Judge  Strong  preferred  holding  court  at 
Jackson's  house,  twenty  miles  nearer  to  the  Cowlitz 
landing,  sending  a  peremptory  order  to  the  jurymen 
to  repair  to  Highlands,  which  they,  resenting  the  im- 
periousness  of  the  judge,  refused  to  do,  but  hold  a 
public  meeting  and  talked  of  impeachment.  Oiap- 
man,  for  purposes  of  his  own,  glossed  over  the  offence 
given  by  Strong,  both  he  and  Brownfield,  as  well  as 
Lancaster,  siding  with  the  federal  officers  against  the 
people  on  the  meeting  of  the  legislature  in  L)ecember; 

'•Chapman,  in  his  autobiography  in  Livingston's  Eminent  Amrricnni,  iv. 
43fi,  says  that,  after  much  uxcrtion,  'iio  obtained  u  convention  of  lu  members, 
but  not  one  parliamentary  gentleman  among  tliom,  licnce  the  whole  buxiness 
devolved  up<m  him;'  that  ho  'drew  up  all  the  resolutions'  and  the  memorial, 
though  other  memliers  otfercd  them  in  their  own  names,  and  so  contrived  that 
every  name  should  appear  in  the  proceedings,  to  give  the  appearance  of  a 
largo  convention;  and  that  neither  of  the  men  on  the  committee  witii  iiiiii 
could  write  his  name.  Autobiographies  should  be  confirmed  by  t«o  ureil- 
iblc  witnesses.  In  this  instance  Chapman  has  made  use  of  the  circuniHtunce 
of  Simmons'  want  of  education  to  grossly  misrepresent  tlio  intelligence  of  the 
community  of  which  sucii  men  as  El)ey,  whoso  private  corresiM)ndeiico  in  my 
itossession  siiows  him  to  ho  a  man  of  refined  feelings,  (ioldsmrough,  C'atlin, 
NVarbass,  Ualch,  Crosby,  Wilson,  and  otliers  were  members.  As  to  Simmons, 
although  his  want  of  scholarship  was  an  imi>edimcnt  and  a  mortilicution,  he 
possessed  the  real  qualities  of  a  leader,  wliicfi  Chapman  lacked;  for  the  latter 
was  never  able  to  achieve  either  popularity  or  [losition,  thougli  he  strove  hanl 
for  both.  The  census  of  \8M  for  Lewis  county  gives  the  totiil  white  population 
at  4.'i7,  only  six  of  whom,  over  twenty  years  of  age,  were  not  able  to  write. 
It  is  proluiblo  that  not  more  than  one  out  of  tiie  six  was  sent  to  tlie  conven- 
tion, and  he  was  appointed  ou  account  of  his  brain-power  and  consequent  iu- 
fluouou. 


THE  FIRST  NEWSPAPER. 


SI 


expression 
-for  every 
Lewis,  Pa- 
delegates, 
efly  felt  ia 


3(1  the  con- 
re  referred 
trong.     In 
luthorizing 
i  of  whom 
isioners  for 
of  holding 
the  Cheha- 
ig  court  at 
:he  Cowlitz 
he  jurymen 
liiiir  the  im- 
but  held  a 
(nt.     Oiiip- 
the  offence 
,  as  well  as 
ajxainst  the 
December ; 


and  the  affairs  of  the  whole  trans-Columbia  region, 
nut  atton<lod  to  by  J.  A.  Anderson  of  Clatsop  and 
Paciti*'  counties,  were  suffered  to  pass  without  notice,-'' 

This,  however,  Anderson  did  for  them:  he  ]>re- 
scnte*!  a  petition  from  J.  B.  Chapn)an  and  fifty-five 
others  for  tlie  establishment  of  a  new  county,  to  be 
called  Slmninns,  and  the  readjustment  of  the  eastern 
boundary  of  Lewis  county.  The  boundary  of  the 
new  county  was  defined  as  described  by  the  commit- 
tee on  counties  of  the  August  convention,  but  the 
council  amended  the  house  bill  by  substituting  Thurs- 
ton for  Simmons;  and  the  limits  of  Lewis  on  the  east 
Mere  removed  fifteen  miles  east  of  the  junction  of  the 
folks  of  the  Cowlitz,  running  due  north  to  the  south- 
ern Ijonndary  of  Thurston  county. 

In  joint  convention  of  both  branches  of  the  legis- 
lature, I.  N.  Ebey  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney 
for  tlie  third  judicial  district,  receiving  fourteen  votes, 
and  th(j  uhi<|uitous  Chajmian  two.'^^  Ebey  being  poj)- 
ular,  energetic,  and  devoted  to  the  interests  of  iiis 
section,  much  comfort  was  derived  from  this  legisla- 
ti\t'  MpjtoiMtment.  Meantime  congress  took  no  notice 
aj'paK  nlly  of  the  memorial  forwarded  by  the  conven- 
tion of  August,  nor  did  the  citizens  north  of  the  Co- 
jiimhia  assemble  in  May  to  frame  a  state  constitution 
as  they  had  threatened,  yet  as  they  could  not  seriously 
JiMve  contemplated.  But  as  a  means  to  a  desired  end. 
The  C\>ltt)iihian,  a  weekly  newspaper,  was  established 
at  Olym[)ia,^"^  which  issued  its  first  number  on  the  llth 
t)f  September,  1852;  and  was  untiring  in  its  advocacy 
of  an  independent  organization.     It  was  wisely  sug- 

'"  Kvans  says,  in  Iiis  Divigton  of  the  Territory,  5,  that  when  he  cnnic  to 
ru;.'it  Siiuiul  J.  H.  Chapnmu  was  cxtrcniely  uiipupuhir,  luul  ho  doubts  if, 
unxioiis  iis  tlie  people  were  for  an  urguni7.ation  north  of  the  Coluinhia,  they 
wiHiM  liave  aeeci>te(l  it  with  Chapman  as  an  appointee,  wiiicli  he  was  aiming 
at,     Ik'  illd  not  get  an  apiK>ititnient,  us  lie  coniesKes  in  his  Aiiloliiiiijnii'hi/. 

'  Till!  liist  judges  of  1  hurston  county  were  A.  A.  iJeniiy,  S.  S.  I'ord,  and 
l»:ivicl  Shelton.  (Hifiiipiu  Columbian,  Nov.  0,  1S.")1.  See  also  Or.  Juiir.  L'ouu- 
.-/,  Is.M-l',  OS. 

-  7Vi'  ( 'iiliimhiaii  Was  published  by  J.  W.  Wiley  and  T.  V.  McKlroy,  tho 
latter  having  been  eonnecte  .  with  the  S/ierlator.  AlcLlioy  retired  ill  Se|)- 
teiiilKT  18J3,  and  M.  K.  Suiith  beeuuie  publisiicr. 


52 


POLITICS  AND  DEVELOr.MENT. 


gCHted  tluit,  as  many  influential  citizens  would  bo  as- 
soinl  led  at  the  house  of  J.  H.  Jackson  on  the  23th 
of  Octoher  to  attend  the  sittinj^  of  the  c<)urt,  the  op- 
portiniity  should  be  seized  to  make  arranjifenjents 
for  anotiier  convention,  a  hint  which  was  a<lo|)ted. 
On  the  'J7th  of  September  a  nieetinj^  was  held, 
and  a  j^ineral  convention  |)lanned  for  the  2oth  of  Oc- 
tober, at  Monticello.  It  was  considirejl  certain  that 
all  the  inhabitants  about  PuiLjet  Sound  would  vote  for 
a  separate  or^^anization,  but  not  <|uite  so  evident  that 
those  livin;^  upon  the  Columbia,  and  accustomed  to 
act  with  the  jieople  south  of  it,  wouM  d<)  so.  By 
holding  the  conventi(»n  at  Monticello,  it  was  ho|Kd  to 
influence  the  doul>tful  in  the  direction  of  their  wishes. 
At  the  time  appointed,  the  delejj^ates  assiinbled 
and  ort^anized  by  electinj^  G.  X.  McCt)naha  president 
and  K.  J.  White  secretary.  After  an  address  by  the 
president,  a  committee  (A'  thirteen'*^  was  selected  to 
frame  another  memorial  to  conjj^ress,  wliich  contained 
the  follow injjf  aryfuments:  It  was  desired  to  have  or- 
ganizedusej)arate  territory,  bounded  on  the  south  and 
east  bv  the  Columbia;  and  for  these  reasons:  the  teiri- 
tory  was  too  large  ever  to  bo  embraced  within  the  lim- 
its of  one  statOjContaining  as  it  did  .'34 1 ,000  s(juare  miles, 
with  G40  miles  of  sea-coast,  while  tiie  proposed  teiri- 
tory  would  eml)race  about  32,000  s«]uare  miles,  that 
being  believed  to  be  of  fair  and  just  extent.  Those 
portions  of  the  undivided  territory  lying  north  and 
south  of  the  Columbia  must,  from  their  geographical 
positions,  become  rivals  in  commerce.  The  s<)uthern 
portion,  having  now  the  greatest  numb<*r  of  voters, 
controls  legislation,  from  which  fact  it  was  evident 
that  northern  Oregon  received  no  benefit  from  con- 
gressional appropriations,  wliich  were  subject  to  tiie 
disposition  of  the  legislature.  The  seat  of  govern- 
ment was,  by  the  nearest  practicable  route,  fjOO  miles 
from  a  largo  portion  of  the  citizens  of  the  territory. 

"Oninoy  A.  lJnK)ks,  I).  S.  Miivimnl.  William  W.  PliiniK,  Alfred  C.m)!;,.!. 
R.  .III.'. son',  K.  I-.  Finili.  A.  K.  Sett,  F.  A.  <'luik.',  ('.  S.  Ila'.lmuny.  \].  A. 
AUoii,  L.  II.  Wiiittluw,  Sutli  Catliti,  uiul  X.  8i.uuc'  euiiiialulcii  tiiv  I'uitimivtet;, 


TRIIRITORY  OF  rOLl'MDIA. 


5.1 


A  iiiiijoiitv  of  the  legislation  of  tli(>  .sf)utli  was  opposed 
t(»  tin-  iiittrests  of  tli"  nortli.  N(»rtlieni  Oregon  p(»s- 
1  gnat  natural  resources  an<l  an  alrea«ly  largo 
hirli  would  1)0   greatly  increased   ruuld 


sess('< 


iHipulatioii,  u 


IlirV  Nt'Cl 


ire  the  fost«'ring  care  of  congress.  Where- 
I'nre  thtv  liunihly  petitioned  for  the  early  organization 
(.fa  ttiiitoiv,  to  l)o  called  the  Territory'  of  Colunihia, 
north  and  w.st  of  the  Cohnnhia  lliver,  as  descrihi'<l, 
ThiM  I".i11.»\V(mI  forty-four  names  of  the  most  intluon- 


tial  cltl/flis  o 


f  Lewis  and  Thurston  countie^ 


As  \h  foil',  the  convention  appointed  a  meeting  for 
Max,  ;iiid  adjourne*!;  the  memorial  was  forwarded   to 


Lane.  ;iiid  th«'  proeeedings  were  made  as  public  us  tlio 
Ort'LToii  newspapers  couhl  make  them. 

Iliit  matters  were  aliea<ly  slowly  mending  north  of 
th.'  ( 'ohnuhia.  Thert;  had  lu.'eJi  some  valuable  acees- 
sions  to  tiie  populati<m,  as  the  reader  of  the  previous 


(■liaptt-r  is  awart';  a  good  many  vessels  were  comnig 
to  tin'  Sound  'or  timh»'r,-'  which  gave  employment 
to  iiK  II  without  ca|)ital,  and  hrough  mom^y  into  tiio 
tr\ ,  and  the  iiiHuence  of  Unite  d  States  laws  wero 


coini 


-'(I.  N.  McConalm,  Stth  Catlin,  K.  J.  White,  J.  N.  Law,  Q.  A.  Hrooks, 
('.  ('.  TciiA.  (.'.  S.  Jlathaway,  A.  F.  Siiiiiiions,  K.  H.  Wiiislou,  S.  I'luiiioiuluti, 
.A.  ('..uk,  il.  A.  Colilsliorou^'li,  A.  F.  Siott,  (i.  I»iv\v,  \V.  X.  lUll,  M.  T.  Siiii- 
inniis.  A.  A.  iK'iinv,  11.  ('.  WiUiiii,  \..  M.  ColliiiH,  L.  li.  llaMtin-,'M.  (i.  B. 
li'iilKTt-i,  S.  S.  Foiil,  Si'ii.,  N.  Stoiu',  15.  ('.  .\riii«tn>fig,  L.  II.  l)a\i.'<,  .1.  Ki»u!i-r, 
('  II.  Hal.'.  A.  Crawfc.nl.  S.  1>,  Kuii.lcli,  II.  !>.  llmitin^t..ii,  K.  .1.  All.n.  W, 
.\.  I.  MCniklf,  A.  H.  DillciilKiugh,  N.  ONtiaiKlcr,  .1.  U.  .lack.-oii,  ('.  I".  IVr- 
t.r.  I».  S.  Maynai.l.  !•;.  L.  Finch,  F.  A.  Clark.!,  H.  Miles,  Win  \V.  I'lunih.  1'. 
W.  ('i.iwtiiiil,  .\.  Wvlit',  .S.  r.  Most'H.  (.'diii/.  Uliihv,  I  H.'iJ-,'!,  ."i4 1 ;  <  'n/iiniliiail, 
n.v    II,  |S,.J;  If,:  S'tftli. <i,imi,  ,)uu.  I,  1H,"»;{;  Olyniiiiti  Sldiiiliinl,  Muy  H,  iSiiS. 

-■'  No  list  iif  vfMHflM  was  kept  ^irfvioun  to  the  arrival  of  a  I'ullootor  in  Nnv, 
Is.'il;  liut  Ix'twfcn  tilt!  l.")tli  ot  that  month  ami  tiio  last  of  .liim-  foilo\\in){ 
tlicri'  \\<'i'('  .'IS  arriv:iU  ami  tlcpartnru!)  from  <)lym])ia,  as  follow.s;  l>ri;,'.s, 
<i' III ;!'■  L'liionf,  Orbit,  il.  \V.  Knulall,  Juhn  Ihiv'iM,  t'rnnkHn  Adiuii-*,  Ihtnkl, 
l.i'iiii.iii,  Jdiif,  Kmjlf;  hrigantinc,  AJiirt/  J)ttr<;  Hiliooiu-rs,  A'.ivcV,  /fiiunri/i 
( 'iin  ,  Sii'itii  Shiriicx,  Aliri',  t'rniiklin,  Atari/  'i'di/liir,  ( 'i/iinsiiri ,  llinmliil"  I'ni  ki  I, 
.Ui.iiiiiii,  ('nil;  hark,  llroiili-i;  Ntuanior,  JSciinr.  'VUv  mcmoiamla  inado  l>y 
till'  idjlfotor  Has  a.s  follows:  ISrieantinc  Miirij  Ihirv  aixl  stcanur  lli  in  r  .-ci.^ol 
fii  aifrat'tionH  of  th»!  U.S.  rrvcnne  hiws.  I'.S.  sloop  of  wiir  \  iimnnrs,  \V.  |,. 
llmlson  romniamlcr,  vi^itt-il  the  Sound,  olitaincd  .siipplirH  ami  cxcnisi'il  liur 
liiitliiii'.s.  Sloop  </' f)(v;/Vt//'j  MTt'cki'd  on  (^ui'i'n  ( 'hariotti.'  l.slaml,  iiri'  pa.sHiii- 
^'ii.s  ami  ci'i'W  Ukkrn  prisoners  hy  the  Indians.  .SrhiHintr  l>iiiniri-<  I'm-f 
jiiMiiiptly  .sent  to  thfir  relief  l»y  the  collootor.  Schooner  llnrriil,  from  tlict  'o- 
hiiiihia,  Ixiund  to  S.  F.  with  pa.ssengers  ami  frei^;lit,  lilouii  to  alMint  l;it.  .V>\ 
I'ist  s;iils,  etc.;  came  into  |Mirt  in  distress.  l!rig  (  nti  totally  wrccUud  at 
(api   I'iattcry.   Ofi/iii}>in  Culnmbiaii,  fivi)l.  11,  ISGiJ, 


54 


POLITICS  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


beginning  to  Ixi  folt  in  tlie  presence  of  a  customs  office 
as  well  as  a  district  court.  In  May  1851  President 
Fillmore  commissioned  Simpson  P.  M»)ses  of  Ohio  col- 
lector of  customs,  and  \V.  W.  Miller  of  Illinois  surveyor 
of  the  port  of  Niscjually,  on  Puget  Sound.  These  ofti- 
cials  arrived  in  the  months  of  October  and  November, 
Miller  overland  and  Moses  by  the  Nicaragua  route, 
then  newly  opened.**  With  the  latter  came  the  family 
of  the  collector,  two  unmarried  women  named  Relyea,"^ 
A.  U.  Closes,  brother  of  the  c(»llector,  and  Deputy  Col- 
lector Elwood  Evans,  who  later  became  so  well  known 
in  (Connection  with  the  history  of  Washington  and  its 
presi'rvation  in  a  writttMj  form.*  There  came  also,  as 
passengers  from  San  Francisco,  Theodore  Dubo8(|,  J. 
M.  Jiachelder  and  family,  and  John  Hamilton.** 

I  have  alrea<ly  in  a  previous  volume  related  with 
what  anior  Collector  iSLoses  adopted  the  anti-Hudson's 
Bay  Company  tone  of  the  early  settlers,  and  how  he 
brought  the  government  into  debt  many  thousand 
(hdlars  by  seizures  of  British  vessels*'  after  the  re- 
mt»val  of  the  port  of  entry  to  Olympia.  The  seizure 
(if  i\ H'  Jieitnr  m\i\  the  Marij  Ikit'c^^  occurred  about 


''"KvanH  MVH  the  oolli-utor  wtilinl  fmni  N.  Y.  August  14tli  in  the  Rteuinnhip 
PruiiK'/hfiin,  Wiiifli  I'oiiiii'i'tcil  with  tin-  linti  /n  inlrnrf  ut  San  .liian  dol  Siir,  ar- 
riviii!^  lit  S.  F.  Sept.  ITtli.     Tliti  ri-inaiiKlfrof  tlir  vnyujjii  to  I'ligi't  Sountl  wim 


iii'i 

till'    v> 

till'  |>( 


ITtli.     Tliti  ri-maiiiilfriif  tlir 

*H  <i">fii<  ICiiinnj,  iiMUi'il  liy  l^ifiivctti!  Iliilolt  of  I'nrt  Stcil- 

iiiin,  uiiii'li  left  Oot.  'J4tli,  anil  iirrivtMl  oH'  I'lirt  'riixvuHi-ixl  Nov.  lOtli,  wIutc 


pt'i'f.iniK'il  ill  till' 


ill.'i't 


I  liis  (li'|inty  wiTi'  iixi,  I'li  in  liy  Hi'iiry  ('.  WiJHon,  juHtii'f  i 


Of  am 


lit  l.r\viH  I'liuiity. 


Ai</r 


Sfllh 


<il,  i:.;  .v.  M'.  r'..r»<  MS,.  1. 


Loniiuv  lii'lyru  iiiuiin'il  Ki'<>>li'i'irk  Myura,  untl  hor  ■inter  iFolin  lli'u<llvy. 


S„i, 


Siiihiiii ,ii.  Id. 


^^  I'lviiii'*  «a.'4  liurii  ill  I'liiliKJi'lpliia,  Drc.  '.t(,  IH'JS.  WiniiinK  to  I'ointi  to 
tilt'  I'licilii'  I'lHiMt,  III'  wiiN  triiili'i'i'd  till'  iiiijiiiintnii'tit  nf  ili'|iiity  I'li'ik  to  tin;  col- 
lit  till' iif  I'liKi't  SiiiukI,  anil  ari'i'ptcil.  \\v  irlurniil  to  I'liilaili'lpliia  in  |S,V_', 
iiiiii  rani)'  nut  avMiii  in  I.S.'i.'Iiim  privatr  Hiirctary  tii<iii\,  StexcnH.  I''i'(ini  that 
tiiiii'  lio  rarrfiiliy  iitMi'i'vcil  anil  iiutril  the  proxri'HH  of  cvciitH,  in  which  h<'  tiMik 
no  iiiNi^Miitiiant  prixnnal  intt'i'i'Ht.  liy  protc.s.Hiun  a  lawyiT,  he  rcHiiK'il  atOlyiii- 
Ilia  liiiiii  Is.'il  to  IS7I),  wlii'ii  III'  ri'iiioM'il  to  Nrw  'raconui.  I(«<  niarrifil  Kl/.ita 
Z.  lii 


•  if  Olyiiipiii,  foniii'ily  III'  llatli,  .Miiini',  mi  tlio  Ut  of  .liiiiuaiy,  l.s.'ttl. 
'*  lliiniilton  \Mm  a  hrothi'i' iiiliiw  of   llarhi'hh'r.      lie  wii.s  ilrowncil  Marcl'. 
.'7,  IH,"i4.  nil  till'  ill  fntcil  oxiMiilitioti  of  Major  l.iariR'il,  U.  S.  A.  Kiitim'  Mutm 


S,  III, 


»^  HI. 


H  Hcrif*. 


»"  HiKt    ih- ,  ii.  UK,  S,  thi 

"  MiiMi'H  iippoiiitt'il  I.  N.  Klicy  anil  A.  J.  Siniinonn  toniporary  in«|M>otor«, 
mill  nil  I  III-  Ihit  of  |)i'i'i'inli('i'ilii'('i't)'il  Khi'v  to  make  a  Htriit  I'xaniin.'itinn,  wIih'Ii 
irsiilti'il  ill  tiiiiling  8'>tM)  worth  nf  Inilian  )jooil.'4  on  hoaril  lh<'  llinv'i\  iiml  on 
tlir  Miiifi  />(»/'(•  u  roiifi'iilmnil  iiai'ka^i' of  ii'dni'il  mii^.ii' \\ri';liin;4 '.MO  poiiinlx. 
Ity  tin'  UKM  But'tiiin  uf  thu  act  of  March  'J,  I7IH),  rulinial  HUgur  cuulJ  nut  )m 


OLYMPIA  IN  EARLY  DAYi". 


tt 


stonis  office 
1  Prosiclont 
of  Ohio  col- 
jis  surveyor 
Those  ofti- 
November, 
ngua  route, 
3  tljc  family 
v.d  Relyea,''^ 
Deputy  Col- 
Nvell  known 
'ton  and  its 
an»e  also,  as 

Dul)08(|,  J. 

iltonr 
related  with 
iti-Hudson's 
imd  how  he 
ly  thousaiul 
fter  the  re- 
The  seizure 
irred  ahout 

ill  tiio  nteiiiiiHliip 
Ihiitii  tlc'l  Snr,  iir- 

'uj^ct  SoUllil  wiin 
liof  I'.irt  Stfil- 
(>v.  lOtli,  wlifii" 
ilMon,  jiiHticc  (if 

"(^/,  MS..  1. 

r  .liiliii  Kiiulluy. 

kiiii^'  t*>  come  to 
I'lfik  to  till'  t'ltl- 
li'lphiii  ill  IH.VJ, 
L'liH.  Ki'dlii  that 
III  wliii'li  III'  took 
Ti'HiiK'il  at  •  My  lu- 
ll iiiiirrifil  Kl/irii 
liiiiiiiry,  l.s.MI. 
Iili'iiwiii'il  MarrI'. 
IV.  Ki'uhh'  Sitti* 


riiry  iimpoi'torn, 
liiiiiiitinii,  uliirli 
\ltiin'i  r,  iiiitl  mi 

f,'  '2'M)  i»i(iiiiil«. 

!•  LuiiKl  not  Im) 


the  last  of  November,  and  on  the  20th  of  January  a 
siK'cial  term  of  court  was  held  at  Olympia  to  try  these 
r.isis,  this  being  the  first  term  of  the  federal  court  in 
'jliiirstun  county.  Judge  Strong  presiding,  Simon  R 
]\|avre  of  Portland  being  attorney  for  the  Hudson's 
iliiv  CoinpaMy,  and  David  Logan  of  the  same  place 
iietiii!^  I'«»i'  the  United  States  district  attorney,  Ebey, 
ill  ( lu  se  cases.  Quincy  A.  Brooks  acted  as  clerk  of  the 
luiii t,  and  A.  AI.  Poe  as  deputy  tnarshal.  At  this 
tiiiii  w»  re  aihnitted  to  practice  Jirooks,  S.  P,  Moses, 
J:I.(  V,  ami  Evans. 

Ilvaiis  describes,  in  a  jcurnal  kept  by  him  at  that 
tiiiif,  and  incorporated  in  liis  Historical  Notes  on 
St//<  iiiriif,  the  appearance  of  Olympia  in  the  winter 
of  I.Sal  -.  There  were  "about  a  dozen  one-story 
IVaiiie  cabins  of  primitive  arciiitecture,  covered  witli 
>prn-ccdar  siding,  well  ventilated,  but  healthy.  There 
wdc  ;d>oiit  twice  that  number  of  Indian  huts  a  short 
distance  from  the  custom-house,  which  was  in  the 
srciind  story  of  Sinnnons'  l>uilding,  before  described, 
oil  (lie  first  tloor  of  which  was  his  store,  with  a  smull 
ii 1  partitioned  off  tor  a  post-otfict?. " 

It  was  during  the  njonth  of  November  that  the 
/>/c/ iirrivt  (1  at  Olympia  with  the  gold-seekers  for 
(^)iiiMn  (Jhariotte  Island,  after  leaving  the  Alki  Point 
.xt tiers.  The  Exact  brought,  as  settlers  to  Olympia, 
haniel  B.  ]iigelow,  a  law}  r  and  a  Massachusetts 
ni.in  who  erossinl  tlu^  continent  that  suminttr.  His 
lii>t  case  was  a  su't.  between  Oosby  and  M.  T. 
Simmons,  growing  out  of  a  rpicstion  of  title  to  the 
Tnniwater  claim,  Higelow  representing  Simmons  and 
.1,  n.  Chapman  being  (Jiosby's  attorney,  .lames 
llii'dn's  ami  family  also  arrived  by  the'  Exact. 

The  rumor  which  letl  the  Portlantl  company  t(j 
cliaiti^r  this  vessel  to  take  them  to  Queen  C'lmrlotto 

iiu|Hii'ti'il  ill  iHU'ltagoi  of  Iphh  tliitii  (MX)  |m)uiii1h,  iimlir  pi'iially  of  forfiitiim  of 
till'  Miii>jii'  ami  till)  TcHNi'j  ill  wiiirii  it  waM  iiiiportcil.  It  waH  .lixo  kIiouii  that 
tile  /iciu'i  /■  iiail  aiirliori'il  at  Ninipialiy  ami  nt'iil  IxMiti  aNJiori',  Tliuiiu  uuiu  tliu 
iiiiiMi'tiiiiiM  uf  tliu  rux'oiiiio  law  on  winch  tliu  Hui/urcH  were  iiiuilo. 


*MA 


M 


POLITICS  AND  DEVELOl'MENT. 


I  i 


'    ■    i 


Island  was  first  lm)U<jrlit  to  Pu''vt  Sound  hv  one 
McEweii,  nuito  of  tho  sloop  (u'or>/i(iii((  from  Australia. 
McKwiii  fxliihitod  j^old  in  chunks  wliirh  had  hot-n 
chisillt'd  out  of  (juartz- veins  in  rock  on  the  island,  and 
created  thereby  such  un  excitement  that  a  coni[>any 
was  innnediately  raised  to  visit  the  mnv  ^old  religion, 
(joldshorou^h  at  the  head.  On  the  ,'5<l  of  X<»vemher 
the  adventurers  sailed  from  Olynipia  in  the  (ifdn/iuiut, 
with  tools  and  })fovisions,  and  arrived  on  the  I  Hth  in 
the  harhor  on  the  east  side  of  the  island,  calle«l  Koin- 
shewah  hy  the  naciv»!s,  thoui^h  their  true  destination 
was  (lold  Ifarhoron  the  west  side.  On  the  followiniLf 
day  the  sloop  was  blown  ashore  and  wrecke<l,  when 
the  llaidahs,  a  numerous  and  ciuel  tribe,  plundered 
the  Vessel,  to<ik  the  company  pris(»ners,  and  re<lui'e<l 
them  to  slavery.  Their  final  fate  would  probably 
have  been  «leath  by  staivation  and  ill  treatment,  but 
for  a  fojtunate  incidi>nt  of  their  voyjij^e. 

On  cominj^  opposite  ( 'ap(^   I'Matteiy,  the  sloop  was 
boarded  by  (  \'i|)tain   lialch  of  the  /^ciiixris  (orr,  wh 


o 


n  leainiiiLf  her  destination  pr»»mised  to  follow  as  soon 
us  he  shouhl   have'  met  the  (icuiyc  Ennn'ij,  then  due, 

with  th( Hector  of    l*u<;et    Sound    on    board,      in 

pursuance  of  this  en-^Miri'mcnt,  the  iJciiKiris  Con'  ran 
up  to  the  isliind  in  1  )ecember,  where  sh<'  iearntd  from 
the  Indians  t»f  the  wreck  of  the  (ti-niyiaiio,  and  beiniLf 
in  daiiLji'r  from  thi;  natives,  jialdi  at  once  retuincd  to 
tin?  Sound  to  procure  arms  and  i^ocmIs  for  the  ransom 
»»f  the  j'l isi»neis. 

( )n  lieniinLi^  what  hnd  happencij,  ('^Hector  Moses, 
after  con  felling'  with  the  army  oHictrs  at  l''ort  Steil- 
neoom,  charteicd  the  Dt'inans  (/ore  and  d«'spatcheil 
lii'r  December  I'.lth  for  (^ueen  Charlotte  Isl.nid.  Lieu- 
tenant .lohn  Dement  of  the  1st  aitilleiv,  with  a  few 


.Id 


HoKllel's, 


A.   |{.   M 


OSes. 


Dul 


)OS(| 


I 


oe 


S\  ivester",  and 


other  Noluntei'rs,  accompitnyiiin'  ("aptain  IJaieh.  On 
the  :{|st  the  sciiooiier  returned  with  the  rans(»mi'd 
ciiptists,  to  the  M;ri'at  ji»y  «»f  their  frien«ls,  who  held  a 
public  meetin;^  ti>    i'Xpress   their  satisfaction,  giving 


f 


CAITIVF,  OOLDSKEKKRS. 


unstintt'd  praise  to  the  coUoctor  lur  his  prompt  action 
ill  tlic  matter.^'' 

'Tlic  "li-tiiils  <if  iUv  (iforiiann  nffiiir  nre  intiTostiiif,'  and  ilniiiiatic.  Tlio 
]n'li:iiis  tdiik  |i(i.sscssiiiii  of  I'Vciv  artii'lf  that  cmild  In-  .-avcil  iVum  tlic  vcssfl, 
wliii  !i  t!n  V  tlKH  liiifiicil  fi)rtlii-  iiiiii.  'I'lii-y  MwiMiiifililnvMi  u]niii  till' slii\riiiig 
and  lialliii'uWiH'd  w  liito  llicil  as  I'.i.st  as  tiny  caiiii'  aslimi^  tlil(>U;,di  tlif  siiif — 
n.iiiic  alil  ■  to  Inlp  tlicm^tlvivi,  and  iitliris  unooiiscioiis,  Iml  all  liiially  ^nl•vi\  • 
lii;.'  til  :.trili  tlnlji  id  tlifir  "'.dy  iiossessiuns,  tlicir  Hcaiity  ilntiiili},'.  'I'liis  last 
iiijlliy,  liovvi'Vi'i',  was  a\(  I'tcd  un  nialilli^'  the  cliicf  undii'stahd  that  lii'  sliould 
111'  paid  a  liinsiiMi  it  tlicir  safety  and  I'liMifuit  wtrc  miiiii'iI  until  surh  timr  nn 
II". uc  I'ann'.  'I'luy  c.-iaiicd  tin'  wuist  slavery  liy  alleetin;,'  to  lie  eliiefs  and 
i;.'niirant  iif  lalmr.  'I'lrir  siitlerinus  fimn  enld  and  the  want  "f  luddinu'.  etc., 
weie  ixticnie,  i.nil  thuir  iH|(liviIy  lasted  ."il  days.  The  (lay  deinaniled  fur 
each  |ier-iin  \\a.H  ,~i  tntir  fmint  lilankets,  I  tihii't,  I  imlt  uf  niiislln,  and  '2  imundH 
of  tnliaei  >>,  hesjiles  all  the  |ilnnder  (if  the  Vessel.  S.  I ).  Howe  and  till  I'eiilhel'H 
wi'ie  )ii.rniitti.il  liy  the  sax.mi'S  lake  a  eiinoe  unil  {,'»>  to  Kort  Siniimou  lorruUef, 
liiit  tlji  ir  ellorts  weie  a  paitial  failure. 

'I'lii'  l.i:nies  iif  tin-  I'lScned  eaptivfs  were,  of  the  \esNers  erexv,  Willinin  UoW- 
laiiil.  >.i|itain;   |)niH'aii  .Mel'lwi'ii,  mate;  lU'iijaiiiin  and   liiihaid  tiddiH,  sailors 


T  Miiiree,  an 


III 


.iiuin  eook; 


liiii 


a^senl:l•rs. 


her  NaiL'en 


t,  K.  N.  Si 


ii'ient,  Sam- 


I  l».  Howe,  .\inliio.se  .Jewell,  t'harles  Wei'd.  Paiilil  Show,  Samuel  II.  Wil- 


is M'Ailistel,  .liihn  Thill  ntiill,  Clllirles   lleiidrieks,  ( ieoiL'e  .\    r.'ii;. 


.Inhii  llmiley, 


.ll 


I' 


l''liatiiis  (  iilvin,  .lanp'i  K.  Iluid.  W'illiain  M: 


hiiid,  ^|ll•>nllln  .S.  (udiun,  (Jeor^^e   Moore,    ll.    I''.  Me|>iin;dd.  sidni'y  S    l''ord, 


*l     Itrow  111',  and    Mr.  .Seiihii  r.      I    lind,  I  esidr-i  tin- i.|iiirts  luade  at 
ilvl. 


.Ir,  U 

tl'etili'   i'V  ^    l>    lliiwi',  t  ii'iiij.'e  Moore,  ( 'apt.  Iliiw  land,  and  siiii.Hii|Uinlly  liy 


Ciiar 


ll .  i:  \N 


Need,  an  aeionnt  liv  the  lat  tel' amon.;  niv  niannsii  inis,  under  the 


til'.e  of   lloi/'i   t'liiuliiltr    l^lni'l   l!x]« ilitiiiii,    fioin  all  of 


I  I 


lavi   ilraw  ii 


lilt  faets.      Weed  was  "JT  years  of  ,iL,'i'.  a  native  of  (  't,  and  had  just  con 


till 

t  I  Olyinpia  hy  way  of  the  Willanietli!  from  C.il.     (iriirj;e  .\.  I' 


if  N.  II.,  had  served   in   the   .Mexiean  war,  and  had   li 


l.ut 


iiativii 
ll  sh'iit  time  ill 


Oi.     Ill' ri'iuaiiied  on  the  .Sound,  sej'\  iii^  in  the  liiili.in  wars,  and  reeeiviiii;  an 
i'liiiiiiiiinii'ut  a.'t   Indian  a.L:eiit  at    I'ort  .Sladison.      lie  died  at  l''iirt  ('olville  in 


IStW. 


.>ee  1 


efe'-eliees  to  till' (/' ()/'/ii//('(  allair,  ill  Or.  Shil, 


I',  ll.  i:.  and  •.'», 


d  Mai'h  !».  l.s.VJ;  Or.  S/idiiiiur,  .laii.  '-'7,  IS.VJ;  A''"'  Tdi-inini   /.(</;/(  c,  July 


n 


!i.  I'^s;t. 


Wh 


/; 


il'e  the  tilymiiia  >,'iild-seikerH  were  experienemu' so  ;;reat  ill  tortiine,  the 
<  lolllj  any,  W  hiih  left  the  S  und  soineW  hat  later,  NUreieded  in  l,'iui|in;u'i 
tiud  sjieiit  the  w  inter  explorin;;  the  i.slaud.  whii'li  they  found  to  lie  a  loeky 
fiHiiiatioii,  not  siisi'rptilile  in  ilui  higher  parts  of  lieino  eiiltixated,  though  tho 
liitivi'.iat  tiold  llarlior  raised  exi'i'llent  potatiHs  and  luiiiips.  The  eliinatii 
VIM  suvere,  and   no  ^old  w;is  foniid  except   in  i|uail/'  \eins 


w  liii'li  ii'ipiirt 


ll 


lilastill;,'.  The  Indians  had  sonie  lumps  of  pnie  \i'M  and  line  speeiiuens  iif 
i|ii:irl/  Ktoleii  troin  a  lilast  inude  hy  the  I'reW'of  the  II.  II.  ( 'o. 's  hi  i^anline  ('ml 
II  siioi'l  time  pi-i'X  ioiis.  This  vessel  was  Htraiided  on  <  'ape  I'latti  r\ ,  I  lee,  'Jtith, 
the  )Mlssi'||;..|  iH  |{eflili^'  aslioie  w  ith  t  heir  lia),';.'a'4r,  when  they  Were  at  laeUed 
hy  (he  iiiili^hs,  who  would  have  killed  them  to^'it  posse.'i^ion  of  t  lieir  ^.'omU 
liiid  tiny  not  11"  d,  lea\  iiiu' e\i  rythiii','  in  the  hands  of  the  sax.i'.'es,  w  lei  linrned 
tile  vessel.  The  erew  and  passeiij;ers,  amiin;^  w  lioiii  Wile  three  wou'iii,  Weill 
^  I  fi. I  lunate  lis  to  si;:'niil  I  he  hi  iii^ir'n  <  'nn-  nil  her  w  ay  to  leseiie  tin    I  H',  m:ia 

• |iaii.\,  whii  ll  took  !li"i!i  oil  hoard  and  eari'ied  them  to  l'"orl  X'ietoiia.    '1  he 

liidiaiis  of  (ii'ld   llarlior,  thoiiuh  tiny  did  not  |ire\inl   the  /•.'.r<(.7 '•<  I'liiipany 


I  rospi  etiii^,  ri'pri'seiited  that  liny  had  sold  the  idaiid  to  the  II.   II    Co 


hi  11 

.iiid  Wire  to  di  tend  it   from 
niiiaiiied  iiliti!  .Maii'li, 
s|«''  iliiens  olitained    fn 

Miiii  ll.     Time  other 


ii|iiitiiiii  liy  .Nmerieans 


'I'll 


pin.spl 


'tors 


when 

h.  V 

III   the 

na: 

I'Msels, 

the 

returned   to   l'iij,'et  Sound,  luiiiyiii^;  ll  few 
The  I'.nirt  retil'fd    and  retiirmd  in 


/• 


/"■■ 


(./. 


ll   I 


iiiiriiiivi  r,  Milve 


I'liseil 


t'l  l.iKi   pitHMi'U^C'|-a  to  tho  itiliillil,  hut  liolhillg  like  MllfCl'tiH  followed  the  expedi- 


POLITICS  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


But  if  the  persons  concerned  approved  of  the  action 
of  the  collector,  the  govoriiment  did  not,  and  refused 
to,  pay  the  expenses  of  the  rescue,  which  Moses  in 
a  letter  to  Secretary  Corwin  of  the  treasury  as- 
sumed that  it  would  do;  and  the  collector  of  Pugct 
Sound  was  reminded  somewhat  sharply  that  it  was 
not  his  business  to  fit  out  military  expeditions  at  the 
t'Xpeiise  of  the  United  States,  the  first  cost  of  which 
in  this  case  was  seven  or  eij^ht  thousan<l  dollars."^ 
]3ut  conj^ress,  when  memorialized  hy  the  lc;L(islature 
of  Wnshinj^ton  at  its  first  session,  did  a{)propriato 
fifteen  thousand  dollars,  out  of  which  to  pay  the  claims 
of  Captain  lialch  and  others,  as  in  justice  it  was 
hou'id  to  do.  Had  the  collector  waited  for  the  gov- 
ern<»r  to  act,  another  montli  would  necessarily  have 
been  consumed,  during  which  the  captives  might  have 
perished. 

On  the  meeting  of  the  Oregon  legislature,  ten  days 

tiiiim.  AccortliiiK  to  the  S.  F.  Alfa  of  A|iril  1^  tH.'tO,  a  iiiiKK(^t  wcigliing  $'2.'><) 
MiiH  tihtiiiiic'il  from  tlio  niitivfii  by  tlio  captain  of  tlio  II.  n.  Co. 'HHtr  Eahoii- 
v/iirf.  Tlio  liidiuiiH  rcfuHi'tl  to  rcvuiil  tliu  location  of  the  n»Ul  mine,  hut  ofTcrol 
to  lu'ociirr  ninrc  of  it  for  huIc;  and  it  in  ccrtJiin  that  tho  conii^aiiy  tlid  hiiy  a 
hii'^'r  amount  i^T  gold  front  thcni  alH)iit  thiH  time,  A  third  vchscI,  tho  \>i'\n 
Kii'jiv,  was  littfd  out  at  I'orthiiid  for  iiruMcculing  gold  discovery  on  thu  north 
I'onHt.and  for  trading  H'itli  thclndiunH.  On  the  Oth  of  AiiguHt,  while atteiniit- 
ing  to  enter  li  hnrlHir  on  V.  I.,  the  hrig  was  wreeketl,  tho  erew  and  passengeri) 
reiK'hiiii^  the  HJiore  with  only  u  few  articles  of  food  ami  clotiiing.  No  mMiner 
had  they  landed  thini  they  were  stripped  and  their  lives  threatened.  On  the 
I  Itii  the  party  eontriveil  to  eseapu  iu  a  whale-hoat,  coasting  aloni,'  the  i.slaiul 
for  live  davH,  NulmiHting  on  HhelMJMh,  lieing  treated  harliarously  hy  the  natives, 
who  attacked  ther.i  in  Xootku  Sounil,  taking  two  of  them  prisoners.  The  re- 
mainder ot  thu  coiniMtuy  escaped  to  Kea  Jind  wtM'e  picked  up  hy  a  trading  vcn- 


sel  HiH*n  alt<  r. 


4)n  iioard  tl 


IU  rescuing  vessel  were  soniu  friendly  Indians,  who 


volnnti'ered  to  undertake  thu  ranNoui  of  the  ca|)tivcs,  which  they  succeedeil 
in  doing,  and  all  arrived  mifely  iu  I'uget  S<>unil  in  Sept.  Olj/iiiiiiit  O  .1  mhiiiii, 
Sept.  1 1,  IH.VJ.  Ue|)ort  of  Ind,  Agent  Stalling,  iu  I'.  H.  Stn,  Lu\  iJor.,  I,  v.  i. 
pt  i.  'Ilit,  li'Jd  cong.  '2i\  sess.  Moino  of  tho  gold  seekers  l)eiiig  left  on  Oueun 
Charlotte  Island,  wishing  to  return  home,  and  not  having  u  vessel  to  bring 
them,  four  men  set  out  in  uu  o|)en  lH)at,  14  feet  lii<ig  hy  4^  wide,  carrying on<' 
small  sail,  nud  neither  chart  nor  couijmsa.  After  many  danuers  fiuin  thu  sea 
and  Miva;'es  they  reached  Whidhey  I.slaiid  in  nit  exhausted  eundilion,  after 
heing  l>'i  <layi  at  aeu.  Their  names  were  Kllis  Itarnes,  . lames  {',.  Hedges, 
Clement  W.  Sumner,  and  Thomas  Toliia*.  The  Indians  of  the  northwcNt 
eoant  w<'re  at  this  time,  ami  for  a  numU'r  of  years  later,  truulilesouiu  to  the 
daring  pioneers  of  tl'e  northern  coast.  l)uring  the  sunnner  of  IN.VJ  the  north- 
ern liidiiins  committed  depredations  on  thu  schr  I'm  11  LI  1 11,  Cant.  I'inkhum, 
and  at  dilhient  times  many  murders  4111  I'uget  Suuud.  Olyiii/mi  dolumhiaii, 
.Sept,  IS.  |.s,VJ. 

For  l!ic  jMijM'rs  in  thu  iiute,  see  lloii-v  l\r,  JJnc,  I'M,  .TJil  cong.  ist  sou. 


ij 


NEW  COUNTIES. 


the  action 
nd  refused 

Moses  ill 
easury  as- 

of  Puget 
hat  it  was 
ons  at  tile 
t  of  which 
1  dollars.='=» 
IcgisUituro 
ippropriato 
'  the  cUiims 
ice  it  was 
jr  the  gov- 
sarily  have 
might  have 


'e,  ten  days 

>t  weigliing  $2.'>() 
Co. 'h  Htr  LabuH- 
nine,  Imt  ofTcred 
iimiiy  tUil  Imy  a 
Vt'HHll,  tlio  hii^ 
ry  on  tliu  noi  tli 
It.wliilouttrmpt- 
•  anil  i)ii8»t'Ut;i-'irt 
II),'.     No  mntntT 
itinid.     On  tln' 
nloui;  till'  islau'l 
liy  tln>  nutivi'H, 
ioiiui'8.     Tlic  r«- 
y  II  triuliiijJt  v»'H- 
ly  liitliuiiH,  will) 
ilicy  mu'ix'i'ikil 
iiiiit  Ct  ,1  mb'uni, 
,x.  Dim-.,  1,  V.  i. 
left  on  Oui'ou 
viHUfl  to  briii^; 
lo,  canyiiig oiu' 
i«  from  till'  Htii 
•omlilion,  iiftn 
[ncs  C.  llfilgtH. 
tlio  northwest, 
lili'Hoino  to  till' 
IIS.VJ  tUrnoitli- 
Ijiipt.  I'iuUliuni, 

cuug.   Ut  lUM. 


after  the  Cowhtz  convention,  Lancaster,  the  council- 
man whose  term  held  over,  did  not  appear  to  take  his 
sent,  but  resigned  his  officu  at  so  late  a  moment,  that 
iihiiough  an  election  was  held,  Seth  Ca+Jin  being 
rliosiin  against  A.  A.  Denny,  it  was  too  late  to  be  of 
U.St!  to  tlie  region  he  represented;  but  F.  A.  Chen- 
oweth  and  I.  N.  Ebey  being  members  of  the  lower 
liouse  in  addition  to  Anderson  of  Clatsop  and  Pacific, 
till  re  was  a  perce[)tible  ciiango  from  the  neglect  of 
1' inner  legislatures,  and  it  is  prol»able,  if  no  action  had 
Incn  taken  looking  to  a  sei)arate  territory,  that  the 
I'liget  Sound  country  would  have  ol>tained  recogni- 
tion in  the  future,  jhit  tlie  Oregon  lejjfi.slators  were 
not  averse  to  the  division,  the  counties  south  of  the 
Columbia  having,  as  the  northern  counties  allege<I, 
diverse  commercial  interests,  and  being  at  too  great  a 
distance  from  each  other  to  bo  much  in  synii)athy. 
Ihit  the  legislature  adoj)ted  without  demur  a  reso- 
lution of  Ebey's  that  congress  should  njipropriate 
tliirty  thou.sand  dollars  to  construct  a  military  road 
from  Steilacoom  to  Walla  Wtdla.  Pour  new  counties 
were  established,  Jefferson,  King.  Pierce,  and  Island. 
Two  joint  representativ(!s  were  allowed,  one  for  Island 
.111(1  .lefferson,  and  oni;  for  King  and  I'ierce.  Pjicitic 
"ounty  was  also  sej)arated  from  Clatsop  for  judicial 
|'m|»oses,  and  tin;  judge  of  the  ;{d  district  required  to 
liiild  two  terms  of  court  Jimniidlv  in  the  former."'* 

*■' 

On  the  10th  ot  .January  Clienoweth  introduced  a 
resolution  in  the  house  in  re(;ard  to  oryfani/,in<r  a  tir- 
litoiy  north  oi'  the  Columbia.  On  the  1 4th  Kbey 
reported  a  menioiial  to  congress  as  a  sid>stitute  for 

"Tlio  county  Hont  of  Jcfri-rflon  wiw  fixed  nt  I'ort  Townii'ml;  of  Kin,' (it 
St'itttle;  nnd  ()lyni|iiii  sviiH  iiiadc  tlio  county  Hcat  of  'riiiirHtuii.  Tlu' i'<>ihiiiii«- 
hiDiuro  appointed   for  .IcH'itnoh   eo,,    to  Hrrve   until   tlicir  Hiiirc.^HiiiH  wvvo 

I  licti'il,  uirn  li.  n.  llaHliiiKH,  1>.  F.  Ui-owidifld,  and  Alluit  iliin>,'H;  H.  C. 
Wil.ton  BlicrilT,  and  A.  A.  I'lunimiT  pr<>l)uto  cU  ik.     l'i>r  I^Hliiiid  i-<>.,  Samuel 

II  Howe,  .lolia  Alrxnndcr,  and  Joliii  Crockott;  Ct<>ij,'o  W.  I„  All<  ii  Nlmitr, 
iiM'i  It.  II.  I.anfl<laln  proltutit  clerk.  Fur  King  eu.,  A.  A.  J).  iiii\ .  .Ii'lin  N. 
I."we,  ami  Lutlur  N.  ColliuH;  David  ('.  Ilorcii  Hlieiill,  mid  II.  I>.  \  .v^ler  pro- 
liii>-  clerk.  l"or  I'iereo  <-o,.  Them  M.  CIiiiiiiIm'im,  W  jllimu  I  >cuiyliiity, 
.Meviiinli'i-  Smith;  .lolm  Kiadley  xheriir,  and  Jolm  M.  ( 'iiapiiiiin  piohaU) 
•I'll,.  O,-.  Stii>rsin(iii,  Jan.  I'J,  \sx\;  i  •uluinltiaii,  dun.  '.It  and  Vi'b.  ll»,  ISoSj 
A  "'/(  /'<iiijic  I'vttKl,  \ol.  i.,  no.  1,  p.  I({. 


¥ 


60 


POLITICS  AXD  DEVELOPMRXT. 


tijo  rcsolutujn,  wlucli  lio  askiMl  the  assoinljly  to  adopt, 
and  which  passed  without  opposition  or  auuMidmeiit, 
tilt!  only  (picstioii  raised  in  coiinoction  with  the  sub- 
ject Imu\j;  the  division  by  an  east  and  west  liiKt, 
somi;  members  ei»ntendin<jf  that  Orej^on  should  i'lehide 
Pugrt  Sound  and  all  the  country  west  of  theCus- 
caue  ATountains,  wliile  the  countiy  east  of  that  range 
j-hould  form  a  new  tenitoiy — an  opinion  l<»n<>f  iield  by 
a  nunority  in  view  of  the  admission  of  Washini^ton 
A(;<  a  state.  Such  a  division  ut  that  time  would  have 
made  Portland  the  capital.^* 

I»iit  Lane  had  not  waited  to  hear  from  the  Oregon 
ie<>islative  assembly  eoi»cerning  the  division  of  tiie 
territory,     ilnmediately  (jn    receiving   the  memorial 

'^^  Oliinipiii  C'  him'iiiiii.  May  !t,  lS(iS,     The  iiienioriul  wns  ns  ft)llow8:  '  Voiir 

nu'iiiiiri;ili:itM,  the  l("^is'a»,ivf  nsst'iiilily  iif  Orc;L't>ii.  li';,'iilly  iisist'iiilileil  ii|")ii  tlio 

til-it  M')inl;iy  in  hcccmUfr,  a.  i>.  IS.'rJ,  wcniil  irsjicclliilly  ifprusi'itt  unto  yuiir 

liiiim  alili!  Iimly  tliat  ii   |i«'ii  xl  iif  fniii  yc'iix  aii'l  six  iiiciiitriM  Una  ulupsed  Kinue 

till!  <'.slul>lisliiiu'iit  lit  Ihu  |iitv;(!iit  t^'nilnrial  ^jiivci  iiiiifiit  ovur  tlio  territory  of 
Oi  ....  ....... 


■'I 


III  that  ill  th(!  iiitaii  liiiii'  t!ie  |io|iiilatioii  of  the  said  territory  bun 
II  th(!  banks  of  the  ( 'i>!iiiii)ii;i  lii\  it  a  nth  iiIoiil;  I'liget  Sounil,  Ail- 
niiially  I'lht,  ami  l'o.s«rMsion  Suuud.  ami  the  Kill  roiiinling  country  to  the 
Canal  lie  llain;  and  that  the  ]i<>(i|il>'  of  that  territory  lalior tinder  great  iiioon- 
venieiiic  and  liai'd.-<lii|i  liy  iea:<()li  of  the  ^'leat  distaiiee  to  wlii<li  they  are  rc- 
liiDVid  tVoiii  tin-  eeiit4'eiif  the  |ire.seiit  terri>orial  or;,'aiii/atioii.  'i'lio.se  jiortioiisof 
Oregnn  territiii'V  !,\  ing  iiortii  and  r:<iuth  <  f  the  ( 'uluii.'liia  ItiverniUNt,  from  their 
geo;.;rap'iii'.  I  ixixition,  dilt'eieiiee  in  eliniate,  and  internal  resources,  remain  in 
a  great  decree  ili.stiliit  loiiiiuiiiiilies,  >\  il  h  dill'eieiit  iiiti'ie,sts  and  policies  in 


all  (h.'it  ii|i|i 


I'taiiis  to  their  vidinest'o  li-'islatioii.  and  the  various  iiifeiial.s  tli; 


ai'e  to  lie  re  ..'iilati'd,  iionrisheil,  and  eheri.ihid  ly  i^.     The  eiiinmiiiiuMtinn 


tWien   thcMe    t\M 


Alth 


rtions  ipf  the  teniliiiv  i<  dillieiilt,  laMiial,  .iiid  uiniilaii 


iiiL,'!i  tiMii'  and  iiii|in>vi'in<'iit  would  in  s niea 


yet  it  Would  for  ,i  Inn:,'  pcrind  in  the  future  furin  .i  serious  liairii  r  to  tin-  pro.-- 


isiin  reiiios  .■  this  ulistai-li'. 
Ill 


)■ 


X'rit  V  and  \M 


ll-hi 


im;  of  eai'li,  si>  hii 


th 


i<  \  reinaiii  inidii  one  :.'i>\ei'nineiit 


riie  territoiy  north  of  the  ('olninliia,  and  w    ~t   of  the   ureat   li'ttliein  liraiieli 


of  that  Htreiii 


II,  I'ontaiiis  II  .'.iillieii'iit  iiiiinlii'i'  of  H<|iiari'  nil 


il.  s  to  fi 


rill  a  state, 


which  in  point  of  resources  and  capa<ity  to  niainlain  ii  p-|iuLitioii  u  ill  ciini- 
jiare  favond'y  «itli  most  of  the  states  of  the  union.  K\pi'iicii.  c  Iiiim  (M'oveli 
that  M  hen  marked  j^'<  iiL;i'a|ihical  lioiindai  ies  whit  h  liiive  licen  tiuced  liy  the 
hand  of  natiiic  Ii:ive  Im  I'll  di-^re'^ai'd' d  in  the  torin  itnn  of  local    overnmciits, 


thut sectional  jciilonsics  an  I  local  strilen  have  seriously  einliarras-'d  their  prori- 
])oritv  and  ehiraeteii  'ed  tlnir  domestic  legislation.  Voiirniemori.tiists,  fortheMe 
reuMMis.  and  tof  tht>  tn'tielit  of  ( Int'on  liotli  north  and  soiitii  of  the  ( 'oluMilii:i 
Viver,  ami  iH'lieviiiu  from  the  ie-er\ation  ol  power  in  the  lirst  Kcctiua  of  the 

leii  ante  ipated  that  at  some  future  time  it  wiHiid  I" 


(irganie  a< 


t  timt  eoMi.   es-H  tl 


IICCl- 


rv  to  cs«itl>liHh  tithtr  terriloi  iai  organi/ations  wc-st  of  the  Itockv  VI 


taiiin.  and   KelKAiii;;  tkwit    that  time  iiax  come,  would  respectfully  pi  ay  yoio' 
honoialile  *si.lv  to  esiUiblish  ii  se|iiirul«-  territorial  j^overnment  for  all  that  poi 
tioii  of  Ore -on  temt«rv  IviiK  north  ol  the  <'iiluiidiin  Ki\'raiid  west  of  tin 


gr>iit  iicH  I  iierii 
Or    -^''i     iii-.tu. 


•f  tlu'  same,  to  lie  known  as  t  he  Tei"i.tury  uf  Cuiutnluu. 
iHoli;  I  (d*Mbitiii,  t\  h.  IJ,  lS.'i3. 


WASIIIXGTOy,  NOT  COLUMBIA. 


01 


'ot  L'u!uml»i*»-' 


«r  tho  Monticello  convention,  wliicli  was  about  the 
l)('<'ii)nin<'  of  tlie  second  session  of  the  thirtv-soconcl 
coMi^^ress,  he  j)resente(l  it  in  tlie  l)<»iise  hy  a  icsolution 
i('(|iiestin<^  thi;  committee  on  territories  to  in(|iiire  into 
the  ex])e(liency  of  <Hvi(linif  Orcu^on,  and  fruniini»'a  new 
ttrritorv  north  of  tho  Cohimhia,  by  tho  nanx!  (»f  (.*o- 
Ininbia  Territory,  wliii.'li  resohition  was  a<loj)tetl.  On 
tl;e  Sth  of  Fe'bruary,  18."),'},  the  iiouse  proceeded  to  tho 
f.tiisideration  (A'  the  l)ill  })repared  by  tlie  committoe. 
The  l)ill  did  not  confine  the  new  territory  to  tho  lim- 
it>  described  in  tlio  m»Mnorial,  but  continued  the  lino 
i>r  |i;iitition  iVoni  a  i>oirit  near  Fort  Walla  Walla,  alon<^ 
ilic  4(lth  paiidU'l,  to  the  ]{ocky  Mountains,  niakiii'^  a 
ntaily  ecpial  division  of  the  whoh'  of  Oreiujon.  The 
ai'-iiiM'-nts  used  by  Lane  in  favor  of  the  bill  were  the 
sjime  as  thosi>  oiveii  in  the  memorial,  with  the  ad<li- 
tioii  of  some  explanations  and  statements  more  etiV'ct- 
ive  than  vcnacious,  but  which  may  have  bei  ii  nec(>ssary 
tosnecess;  as,  for  instance,  the  statement  that  the  p<>|)- 
nl.ition  of  the  prop(»sed  territory  was  as  threat  as  that 
of  the  whole  of  ( )re^on  at  the  time  of  its  or^'aiiizatiou 
into  a  territorv,""  wluicas  it  was  about  one  third. 

Stanton  of  Kentucky  nioved  to  substitute  tho 
naiiH!  of  Washington  for  that  of  C^)huMbia,  to  which 
L.uie  a<jfreed,  notwit  hstandiiitj  it  wa>  an  ill-advised 
•  •Ii.iiil;'*'.  The  vote  of  the  hous(>  was  taken  on  tho 
lotli,  the  bill  passiujL,^  hy  a  majoi'ity  of  I'Jft  to  2!>. 
The  senate  ]>assed  it  on  the  '2A  of  Manh  without 
aiiKiidMU'iit,  t he  president  sii,niiiiy  it  the  same  day.'' 
Thus  painlissly  was  severed  lV(»m  the  real  ( )re!j^on 
that  northei'n  portion  over  which  stat»  suieii  an<l  pio- 
iM  (  IS  had  at  one  time  s(^  hotly  contendt  <l  with  (jlrt  at 
lii  ilain. 

Inrorniation  of  this  act  did  not  reach  those  inter- 
ested until  near  the  last  oi"  Aj>ril.  Ah"Ut  die  niiddlo 
of  May  it  becalm;  known   that    I.    I.  Siexeiis  of  An- 

"  Tln!  consus  <if  WiiHliiii^ton,  tii1««>ii  in  lli'.H,  uinl  liniHJK'il  in  NHv.,  iixi'il 
till'  >vli  t  •  imniilatiiiii  nt  ;i,!l(i."i.    Siriii's  \.    IT.  CtH'it,  4  'I 

'•  llimm- Ji.nr  ,  H,  '.MO,  ."llM  con;.'  iM  himb,  ;  « '«»  i.  11  uIm\  vol  "Jli,  rKM,  IO*JO, 
ijii  cjii^.  'lA  Hifi.  i  '  'l^mpiuVolinnhMii,  Afni  'J.1,  itit'tU. 


li 


f  I 


I 


A. 

.1 

•i  POLITICS  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 

dovcr,  ^lassacliusetts,  had  been  appointed  governor, 
Edward  Lander  of  Indiana  eliiet'  justice,  John  R. 
Miller  of  Oliio  and  Victor  Monroe  of  Kentucky 
associate  juHticcs,  and  J.  S.  Clendenin,  of  Louisiana 
United  States  district  attorney.  Miller  fallinj^  ill, 
Moses  Hoaj^land  of  Millershurg,  Ohio,  was  appointed 
in  his  place,  but  did  not  accept,  O.  11  McFaddcn 
of  Orc<^on  beinjj  subsequently  appointed  to  his 
district.  J.  Patten  Anderson  of  Missi8sip|)i  was 
ap|)oint(;d  United  States  marshal,  and  directed  to 
take  the  census.*^  I.  N.  Ebey  was  appointed  col- 
lector of  Puj^et  Sound,  in  place  of  S.  P.  Moses,  re- 
moved;'" and  not  long  afterward  A.  Ji.  Moses  was 
appointed  surveyor  of  the  port  of  Niscjually,  in  place 
of  Miller,  removed. 

The  nuirsiiul  was  the  first  of  tlie  federal  officers  to 
arrive,  reaching  Puget  Sound  early  in  July,  accom- 
panied by  liis  family.  Jlc  was  soon  followed  by 
Judge  Monroe,  and  in  September  by  tludge  Jiander, 
C.  H.  Mason,  secretary  of  the  territory,  and  J)istiict 
Attorney  Clendenin  and  family,  (iovirnor  Stivens 
•lid  not  rea<'h  Olympia  until  about  tlu^  last  of  Novem- 
ber, his  proclamation  oiganizing  the  government 
being  mad'!  on  the  28th  of  that  month.  JJefore  i>ro- 
ceeding    to    discuss    his    administration,    the   ra[iid 

•"  According  to  tliP  census  coniplt'tt'd  in  tlic  nutiiinu  of  185;j  by  the  luiir- 
■hal.  tliu  HcTcriil  coiintiua  weru  ii<i))ulatc(l  im  fuUowa: 

Nmue.  PupuUtliJO.  Viitcra, 

iKlfinil 1U.1  80 

JclI'ciHoii ISO  OH 

King 170  111 

Pierce fllS  l.'7(l 

TliiiiHton \m         a8l 

IVilic l,".i!  01 

Lewis 010  2.1ft 

Cluiko   I. i;i4  400 

Total .S.JMJ.")  l.OH'J 

W.  T.  IhrnvJour.,  18.'>4  5,  185;  (>him)<ia  Cuhtmhia,,,  \..v. -.'0,  1S.-|.1. 

•'"'  Moses  wiiH  uccuHcil  of  retiiining  a  liuly'.s  i>iiviite  waxIrolM-,  of  .^iiieldinj,; 
a  inntinnns  crew,  and  ecnnivinu  ut  sniuggilni,'  liy  the  H.  }\.  ("o.'m  ncr\ants. 
Or.  S/titiumttii,  l»i,\  4,  18.VJ.  None  of  the  dunces  1  tliink  cnidd  Ihi  KUHtain<ii; 
V>ul  (lie  Hccretary  of  the  treuBury  insti'.nfeil  a  Hiiit  a^jainnt  liini  for  ^7,0<I8.7(I, 
lialunce  duo  tho  United  Status,  and  caused  his  indictnietit  bA^ttilefuultvi'.  Id., 
Jan.  17,  Hm. 


ATTRACTIXG  IMMIGRANTS. 


governor, 
John  K. 
Kentucky 
Louisiana 
LiU'mjjf  ill, 
t|)|u)inted 
LiFiuUkn 
I    to    liis 
iippi    was 
rcctctl  to 
inted  col- 
VIoHc'H,  re- 
loses  was 
{,  in  i>laee 

officers  to 
ly,  aeeoni- 
II owe* I    l»y 
je  liiilider, 
J(l  J)isirict 
Stevens 
'  NoVclll- 
veniliielit 
•tort'  i»ro- 
lu   rapid 


Lli 


a  l)y  tlio  luur- 

HO 

111 
■JTO 

asi 

01 
230 

Am 

l.OH'i 

IS.- 3. 

If,  ..f  .■<liii';.liii^; 

'ii.'m  H^.TMllllx. 

||  >KiKitMtttin««l. 
]f..r«t:,<MliS.70, 
llcfuuUvr.  Id., 


dianj^es  taking  plaeo  in  the  territory  compel  a  brief 
1  t'view  of  its  progress  in  a  material  point  of  view. 

The  most  important  thing  to  be  done  for  a  now 
coujitry  is  the  layin.if-out  and  improvement  of  roads. 
Xt>  country  ever  sutfered  more  from  tiie  al)senee  of 
onod  roads  tlian  C)re«^on,  and  the  pioneers  of  the 
J'liLjet  Sound  rej^rioii  realized  fully  the  drawback  they 
liad  to  contend  aj^ainst  to  induce  immigrants  from 
llif  border  states  to  eonie  to  the  shores  of  their  new 
^b  ilitrrranean  after  having  reached  the  settled  Valley 
Willainette.  The  only  way  in  which  they  could  hope 
t(i  secure  largo  families  »)f  agricultural  [)eople  and  nu- 
merous herds  of  cattle,  with  work-oxen  and  horses, 
was  to  have  a  load  over  the  Cascade  Mountains  on 
the  north  side  of  tiie  C(»lnnd»ia  as  good  as  the  ono 
around   the  base  of  Mount  Hood  on  the  south  side. 


A 


s  eai 


i.y 


as  18r)0  it  was  determin 


led  at 


a  public  meet- 


ing,' to  make  the  eftbrt  to  open  a  road  over  the 
iiinimtains  and  down  the  Yakima  River  to  Fort 
Walla  Walla,  to  intersect  the  immigrant  road  from 
(Ir.nid  ]vond.  A  sum  of  money  was  raised  among 
the  few  settlers,  and  a  company  ol' young  men,  headed 
l»v  M.  T.  Simmons,  was  orixanized  to  hew  out  a  hij»h- 


Wi 


IV    for    the    iiassatje    of    wa<ifons    to    the    Sound 


d, 


40 


AiiLllier  Incentive  to  this  labor  was  tb 


0  alleire( 


I  dis- 


e..\.  ly  of  gold  (»n  tlu;  Yakima  and  Spokane  livers  by 
.1.  I,.  Pariish  and  W.  J[.  (jirav,  while  making  a  tour 
throu<di  the  eastern  division  of  Orejjfon.  The  uiuler- 
taking  <»f  opening  a  road  through  the  dense  forests 
an<l  u[t  and  down  the  fearfully  steep  ridges  provetl 
too  oicat  for  the  means  and  strenyfth  of  Simmcms* 
iiipany,  and  only  served  to  fix  the  resolve  to  com- 


co 


pleti!  the  work  at  some  future  time. 


'PI 


here   was,    previous    to    I8r)2,  no    road   between 
Olviiijda  and  Tumwater,  or  between  Tumwater  and 

'"ALi'onlin}{  to  Orny,  Picrro  C  PunilMuii  of  Fovt  Walla  Walla,  aiitl 
CoiiiilJiH  Uo^'i'i'!),  lirat  vxplm-cil  tlic  Nachuaa  jmuiiiit  tliu  licud  uf  tlu:  Vukiiua. 
Or.  .s^„xtutiii;  May  \'l,  1S40. 


I 


M 


POLITICS  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


Cowlitz  landiiiijf.  Tlio  first  mail  contract  over  this 
roiitt!  was  let  July  I  1,  IHf)!,  and  tiic  ni;iil  carri«!(l  on 
jiorst  hack,  in  tlnj  pockuts  of  A.  H.  Kaldx-son/'  Sin»- 
nxMis  !)(  in<^  postniastor  at  ( )lyin)»ia,  and  \Varl*asu  at 
tlio  ('owlit/.  or  Warl)assp«»rt.  The  road  wassoniurU 
inipntvi'd  in  IH.VJ  that  a  niail-wa;L^on  was  driven  over 
it  that  year,"  yet  with  j^reat  ditHcwlty,  heinjLf  avoideil 
as  nineh  as  possihle  hy  )>asseni^«^rs.*"'  Jn  \Hi)'.\  an 
express  line  was  estaiilisiu'd  ovt.-r  the-  loute  hy  John 
(r.  I'arkrr  and  Henry  I).  Colter  earrvin«r  mail  and 
li^^ht  i>aeka;^es  on  hursehack,"  nor  was  there  much 
improvement  in  this  route  tor  another  two  or  three 
years. 

In  IS;').'}  it  was  njjfain  resolved  to  open  the  road  for 

*'  I'lililiisiili's  droirlli  of  TiiiruM,  MS.,  l,"!. 


*'•'  /'/.  ,•    /'ni/it  Sniiii 


I  Ji! 


IST-J. 


"'I'lii'  iiiiiil  caiiK'r  in  iH.'t.H  watt  James  IT.  Viintif,  hdh  of  IV  F.  Yaiitis  «)f 
MoiiikI  I'liiii-ir,  wlici  ilii'il  .\iigii«t  Ttli  iif  that  yr.ir.  ulifiii/iiii  < 'nhniiliiiiit,  Au- 
^'iiHt  1:1,  ls.'i:t.  II.  \'\  Vaiilis  was  a  Kfiitiickiaii,  horn  AlaK'li  |<),  |.SI)7.  lie 
ruiiiuM'd  1 1  .Mil.  ill  Is.'!."),  ami  to  tin'  facitli;  coaHt  in  l^.'r.'.      lli' oroiiiiicil  iniiiiy 


])'>sitioiiM  of  tniMt  in 


Wash 


I.,  anil  Ht'i'Vcil  a.s  jn^tit'c  •> 


i>f  th<-  I 


ifai'i'  a 


n.l 


.'IS 


lit 


:ol. 


Alter  the  rrratioii  of  Idaho  territory  hi!  roHiiieil  there  for  Home  time  ami  Herveil 
ill  the  |('.;i.slatiii'e,  lint  litialh'  letnrneil  to  I'nvet  Sounil,  where  he  died  in  IS7U. 


<"!/ 


liiiiii  S/ii 


■  I'lnl,  Fell.   |."i,  I.s7!>. 


M 


•lohn  <  I.  I'ai'ker,  Iohl'  a  lonideiit  of  Olyinpia,  ami  later  eapt.  of  the  Ht) 


'Uin- 


hoat  .l/<  1  I  iiij' r,  eaiiie  to  .S.  V.  in  |.S."il  as  iiies.senj^er  for  (!re;;ory  it  Co.,  and 
t  I  l'n;!i't  SoMiiil  in  I'N.'tK  mm  an  n^ent  to  eloNe  tlieairairsof  a  tnidiil;;iionse  kept 
l-y  Wri;^lit  «V  ('niter  at  Olyinpia.  Kimlilii,'  that  there  was  iiowaj  of  earry- 
iug  money  lietween  I'll^et  Sound  ami  .'^.  I'".  i'Xrept  liy  Inmlier  Veswel-J,  which 
Were  ii're;{n!ar  ami  ol'ten  went  to  the  S.  I.,  he  decided  to  leir.ain  in  Wash.,  in 
view  of  which  he  liou^ht  out  the  interest  of  hi.s  eni|>!oM'rs,  and  estahliihed 
l*arU>;r  it  Culler's  express,   laii'yin^;  the   mail    tlirouj;li    to  the  Cow  lit/  in  ;i 


»in','h!  day  liy  relays  of  liorses,  a  iliMtance  ot  70  miles,  to  I'oniiect  wiiii 


.\  da  ins 


is.spress  at  roi'tland.      At  the  end  of  |.S  moiiihs  Colter  alisconded  with  si'Veral 
thousand  dollars  In  lo'i^iiii'^'  to  the  lirm,  which  put  an  end  tn  the  lii.->t  express 


'ompany. 


Til 


le  second  express  I'litcrpiise 


lis  liy  A.  IJ.  Str.art,  who  lie>;an 


husillcHS  in  |S,")|,  followed  hy  Wells,  l'';ir^'o  iV  Co.  ill  l'"eh.  IS.'id,  and  liy 
Charles  I').  Williams  of  Olyinpia  in  .\pi'il  l.s'i.S,  who  continued  in  the  hii  iiie.ts 
for  It)  years,  during  w  liicli  mail  facilities  were  greatly  increased  throu^hont 
the  territorv.  Tiie  lirst  i)asseiij;er  line  to  the  Tnwlit/,  to  connect  with  lioats 
to  Portland,  was  started  in  l>cc.  I.S.'il,  liy  \V.  I(.  tjoodcll,  who  furnished 
passage  hy  stage  or  riding  horses  for  .sKM'roni  Olyinpia  to  Warliassport.  'I'lie 
conl'uct  for  c'lrrying  the  mail  was  not  then  let  to  an  express  company.  Waiil 
&  Kiihinsoii  of  Olyinpia  had  the  eontiiict  from  ItvVI  to  hS.'iS,  when  Henry 
^Vinsor  took  it.  lie  carried  passengers  to  and  from  ()|yin[>ia  to  It^iinicr  on 
the  ( 'oltimhia  for  .SI.'!;  hy  wagon  to  Cow  lit/  landing,  and  from  there  to  .Monti 


•11. 
until  i 


.her  hy 


canic  or  hor.M'S  as  preferred.      'I'he  canoe;  was  \ised  a  good  deal 


lilt  jSliS.      The 


tth 


wiigonroud  was  not  tlieii,  nor  many  ^cai 


one,  hut  in  sninmerit  compeii-fjiteit  for  tli<!  di.-<coin forts 


f'  l)r 


,late 

idc  liy 


,  a  gooi 


.  K'^'iiig 
tho  traveller  a  n  iew  of  the  mi  .it  inagnilic'iit  llr  forest  in  the  wmld,  the  holes 
of  the  trees  towering  l(KI  or  l.V»  feet  without  U  lilllhi  while  \V,{)  feet  uImjvc, 
their  tlipei  ing  tops  seem  to  pierce  the  sky. 


A  NEW  ROAD. 


over  this 
■jirn«'(l  on 
on/'  Siiii- 
,^irl»as8  at 
8  so  niiK'li 
liven  over 
i«r  uvoidtMl 
I    IHoll  an 

mail  aiul 
i(i(>  nnuli 
o  or  tliiv*} 

\e  road  for 


TV  F.  Yiintis  of 
t',,li(iiil>iiiii.  Au- 
nt, IS(I7.  ll<' 
(icfumfl  liillliy 
■  llll'l  V"^islMti>i. 
Itiiiuainl  Ki'ivtil 
,lii.  iho.l  ill  IN7». 

of  llicKtrain- 
ly  >V  ('". ■  ami 
1^  Imiisc  kt'pt 
u;iy  of  iiur.v- 

\i!ir«rl-',  wllicll 

11  ill  Wasli.,  ill 
ml  csiiililiilifil 
Cow  111/,  in  .1 
•t  wiili  Atlaiii!*' 

I  witli  s.viral 
(•  lir.it  l■Xl)rl•^'rt 
It,  wiio  l«'^;aii 

is.'id,  ami    I'y 

II  (lie  Im  iiii'.ss 
(l  lliroiii^iiont 

net  willi  lioatH 
ivlio  furiii«iu'<l 
lasttpiii't.     Tilt' 


ipaiiy. 


War.l 


wluii  lli-nry 

to    lljlillllT  oil 

^luTii  to  Monti 
li'il  a  f'.ooil  ileal 
Vslatt  I,  ajjiMiil 
[iilc  liy  nivinji 
InUl,  till'  I'oU'H 
1;0  lilt  uIkivc, 


the  ininiij^ration  to  conio  into  tho  now  territory  over  the 
Cascade  Mountains.  A  general  meetinj^  of  eitizens 
was  held  at  Ol^'inpia  May  14th  to  discuss  the  suhjoct 
ill  all  its  bearings,  when  G.  N.  !McConaha,  Whitfiold 
ivirtloy,  Charles  Eaton,  John  Edgar,  and  E.  J.  Allen 
were  chosen  road-viewers  to  report  upon  the  practi- 
ial)ility  of  tho  undertaking.*^  At  tho  end  of  three 
weeks  a  n>port  was  made  of  tho  route  from  Olympia 
1(1  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  llange,  and  by  the 
middle  of  July  volunteers  were  at  work  upon  the  sur- 
vey, who  so  far  succeeded  in  their  design  as  to  cut  a 
way  by  which  thirty-five  wagon.s  reached  the  shores 
i>\'  tli(!  Sound  that  autumn,"  bringing  between  one  and 
two  liiindrecl  men,  women,  and  children,  to  [)opulato 
the  ricli  valleys  of  White  and  Puyallup  rivers.*' 

♦*  At  tills  innotin^  was  rcml  n  fitatenicnt  fiirniBlicd  hy  IManohot,  catholio 
lii.-iiiop  of  Walla  WalTii  III  1S17,  wlio  lunl  it  know  U'(l;,'c,  gainc'il  from  tlio  Iiiil- 
iiiiiH,  of  tilt;  |>asKi's  of  tilt'  ni'iiiiitaiiiH.  Tliu  ])ri<-8U  wurc  in  tho  h»bit  of  viaitiiig 
thu  Sound  with  tlio  Indians  for  j^'iiidt's. 

"'Tiiis  cntcriirino  will  ivcrive  furtliiT  nit'iition  InTt'iiftcr.  Tlio  iiit'ii  wlio 
liilMiicd  fur  it  Mcrr,  hcMidcs  tliouc  lioforo  mentioned,  (Jcorf^c  Siiazcr,  Jt.  !•". 
^■.•lllti.s,  William  I'lickwood,  Jl.  I'".  Shaw,  .lohn  Ali'xandir,  ]{.  t 'lose,  A.  W. 
M.Kiic,  i;.  Silvester,  .James  llurd,  and  W.  W.  I'liimh.  'I'he  inin  who  worked 
ii|nin  the  ea.'4terii  ciul  of  tli(!  road  were  Wliitlield  Kirtlry,  Ivlwiii  Marsh,  Nel- 
-.11  Sal^'(  lit,  Paul  Itmldell,  Kdwar.l  Miller,  .1.  W.  Fonts,  John  I..  I'.rkins, 
Ka.ii'  M.  HroMii,  .lanies  Alverson,  Nathiiniel  <!.  Stewart,  William  Carpenter, 
!'!.  L.  Allen,  A.  C.  llur^o,  'I'lioiiias  l>ixon,  Kpliraim  Allyii,  .hinu's  II.  Allyn, 
(oiii'.'e  <;iiliirH,  .lolin  \\'alkei,  .lohn  II.  Mills,  11.  S.  .More,  |{.  Formnn,  I'M. 
t'l'iift'*,  .lames  Boise,  Itobert  I'atterson,  Kdward  MilliT,  Kdward  Wallaet', 
I.I'M  is  Wallaee,  .lames  II.  Smitli,  .lohn  liarrow,  and  .lames  Meek. 

•'Aiiioii','  them  were  .lohn  W,  Ijiue  and  wife,  .Samuel  Jluy,  William  Kay, 
Ihiiiy  Mitrhell,  II.  Itoekeiilield,  .lames  Iturr,  .1.  A.  S|)erry,  Willi.iin  Clatlin, 
I'.VMii  Watts,  .1.  ,1.  |{a;;an,  William  MeOeary,  (i.  Miller,  .loiin  Nelson,  .1.  J.<anji- 
iiiyii',  wite  and  .'*  idiildren,  K.  A.  Light,  wife  iindihild,  William  M.  Kincaid, 
wife  mid  (i  ehildren,  Isaac  Woolery,  wife  and  4  ehildren,  Alirain  II.  Woolery, 
«iie  and  :(  ehildren,  and  I'eter.ludson,  wife  and  'J  ehildren,  eomposing  tho 
tirst  tiaiii  of  47  persons.  This  train  had  (i'J  woik-o\eii,  'JO  cows,  and  7 
mans.  There  were,  hesidea,  .1.  W.  Wootlward,  .loiin  \\.  .Mnyer,  Z.  Cot/an, 
.Vaioii  Iloekent'eld,  Norman  Kilhorn,  Isaac  Lemnion,  It.  .\.  Fiiinell,  William 
i;.  liowiiiy,  wife  and  children,  .John  .lames  l>owney  and  daughter,  AMel  .Mor- 
114(111,  (  li.'ii'lottu  his  wife,  and  family,  4  !eoi'p>  llavwiiod,  .laiiie.i  l!ell,.]ohn  I'lill, 
\\ .  II.  I'liannon  and  family,  .lohn  Carson  and  wife,  Isiail  Wii^'ht,  livid 
^\  ii-ht,  {'rank  Wright,  \'aii  Ogle,  and  Addison  S.  rersham,  most  of  w  hom 
■  ii.xM  il  hy  the  Niieliess  pass.  Many  of  them  IiikI  families  iin<l  friends  w  ho  aru 
not  iiained  here.  Other  immigrants  of  this  year  were  William  11.  Wi  lluce, 
lilijilil!.  ILdier,  David  C.  ImtIk's,  .1.  11.  Cleale,  .lohn  h.  ClaiUe,  Mason  <;iies,» 
(iii.iiiied  Miss  Downey),  William  II.  Willianm,  (!.  l\  Whilworth  ami  family. 
Mis  Sarah 'l'hoiiip.s()n,  .1.  Stillman,  I'eter  Stiles  (died  in  I.S77,  aged  Ul  jearsi, 
^\ .  1>  Mill  iair  (iiiarrried  a  diuf^hter  of  .1.  N.  Low),  .1.  I!,  liouinltn'e,  .lames 
II.  I.'oiiiidiree,  William  Ryan,  A.  II.  Hohie,  K.  C.l'iice,  W.  II.  I'.arson,  Wil- 
hiiiii  Newti'ii,  Mrs  Reheiictt  Muddox  and  children  (.luseph,  Michael,  .Stupiien, 
Hihi.  Waku.— 3 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


*-IIIIIM  IIM 

«^  IM    |||||22 

^  m  ilio 


1.8 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

^ 6"     — 

► 

Pholoerdphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


V 


iV 


23  west  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTIR,N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


^ 


;\ 


\ 


\ 


6^ 


d 


66 


POLITICS  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


John  Thomas  and  John  Nelson  *^  founded  the  White 
River  settlement.  Owing  to  the  peculiar  system  of 
drainage  of  these  rivers,  to  which  I  have  referred,  by 
which  the  same  stream  has  several  names,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  remark  in  this  place  that  White  River  settle- 
ment means  that  portion  of  the  common  valley  be- 
tween the  Dwamish  and  Black  sections.  Above  the 
junction  of  Black  and  White  rivers  is  what  is  known 
as  the  Slaughter  settlement,  which  was  founded  by 

C.  E.  King,  W.  H.  Brannan,  Joseph  Brannan,  Joseph 
Lake,  Donald  Lake,  H.  Meter,  E.  Cooper,  W.  A.  Cox, 

D.  A.  Ncely,  M.  Kirkland,  and  S.  W.  Russell. 

The  Black  River  Valley  was  settled  in  1854  by 
O.  M.  Eaton,  H.  H.  Tobin,  and  Mr  Fanjoy,  who 
built  a  saw-mill  at  the  entrance  of  Cedar  River,*'* 
which  was  burned  by  Indians  the  following  year. 
William  N.  Kincaid  ^  settled  in  the  Puyallup  "  Valley, 
together  with  Isaac  Woolcry,  A.  H.  Woolcry,  W. 
Boatman,  J.  H.  Bell,  T.  R.  Wright,  I.  H.  Wright, 
G.  Hayward,  A.  Benson,  I.  McCarty,  I,  Lemmon, 
Thomas  Owen,  Daniel  Lane,  Thomas  Hadlcy,  H. 
Whitesell,  R.  More,  R.  Nix,  A.  S.  Persham,  and  D. 
Warner.  A.  settlomont  had  been  commenced  at  the 
mouth  of  the  1         ilup  River  in  the  spring  of  1852, 

and  2  others),  J.  Mowti  man,  wife  and  children,  H.  Meter,  Christopher  Ken- 
nedy, Franklin  Kennedy,  W,  Krieo,  B.  F.  Kendall,  Jiimes  Kyines,  Joel 
Knight,  Michael  Luiirk  and  family,  Joseph  Lake,  Donald  Lake,  Lcnark,.T.  B. 
Ladee,  Lambert,  William  Lane  and  family,  Henry  Ivens,  Tyrtis  Himes,  James 
Biles,  Martin  V.  Harper,  Bally  Oatzcrt,  Alonzo  B.  Dillenbaugh,  J.  G. 
Davis,  Perry  Diinficld,  Simeon  Cooper,  E.  Cooper,  John  Dickenson,  W.  C. 
Briggs,  Joseph  N.  Bnker,  John  E.  Burns,  Rev.  C.  Biles  and  family,  P.  Alien., 
H.  Patterson,  M.  Kirkland,  and  W.  A.  Cox. 

**  Nelson  was  a  native  of  Norway.  'Vho  Seattle  JntelHijencer,  in  Oli/iiipia 
Transcript  of  Feb.  1,  1873,  states  that  Nelson  settled  first  on  White  Kivcr 
in  1852.  If  so,  ho  did  not  coino  witii  tiio  immigration  named  above,  though 
ho  is  set  down  as  one  of  them  in  the  Olympia  Columliinii,  Oct.  !.">,  18jU,  a 
good  authority. 

♦*Nono  of  those  men  were  living  in  1857.  Tobin  died  and  his  widow  mar- 
ried E.  M.  Smithcrs,  who  had  settled  between  Smith's  Covo  and  Salmon  Hay, 
but  who  went  to  reside  on  tho  Tobin  place  after  his  marriage  with  Mrs  Tobin. 
Eaton  and  Fanjoy  were  murdered  by  tho  Indians  while  en  route  to  tiio  Colvillo 
mines  in  185").  Morse's  Wash.  Ter.,  ii.,  MS.  8-10. 

"*"  Kincaid  died  in  Feb.  1870,  at  his  homo  in  the  Puyallup  Valley,  aged  75 
years.  Seattle  Intellujencer,  Feb.  2,  1870. 

"'  I'uyallup  Bigniiies,  in  tho  Indian  toiigne,  shadow,  from  tho  dense  shado 
of  its  forest.  Evans'  Puyallup  Address,  in  New  7'acoma  Ledycr,  July  0, 1860. 


PROGRESS  OF  SETTLEMENT. 


67 


he  White 
system  of 
■erred,  by 
■j  is  neces- 
ver  settle- 
^ralley  be- 
^bove  the 
;  is  known 
tunded  by 
an,  Joseph 
V.  A.  Cox, 
5sell. 

1  1854  by 
mjoy,  who 
ar  Kiver,*" 
wing  year, 
ip  "  Valley, 
oolcry,  W. 
H.  Wright, 
.  Lemnion, 
ladley,  H. 
im,  and  D. 
need  at  the 
her  of  1852, 

I 

Khristophcr  Ken- 
les  Ivymcs,  Joel 
Ice,  I,enark,  J.  li. 
U  Himes,  James 
leubaugli,  J;   ^• 

ickenson,  W.  C. 

imily,  P.  Alien-., 

Incer,  in  ObinnM 
1  on  White  Uiver 
Ll  above,  tlu)\t«h 

I  Oet.  1."),  IHoU,  u 

II  Ins  willow  mar- 
Inil  iSiilmon  liay, 
Iwitli  Mrs  Tobiu. 
Ite  to  tlio  Colvillu 

I  Valley,  aged  75 

J  the  dense  Bhado 

Ls  July  y,  !»!>«• 


W 


1 


when  Nicholas  Delin  took  a  claim  at  the  head  of  Com- 
mencement Bay,  just  east  of  the  present  town  site 
of  New  Tacoma.®^  In  October  Peter  Judson  of  the 
inmiigration  settled  on  the  town  site,  which  had  been 
previously  taken  and  abandoned  by  Jacob  Barnhart. 
James  Biles  settled  at  Tumwater.  Tyrus  Himes  ^* 
took  a  claim  six  miles  east  of  Olympia.  James  Allen 
.settled  in  Thurston  county.^*  John  L.  Clarke  and  J. 
IL  Cleale  *'  took  up  their  residence  in  Olympia.  Most 
of  the  immigration  chose  claims  in  the  fall  of  1853. 
Those  who  Vollowed  the  next  year  also  immediately 
selected  land,  these  two  immigrations  being  the  last 
that  were  permitted  to  take  donation  claims.  ^  The 
Indian  war  of  1855-G,  and  the  insecurity  of  life  in  iso- 
lated settlements  for  a  number  of  years,  caused  tho 
abandonment  of  the  greater  part  of  the  farms  just 
opened,  and  it  was  not  until  1859  that  settlement  was 
reestabHshed  in  the  valleys  where  the  first  direct  over- 
land immigration  made  their  choice."® 

Owing  to  the  many  hinderanccs  to  growth  which 

"'Itwiia  taken  for  a  mill  site,  and  in  ISo.*}  M.  T.  Simmons  and  Smith  Ilnya 
went  in  partiiersiiip  with  Delin  to  jmt  up  two  eaw-milla,  one  on  his  claim  and 
one  on  Skooknm  Hay.  One  mill  was  completed  that  spriui;,  and  two  cargoes 
of  lumher  siiipped  on  the  Ocdri/c  Eiiwrif,  Captain  Alden  Y.  Trask,  hut  that 
was  all.  The  site  was  unfavorable,  the  lumber  having  to  be  rafted  a  mile  to 
the  vessel, 

'■^Tliese  two  worthy  pioneers  were  united  by  more  than  the  usual  bonds 
of  fellowship  in  trials,  Hinics  having  been  rescued  fmm  short  rations  for 
himself  and  family  of  wife  and  four  children,  at  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
bi'ouj^lit  through  to  Pugi't  Sound  by  the  warm-hearted  Kentuckian  who  led 
the  lirst  train  through  the  Nacliesa  jyass.  Himes  was  born  in  Troy,  Pa,  April 
14,  1818.  Ho  married,  in  May  \HV,i,  Kmmelino  Holcomh  of  Le  Roy,  ra. 
After  making  several  removes,  iie  settled  in  Lafayette,  111.,  where  he  was  in 
comfortable  circumstances,  when  ho  was  seized  with  the  Oregon  fev(^r,  and 
started  for  I'olk  co. ;  but  iiaving  miscalculated  the  requirements  of  the  jour- 
ney, and  being  thrown  upon  the  iiospiUdityof  Mr.  Biles,  he  was  led  to  \\'ash- 
ington.  Ho  died  in  April  1879,  at  his  homo  in  Thur.ston  co.  George  H.  Himes, 
jol)  printer  of  I'ortland,  Or.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Tyrus  Himes.  Evans,  in 
Trtiiis.  Or.  Pioiifpr  Aim.,  1879,  49-iiH. 

"*  Allen  was  born  in  Pa,  Nov.  ',i,  179S,  and  removed  while  young  to  Ohio. 
He  married  in  181.5,  and  lost  his  wife  in  ISIUl,  after  which  ho  remained  un- 
married, accompanying  his  children  to  I'uget  iSound  in  l.sri;i,  and  residing 
there  until  his  death  in  1S08.  Olympia  Trniixcript,  Nov.  '2,  18(i8. 

'*' Clarke  and  Clealo  both  died  in  18711.  Olympia  Courier,  Oct.  4,  1873; 
Olym/iia  TnniKrrliit,  May  17,  187:i. 

'"I'lvans  says  that  Arthur  Miller  returned  to  the  Puyallup  in  lSr>9,  fol- 
lowed ill  18(iO  l)y  J.  V.  Meeker,  and  in  18(51  by  a  suthcient  number  of  familio* 
to  justify  tlio  establishment  of  a  post-otlioo,  of  which  .1.  P.  Stewart  was  post* 
master  for  l'_'  years.  Xcw  Tacimii  Lcil^ir,  July  9,  1880. 


POLITICS  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


the  territory  encountered,  and  which  I  shall  attempt 
to  set  forth  in  this  volume,  the  Pioneer  Association 
of  Washington®^  set  its  limit  of  pioneer  settle- 
ment at  1860,  at  about  which  time  these  difficulties 
began  finally  to  di^ppear.  It  will  be  observed  that 
there  were  no  large  annual  accessions  to  this  territory 
as  there  had  been  south  of  the  Columbia,  and  that 
although  it  commenced  its  existence  after  the  other  had 
conquered  many  obstacles,  and  with  seemingly  superior 
advantages,  its  situation  proved  unfavorable  to  rapid 
development. 

In  November  1853  a  steam-packet,  the  Fairy,  was 
placed  upon  the  Sound  by  her  owner  and  master,  D. 
J.  Gove,  to  ply  between  the  settlements;"'*  and  the 
first  of  a  line  of  clipper-built  lumbermen,  the  Live 
Yankee,  for  the  trade  between  the  Sound  and  San 
Francisco,  was  being  constructed  at  Bath,  Maine, 
during  the  summer,  while  a  constantl}'^  increasing  fleet 
of  American  vessels  visited  these  waters.  Schools 
had  been  opened  in  several  neighborhoods,  but  for  ob- 
vious reasons  there  was  no  system  of  education  estab- 
lished. Of  ministers-  there  were  enough,  but  not 
much  church-going,  and  as  yet  no  churches  nor  sec- 
tarian institutions  of  any  kind  except  the  catholic  Ind- 
ian mission  near  Olympia.     But  with  a  population  of 

^'  In  Jan.  1871  a  meeting  was  called  at  Columbia  Hall,  in  Olympia,  for 
the  purpose  of  perfecting  tlie  organization  of  a  pioneer  association,  tlie  call 
being  signed  by  67  names  of  residents  from  a  period  antedating  1860.    The 
committee  on  constitution  and   by-laws,  consisting  of  Joseph   Cushman, 
Klwood  Evans,   E.  T.  Qunn,  Benjamin  Harned,  Levi  Shelton,  S.  Coulter, 
W.  W.  Miller,  and  O.  B.  McFadden,  reported  Feb.  15th.    The  requisition  for 
membership  was  o,  residence  in  the  territory  previous  to  Jan.  1,  1860,  or  on 
the  Pacific  coast  prior  to  Jan.  1,  1855.  Olympia  Transcript,  Feb.  18,  1871. 
David  Phillips,  first  president  of  the  society,  died  in  March  1872.  Seattle  la 
lelligencer,  Marcli  11,  1872.    A  call  similar  to  the  first  was  made  at  Van 
couver  in  October  1874,  signed  by  Joseph  Petrain,  M.  R.  Hathaway,  A.  M 
Andrew,  John  Proebstel,  R.  D.  Fales,  David  Wall,  William  H.  Traut,  B, 
F.  Preston,  Guy  Hayden,  S.  P.  McDonald,  H.  L.  Caplcs,  John  F.  Smith,  G 
H.  Steward,  and  S.  B.  Curtis.     F.  W.  Bier,  S.  P.  McDonald,  and  G.  T.  Mc 
Cunnell  were  appointed  a  committee  on  constitution  and  by-laws.   This  society 
sought  to  limit  the  pioneer  period  to  Jan.  1, 18i>6,  the  Columbia  River  section 
of  the  territory  being  a  much  older  settlement  than  Puget  Sound.     By  the 
same  rule,  the  pioneers  of  eastern  Washington  should  be  allowed  until  1865 
or  1868.    Vancouver  Jiegister,  Aug.  7,  1874,  Oct.  0,  1874. 

'''Olympia  Columbian,  }fov.  4,  1853.  Rabbeson afterward  owned  the /(liry. 
She  was  blown  up  in  Oct.  1857,  at  Olympia. 


PROSPECTS. 


attempt 
50ciation 
r  settle- 
^fficulties 
ved  that 
territory 
and  that 
)ther  had 
'  superior 
!  to  rapid 

'airy,  was 
laster,  D. 
*  and  the 
the  Live 
.  and  San 
[1,  Maine, 
asing  fleet 
Schools 
)ut  for  ob- 
;ion  estab- 
,  but  not 
s  nor  sec- 
hohc  Ind- 
lulation  of 

,.  OlyiTipiai  ^01" 
[ation,  tlie  call 
W  1860.    The 
tpn   Cushman, 
|n,  S.  Coulter, 
Irequisitioii  for 
\\,  1800,  or  on 
Feb.   18,  1871. 
|72.  Seattle  In' 
Imade  at  Van- 
liaway,  A.  M. 
H.  Traut,  B. 
F.  Smith,  G. 
ind  G.  T.  Mc- 
,   This  society 
,  River  section 
)und.     By  the 
irecl  until  1865 


less  than  4,000,  not  quite  1,700  of  whom  were  voters, 
the  ambitious  young  commonwealth  was  already  talk- 
ing of  a  railroad  from  the  Skookum  Chuck  coal-fields, 
discovered  in  1850,  to  Olympia,  and  J.  W.  Trutch 
was  engaged  in  surveying  a  route  ^  in  the  autumn  of 
1853.  In  this  chaotic  but  hopeful  condition  was  the 
new  territory  of  Washington,  when  on  the  26th  of 
November,  1853,  Governor  I.  I.  Stevens  arrived  at 
Olympia  to  set  in  motion  the  wheels  of  government. 

»  Olympia  Columbian,  Oct.  2  and  \%  1853. 


Ined  the  Fairy, 


CHAPTER  III. 

ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 

1853-1855. 

Governor  Isaac  Inqalls  Stevens— His  Life  and  Character— Raieroad 
StTRVKYS — Political  Parties — Election — First  Legislative  Assem- 
bly— Its  Personnel  and  Acts — Early  Newspapers — County  Organ- 
izations— Federal  Courts — Land  Claims  and  Land  Titles — Roads, 
Mails,  and  Express  Companies — San  Juan  Island — Indian  Troubles 
— Treaties  and  Reservations— Stevens  in  Eastern  Washington. 

Isaac  Inoalls  Stevens,  the  man  who  had  been  sent 
to  organize  the  government  of  Washington,  was  one 
fitted  bj  nature  and  education  to  impress  himself 
upon  the  history  of  the  country  in  a  remarkable  de- 
gree. He  was  born  at  Andover,  Massachusetts,  and 
educated  in  the  mihtary  school  of  West  Point,  from 
which  he  graduated,  in  1839,  with  the  highest  honors. 
He  had  charge  for  a  few  years  of  fortifications  on  the 
New  England  coast.  He  had  been  on  the  staflf  of 
General  Scott  in  Mexico,  and  for  four  years  previous 
to  his  appointment  as  governor  of  Washington  had 
been  an  assistant  of  Professor  Bache  on  the  coast 
survey,  which  gave  him  the  further  training  which 
was  to  make  his  name  prominent  in  connection  with 
the  survey  for  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad — the  his- 
toric road  of  the  continent — the  idea  of  which  had  for 
thirty  years  been  developing  in  connection  with  the 
Columbia  River  and  a  route  to  China. 

Congress  having  at  length  authorized  the  survey 
of  this  and  other  routes  to  the  Pacific,  Stevens  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  northern  line,  whose  terminus, 
by  the  progress  of  discovery  and  events,  was  now 

(70) 


GOVERNOR  AND  POLITICS. 


n 


EB — RAIEROAD 
LATIVE   ASSEM- 

;;ouNTy  Okgan- 
Titles— Roads, 
DiAN  Teoubles 
Washington. 

:1  been  sent 
m,  was  one 
3SS  himself 
irkable  de- 
usetts,  and 
oint,  from 
est  honors, 
ions  on  the 
le  staff  of 
rs  previous 
ngton  had 
the  coast 
ling  which 
ction  with 
I — the  his- 
ich  had  for 
n  with  the 

the  survey 

tevens  was 

terminus, 

was  now 


fixed  at  Puget  Sound.  He  was  to  proceed  from  the 
head  waters  of  the  Mississippi  to  this  inlet  of  the  Pa- 
ciiic,  and  report  not  only  upon  the  route,  but  upon  the 
Indian  tribes  along  it,  with  whom  he  was  to  establish 
friendly  relations,  and,  when  practicable,  to  treat. 
The  manner  in  which  the  survey  was  conducted  is 
si)okcn  of  in  another  portion  of  my  work,  and  I  pro- 
ceed here  with  the  narration  of  territorial  affairs.^ 
The  day  appointed  by  Governor  Stevens  for  electing 
a  delegate  to  congress  and  members  of  a  council  and 
house  of  representatives  was  the  30th  of  January,  1854, 
the  members  chosen  to  convene  at  Olympia  February 
27tb  following.  In  the  time  intervening,  two  political 
])arties  organized  and  enacted  the  usual  contest  over 
their  candidates.  The  democratic  candidate  for  dele- 
«ute  to  congress,  Columbia  Lancaster,  is  not  unknown 
to  the  reader.  He  had  served  the  county  of  Lewis 
in  the  council  of  the  Oregon  legislature,  if  service  it 
could  be  called,  in  which  he  did  nothing  but  cover  him- 
.self  with  ridicule.  His  whig  opponent  was  William 
H.  Wallace,^  and  the  independent  candidate  M.  L.  Sim- 

'  Tlie  officers  appointed  to  assist  Stevens  in  the  survey  of  a  railroad  route 
were  A\'.  T.  Gaiiliner,  capt.  1st  dragoons;  George  B.  McClellan,  brev.  capt., 
assigned  to  duty  as  napt.  of  eug.;  Johnson  K.  Duncan,  2d  lieut  3d  art.;  Rufus 
.Saxton,  Jr,  2d  licut  4th  art.;  Cuvier  Grover  (brother  of  L.  F.  Grover  of 
Orogoii),  L'd  lieut  oth  art.;  A.  J.  Donelson,  2d  lieut  corps  of  engineers;  John 
Mullaii,  Jr,  brev.  2(1  lieut  1st  art;  George  F.  Suckley  and  J.  G.  Cooper, 
surguo2is  and  naturalists;  John  Evans,  geologist;  J.  M.  Stanley,  artist  (the 
same  who  was  in  Oregon  in  1847-8);  G,  W.  Stevens  and  A.  Remenyi,  astron- 
oiiiLis;  A.  W.  Tinkhain  and  F.  W.  Lander  (brother  of  Judge  Lander),  civil 
eiigincor.s;  John  Lambert,  draughtsman.  iVttuh'nujtoH  (City)  llcpublir,  May 
7,  185.3.  The  survey  was  to  be  commenced  from  both  ends  of  the  route,  to 
meet  somewliere  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  McClellan,  who  had  charge 
of  tiio  west  end  of  the  line,  arrived  in  S.  F.  in  June  185;i,  and  proceeded  to 
explore  the  Ca.scado  Range  for  passes  leading  to  Puget  Sound,  starting  from 
Vancouver,  and  dividing  his  party  so  as  to  make  a  rcconnoissauce  ou  both 
sides  of  the  range  the  same  season.  The  narratives  of  these  surveys  contained 
ill  the  Pucific  R.  R.  reports  are  interesting.  Several  persons  connected  with 
the  expeditions  remained  on  the  Pacific  coast;  others  have  since  revisited 
it  ill  an  otiiciul  capacity,  and  a  few  who  are  not  mentioned  here  will  be  men- 
tioued  in  connection  with  subsequent  events. 

"Wallace  was  born  iu  Miami  county,  Ohio,  July  17,  1811,  whence  ho  re- 
moved when  a  child  to  Indiana,  and  in  18.39  to  Iowa,  wiiere  he  served  in  both 
bniiiches  of  the  legislature.  He  was  appointed  receiver  of  public  moneys  at 
Fiarlield,  Iowa,  holding  the  ofHco  until  Pierce's  administration,  when  ho  re- 
moved to  Washington,  iu  18o.3.  His  subsequent  career  will  be  given  iiere- 
nfter.  llis  death  occurred  B'eb.  8,  1879.  Olympia  Standard,  Fob.  15,  1879; 
iVt'w  Tacoma  Jlcmld,  Feb  14,  1879. 


72 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


i 


1 
I 


mens,  who,  notwithstanding  his  popularity  as  a  man 
and  a  democrat,  received  only  eighteen  votes,*  Wal- 
lace received  500,  and  Lancaster  690.  Democracy 
was  strong  on  the  north  side  of  the  Columbia,  as  it 
was  on  the  south,  but  it  had  not  yet  assumed  the  same 
dictatorial  tone,*  and  Lancaster,  who  had  affiliated 
with  the  whigs  in  1851  in  Oregon,  was  a  thorough 
enough  democrat  in  1853.*  He  had  a  talent  for  hu- 
morous story-telling,  which  in  debate  often  goes  as  far 
as  argument  or  forensic  eloquence  before  a  promiscu- 
ous assemblage.  The  unsuccessful  candidates  were 
John  M.  Hayden,*  surgeon  at  Fort  Steilacoom,  F.  A. 

'  Simmons'  influence  naturally  declined  when  he  was  put  in  comparison 
and  competition  with  men  of  different  degrees  of  education,  and  he  felt  the 
embarrassment  and  humiliation  of  it  keenly.  To  it  he  ascribed  the  loss  of  his 
property,  which  occurred  later.  Although  a  man  of  large  frame  and  good 
constitution,  he  died  at  the  age  of  53  years,  Nov.  15,  1807.  He  was  buried 
with  imposing  ceremonies  by  the  masonic  order,  of  which  he  was  a  monber, 
having  subscribed  liberally  toward  the  erection  of  a  masonic  hall  at  Olympia 
in  1854.  Olympia  Standard,  Nov.  2.3,  1807. 

*  Joseph  Cushman  was  appointed  by  a  democratic  legislature  first  probate 
judge  of  Tliurston  co.  He  was  bom  at  Middlebury,  Mass.,  Mai'ch  13,  1807, 
and  was  a  lineal  descendant  of  Robert  Cushman  of  the  MnyAower  comijany, 
had  a  good  home  education  and  a  Boston  business  training,  hence  was  a  val- 
uable man  in  any  community,  besides  being  an  orator  of  ability,  and  ready 
writer.  He  went  to  South  America  in  1849,  and  after  a  brief  stay  in  Valpa- 
raiso, came  to  California,  and  engaged  in  jobbing  goods  on  the  Sacramento 
River.  Making  the  acquaintance  of  Samuel  Merritt,  owner  of  the  brig  G. 
W.  Kcndidl,  ho  took  charge  of  Merritt's  business,  established  in  Olympia  in 
1852,  Merritt  running  a  line  of  vessels,  and  having  a  trading-house  at  that 
place.  In  1857  Cushman  was  admitted  to  practice  as  an  attorney,  and  suc- 
cessfully defended  Luther  M.  Collins,  who  was  charged  with  murder  in  con- 
nection with  the  execution  of  an  Indian  outlaw.  In  1855  he  was  nominated 
by  the  freo-soil  party  for  delegate  to  congress,  but  was  beaten  by  J.  P.  An- 
derson, deuiocrat.  In  the  Indian  war  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  E]aton's 
comjiany  of  rangers,  and  was  one  of  the  party  besieged  on  Lemmon's  land  in 
the  Puyallup  Valley,  remaining  in  the  service  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He 
was  president  of  the  first  board  of  trustees  for  Olympia  in  1809.  In  1801  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Lincoln  receiver  of  public  moneys  in  connection 
with  the  land-office,  which  appointment  he  held  until  1870.  His  name  is  in- 
corporated with  the  history  of  the  capital  of  Washington  particularly,  and 
with  the  country  in  general.  He  died  Feb.  29,  1872.  Olympia  Echo,  March 
7,  1872;  Olympia  Standard,  March  2,  1872. 

*  P.  W.  Crawford  relates  how  by  a  little  sharp  practice  he  procured  the 
nomination  in  convention  of  his  friend  Lancaster,  who  lived  on  or  near  the 
Columbia,  against  the  candidates  of  the  Sound  district,  by  d'vidin,;  the  votes 
against  him,  and  as  they  failed,  gathering  them  in  solid  fc  r  !.be  remaining 
candidate.  Narr.,  MS.,  207. 

*Hayden  was  strongly  supported  by  Pierce  co.,  having  les'ded  at  the  fort 
ever  since  its  establishment,  practising  his  profession  alsooutsi  le  the  military 
reservation.  Being  recalled  to  the  east  in  1854,  companies  A  and  C,  4th  in- 
fantry, presented  him  a  flattering  farewell  address,  published  in  Olympia 
Pioneer  and  Dem.,  Jan.  21,  1854. 


THE  LEGISLATURE. 


78 


|r  as  a  man 
,cs.«  Wal- 
Dernocracy 
nibia,  as  it 
id  the  same 
d  affiliated 
a  thorough 
ent  for  hu- 
goes  as  far 
1  promiscu- 
dates  were 
!oom,  F.  A. 

,t  in  comparison 
,  and  lie  felt  the 
eil  the  loss  of  his 
frame  and  good 
He  was  buried 
e  was  a  member, 
hall  at  Olympia 

tare  first  probate 
March  13,  1807, 
yAowi'r  company, 
hence  was  a  val- 
|bility,  and  ready 
f  stay  in  Valpa- 
the  Sacramento 
;r  of  the  brig  G. 
led  in  Olympia  in 
ng-house  at  that 
jtorney,  and  suc- 
murder  in  con- 
was  nominated 
en  by  J.  P.  An- 
ivatc  in   Eaton's 
temmon'a  land  in 
of  the  war.     He 
iG9.     In  1861  ho 
lys  in  connection 
His  name  is  in- 
larticularly,  and 
la  Echo,  March 

lie  procured  the 
on  or  near  the 

vidin,;  the  votes 
the  remaining 

'ded  at  the  fort 

|i  le  the  military 

and  C,  4th  in- 

led  in  Olympia 


Chenoweth,  Judge  Strong,  Gilmore  Hays/  and  W. 
H.  Wallace. 

In  the  legislature,  which  organized  by  choosing 
G.  N.  McConaha*  president  of  the  council,  and  F.  A. 
Chenoweth  speaker  of  the  lower  house,  there  was  a 
democratic  majority  of  one  in  the  council '  and  six  in 

'  Gilmore  Hays  was  a  native  of  Ky,  but  resided  in  Mo.,  where  he  was  dis- 
trict judge,  when  the  gold  discovery  drew  him  to  C'al.  Returning  to  ilo.,  ho 
led  a  train  of  immigrants  to  Oregon  in  1852,  and  in  18J3  settled  on  Dcs 
Chutes  River  near  the  head  of  Budd  Inlet.  The  year  1852  was  the  time  of 
the  cholera  on  the  plains,  and  Hays  lost  his  wife  and  two  children,  who  were 
burieil  near  Salmon  Falls  of  Snake  River,  together  with  the  wife  of  B.  F. 
Yautis.  There  remained  to  him  three  sons,  James  H.,  Charles,  and  Robert, 
and  one  daughter,  who  married  J.  G.  Parker,  all  of  whom  reside  in  Olympia. 
In  the  same  company  were  John  P.  and  Isaac  Hays,  his  brothers,  N.  Ostran- 
der,  Hilary  Butler,  James  Scott,  and  their  families,  Thomas  Prather,  George 
Fry,  and  others.  When  the  Indian  war  threatened,  he  was  first  to  volunteer, 
his  was  tlie  first  company  raised,  and  throughout  he  was  of  much  service  to 
tlie  territory.  After  the  termination  of  the  war,  he  returned  to  Mo.,  but  in 
18G:)  removed  to  Idaho,  and  was  useful  to  the  supt  of  Ind.  affairs  for  Washing- 
ton in  arranging  treaties  with  the  natives.  Failing  health  caused  him  to 
return  to  Pugefc  Sound,  where  he  died  October  10,  1880.  Olympia  Transcript, 
Oct.  30,  1880;  Olympia  Standard,  Oct.  29,  1880;  Olympia  Courier,  Oct.  29, 
1 880. 

"McConaha  was  drowned,  in  company  with  P.  B.  Barstow,  in  the  Sound, 
on  the  23d  of  May,  1854.  His  widow,  Ursula,  had  a  series  of  other  losses 
and  misfortunes.  An  8-year  old  daughter  was  burned  to  death  in  March 
18.J8,  a  son  was  killed  by  a  vicious  horse,  and  another  son  terribly  maimed 
by  an  accident.     In  August  1859  she  married  L.  V.  Wyckoff  of  Seattle. 

•  The  first  legislative  assembly  was  composed  of  nine  councilmen,  as  follows: 
Clarke  county,  Daniel  F.  Bradford  and  William  H.  Tappan;  Island  and  Jeffer- 
son, William  T.  Say  ward;  Lewis  and  Pacific,  Seth  Catlin  and  Henry  Miles; 
Pierce  and  King,  Lafayette  V.  Balch  and  G.  N.  McConaha;  Thurston,  D.  R. 
Bigelow  and  B.  F.  Yantis.  H.  M.  Frost  of  Pierce  was  elected  chief  clerk,  and 
U.  E.  Hicks  of  Thurston  assistant  clerk.  Hicks  was  county  clerk  of  Thurston. 
He  figured  a  good  deal  in  politics,  served  in  the  Indian  war  of  1855-C,  and 
afterward  edited  one  or  more  newspapers.  He  emigrated  to  Washington  from 
Mo.  in  1850,  with  his  young  wife,  who  died  Nov.  16,  1853,  aged  21  years. 
He  married,  Jan.  21,  1855,  India  Ann  Hartsock.  Frost  served  but  a  part  of 
the  term,  and  resigned,  when  Elwood  Evans  was  elected  and  served  from 
Miircli  8th  to  May  Ist.  J.  L.  Mitchell  of  Lewis  was  elected  sergeant-at-arms, 
and  W.  G.  Osborn  of  Thurston  door-keeper.  The  council  being  divided  into 
three  classes  by  lot.  D.  R.  Bigelow,  Seth  Catlin,  and  W.  H.  Tappan  drew 
the  tiirce-years  term;  B.  F.  Yantis,  Henry  Miles,  and  G.  N.  McConaha,  the 
two-years  term;  W.  T.  Sayward,  D.  F.  Bradford,  and  L.  Balch,  the  one-year 
term.  The  house  of  representatives  consisted  of  seventeen  members,  one 
from  Island  county,  S.  D.  Howe  (whig);  five  from  Clarke,  J.  D.  Biles,  F.  A. 
Clicnoweth,  A.  J.  Bolan,  Henry  R.  Crosbie,  and  A.  Lee  Lewis  (whig);  one 
from  Lewis,  H.  D.  Huntington  (whig) — John  K.  Jackson  and  F.  A.  Clarke 
received  the  same  number  of  votes,  and  the  second  member  from  Lewis  was 
not  elected;  one  from  Jefferson,  D.  F.  Brownfield;  one  from  King,  A.  A. 
Denny  (whig);  three  from  Pierce,  L.  F.  Thompson,  John  M.  Chapman,  and 
H.  C.  Moselcy;  four  from  Thurston,  Leonard  D.  Durgin,  David  Sliclton,  Ira 
^yard  (whig),  and  C.  H.  Hale  (whig);  one  from  Pacific,  Jehu  Scudder,  who 
died  before  the  legislature  convened.  Scudder  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  in 
Pacific  county,  and  was  much  regretted.    A  singular  fatality  attended  the 


H 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


the  house  of  representatives ;  but  there  was  no  undue 
exhibition  of  partisan  zeal,  nor  any  occasion  for  it, 
the  assembly  being  impressed  with  the  importance  of 
the  public  duties  which  had  been  assigned  to  them. 
The  organization  being  completed  on  the  28th,  Gov- 
ernor Stevens  was  invited  to  communicate  to  the 
legislature  a  message,  in  which  he  made  certain  state- 
ments which  will  not  be  out  of  place  here  as  an 
introduction  to  his  administration  and  the  history  of 
the  territory. 

After  a  just  encomium  upon  the  country  and  its 
natural  advantages  for  commerce,  he  reminded  them 
that  as  the  Indian  title  to  lands  had  not  been  extin- 
guished, nor  a  law  passed  for  its  extinguishment, 
titles  could  not  be  secured  under  the  land  law  of 
congress,  and  the  public  surveys  ^\ere  languidly  con- 
ducted. He  spoke  of  the  importance  of  a  road  to 
Walla  Walla,  another  to  the  Columbia,  and  one  along 
the  eastern  shore  of  the  Sound  to  Bellingham  Bay, 
and  advised  them  to  memorialize  congress  on  the 
urgent  necessity  for  these  roads,  to  prevent  suffering 
and  loss  to  the  immigrations.  He  counselled  them 
to  ask  for  a  surveyor-general  of  the  territory,  and 
that  liberal  appropriations  might  be  made  for  the 
surveyors,  that  they  might  keep  in  advance  of  the 
settlements.  He  proposed  to  request  an  amendment 
to  the  land  law  making  it  possible  to  acquire  title  by 
the  payment  of  the  minimum  valuation,  by  a  resi- 
dence of  one  year,  or  by  improvements  equal  to  the 
minimum  valuation,  and  that  single  women  should 
be  placed  on  the  same  footing  with  married  women. 
He  recommended  the  early  settlement  of  the  boundary 

representatives  from  Pacific.  In  the  first  instance,  J.  L.  Brown  was  nom- 
inated, and  died  before  the  election.  His  successor,  Scudder,  who  was  nom- 
inated after  his  death  and  elected,  did  not  live  to  take  his  seat.  Henry  Peister 
was  then  chosen  to  fill  the  vacancy,  but  died  of  apoplexy  on  tlio  evening  of 
the  day  on  which  he  was  sworn  in.  Feistcjr  also  left  a  family.  Another 
election  being  ordered,  James  C.  Strong  was  chosen,  and  took  his  seat  Apiil 
14,  1854.  Olyntpia  Pioneer  and  Dcm.,  April  15,  18r>4.  B.  F.  Kendall  was 
elected  chief  clerk,  and  J.  Phillips  assistant  clerk,  of  the  lower  house;  Jacob 
Smith  of  Whitlbey  Island  sergeant-at-arms;  and  J.  H.  Rouudtree  door-keeper. 
Oljmp'ia  Pioneer  and  Uem.,  March  4,  1854. 


MESSAGE  OF  GOVERNOR  STEVENS. 


76 


s  no  undue 
jion  for  it, 
portance  of 
(I  to  them. 
28th,  Gov- 
;ate  to  the 
irtain  state- 
here  as  an 
B  history  of 

itry  and  its 
inded  them 
been  extin- 
npfuishment, 
land   law  of 
nguidly  con- 
f  a  road  to 
id  one  along 
ngham  Bay, 
f-ress  on   the 
ent  suffering 
iselled  them 
irritory,  and 
tde   for  the 
ance  of  the 
amendment 
[uire  title  by 
by  a  resi- 
i'qual  to  the 
men  should 
ied  women, 
[he  boundary 

iBrown  was  notn- 
\r,  who  was  noin- 
).  Henry  Feister 
Lu  tlie  evening  of 
family.  Auotlicr 
fcok  liis  seat  April 
F.  Kendall  waa 
jfer  house;  Jacob 
[tree  door-keeper. 


line  between  Washington  and  the  British  territory 
on  the  north,  and  that  congress  should  be  memorial- 
ized on  this  subject,  and  on  the  importance  of  contin- 
uing the  geographical  and  geological  surveys  already 
conmienced.  He  made  the  usual  prophetic  remarks 
on  the  Pacific  railroads,^"  referred  to  the  inefficient 
mail  service,  of  which  I  have  spoken  at  length  in  the 
history  of  Oregon,  gave  same  advice  concerning  the 
[)reparation  of  a  code  of  laws,  and  adverted  to  the  im- 
portance of  organizing  new  counties  east  of  the  Cas- 
cade Range,  and  readjusting  the  boundaries  of  some 
of  the  older  ones. 

In  referring  to  the  position  occupied  by  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  and  Puget  Sound  Agricultural  companies, 
the  governor  declared  them  to  have  certain  rights 
granted  to  them,  and  lands  confirmed  to  them,  but 
that  the  vajjue  nature  of  their  liniits  must  lead  to 


concernmg 


their 


possessions,   and    recom- 


disputes 

mended  that  congress  should  be  memorialized  to 
extinguish  their  title.  As  to  the  right  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company  to  trade  w?th  the  Indians, 
that  he  said  was  no  longer  allowed,  an^l  under  instruc- 
tions from  the  secretary  of  state  he  had  already 
informed  the  company  that  they  would  be  given  until 
July  to  wind  up  their  affairs,  after  which  time  the 
laws  regulating  intercourse  with  the  Indians  would 
be  rigidly  enforced. 

He  recommended  a  special  commission  to  report  on 
a  school  system,  and  that  congress  should  be  asked  to 
appropriate  land  for  a  university;  also  that  some  mili- 
tary training  should  be  included  in  the  curriculum  of 
the  higher  schools.  An  efficient  militia  system  was 
declared  to  be  necessary  in  a  distant  territory,  which 

'"In  my  judgment,  with  such  aid  us  the  government  can  rightfully  furnish 
as  a  proprietor  in  making  surveys  and  granting  lands,  the  energies  of  our 
people  are  adequate  to  building  not  simply  one,  but  three  or  four  roads.  Our 
coininerce  doubles  in  7  years,  our  railroads  in  4  or  5  years,  ami  we  have  reason 
to  believe  that  for  some  years  to  come  this  rate  of  increase  will  be  accelerated. 
...  I  am  firmly  of  opinion,  however,  that  these  groat  undertakings  should 
1)0  controlled  and  consummated  by  the  people  themselves,  and  that  every 
project  of  agovernmeut  road  should  be  discountenanced.'  Wash,  Jour.  Vouncil, 
1SJ4, 14. 


IlLii 


I 


76 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


must  In  case  of  war  be  compelled  for  a  time  to  rely 
upon  itself;  and  this  he  thought,  with  the  arms  and 
ammunition  to  which  the  territory  would  be  entitled 
under  the  laws  of  congress,  would  enable  it  to  protect 
itself  from  any  foreign  invader."  Such  is  a  brief 
abstract  of  the  first  message  of  the  first  governor  of 
Washington,  which  is  an  epitome  also  of  the  condition, 
needs,  and  prospects  of  the  new  commonwealth. 
Most  of  the  suggestions  made  by  the  governor  were 
carried  out  in  some  form. 

Immediately  after  organization,  the  house  adopted 
for  the  territorial  seal  a  device  furnished  by  Lieutenant 
J.   K.  Duncan   of  Stevens'   surveying   expedition.^^ 


Seal. 

The  first  bill  passed  was  on  the  1st  of  March,  an  act 
providing  for  a  board  of  commissioners  to  prepare  a 
code  of  laws  for  the  territory;  the  board  appointed 
consisting  of  judges  Edward  Lander,  Victor  Monroe, 
and  William  Strong,  who  adopted  as  many  of  the 

"  Wash.  Jour.  Council,  1854,  10-18.      ' 

''  On  one  side,  a  log  cabin  and  an  immigrant  "wagon,  with  a  fir  forest  in  t)ie 
background;  on  the  other,  a  sheet  of  water  being  traversed  by  a  steamer  and 
sailing-vessels;  a  city  in  perspective;  the  goddess  of  hope  and  an  anchor  iu 
the  centre,  the  figure  pointing  above  to  the  significant  Indian  word  'Alki' — by 
and  by.  Olympia  Pioneer  and  Dem.,  Feb.  25,  1854;  Wash,  Jour.  House, 
1854,  14. 


time  to  rely 
he  arms  and 
1  be  entitled 
it  to  protect 
h  is  a  brief 
governor  of 
he  condition, 
:nmonwealth. 
overnor  were 

lOUse  adopted 

)y  Lieutenant 

expedition.^- 


[arch,  an  act 
I  to  prepare  a 
Lrd  appointed 
jctor  Monroe, 

many  of  the 


Jth  a  fir  forest  in  the 

Id  by  a  steamer  and 

)  and  an  anchor  in 

mword'Alki'— t.y 

Va»h.  Jour.  House, 


'% 


I 


COUNTIES. 


77 


laws  of  Oregon  as  they  found  practicable,  and  other 
suitable  ones  from  other  codes,"  the  laws  originated 
by  the  legislature  being  chiefly  local. 

The  counties  of  Sawamish,"  Whatcom,"  Clallam, 
Chchalis,  Cowlitz,  Wahkiakum,  Skamania,  and  Walla 
Walla"  were  created,  the  latter  with  the  county  seat 
"on  the  land  claim  of  Lloyd  Brooks,"  now  the  site  of 
tlic  city  of  Walla  Walla.  The  county  seat  of  Clarke 
county  was  fixed  at  Vancouver/'^  "on  the   east  side 

"  Strong's  Hist.  Or.,  MS. ,  62.  J.  W.  Wiley  of  the  Pioneer  and  Democrat, 
a  new  name  for  the  Columbian,  was  elected  territorial  printer  by  the  legisla- 
ture, but  A.  M.  Berry,  Wiley's  partner,  was  appointed  to  superintend  the  print- 
ing of  the  laws  in  the  east.  He  died  of  malignant  small-pox  soon  after  reach- 
ing liis  liome  in  Greenland,  N.  H.,  at  the  age  of  29  year.:,,  j !.  1  the  laws  were  not  in 
readiness  for  tlie  next  legislature.  Alfred  Metcalf  Bev  •>  -ome  to  the  Pacific 
coast  in  1849,  and  to  Or.  in  1850  for  his  health.  In  Deri.  1853  he  formed  a 
partneisiiip  with  Wiley,  and  the  name  of  Columbian  being  no  longer  sif^nifi- 
cant,  the  publishers  changed  it  to  Washington  P,  'leer.  in  Jan.  )S.,4il.  L. 
Doyle  brought  a  press  and  material  toOlympia,  .  Iih  the  intention  uf  starting 
a  new  pajitT  to  be  called  the  Northwest  Democrat,  but  iinally  consolidated 
wi"'  the  Pioneir,  which  then  became  the  Pioneer  and  Di  mocrat.  See  Wash, 
'  '•  vippr,  Jan.  '28,  1854.  Soon  after  the  death  of  Bony,  George  B.  Goudy, 
.inothcr  younf  man,  became  associated  with  Wiley  as  puMisher,  the  firm  be- 
ing Wiley,  Goudy,  &  Doyle,  but  Dc"Ie  retired  before  the  end  of  the  year 
( 1  S>1.")),  anil  only  Wiley  and  Goudy  remained,  Wiley  being  editor.  Gondy  was 
elected  territorial  printer  Jan.  27  1855,  the  Pioneer  and  Democrat  remaining 
tiie  ollicial  paper  of  the  territory  until  a  republican  administration  in  1801. 
He  was  a  native  of  Indianapolis,  Ind. ,  and  born  in  1828.  He  came  to  Or.  in  1 849, 
11  nd  for  a  year  had  charge  of  the  publication  of  the  Spectator.  He  married  Eliz- 
aljcth  Morgan  of  Lafayette,  Dr.,  in  Sept.  1854,  and  removed  toOlympia  early 
in  1855.  Flis  connection  with  the  Pioneer  and  Democrat  ceased  in  Aug.  1850. 
He  died  Sept.  19, 1857,  leaving  a  wife  and  child.  E.  Furste  succeeded  Goudy 
as  publisher  of  the  Pioneer  and  Democrat.  In  May  1858  Wiley  retired,  leav- 
ing Furste  publisher  and  editor.  Wiley  died  March  30,  1800,  at  the  age  of 
40,  tlie  victim  of  intemperate  drinking.  He  was  born  in  Ohio,  was  possessed 
of  brilliant  talents,  and  impressed  his  mind  and  energy  upon  the  history  of 
liis  adopted  country,  but  fell  by  a  power  mightier  than  himself.  Pioneer  and 
Dem.,  March  30,  1800.  In  November  1800  Furste  sold  the  paper  to  James 
Lodge,  who  found  the  change  in  public  sentiment  against  the  democratic 
antecedents  of  this  journal,  which  lost  precedence,  and  was  discontinued  not 
long  after.  Historically,  the  Pioneer  and  Democrat  is  of  more  importance 
tiian  any  other  journal  or  journals. 

'*  Sawamish  county,  first  organized  March  13,  1854,  had  its  name  changed 
to  Mason  Jan.  3,  1864,  in  honor  of  Charles  H.  Mason,  first  secretary  of  the 
territory.  The  county  officers  appointed  on  its  organization  were:  commis- 
sioners, Wesley  Gosnell,  Charles  Graham,  Lee  Hancock;  sherifiF,  Finis  K. 
Simmons;  judge  of  probate,  Alfred  Hall;  auditor,  V.  P.  Morrow;  treasurer, 
Orrington  Cushman;  justice  of  the  peace,  Aaron  M.  Collins.  Olympia  Pioneer 
and  Dem.,  May  27,  1854. 

'^Commissioners  appointed  for  Whatcom  county  were  William  Cullen, 
II.  C.  Page,  R.  V,  Peabody;  sheriff,  Ellis  Barnes;  auditor,  A.  M.  Poe. 

"Commissioners  appointed  for  Walla  Walla  were  Georgo  C.  Baniford, 
John  Owen,  Dominique  Pambrun;  shei  T,  Narcisso  Kaymond;  judge  of  pro- 
bate and  justice  of  the  peace,  Lloyd  Brooke. 

"  Vancouver  is  called  Columbia  City  in  the  act.     This  patriotic  change  of 


78 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT, 


of  Mrs  Esther  Short's  land  claim,"  and  by  the  same 
act  Mrs  Short's  dwelling  was  made  the  legal  place 
of  holding  courts  until  suitable  buildings  should  bo 
erected  by  the  county.^*     The  county  seat  of  Che- 

naiiic  occurred  about  1831  or  1852,  but  I  fail  to  find  any  mention  of  it.  I 
think  it  was  done  on  the  motion  of  tlio  lirst  postmaster  at  tliat  place,  R.  H. 
Laiisdale,  wlio  had  the  post-otfice  called  Columbia  City.  The  name,  how- 
ever, would  not  pass  in  the  face  of  long  usage,  and  the  Washington  legisla- 
ture at  its  second  session  changed  it  to  Vancouver.  The  commissioners 
appointed  for  Clarke  county  by  tho  first  territorial  legislature  were  WiUiani 
Dillon,  C.  C.  ytiles,  and  Mr  Fairchilds;  sherilf,  George  W.  Hart;  judge  of 
prob;ite,  Henry  GuUifcr  -.uditor,  William  Ryan;  treasurer,  Henry  Bnrliii- 
game;  justicesof  the  peace,  Solomon  Strong,  Michael  Tubbs;  coroner,  William 
Al.  Simmons;  assessor,  Henry  C.  Morse;  constable  for  Vancouver  precinct, 
Moses  Kirkham,  for  Cathlapootle  precinct,  C.  C.  Bogarth,  for  Washougal 
precinct.  Berry  Paten. 

^'^  OtUcers  were  appointed  for  all  the  counties  already  in  existence,  as  well  as 
the  new  ones,  and  as  the  list  furnishes  a  guide  to  the  distribution  of  the  pop- 
ulation, they  are  here  given.  Skamania  county  commissioners,  S.  M.  Hamil- 
tuii,  Joseph  Robbins,  Jacob  W.  Scroder;  sherill',  E.  F.  McNoll;  judge  of 
probate,  Cornelius  Salmer;  treasurer,  J.  H.  Bush;  auditor,  George  W. 
John.son;  justicesof  the  peace,  N.  H.  Gales,  B.  B.  Bishop,  and  Lloyd  Brooke. 

Cowlitz  county  eommiissioners,  Thomas  Lowe,  A.  A.  Aberuethy,  Seylor 
Rue;  justice  of  tho  peace  for  Monticello  precinct,  Nathaniel  Stone;  constaliic, 
R.  (J.  Smith;  judge  of  probate,  Nathaniel  Ostrander;  auditor,  Charles  Ilnl- 
man;  treasurer,  Alexander  Crawford;  sheriff,  James  Huntington;  assessor, 
Benjamin  Huntington;  justice  of  tho  peace  for  Oak  Point  precinct,  A\  . 
H.  ilarris;  constable,  F.  A.  Smith. 

Wahkiakum  county  commissioners,  James  Birnie,  Thompson  Dray,  Aus- 
tin Nye;  auditor,  Newell  Bearfs;  treasurer,  James  Birnie,  Jr;  sherilF,  Wil- 
liam Stilwell;  judge  of  probate  and  justice  of  the  peace,  Solomon  Stilwell. 

I'acilic  county  commissioners,  George  T.  Eastabrook,  P.  J.  McEwen,  Danii  1 
Wilson;  judge  of  ju-obatc,  George  P.  Newell;  justice  of  the  peace,  Ezra  Wes- 
ton; constable,  William  Edwards. 

Lewin  county  connnissioiiers,  Henry  R.  Stillman,  Thomas  Metcalf,  J.  ('. 
Davis;  judge  of  probate,  James  Gardiner;  auditor,  Horace  IL  Pints;  jus- 
tices of  the  peace,  Charles  h\  White,  O.  Small,  N.  Stearns,  F.  Delin;  con- 
Bfables,  B.iptistc  lionc,  William  C.  Many;  sherill",  J.  L.  Mitchell;  auditur, 
Martin  Bu<ls(in;  treasurer,  C.  C.  Pagett;  coroner,  George  B.  Roberts;  super- 
intendent of  common  schools,  A.  l.t.  Dillenbaugh. 

Thurston  county  commissioners,  Sidney  S.  Ford,  Sen.,  David  J.  Chambers. 
James  McAllister;  auditor.  Urban  E.  Hicks;  sherilT,  Franklin  Kcinneil); 
assessor,  Whitfield  Kirtley;  judge  of  probate,  Stephen  D.  Ruddell;  treasure  i, 
Daniel  R.  Bigelow;  justicesof  the  peace,  Nathan  lOaton,  Joseph  Brosliea is, 
W.  Plumb;  superintendent  of  schools,  Elwood  Evans;  constable  for  Olyni- 
pia  jirecinct,  Franklin  Kennedy. 

Chehalis  county  commissioners,  George  Watkins,  John  Vail,  John  Brady; 
auditor,  A.  O.  Houston;  treasurer,  D.  K.  Wcldon;  judge  of  probate,  Jani'.s 
H.  Roundtree;  sherill',  M.  A.  Eairlield;  justices  of  the  peace,  William  M. 
BuUard,  C.  L.  Russell,  I.  L.  Scaunnon. 

Pierce  counly  eoniniissioners,  William  P.  Dougherty,  L.  A.  Smith,  Willinm 
N.  Savage;  treasurer,  H.  C.  Perkins;  sherilf,  C.  Dunham;  assessor,  Hii;;!i 
Patterson;  coroner,  Anthony  Lauglilin;  justices  of  tl'c  peace,  H.  M.  Friot, 
George  Brown,  Samuel  Mcl'aw;  auditor,  G.  Bowlin;  judge  of  probate,  II. 
C.  Moseley;  constables,  William  McLucas,  Willian\  Sherwood. 

King  county  eommissieuieis,  'I'liomits  Mercer,  G.  W.  W.  Loomis,  L.  .M. 
CuUius;  judge  of  probate,  William  A.  Strickler;  sherill',  C.  D.  Boren;  uuilitm, 


CAPITAL  AND  COURTS. 


w 


)y  tlie  same 

legal  place 

3  sbould  bo 

jat  of  Chc- 

Tiention  of  it.  I 
;hat  place,  11.  H. 

The  iKinic,  liow- 
ishington  legisla- 
te Cdinniissiouers 
ire  were  WiUiam 
■.  llart;  judye  of 
ir,   Henry  linrlin- 

coronor,  William 
icouvcr  precinct, 
h,  for  \Vuahou;^al 

icistence,  as  well  as 
butioii  of  the  pop- 
icrs,  S.  M.  liamil 
McNeil;  judge  of 
litor,  Ucorgu  W. 
uul  Lloyd  Brooke. 
Aberuethy,  Soylor 
1  Stone;  constal''.i', 
litor,  Charlea  llnl- 
ntington;  assessor, 
oint  precinct,  ^^  . 

impson  Dray,  Aus- 

;,  Jr;  sheriir,  Wil- 

)lonion  StilwoU. 

McKwcn,  Daiiii  1 

peace,  Ezra  \V(  s- 

iias  Metcalf,  J.  •'• 
o  H.  Tints;  jus- 
s,  r.  Dclin;  con- 
Mitchell;  auditni, 
J.  Uoberts;  supei- 

avid  J.  Chambers, 
lanklin  Kiinneilj ; 
.uddell;  treasuKi. 
Josci)h  liroshcais, 
mstablo  for  Olyni- 


ail,  John  IVads ; 
of  probate,  .laiii'.^ 
eaco,  William   M. 

Smith,  Williiiiii 
r,  assessor,   lln;;U 
L-e,  H.  M.  I''"-'. 


f  probate,  H. 


go  ot  pr 

id. 
^V.  Loomis, 


L.  M. 


lioreu;  ouil 


litoi 


halis  county  was  fixed  temporarily  "at  the  house  of 
D.  K.  Woidon;"  of  Cowlitz,  at  Monticello ;  and  of 
Skamania,  at  the  "south-east  corner  of  the  land  claim 
of  F.  A.  Chenoweth." 

Olympia  was  fixed  upon  as  the  temporary  seat  of 
government,  the  judicial  districts  were  defined,  and 
the  judges  assigned  to  them  as  follows:  the  first  dis- 
trict comprised  Walla  Walla,  Skamania,  Clarke,  Cow- 
litz, W^ahkiakum,  and  Pacific  counties.  Judge  McFad- 
den;  second  district,  Lewis,  Chehalis,  Thurston,  and 
Sawamisli  counties.  Judge  Monroe;  third  district. 
Pierce,  King,  Lsland,  Clallam,  Jefferson,  and  What- 
com, JudiTO  Lander.  At  the  second  session  of  the 
legislature  Lander  was  assigned  to  the  second  district, 
and  the  judge  of  that  district  to  the  third,  which 
Idoiight  the  chief  justice  to  the  more  central  portion 
ot"  the  territory.  In  their  districts  the  judges  were 
rLH]uired  to  reside,  and  to  hold  two  terms  of  the  dis- 
tritt  court  annually  in  each  county,  except  in  those 
which  were  attached  to  some  other  for  judicial  pur- 
])oses,  like  Walla  Walla,  which  was  attached  to 
Skamania,  and  Chehalis  to  Thurston. 

The  fir-t  federal  court  held  in  Washington  after 
the  organization  of  the  territory  was  by  the  proclama- 
tion of  the  governor  on  the  2d  day  of  January,  1854, 
at  Cowlitz  landing,  by  Judge  Monroe,  who  in  May 
held  regular  terms  hi  all  the  counties  of  his  district 
according  to  the  act  of  the  legislature,  and  to  the 

II.  L.  Ycsler;  treasurer,  William  P.  Smith;  superintendent  of  schools, 
Henry  A.  Smith;  assessor,  John  C.  Hoigate;  justices  of  the  peace,  John  A. 
Chase.  S.  L.  (irow,  S.  W.  Kusscll;  constables,  B.  L.  Johns,  S.  B.  Simmons, 
Jaltics  N.  Rolierts. 

Jillerson  county  commissioners,  J.  P.  Keller,  William  Dunn,  F.  W.  I'et- 
tygrove;  tre.isurcr,  J.  K.  'J'homdyke;  sherifl',  W.  T.  Sayward;  judge  of  pro- 
li:iti',  L.  15.  Hastings;  auditor,  A.  A.  Plummer;  justieesof  tiiepeace,  J.  1'.  Kd- 
hr,  William  Webster,  F.  W.  Pottygrovo,  J.  K.  Thorndyke;  assessor,  J. 
Cl'n^i'r. 

Clallam  county  commissioners,  E.  II.  McAlmond,  K.  Price,  Daniel  F. 
P.rovMiiield;  sheriir,  Cliarlea  Bradshaw;  justice  of  tiio  peace,  (!.  II.  (ierrisli; 
«Hse^sllr,  J.  C.  Brown;  treasurer,  Mr  Fitzgerald;  judge  of  probate,  John 
.Mar;.'vave;  auditor,  (i.  B.  Moore. 

1-liiud  county  connni.ssioiiers,  John  Alexander,  .lohn  Crockett,  Ira  B. 
Powers;  sliciill',  Hugh  Crockett;  auditor,  li.  II.  Lansdulo;  ttSBcssor,  Hum- 
pliry  'lill. 


80 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


? 


'\  m 


satisfaction  of  the  people.  Yet  in  October  be  was 
removed,  upon  the  false  representation  of  some  per- 
sons unknown  that  he  had  absented  himself  from  the 
territory.^"  F.  A.  Chenoweth  was  appointed  in  his 
place,  and  was  present  as  the  judge  of  the  2d  judicial 
district  at  the  meeting  of  the  supreme  court  in  Olym- 
pia  in  December,'*"  the  bench  now  containing  but  one 
of  the  original  appointees  for  Washington,  Lander,  the 
chief  justice.'*^ 

There  was  none  of  that  romantic  attempt  at  creating 
something  out  of  nothing  in  the  first  acts  of  the  Wash- 
ington legislature  which  invested  with  so  much  inter- 
est the  beginnings  of  government  in  Oregon,  for  the 
legislators  had  at  the  outset  the  aid  of  United  States 
judges  and  men  familiar  with  law,  besides  having  the 
government  at  their  back  to  defray  all  necessary  ex- 
penses. There  is  therefore  nothing  to  relate  concern- 
ing their  acts,  except  in  instances  already  pointed  out 
in  the  message  of  Governor  Stevens,  where  certain 
local  interests  demanded  peculiar  measures  or  called 
for  the  aid  of  congress. 

The  most  important  matter  to  which  the  attention 

^^Oh/mpla  Pioneer  and  Dem.,  Oct.  21,  1854.  Monroe  died  at  Olympia 
Sept.  15,  1856,  aged  40  years.  He  was  buried  on  the  point  ou  Budd  Inlet 
near  the  capitol  at  Olympia,  but  15  years  afterward  the  remains  were  rein- 
teried  in  the  masonic  cemetery.  Olympia  Transcript,  March  13,  1809. 

•^"M,  Dec.  9,  1854. 

''  Edward  Lander  was  a  native  of  Salem,  Mass.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  IS.'JG,  and  soon  after  entered  the  law  school  at  Cambriilgc.  Ilis  first  law 
practice  was  in  Essex  co.,  but  in  1841  he  removed  to  Ind.,  wlicro  ho  was  soon 
appointed  prosecuting  attorney  for  several  counties,  and  subsc(pK'Utly  judge 
of  tiie  court  of  common  pleas  o\  tlio  state.  His  habits  were  said  to  bo  correct, 
his  manners  dignilicd  and  polished,  and  his  legal  and  literary  attainments  of 
a  hi;;h  ordei'.  lionlon  Times,  in  Oh/mpia  Pionerrand  Dem.,  Jnn.  7,  1854.  For 
McFaddon's  antecedents,  see  JJiKt.  Or.,  ii.,  chap,  xi.,  this  series.  He  died  of 
Iieart  disease,  at  the  age  of  58  years,  at  the  residence  of  liis  son-in-law,  W.  W. 
Miller  of  Olympia,  in  June  1875,  after  a  residence  of  22  years  in  the  territory, 
during  which  he  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  and  delegate  to  congress. 
iS'/'i''<  of /lie  Went,  J ixno  20,  1875;  Olympia  Transcript,  ,]n\y  l^,  1875;  U.  S. 
ihmsc  Jour.,  4.'Jd  cong.  Istsess.,  1.3.  F.  A.  (/henoweth  wns  born  in  1819,  in 
Franiilin  co.,  Ohio,  and  admitted  to  the  practice  of  law  in  Wisconsin  at  the 
ai^e  of  22  years.  Ho  camo  to  Or.  in  1849,  and  settled  on  the  north  side  of  the 
river  near  the  Cascades,  being  elected  to  tiio  legislature  from  Lewis  and 
Clarke  counties  in  1852.  In  180.1  he  removed  to  Corvaliis,  where  ho  was  again 
elected  to  the  Or.  legislature,  and  to  the  presidency  of  the  Willamette  Valley 
and  Coast  railroad.  Portland  Wed  Shore,  July  1877. 


LAND  LAWS. 


81 


er  he  was 
some  per- 
[f  from  the 
ited  in  his 
2d  judicial 
t  in  Olym- 
ug  but  one 
[jander,  the 


,  at  creating 
'  the  Wash- 
much  inter- 
ron,  for  the 
litcd  States 
havin<5  the 
3cessary  ex- 
ate  concern- 
pointed  out 
Liere  certain 
es  or  called 

lie  attention 

iued  at  Olympia 
it  on  BiuUl  Inlet 
Imaiua  were  rein- 
13,  1809. 

l-aduated  at  Har- 
Igc.    llUIirstlaw 
kicro  ho  was  soon 
>ac(iufutly  jiulge 
^id  to  1)0  correct, 
ly  attainments  of 
In.  7,  ISra.    For 
lies.     He  died  of 
y. in-law,  W.  W. 
[in  tlio  territory, 
late  to  congress. 
Is,  IS-".;  U.  S. 
Iborn  in  1819,  in 
Visconsin  at  tlio 
lorth  wiile  of  tliu 
Ironi  Lewis  and 
Irolio  was  again 
fllamctto  Valley 


I 


of  the  national  legislature  was  called  was  a  change  in 
the  land  law,  to  effect  which  congress  was  memorial- 
ized to  grant  them  a  surveyor-general  of  their  own, 
and  a  land  system  "separate  from,  and  wholly  discon- 
nected with,  that  of  Oregon  territory."'*^ 

By  comparing  the  demands  with  the  memorials  of 
the  Oregon  legislature  from  time  to  time,  it  will  be 
perceived  tliat  the  earth  hunger  was  not  all  confined 
to  the  [)eoplc  south  of  the  Columbia.  And  by  refer- 
ence to  my  History  of  Oregon,  the  reader  may  learn 
to  what  extent  congress  responded  to  the  demands  of 

''^Tlionmcndnionts  petitioned  forwcre:  1.  To  bo  relieved  from  the  prohibi- 
tion preventing  the  iiolders  of  donation  certificates  from  selling  any  portion 
of  their  c!.iiiiis  licforc  they  received  a  patent;  their  certificates  to  bo  prima 
fiieie  eviilenee  of  title.  .Suggestions  were  given  as  to  the  manner  of  establish- 
ing a  elaiiii  by  wituoaacs  before  the  surveyor-general.  2.  That  persona  enti- 
tled 1(1  a  donation  should  be  permitted  to  take  irregular  fractions  of  land. 
3.  Tliiit  town  propiietors  should  be  authorized  to  convey  lots  by  valid  deeds, 
tlio  saiiio  a.i  if  a  patent  had  been  issued.  4.  That  when  either  parent  of  a 
child  ov  rliilihi'u  .should  liavedicd  upon  the  road  to  Washington,  tho  survivor 
sliouM  1)0  eiitiJot  to  as  much  land  as  both  together  would  have  been  entitled 
to;  provided  the  laud  taken  in  the  name  of  tho  deceased  siiould  bo  held  in 
trust  for  the  cliildicn.  Or  when  cither  parent  shouhl  have  started  for  or 
arrived  in  tin'  teiritory,  and  the  other,  though  not  yet  started,  should  die, 
liaving  .a  iliild  or  eliihlren,  the  surviving  parent  should  be  entitled,  by  com- 
plying with  the  provisions  of  tlic  law,  to  the  full  amount  that  both  jiarcnts 
and  sUlIi  i?liil<l  or  cliijilren  would  have  been  entitled  to  had  tiiey  all  arrived 
in  the  teriito-y.  Or  tiiat  when  both  parents  should  die  after  having  begun 
their  jouiney  to  Washington,  or  before  locating  a  claim,  having  a  child  or 
children,  sueli  child  or  children  should,  l)y  guardian,  be  entitled  to  locate  as 
iiiueli  land  US  iiotli  parents  would  have  taken  under  tho  law  had  tlioy  lived. 
5.  That  willows  iiniuigratiug  to  and  settling  in  the  territory  should  bo  allowed 
to  take  (ho  siiinc  amount  of  land  as  unmarried  men,  by  compliance  with  the 
law.  (i.  That  all  persons  who  should  have  located  claims  under  tho  ju-ovis- 
iuns  of  the  donation  law  prior  to  the  1st  of  Jan.,  1852,  should  be  entitled  to 
their  patents  as  soon  as  tlie  land  siiould  have  been  surveyed,  and  they  have 
obtained  a  certilicato  from  the  surveyor-general.  And  that  all  persons  who 
should  lia\c  located  claims  subsequent  to  the  1st  day  of  Jan.,  1852,  should  bo 
entitled  to  patents  by  residing  thereon  for  tho  term  of  two  years,  or  by  hav- 
ing made  improvements  to  the  amount  of  four  hundred  dollars;  provided,  that 
tlie  removal  of  timber  from  the  public  lands  without  intention  to  reside  thereon 
should  bo  rcgariled  as  trespass;  tho  improvements  to  bo  estimated  by  tho 
increased  value  of  tho  lands  by  clearing,  cultivating,  fencing,  and  building. 
7.  Tliat  all  American  citizens,  or  those  who  had  declared  their  intention  to 
become  such,  including  American  half-breeds,  on  arriving  at  tho  age  of  twen- 
ty-one, siiould  be  entitled  to  tho  benefit  of  the  donation  act.  8.  That  tho 
provisions  of  tho  law  bo  extended  to  an  indefinite  period.  9.  That  each  sin- 
^;le  person  should  bo  entitled  to  receive  100  acres,  and  a  man  and  wife  douiilo 
tliat  amount;  provided,  that  the  estate  of  the  wife  should  bo  solo  and  sepa- 
rate, and  not  alienable  for  the  debts  or  liabilities  of  tho  liusband.  10.  That 
idl  persons  who  had  failed  or  neglected  to  take  claims  within  tho  time  nrc- 
^■.ribed  by  law  should  bo  permitted  to  take  claims  as  if  they  had  but 


arrived  in  the  country, 
UiBT.  Wash.— 0 


Wash.  Jour.  Council  1854,  179-81. 


just 


82 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


|i 


I!'! 


;  r ! 


both  legislatures  in  the  matter  of  amount  of  bounty 
and  limit  of  timc.**^  A  surveyor-general  and  register 
and  receiver  were  given  to  Washington ;  in  no  other 
wise  was  a  separate  land  system  granted;  but  the  new 
territory  was  entitled  to  the  same  privileges  with  Ore- 
gon, no  more  or  different.^ 

^Ilht.  Or.,  ii.,  chap,  x.,  this  series.  The  points  gained  by  an  act  of  con- 
gress passed  July  17,  1854,  were  the  withdrawal  of  town  sites  from  tlie  pro- 
visions of  the  donation  act,  and  subjecting  them  to  the  operation  of  the  act  of 
May  23,  1844,  'for  the  relief  of  citizens  of  towns  upon  lands  of  the  United 
States,  under  certain  circumstances,'  and  the  reduction  of  the  time  of  occu- 
pancy before  purchase  to  one  year;  the  repeal  of  that  portion  of  the  land  law 
which  made  void  contracts  for  tlic  sale  of  land  before  patent  issued,  provided 
that  sales  should  not  be  valid  unless  the  vendor  should  have  resided  four 
years  upon  the  land;  the  extension  of  the  preemption  privilege  to  Oregon  and 
vVasliiugton;  the  extension  of  the  donation  privilege  to  1855;  the  grant  of 
two  townships  of  land  for  university  purposes;  the  donation  of  100  acres  of 
land  to  orphans  whose  parents,  had  they  lived,  would  liave  been  entitled  to  a 
donation;  and  the  appointment  of  a  register  and  receiver  for  each  of  the  two 
territories.    Wa^h.  To:  Statulfs,  1854,  53-5. 

**Tho  subject  of  amended  land  laws  for  their  territory  was  not  permitted 
to  drop  with  this  attempt.  When  the  privileges  of  the  old  donation  act  ex- 
pired in  1855,  a  petition  signed  by  200  settlers  was  presented  to  congress, 
asking  that  the  clause  in  that  act  which  required  them  to  reside  for  4  yoars 
consecutively  on  their  claims  before  receiving  a  certificate  should  be  ex- 
punged, and  tiiat  they  be  allowed  to  purchase  them  at  the  rate  of  $1.25  an 
acre,  counting  the  value  of  their  improvements  as  payment;  the  amount  of 
labor  bestowed  being  taken  as  evidence  of  an  intention  to  remain  a  permanent 
settler.  Olympia  Pumecv  ami  JJem.,  Aug.  10,1855.  No  cliange  was  made  as 
therein  requested.  Tilton,  the  surveyor-general  appointed  for  Washington, 
was  directed  to  join  with  the  surveyor-general  of  Oregon  in  starting  the  sur- 
vey of  his  territory,  carrying  out  tlie  work  as  already  begun,  and  using  it  as  a 
basis  for  organizing  the  \Vasiiington  surveys  in  that  part  of  the  country  where 
the  settlers  most  required  a  survey.  [J.  S.  II.  Kx.  Doc,  vol.  i.,  pt  i.,  33d  cong. 
1st  Bess.  In  his  first  report,  Sept.  20,  1855,  Tilton  asked  for  increased  com- 
pensation per  mile  for  contractors,  owing  to  tlie  difficulty  of  surveying  in 
Washington,  where  one  enormous  forest  was  found  growing  amidst  the  decay- 
ing ruins  of  another,  centuries  old,  in  consecjncnce  of  which  horses  could 
not  be  used,  and  provisions  had  to  lie  packed  upon  the  backs  of  men,  at  a  great 
cost.  Id.,  vol.  i.,  pt  i.,  2!)2,  34th  cong.  1st  sosd. 

W.  W.  De  Lacy  ran  tlie  standard  meridian  from  Vancouver  through  to 
the  northern  boundary  of  Washington.  The  Willamette  meridian  fell  in  the 
water  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  Sound,  compelling  him  to  make  re- 
peated offsets  to  the  east.  One  of  tiicso  offsets  was  run  on  the  line  between 
range  5  and  0  cast  of  the  Willamette  meridian,  whicli  lino  runs  throuuh  the 
western  part  of  Snohomish  City.  After  tho  close  of  the  Indian  war.  Do 
Lacy  ran  and  blazed  out  the  line  of  tiic  military  road  from  Steilacoom  to 
Bellingham  Bay,  with  the  assistance  of  only  one  Indian,  Pirns,  whoafteiwanl 
ninrdcrcd  a  settler  on  tho  Snohoniisli  JJivcr,  named  Carter.  Morii'n  ll'anh. 
Tcr.,  MS.,  XX.  30-7.  The  total  amount  surveyed  under  tho  Oregon  oifioc  was 
1,870  miles,  tho  amount  surveyed  under  Tilton  previous  to  Ucc.  1855,  3,003 
miles,  and  tho  quantity  proposed  to  bo  surveyed  in  tho  next  2  years,  5,08H 
miles,  all  west  of  the  Cascade  Range.  Tho  Indian  wors,  however,  stopped 
work  for  about  that  length  of  time.  It  was  difficult  to  find  deputies  who 
would  undertake  the  work,  on  account  of  Indian  hostilities,  even  after  tho  war 
was  declared  at  au  cud.    Deputy  Surveyor  Domiuick  Hunt  was  murdered  on 


i 


LANDS  AND  TITLES. 


83 


f  bounty 
1  register 
no  other 
t  the  new 
with  Ore- 


an  act  of  con- 
fiom  the  pro- 
11  of  the  act  of 
of  the  Uniteil 
1  time  of  occu- 
if  the  land  law 
sueil,  proTiileil 
3  resided  four 
!  to  Oregon  and 
;  the  grant  of 
)f  IGO  acres  of 
jn  entitled  to  a 
;ach  of  the  two 

I  not  permitted 
ionation  act  ex- 
;cd  to  congress, 
side  for  4  years 
should   1)0  ox- 
rate  of  .?l.'2.>an 
I  tlie  amount  of 
nin  a  permanent 
go  was  made  as 
Washington, 
tarting  the  sur- 
nd  using  it  as  a 
country  where 
pti.,3:?dcong. 
ncreased  com- 
surveying  in 
.idst  the  decay - 
h  horses  could 
men,  at  a  great 

(Tcr  through  to 
.dian  fell  in  the 
m  to  make  re- 
e  line  between 
.ns  throush  tlic 
ndian  war.  Do 
Stcilaconm  to 
who  afterward 
Movr'x  Wanh. 
rcgon  otlicc  was 
~ec.  ISi")."),  3,()0:i 
2  years,  5,088 
•ever,  stoppeil 
deputies  who 
n  after  the  war 
.s  murdered  ou 


« 
-f 

4 

1 


Next  in  importance  was  a  memorial  relative  to  the 
extinguishment  of  the  Indian  title,  congress  being 
un'-eci  to  make  provisions  for  the  immediate  pur- 
chase of  the  lands  occupied  bv  the  natives;  and  this 
reijuost  was  granted,  as  I  shall  soon  proceed  to  show. 
Congress  was  also  asked  to  change  the  organic  act  of 
the  territory,  wliicli  ajjportioned  the  legislature  by  the 
iunnb(^r  of  ([ualified  voters,  so  as  to  make  the  appor- 
tionment by  the  number  of  inhabitants,  which  was  not 
allowed.  Not  less  important  than  either  of  these  was 
a  memorial  concerning  the  Puget  Sound  Agricultural 
Company,  and  the  difterence  of  opinion  existing  be- 
tween the  company  and  the  citizens  of  Washington  in 
relation  to  the  rights  of  the  association  under  the 
treaty  of  184G.  The  memorial  set  forth  that  the  then 
ju'esent  moment  was  an  auspicious  one  for  the  extinc- 
tion of  tlieir  title,  and  gave  as  a  reason  that  "build- 
ings, once  valuable,  from  long  use  are  now  measurably 
worthless;  and  lands  once  fertile,  which  paid  the  tiller 
oi'  th<;  soil,  ai'o  now  become  destitute  of  any  fertilizing 
(jniihties;  that  said  farms  are  now  less  vahiable  than 
the  same  amount  of  lands  in  a  state  of  nature;"  and 
congress  was  entreated  to  save  the  country  from  this 

Wliidlicy  Island  in  the  latter  part  of  July  ISoS.  Ohjrnpht  P'louwr  ami  Dem., 
All^' (!,  IS,"),S;  /.(iiid-ojlice  /{i/if,  1S,")8.  The  field  of  operations  in  1858  was  on 
Sliwilwiitcr  Bny,  (iiay  Harbor,  Wiiidbey  Lsland,  and  the  soutliern  coast  of 
the  FuwiHtrait.  As  there  was  hut  one  land-oflice  in  the  territory,  and  tliat 
one  situated  at  Olyinpia,  the  land  eonimissioner,  at  the  recniest  of  the  territo- 
rial! liu'isliiturc,  rt'conmnndod  tiie  formation  of  tliree  new  districts.  No  action 
was  taken,  and  in  1858  the  legislature  ]i:issed  another  resolution  asking  for 
thi-ee  additional  land  districts,  one  to  he  called  Colund)ia  Kiver  J<and  Dis- 
triit.  The  connniasioner  again  made  his  former  recommendation,  the  house 
cumnuttee  on  lands  reeomniendin;.,'  two  new  districts,  l^.  .V.  Mi.ir.  Jhn-.,  l.'tO, 
vid.  ii.,  ;Uth  cong.  1st  sess. ;  /<!.,  doc.  1 14;  /(/.,  doc.  :10,  V(d.  i.,  ;C)tii  eong.  'Jd 
Bess.;  U.  S.  11.  i'uvi.  h'ipf,  'Mii,  vol.  iii.,  ;{5tli  eong.  1st  sess.  On  the  lOth  of 
M.iy,  1 8()(),  congress  passed  an  act  to  '  create  an  additional  l.ind  district  in 
\Vi>hingt(in  teiritory,' hut  provided  no  appropriation  for  carrying  out  its 
purpose  until  the  following  year,  when  theotheeat  \'aneou\er  wasi'stahlisheil. 
Ill  I  i.'i?  a  hill  was  l)r.>nght  heforo  the  house  of  rcpresentatixes  to  extend  tho 
pu'  lie  surveys  east  of  the  (^asciide  Mountains.  The  senate  referred  the  niat- 
tei-  to  the  secretary  of  the  interior,  who  declared  there  was  no  necessity  for 
tluj  bill,  and  that  it  would  render  em i, 'rat ion  overland  dangerous  hy  exciting 
t'le  In. linns,  (r,  S.  Sni.  Misc.,  '2H,  'Mth  cong.  ."{d  sess.  It'Was  not  until  thu 
cios(r  of  the  Indiati  war  east  of  tho  niountains  in  18."iS  tliat  the  land  laws 
weic  extended  to  that  region.  In  1802  tho  legislature  menioriali/ed  con- 
g'.c  s(  for  a  laud-ofBco  ut  Walla  Walla,  which  WU8  established.    Wash.  Slat., 

i8ui-'j,  lao. 


84 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


deterioration.^'  The  memorial  also  stated  that  at  the 
period  of  the  ratification  of  the  treaty  the  amount  of' 
land  enclosed  by  the  Puget  Sound  Company  at  Cow- 
litz and  Nisqually  did  not  exceed  2,000  acres,  yet 
that  the  company  claimed  227  square  miles,  or  in  other 
words,  all  the  land  over  which  their  herds  of  wild  stock 
occasionally  roamed,  or  to  which  they  were  from  time 
to  time  removed  for  change  of  pasture.  The  Ameri- 
cans held  that  the  treaty  confirmed  only  the  lands  en- 
closed by  fences.  They  had  settled  upon  and  improved 
the  unenclosed  lands  in  many  instances;  yet  they  had 
received  written  notices  from  the  agents  of  the  com- 
pany commanding  them  to  vacate  their  homes  or  be 
served  with  writs  of  ejectment  and  trespass;  for  which 
causes  congress  was  petitioned  to  take  steps  to  ascer- 
tain the  rights  of  the  company,  and  to  purcliase 
them.2« 

A  joint  resolution  wns  also  passed  instructing  the 
delefjatc  to  compress  to  use  his  influence  with  the  ad- 
ministration  to  cfi^ect  a  settlement  of  the  disputed 
boundary  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Brit- 
ain, involving  the  right  to  the  islands  of  the  archipel- 
ago of  Haro,  the  matter  being  afterward  known  as 
the  San  Juan  question,  and  to  take  some  steps  to 
remove  the  foreign  trespassers  from  the  islands — a  res- 
olution suggested,  as  we  already  know,  by  the  message 
of  Governor  Stevens.'*^ 

"•  This  remarkable  statement  is  corroborated  by  subsequent  writers,  who 
account  for  the  impoverishment  of  the  soil  by  the  substratum  of  gravel,  wliich, 
when  tho  sod  was  disturbed,  allowed  the  rains  to  wash  down,  as  through  a 
filter,  tlio  component  parts  of  the  soil.  S'or  the  same  reason,  tho  oattlc-rangea, 
from  bcinj»  continually  trampled  in  wet  weather,  received  no  benefit  from  the 
dung  of  tlio  animals,  and  deteriorated  as  stated  above.  On  tho  plains  between 
the  Nisqually  and  Puyallup  rivers,  where  once  tho  grass  grew  as  tall  as  a  man 
on  horseback,  tho  appearance  of  the  country  was  later  one  of  sterility. 

'"  Wanh.  Jour.  Voinicil,  1854,  183-5.  Two  other  memorials  were  p.-issed 
at  this  session;  ono  asking  that  the  claim  of  Lafayette  Baloh  for  tho  expense 
incurred  in  rescning  tho  Geoi'oiana'n  passengers  from  Queen  Charlotte  Island 
bo  jiaid,  and  ono  praying  congress  to  confirm  tho  land  claim  of  George  IjusIi, 
ooloreil,  to  him  and  his  heirs.  Id.,  185-8.  As  to  the  first,  congresf  had  already 
legislated  on  that  subject.  Vonr;.  Globe,  x\x.  125. 

"'  Tho  other  joint  resolutions  passed  related  to  tho  establishment  of  a  mail 
service,  by  the  way  of  Puget  Sound,  between  Olynipia  and  other  points  in 
VV^ashington  to  Han  Francisco,  New  York,  and  New  Orleans;  to  appropriations 
for  territorial  and  military  roads;  to  light-houses  at  Capo  Flattery,  on  Uluut's 


TERRITORIAL  OFFICERS. 


89 


at  at  the 
mount  of* 
at  Cow- 
cres,  yet 
r  in  other 
vild  stock 
roni  time 
e  Anicri- 
lands  en- 
improved 

they  had 

the  com- 

mes  or  be 

for  which 

i  to  ascer- 

purcliase 

acting  the 
th  tht)  ad- 
;  disputed 
treat  Brit- 
^-  archipel- 
inown  as 
steps  to 
as — a  res- 
e  message 


.  writers,  who 
gravel,  which, 
as  through  a 
oattlc-rangcs, 
jncfit  from  the 
)lains  between 
s  tall  as  a  man 
erility. 

were  passed 

jr  the  expense 

arlottu  Island 

(icorgo  liush, 

3f  had  already 

lent  of  a  mail 
Ihcr  points  in 
Ippropviations 
jry,  on  iilnut's 


The  selection  of  territorial  officers  by  the  legislature 
resulted  in  the  appointment  of  William  Cook  treas- 
urer, D.  B.  Bigelovv  auditor,  F.  A.  Chenoweth  pros- 
ecuting attorney  of  the  first  judicial  district,  D.  R. 
Bigelow  for  the  second,  and  F.  A.  Clarke  for  the 
third.  B.  F.  Kendall^  was  chosen  territorial  librarian. 
The  legislature  adjourned  May  1st,  after  passing  125 
acts,  and  conducting  its  business  harmoniously. 

That  which  appears  as  most  deserving  of  comment 
in  the  proceedings  of  this  body  is  a  resolution  passed 
early  in  the  session,  that,  in  its  opinion,  no  disad- 
vantage could  result  to  the  territory  should  the  gov- 
ernor proceed  to  Washington  city,  "if,  in  his  judgment, 
the  interest  of  the  Pacific  railroad  survey  and  the 
matters  incide'.it  thereto  could  thereby  be  promoted." 
Stevens  was  anxious  to  report  in  person  on  the  results 
of  the  railroad  survey.  In  anticipation  of  this,  he 
made  a  voyage  down  the  Sound,  looking  for  the  best 
|)oint  for  the  terminus  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  and 
lie  named  Steilacoom,  Seattle,  and  Bellingham  Bay 
as  impressing  him  favorably.'*  But  there  were  other 
matters  which  he  wished  to  bring  to  the  attention  of 
the  government  in  his  capacity  of  superintendent  of 

Island,  and  at  New  Diingeness;  to  an  appropriation  for  a  marine  hospital;  to 
a  Riqiiisitiou  for  arms  and  equipments  for  tbe  male  citizens  of  the  territory 
hutwoen  the  ages  of  18  and  45;  to  the  completion  of  the  geological  survey;  to 
tlie  building  of  an  arsenal;  to  having  Columbia  City,  Penn  Cove,  Port  (Jain- 
l)li',  Whatcom,  and  Seattle  made  porta  of  delivery;  to  having  the  offieo  of  the 
sur\eyor  of  customs  removed  from  Nisqually  to  tSteilacoom;  to  increasing  the 
.salary  of  the  collector  of  customs;  and  to  the  advantage  of  annexing  the  Sand- 
wich Islands;  with  some  lesser  local  matters.  Among  the  latter  was  one  set- 
ting forth  that  Henry  V.  Colter,  one  of  the  firm  of  Parker  &  Colter's  express, 
had  al)scon<led  with  Sl{,875  of  the  government  funds,  and  instructing  the  del- 
(■giile  to  urge  congress  to  confer  authority  upon  the  accounting  officers  of  the 
treasury  to  place  that  amount  to  the  credit  of  the  secretary  of  the  territory. 
Tliis  nu'tter  has  been  already  referred  to  in  Parker's  account  of  the  earliest 
mails  and  express  companies.  It  is  said  that  Colter  afterward  fell  heir  to  a 
fortune  of  §200,000.  Oliimpia  TmmcripU  Aug.  8,  1874. 

"  Wash.  Jour.  L'oxincil,  1854,  1115.  Tiio  iirst  appropriation  for  a  public 
liliniry,  .?."), 000,  was  expended  by  Stevens.  The  report  of  tlie  librarian  fcir 
l!S.")4  was  that  there  were  2,130  volumes  in  the  library.  Stevens  said  in  his 
Iirst  message  tiiat  he  had  taken  care  to  get  the  best  books  in  cacii  department 
(if  learning,  and  that  he  had  applied  to  the  executives  of  every  state  and  ter- 
ritory and  to  many  learned  societies  to  donate  their  publications.  In  1871 
tlie  territorial  library  contained  over  4,100  volumes,  besides  maps  and  charts. 
W'otth.  Jiiiir.  IJoiixe,  1871,  app.  1-80. 

'^Olympia  Pioneer  and  l>em,,  Jan.  28,  185^ 


86 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


!    ' 


Indian  affairs  for  Washington,  and  as  a  commissioner 
to  ascertain  what  were  the  rights  and  what  was  the 
property  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  and  Puget  Sound  com- 
panies in  Oregon  and  Washington,  as  well  as  to  urge 
the  settlement  of  the  northern  boundary  of  the  latter 
territory.^'' 

The  matter  of  the  boundary  line  between  the  island 
of  Vancouver  and  Washington  was  a  later  question. 
The  earliest  conflict  arose  in  1854  between  I.  N. 
Ebey,  in  the  discharge  of  his  official  duties  as  collector 

""In  Stevens'  report  is  found  a  list  of  all  the  forts  of  the  H.  B.  Co., 
with  tlieir  rank  and  value,  and  the  amount  of  cultivated  laud,  making  the 
whole  foot  up  no  more  tlian  §300,000,  whereas  they  received  twenty  years 
later  more  than  double  that  amount.  The  other  information  contained  in  tlio 
report  relates  to  the  segregation  of  the  land  claimed  by  the  companies  into 
donation  lots,  with  tlie  names  of  the  squatters,  and  is  of  interest  in  the  history 
of  the  early  settlement  of  tlie  country.  The  following  are  the  names  of  the 
so-called  t.espassers:  At  Fort  Vancouver,  Bishop  Blanchet,  for  a  mission 
claim,  tlie  sami  C40  acres  being  claimed  by  James  Graham  of  the  H.  B.  Co. 
The  county  of  Clarke  also  claimed  IGO  acres  of  the  same  land  as  a  county  seat, 
whicli  was  alloM'ed,  as  I  have  mentioned  elsewhere.  Over  all  these  claims 
the  United  States  military  reserve  extended.  Immediately  east  of  Vancouver 
040  acres  were  claimed  by  Forbes  Barclay  (British),  and  the  same  tract  by  an 
American,  Ryan,  who  resided  on  it  and  cultivated  it,  while  Barclay  lived 
at  Oregon  City.  Adjoining  was  a  claim  of  040  acres,  which,  after  passing 
tlirougli  several  hands — a  servant  of  tlie  company,  Chief  Factor  Ogden,  ana 
S  witzler — was  finally  sold  to  Nye,  an  American.  A  tract  4  miles  square  above 
these  claims,  and  embracing  the  company's  mills,  was  claimed  by  Daniel 
Harvey  (British);  but  040  acres,  including  the  grist-mill,  were  claimed  by  a 
naturalized  citizen,  William  F.  Crate;  and  040,  including  the  saw-mill,  by 
Gabriel  Barktroth,  also  a  naturalized  citizen.  A  portion  of  this  section,  with 
the  mill,  was  claimed  by  Maxon,  an  American.  On  the  Camas  prairie,  or 
Mill  Plain,  back  of  this,  were  settled  Samuel  Valentine,  Jacob  Predstel, 
and  Daniel  Ollis,  Americans.  On  the  river  above  Nye  were  Peter  Dunning- 
ton  and  John  Stringer.  Mrs  Esther  Short,  widow  of  Daniel  V.  Short,  claimed 
040  acres  adjoining  the  military  reservation.  Tiie  other  claimants  on  the 
lands  near  Vancouver  were  George  Maleck,  American,  and  Charles  Prew, 
naturalized,  who  claimed  the  same  section,  Maleck  residing  on  it.  Fi'ancis 
Laframboise,  Abraham  Robie,  St  Andrew,  and  James  Petram  held  each  040 
acres  as  lessees  of  the  H.  B.  Co.  Seepleawa,  Isaac  E.  Bell,  John  C.  Allman, 
T.  P.  Dean,  Malky,  William  H.  Dillon,  David  Sturgess — also  claimed  by  Goo. 
Harvey,  British  subject — George  Batty,  James  Bowers,  Linsey,  John  IJillon, 
Ira  Patterson,  Sanmel  MatthcM'S,  Clark  Short,  Michael  Trobb,  John  B. 
Lee,  George  Morrow,  J.  L.  Myers,  George  Weber,  Benjamin  Olney,  Job 
Fisher,  William  M.  Simmons,  Alexander  Davis,  Americans,  each  claim- 
ing from  .320  to  040  acres,  were  residing  and  making  improvements  on  land 
claimed  by  the  H.  B.  Co.  on  the  Columbia,  and  in  several  instances  by  indi- 
viduals under  the  treaty,  but  only  when  not  resided  upon  by  these  claimants. 
This  list  was  made  by  I.  N.  Ebey  for  Governor  Stevens.  I/.  S.  Sen.  Ex.  Doc. , 
37,  33d  cong.  2d  sess.  W.  H.  Dillon  resided  at  Dillon's  Ferry,  near  Van- 
couver. His  daughter  Olive  married  Matthias  Spurgcon,  wiio  was  born  in 
Muscatine,  la,  and  migrated  to  Or.  in  1852,  residing  for  7  years  in  Dillon's 
family.  He  went  to  Idaho  during  early  mining  times  iu  that  territory,  but 
returned  and  engaged  iu  farming  near  Vancouver. 


I 


THE  SAN  JUAN  TROUBLE. 


87 


of  customs,  and  a  justice  of  the  peace  under  the  colo- 
nial government  of  Vancouver  Island,  named  Griffin. 
Ebey  finding  San  Juan  Island  covered  with  several 
th()u.sand  head  of  sheep,  horses,  cattle,  and  hogs,  im- 
ported from  Vancouver  Island  without  being  entered 
at  the  custom-house,  was  questioned  by  Griffin  as  to 
his  intentions  in  paying  the  island  a  visit,  and  declined 
to  answer,  but  proceeded  to  encamp  near  the  shore. 
On  the  fallowing  day  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's 
steamer  Otter  ran  over  from  Vancouver  and  anchored 
in  front  of  Ebey's  encampment,  sending  a  boat  ashore, 
in  which  was  Mr  Sankster,  collector  of  customs  for 
the  port  of  Victoria,  who  also  desired  to  know  Ebey's 
enand,  and  was  told  that  he  was  there  in  his  official 
capacity  of  collector  for  the  district  of  Puget  Sound. 
Sankster  then  declared  that  he  should  arrest  all  per- 
sons and  seize  all  vessels  found  navigating  the  waters 
west  of  Rosario  strait  and  north  of  the  middle  of  the 
strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca. 

This  growl  of  the  British  lion,  so  far  from  putting 
to  flight  the  American  eagle,  only  caused  its  repre- 
sentative to  declare  that  an  inspector  of  customs  should 
remain  ujion  the  island  to  enforce  the  revenue  laws  of 
the  United  States,  and  that  he  hoped  no  persons  pre- 
tending to  be  officers  of  the  British  government  would 
be  so  rash  as  to  interfere  with  the  discharge  of  his  offi- 
cial duties.  Sankster  then  ordered  the  British  flag  to 
be  displayed  on  shore,  which  was  done  by  hoisting  it 
over  the  quarters  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  on 
the  island. 

During  these  proceedings  James  Douglas,  governor 
of  Vancouver  Island  and  vice-admiral  of  the  British 
navy,  was  on  board  the  Otter,  waiting  for  Ebey  to 
capitulate.  Sankster  even  proposed  that  he  should 
go  on  board  the  Otter  to  hold  a  conference  with  his 
excellency,  but  the  invitation  was  declined,  with  a 
declaration  that  the  collector  of  Puget  Sound  would 
be  ha[)[)y  to  meet  Governor  Douglas  at  his  tent.  Soon 
after,  the  steamer  returned  to  Victoria,  leaving  a  boat 


88 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNSIENT. 


! 


'mm 


and  crew  to  keep  watch;  and  Ebey  next  day  appointed 
and  swore  into  office  Inspector  Webber,  whom  he 
stationed  on  San  Juan  Island.** 

This  occurrence  was  in  the  latter  part  of  April  or 
first  of  May  1854,  about  the  time  that  Governor 
Stevens  left  the  territory  for  Washington  city,  and 
was  probably  occasioned  in  part  by  the  intimations 
given  in  the  message  of  the  governor  and  resolution 
of  the  legislature  that  the  question  of  boundary  would 
be  agitated,  with  a  desire  and  determination  on  the 
part  of  Douglas  to  hold  the  islands  in  the  Fuca  straits 
when  the  struggle  came.  This  subject  furnished  a 
valid  reason  for  wishing  to  secure  the  attention  of  the 
heads  of  government.  The  extinguishment  of  the 
Indian  titles  wos  perhaps  more  imperative  than  any 
other»  and  to  tiiis  Stevens  addressed  himself  with  the 
energy,  ability,  and  straightforwardness  which  were 
his  characteristics,  supplementing  the  feebler  efforts 
of  Lancaster,  and  with  Lane  of  Oregon  coming  to  the 
rescue  of  the  most  important  bills  for  Washington,'^'^ 
and  really  doing  the  work  of  the  delegate.  In  his 
readiness  to  assume  every  responsibility,  Stevens  re- 
sembled Thurston  of  Oregon,  but  was  more  solidly 
and  squarely  built,  like  Napoleon,  whom  he  resembled 
in  figure,  and  less  nervously  irritable.  No  amount  of 
labor  appalled  him;  and  when  in  the  midst  of  affairs 
of  the  gravest  importance,  he  was  alert  and  buoyant 
without  being  unduly  excited. 

The  appropriations  obtained  for  Washington  by 
Lancaster,  assisted  by  Stevens  and  Lane,  were  $30,- 
000  for  a  military  road  from  the  great  falls  of  the 
Missouri  to  intersect  the  road  leading  from  Walla 
Walla  to  Puget  Sound.     This  was  a  scheme  origi- 

'^Oh/mpia  Pioneer  and  Dem.,  May  13,  1854.  For  a  chapter  on  the  San 
Juan  ditiiculty,  seo  Hint.  Brit.  Columbia,  this  series. 

'*  Lane  added  to  his  bill  amendatory  of  the  land  law,  which  passed  in  July, 
a  section  giving  Washington  a  surveyor-general.  He  consented  that  Wash- 
ington should  have  the  arsenal,  should  congress  grant  one  jointly  to  both  ter- 
ritories, and  in  various  ways  helped  on  the  delegate,  all  of  whose  letters  home 
complained  that  he  could  not  get  the  attention  of  congress.  Had  he  been  a 
Thurston  or  a  Lane,  he  would  have  compelled  the  attention  of  congress. 


APPROPRIATIONS  BY  CONGRESS. 


80 


appointed 
whom  he 

[  April  or 
Governor 
city,  and 
itiniutions 
resolution 
lary  would 
jn  on  the 
nca  straits 
irnished  a 
tion  of  the 
3nt  of  the 
!  than  any 
If  with  the 
hich  were 
)ler  eiforts 
ling  to  the 
shington,'*'^ 
e.     In  his 
Itevens  re- 
3re  solidly 
resembled 
amount  of 
I  of  affairs 
buoyant 

Ington  by 
^ere  $30,- 
lls  of  the 
km  Walla 
jme  origi- 

|r  on  the  San 

issecl  in  July, 
that  Wash- 
to  both  ter- 

[  letters  home 

lad  he  been  a 

longresa. 


-i 


nating  with  Stevens,  who  thought  by  making  the  Mis- 
souri River  a  highway,  and  constructing  a  road  from 
its  liead  waters  to  the  navigable  waters  of  the  Co- 
lumbia, or  to  intersect  with  the  old  immigrant  road,  to 
shorten  the  distance  travelled  by  wagons  and  lessen 
the  hardships  of  immigration,  as  well  as  to  avoid  the 
danger  from  Indian  attacks  on  a  portion  of  the  road 
by  the  South  pass.  For  this  reason,  and  to  cultivate 
the  Iriendship  of  the  Indians,  as  well  as  to  make  a 
more  thorough  exploration  of  the  Blackfoot  country 
for  railroad  passes,  he  left  lieutenants  Grover  and 
^lullan  and  Mr  Doty  in  the  mountain  region  west  of 
the  Missouri  through  the  winter  of  1853-4,  during 
wliich  the  line  of  road  across  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
Ironi  Fort  Benton  to  Coeur  d'Alene  Lake,  was  marked 
out,  and  afterward  used  as  the  route  for  the  expendi- 
ture of  the  congressional  appropriation  named  above, 
and  which,  from  the  fact  that  Mullan  was  appointed 
to  construct  it,  took  the  name  of  the  Mullan  road. 

An  appropriation  of  $25,000  was  made  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  military  road  from  Fort  Dalles  to  Fort 
Vancouver,  and  of  $30,000  for  a  road  from  Vancouver 
to  Fort  Stei'acoom;  for  light-houses  at  Cape  Shoal- 
wator,  Blunt's  Island,  Cape  Flattery,  and  New  Dun- 
gcncss,  $89,000;  and  for  buoys  at  the  entrance  of 
Dungeness  and  the  anchorages  on  Puget  Sound, 
$5,000.  Some  increase  was  made  in  the  salaries  of 
territorial  officers,  and  a  liberal  appropriation  for  the 
Indian  service,  including  $100,000  to  enable  Stevens 
to  treat  with  the  Blackfoot  and  other  tribes  in  the 
north  and  east  portions  of  the  territory. 

Washington  territory,  or  that  portion  of  it  to  which 
its  early  history  chiefly  relates,  was  surrounded  by 
and  at  the  mercy  of  the  most  numerous,  if  not  the 
most  warlike,  native  tribes  of  the  original  territory 
of  Oregon.  The  census  in  Stevens'  report,  1853-4, 
gave  the  whole  number  of  Indians  in  western  Wash- 
ington as  between  seven  and   eight  thousand,  and 


00 


OltGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  between  six  and  seven 
thousand.^  Besides  the  tribes  actually  resident  about 
the  Sound,  the  settlements  were  liable  to  incursions 
from  the  Haidahs  of  Queen  Charlotte  Island,  and 
even  from  the  tribes  of  the  coast  as  far  north  as 
Fort  Simpson,  these  tribes  being  good  seamen,  and 
possessing  large  and  strong  war  canoes,  in  which  they 
made  long  voyages  to  commit  a  murder  or  a  theft.''^ 
The  Indians  on  the  sea-coast  of  Washington  and  alonii 
the  strait  of  Fuca  were  sometimes  guilty  of  murder, 
and  those  about  the  settlements  could  not  always 
withstand  the  temptation  to  commit  a  robbery,  for 
which  they  were  promptly  punished  when  detected, 
but  no  serious  outbreaks  had  yet  occurred  since  the 
organization  of  the  territory. 

In  July  1852  the  United  States  coast  surveying 
steamer  Active,  James  R.  Alden  commanding,  with  a 
surveying  party  under  lieutenants  Davidson  and  Law- 
son,  entered  Neah  Bay,  and  encamped  on  the  shore 
near  the  trading  post  of  Samuel  Hancock,  having 
gained  the  full  consent  of  the  Makahs  living  there 
in  order  not  to  give  offence.  The  steamer  then  pro- 
ceeded on  a  preliminary  survey  up  the  strait  to  Dun- 
geness  and  Port  Townsend,  Davidson  establishing 
astronomical  stations  at  the  latter  place  and  Port 
Angeles,  after  which  he  returned  to  Neah  Bay,  and 
the  Act'ice  again  left  for  Shoalwater  Bay  to  make  ti 
survey  there  before  the  close  of  the  season,  leaving 
the  party  of  nine  persons  at  Neah  Bay  without  tlio 
means  of  quitting  that  station  until  she  should  re- 
turn. The  camp  was  v^qW  armed  with  rifles,  cavalry 
piste  s,  shot-guns,  and  revolvers,  and  although  not 

»';.      Aff.  RepU  \^oi,  249. 

'*C  he  2Gth  of  September,  1852,  the  American  schooner  Susan  Sturrin^, 
sailing  iig  tlio  coast  of  Queen  Charlotte  Island  with  a  light  breeze,  was 
siirrouni  'by  thirty  canoes,  the  Indians  professing  a  desire  to  sell  some  fish. 
Wlien  til  were  near  enough,  they  simultaneously  sprang  on  board,  taking 
possessio!  )f  the  vcsael,  stripping  the  crew  naked,  and  taking  them  on  slim  e 
prisoners  ifter  whicli  they  burned  the  vessel.  The  captives  were  rescued  liy 
the  H.  B.  Jo. 's  steamer  Denver,  from  Fort  Simpson,  with  the  exception  of 
one  man,  whom  the  Indians  refused  to  release.  His  fate  it  is  needless  to 
conjecture.  Olyinpia  Columbian,  Jan.  1,  18G3. 


INDIANS  AND  SMALL-POX. 


91 


IX  and  seven 
sidout  about 
;o  incursions 
Island,  and 
ir   north   as 
seamen,  and 
1  which  they 
•  or  a  theft.^* 
on  and  alon^ 
y  of  murder, 
not  always 
robbery,  for 
len  detected, 
red  since  the 

Lst  surveying 
nding,  with  a 
son  and  Law- 
on  the  shore 
►cock,  having- 
living  there 
ner  then  pro- 
trait  to  Dun- 
establishing 
ce  and  Port 
ah  Bay,  and 
,y  to  make  n 
ason,  leaving 
without  th'j 
should  re- 
ifies, cavalry 
llthough  not 


ker  Sumn  Sturo<''^< 
[light  breeze,  wiis 

>  to  sell  some  fisli. 

•  on  board,  taking 
Ing  them  on  shore 
Is  were  rescued  liy 
Ithe  exception  <if 

lit  la  needless  to 


.a 

-i 


apprehending  any  danger,  were  prepared  for  an  attack. 
AH  went  well  for  a  few  days  after  the  departure  of 
the  steamer,  when  a  fleet  of  canoes  containing  between 
IfjO  and  200  Nitinats  from  Vancouver  Island  an- 
chored in  the  bay,  most  of  them  remaining  in  their 
boats.  Thinking  this  a  precautionary  measure  to 
avoid  quarrels  between  the  resident  tribes  and  the 
strangers,  the  surveying  party  remained  in  negligent 
satisfaction,  pleased  with  this  apparent  discretion  of 
the  visitors. 

But  Hancock,  who  was  buying  fish  oil  of  them,  had 
discovered,  by  overhearing  on  the  second  day  a  con- 
versation not  intended  for  his  ears,  a  plot  to  massacre 
himself  and  the  otirveying  party,  and  possess  them- 
solvc  -  of  the  goods  and  arms  of  both.  He  hastened 
to  impart  this  information  to  Davidson  and  Lawson, 
who  immediately  loaded  all  their  arms,  threw  up  a 
breastwork,  and  detailed  a  night-watch.  Hancock, 
who  had  two  men  at  his  post,  made  preparations  for 
an  attack,  and  himself  mounted  guard.  During  the 
nig] it  some  Indians  came  ashore  and  proceeded  in  the 
(hrectionof  the  surveyors'  camp,  but  being  challenged 
l)y  the  guard,  retreated  to  their  canoes,  which  took 
their  departure  at  daybreak.  The  plot  originated 
with  the  Vancouver  Island  Indians,  the  Makahs  being 
reluctant  accomplices,  fearing  the  vengeance  of  the 
wliite  people.  Happily  nothing  came  of  it,  and  noth- 
ing was  said  about  it  to  the  Makahs.^ 

Not  long  afterward  the  schooner  Cjjnosure,  Fowler 
master,  from  San  Francisco,  visited  Neah  Bay,  having 
on  board  two  Makahs,  and  a  white  man  sick  with  what 
]>roved  to  be  small-pox.  The  disease  had  been  com- 
municated to  Indians,  who  soon  fell  ill  and  spread  the 
contagion  among  their  tribe,  who  perished  bv  scores 
IVoni  its  ravages.  Not  being  able  to  control  it,  they 
conceived  the  idea  of  running  away  from  the  scourge, 
and  fled  to  Vancouver  Island,  where  they  communi- 

"L«u)«o»'«  Autobiography,  MS.,  51-3;  Hancock's  Thirteen   Years,  MS., 

273-8. 


ill 


•1 

I 


rA 


92 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


cated  it  to  the  Nitinats.  The  beach  at  Neah  Bay 
wai3  strewn  with  the  uiihuried  bodies  of  the  miserable 
Malvahs,  wiio  were  no  longer  able  or  willing  to  attend 
the  sick  or  bury  the  dead.  At  the  end  of  six  weeks 
the  disease  abated,  but  the  tribe  had  lost  a  largo 
j3ercentage  of  its  members,  and  was  plunged  in  grief. 
After  a  few  months  of  brooding  over  their  losses,  they 
came  to  the  conclusion,  as  they  had  never  experienced 
such  a  visitation  before  Hancock  came  to  live  amon*' 
them,  that  he  must  have  originated  the  plague,  and  lie 
was  threatened  with  death  if  he  remained.  His  trad- 
ing post  was  therefore  vacated  in  the  spring  of  1853."" 
In  September  1853  a  large  party  of  the  Makahs 
visited  New  Dungeness  in  their  canoes,  encamping 
on  a  sand-spit  at  the  entrance  to  the  harbor,  having 
among  them  an  Indian  who  had  killed  Albert  Pet- 
tingill  near  Port  Townsend  in  the  previous  spring. 
On  being  informed  of  this  by  a  Clallam,  McAhnoml, 
Bradshaw,  Abernethy,  Cline,  Brownfield,  and  Moore, 
being  all  the  settlers  who  were  in  the  neighborhood 
at  the  time,  met,  and  having  sent  for  reenforcements, 
finally  delegated  Brownfield  to  seek  an  interview  with 
the  Indians  and  demand  the  surrender  of  the  mur- 
derer. But  upon  visiting  their  camp,  the  Makalus 
refused  to  deliver  up  the  guilty  one,  challenging  the 
white  men  to  battle.  Being  reiinforced  by  J.  C 
Brown,  II.  W.  Watkins,  and  William  Failing,  the 
settlers  attempted  to  enter  the  Indian  camp,  when 
they  were  fired  upon.  Firing  followed  from  both 
sides,  and  in  the  affair  two  Indians  were  killed,  two 
wounded,  and  one  white  man  slightly  hurt  by  a  ball 
in  the  neck.  Darkness  put  an  end  to  the  engagement, 
which  was  conducted  in  canoes,  and  the  Indians  dis- 
persed, the  murderer  going  to  Port  Townsend.*^ 
,  On  hearing  of  the  attempted  capture  and  the  escai»c 

"/d.,  278-86,  3r>3.  Swan,  in  his  Northweiit  Coast,  55-0,  refers  to  tlic 
prcvalcnco  of  a  liglit  form  of  sinall-pox  at  Slioalwiitcr  Bay,  which  did  imt 
curry  otf  wiiito  men,  l>ut  wus  fatal  to  Indiana.  Hancock  also  relates  timt  oiiu 
of  the  Makaha  who  lirst  hud  tiio  disease  recovered,  but  his  people,  holding  liiiu 
rcsponsihlo  for  its  introduction,  killed  him.   Thirteen  Years,  MS.,  '285-0. 

"'  Vlympia,  (Joluinbian,  Oct.  8  aud  15,  1853. 


J  Neah  Bay 
he  miserable 
[n<r  to  attend 
of  SIX  weeks 
lost  a   largo 
iged  in  grief. 
r  losses,  they 
[■  experieneetl 
,o  live  among 
lague,  and  ho 
d.     His  trad- 
ing of  185  3.''« 
the   Makahs 
}S,  encamping 
arbor,  having 
I  Albert  Pet- 
;vious  spring. 
1,  McAlnionil, 
d,  and  Mooro, 
neiirliborhood 
enforcements, 

nterview  with 
of  the  mur- 
the  Makahs 
allenging  the 
;ed  by  J.    ^'^ 
Failing,  tho 
camp,  whou 
from  both 
re  killed,  two 
urt  by  a  ball 
engagement, 
Indians  dis- 
nsend.^^ 
id  the  escape 

p5-0,  refers  to  tlie 
ay,  which  did  u^'t 
Jso  relates  tiiat  one 
loople,  hoUling  lum 
I,  MS.,  2S6-0. 


I 


DEPREDATIONS  BY  NATIVES. 


93 


of  the  murderer.  Captain  Alden  pursued  him  from 
port  to  port  in  the  Active,  and  succeeded  in  overtak- 
ing him  at  Port  Ludlow,  where  the  chiefs  of  his  tribe 
coming  on  board  were  detained  until  the  criminal  was 
given  up.  He  was  tried  and  found  guilty  at  the  Oc- 
tober term  of  the  3d  district  court  in  1&54,  together 
with  an  accomplice.^ 

Early  in  March  1854  William  Young,  in  the  cra- 
])li)ynient  of  C.  C.  Terry  at  Alki,  -vhile  hooking  for  a 
land  (daim  with  a  canoe  and  a  crew  of  three  Snoho- 
mish, was  killed  and  robbed,  two  of  the  Indians 
hoing  found  with  his  clothing  and  other  property  in 
tlioir  possession.  Suspecting  themselves  about  to 
lie  arrested,  they  fled  to  Holme  Harbor,  Whidbey 
Island,  whither  they  were  pursued  by  the  sheriff,  T. 
S.  Russell,  of  King  county,  with  a  posse  of  foui  men, 
who  made  the  arrests,  but  were  fired  upon  by  tho 
iVionds  of  the  prisoners  and  four  of  their  number 
wounded,  one  of  whom,  Charles  Chert'y,  died  soon 
after  returning  to  Seattle.^"  Nine  Indians,  including 
one  of  the  nmrderers,  wxn'e  killed,  and  the  otlier  one 
stM^uroil,  who  confessed  not  only  the  killing  of  Young, 
l)ut  also  of  one  of  his  confederates  in  a  quarrel  over 
the  spoil.  This  Indian  was  imprisoned  for  several 
months,  but  finally  discharged. 

About  the  same  time  the  Clallams  at  Dungeness 
liaving  killed  Captain  Jewell  and  his  steward.  Lieu- 
tenant Floyd  Jones,  4th  infantry,  with  a  S(juad  of 
men  repaired  to  the  disturbed  district,  where  two 
LuHans  were  killed  and  sevoral  slightly  wounded  in 
an  encounter  between  the  Clallams  and  the  military 
and  settlers.  On  hearing  of  these  troubles,  (jrovernor 
Stevens  made  a  visit  to  the  lower  Sound;  but  in  the 
mean  time  the  murderers,  three  in  number,  were  ar- 

"  W,  n.  Wullirc  and  Elwood  Evans  defended  Pettinj.'iir.s  fnurdercrs; 
JosL'pli  S.  Smith  and  U.  F.  Kendall  defended  Jewell's  inurderers,  and  the  Ind- 
ian wlio  killed  Cliurch.  Oli/m/na  PioiU'fr  und  Don.,  Oct.  -M,  1S,")1. 

'"A  petition  wns  sent  to  congress  asking  relief  from  the  loss  sustiiiiied  hy 
T.  S.  Riiswll,  F.  M.  Syner,  and  Robert  R.  Phillips  by  reason  of  their  wounds 
and  cousctiuent  inability  to  labor.    W'us/i.  Jour.  Council,  1S.")1,  'JOj-G. 


1 


Ml! 


94 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


iiil 


'I  l:»  i 


rested,    and    three   others    underwent    flogging    for 
theft.*" 

In  consequence  of  the  affair  at  Holme  Harbor, 
Major  Larnod,  who  took  command  of  Fort  Steilacooiu 
in  July  previous,  proceeded  to  Whidbey  Island  with 
a  dctaclimont  of  nine  soldiers,  to  endeavor  to  restore 
peace  to  the  settlement  ai  that  j)oint.  Wliile  return- 
ing in  a  goveriunent  surf-boat,  navigated  by  John 
Hamilton  of  Steilacoom,  all  were  lost  by  the  sudden 
upsetting  of  the  craft  in  a  squall  off  Port  Madison, 
except  two  privates,  who  clung  to  the  boat  and  drifted 
ashore  near  Seattle." 

No  Indian  agents  as  yet  having  been  commis- 
sioned for  Washington,  Governor  Stevens,  as  superin- 
tendent of  Indian  affairs,  appointed  M.  T.  Simmons 
special  agent  for  the  Puget  Sound  district.  Simmons 
entered  upon  his  duties  by  publishing  a  request  to  all 
good  citizens  to  aid  in  the  sui)pression  of  liquor-selling 
to  Indians,  by  informing  him  of  every  such  infraction 
of  the  law  which  became  known  to  them;  by  advising 
persons  employing  Indians  to  have  a  written  contract 
witnessed  by  a  white  man;  and  by  refraining  from 
punishing  suspected  Indian  criminals  except  upon  cer- 
tain proofs  of  their  crimes.  With  this  caution  ob- 
served, he  hoped  to  be  able  to  preserve  the  peace. 
Soon  after  the  appointment  of  Sinunons  west  of  tin; 
Cascade  Mountains,  Stevens  appointed  A.  J.  Bolan, 
member  of  the  legislature  from  Clarke  county,  s[)ecial 
agent  for  the  district  extending  east  of  the  Cascades 
to  the  Bitter  Hoot  IMouutains,  and  W.  II.  Tappan, 
councilman  from  Clarke  county,  special  o,gent  for  the 
Columbia  Iliver  distri';t. 

In  April  1854  the  Snohomish  voluntarily  hanged 
two  of  their  own  people  at  Seattle  for  the  murder 

*"  Joseph  iS.  Smith  ami  B.  F.  Kcndiill  doffudcd  those  Indians,  nnd  nlso  tlm 
murderer  of  Jnduh  Cliurch,  who  waa  killed  in  March  ISoS.  Oliimiiia  J'ioiiK  r 
and  Drni.,  Oot.  21,  18.1-4.     Tlx.y  were  all  convicted,  l)ut  eacuiicd. 

•'  The  drowned  were  Major  Lamed,  who  left  ii  family  at  Fort  Steilacoom, 
John  Hamilton,  Corporal  Jirah  T.  IJarhnv,  John  Mclntyre,  Henry  Hall, 
Lawrence  Fitzputriok,  Charles  Ross,  John  Clark,  aud  Henry  Loos.  /(/.,  Apid 
8,  1U54. 


INDIAN  WARS, 


95 


of  a  white  man  at  Lake  Union,  in  July  previous,  and 
the  most  friendly  relations  seemed  establislied  in 
tliat  quarter  About  the  same  time  James  Burt 
murdered  an  Indian  of  Fort  Simpson,  near  Olympia, 
^va.s  tried  and  acquitted,  but  fled  the  territory  to  avoiil 
the  vengeance  of  the  tribe.  In  the  estimation  of  tlio 
public,  the  white  man  sliould  have  been  punished,^" 
and  appreliensions  of  the  consequences  of  this  act 
were  expressed  in  the  Olympia  newspajjer. 

In  the  latter  part  of  May  ten  large  war  canoes, 
containing  several  hundred  northern  Indians,  appeared 
iit  Vancouver  Island,  and  a  party  of  eight  coming  on 
shore,  shot  Charles  Bailey,  an  Englishman,  whotn 
they  mistook  for  an  American.  Governor  Douglas 
ordered  out  a  force  from  the  fort  at  Victoria,  pursuing 
them  to  their  canoes,  two  of  which  proceeded  to  Bel- 
li ngham  Bay,  landing  at  the  claim  of  a  settler  named 
Clayton,  who,  perceiving  from  their  demeanor  that 
hostilities  were  intended,  fled  to  the  woods,  pursued 
by  the  Indians,  and  escaped  to  the  house  of  Captain 
Pattle,  where  some  of  the  Lumnii  tribe  were  found 
and  sent  to  alarm  the  settlements.  Clayton,  Pattle, 
and  five  others,  in  order  to  avoid  being  taken  should 
the  enemy  have  found  the  trail  of  the  fugitives,  em- 
barked in  a  canoe,  and  anchored  off"  the  house  of  Pat- 
tle, in  readiness  to  escape  by  water  should  the  Indians 
attack  l)y  land.  Here  they  remained  from  Satur- 
day afternoon  to  10  o'clock  Sunday  night,  when  all 
went  ashore  except  two — David  Melville  and  George 
Brown — who  were  left  to  keep  guard.  During  the 
iiiglit  Richard  Williams,  one  of  the  shore  party,  dis- 
charged his  gun  to  clean  it,  the  arm  having  been  wet 
the  day  before.  His  fire  was  returned  by  a  volley 
out  of  the  darkness  and  from  the  water.  At  the 
sound  of  the  firing,  some  friendly  Indians  came  to  the 
rescue,  and  the  enemy  was  driven  off.  The  two  men 
ill  the  boat  were  never  seen  again,  but  as  their  canoe 

\ri..  >Fiiy -JO,  18r»4;  rept  of  Capt.  Stoiioman.  in  U.  S,  11,  Ex,  Doc,,  88, 

X.,  17">-i;,  Ijjtli  cong,  Itit  S088. 


M 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


was  found  on  the  beach  the  next  morning,  covered 
with  blood,  it  was  supposed  that  they  were  surprised 
while  asleep  and  beheaded,  as  was  castomary  with 
these  northern  Indians.  The  murderers  then  robbed 
several  houses  on  Bellinojham  Bay  and  Whidhey 
Island,  and  disappered.  Secretary  and  acting  gover- 
nor Mason  and  Agent  Simmons,  on  learning  that 
armed  northern  Indians  had  appeared  in  the  waters  of 
Washington,  immediately  repaired  to  Fort  Steilacoom, 
and  with  a  small  detachment  of  soldiers  proceeded 
down  the  Sound  to  ascertain  the  condition  of  affairs 
in  that  quarter.  Nothing,  however,  was  effected  be- 
yond making  a  display  of  the  intention  of  the  United 
States  to  punish  crimes  committed  against  its  citi- 
zens, when  able.  Upon  receiving  advices  from  the 
Secretary,  Governor  Stevens  called  the  attention  of 
the  war  department  to  the  inadequacy  of  the  force 
stationed  at  Puget  Sound,  and  the  necessity  for  some 
means  of  transporting  troops  other  than  by  canoes. 

The  absence  of  steam-vessels  on  the  Sound  made 
the  communication  of  news  slow  and  uncertain,  as  it 
also  made  the  chance  of  succor  in  case  of  need  nearly 
hopeless.  The  Fairy,  which  ran  for  a  short  time,  had 
been  withdrawn,  and  for  the  period  of  nine  months 
nothing  faster  than  a  sailing  vessel  or  canoe  could  be 
had  to  transport  passengers  or  troops  from  point  to 
point,  while  Ifnd  travel  north  of  Seattle  was  imprac- 
ticable. At  length,  in  September  1854,  the  steamer 
Major  Tompkins,  Captain  James  M.  Hunt,  owned  by 
John  H.  Scranton,  was  brought  from  San  Francisco 
and  placed  upon  the  Sound  to  ply  regularly  between 
Olympia,  where  a  wharf  had  been  erected  by  Edward 
Giddings,  Jr,  on  the  flat  north  of  the  town,"  and 
Victoria,  calling  at  the  intermediate  ports.  Very 
soon  afterward  the  custom-house  was  removed  from 
Olympia  to  Port  Townsend,  and  the  revenue-cutter 
Jefferson  Davis,  Captain  William  C.  Pease,  arriving 


** Si/lwiftcr'8  Olympia,  MS.,  22;  Parker's  Wash.  Tec,  MS.,  5-6}  Eldridge's 
Sketchea,  MS.,  11;  Wash.  Jour.  Council,  1854,  200-10. 


LOSS  OF  THE  MAJOR  TOMPKINS. 


97 


ig,  covered 
e  surprised 
mary  with 
lien  robbed 
I  Whirlbey 
ting  gover- 
irning  that 
le  waters  of 
Steilacoom, 
proceeded 
»n  of  affairs 
effected  be- 
the  United 
nst  its  citi- 
is  from  the 
attention  of 
3f  tlie  force 
ity  for  some 
by  canoes. 
3ound  made 
•ertain,  as  it 
need  nearly 
rt  time,  had 
line  months 
oe  could  be 
3m  point  to 
was  imprac- 
,he  steamer 
,,  owned  by 
Francisco 
•ly  between 
by  Edward 
[town,"  and 
)rts.     Very 
oved  from 
nue-cutter 
30,  arriving 

[5-6;  Eldridge'a 


1 

.',-35 

i 


for  service  on  the  Sound,  sensibly  relieved  the  feeling 
of  isolation  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  northern  counties. 
In  October  the  murderers  of  Captain  Jewell  and 
Church  escaped  from  Fort  Steilacoom,  and  Acting 
Governor  Mason  offered  a  large  reward  for  their  re- 
apprebcnsion.  These  Indians  were  retaken  in  Decem- 
ber, when  the  Major  Tompkins,with.  the  revenue-cutter 
carrying  troops  in  tow,  proceeded  to  a  camp  of  the 
Clallams  on  Hood  Canal,  to  demand  the  surrender  of 
the  convicts.  Already  Simmons  had  secured  Church's 
murderer,  but  the  tribe  refused  to  give  up  the  others. 
When  the  soldiers  under  Lieutenant  Nugent  landed, 
the  savages  fled,  and  the  only  result  of  this  expedition 
was  the  destruction  of  their  camp  and  winter  supply 
of  salmon.  The  cutter  also  fired  some  shots  into  the 
woods  before  leaving,  by  which  five  Clallams  were 
reported  to  have  been  killed.  On  the  return  down 
the  canal,  Simmons  succeeded  in  capturing  a  Clallam 
chief  known  as  the  Duke  of  York,**  and  detained  him 
as  a  hostage  for  the  surrender  of  the  escaped  con- 
victs, who  were  finally  delivered,  and  taken  to  Steila- 
coom. Tiie  Indians  were  terrified  by  the  rapidity 
with  whicli  the  Major  Tomphins  followed  them,  and 
the  certainty  with  which  they  were  overtaken  in 
fhght,  and  it  was  believed  the  moral  effect  of  the  fear 
inspired  would  be  effectual  to  prevent  crimes.  To 
the  chagrin  of  the  white  population  and  the  relief  of 
the  Indians,  the  Major  Tompkins  was  lost  the  night 
of  the  10th  of  February,  1855,  by  being  blown  on  the 
rocks  at  the  entrance  to  Esquimalt  Harbor,  Vancou- 
ver Island,  her  passengers  all  escaping  i.o  land.  Her 
])laco  was  filled  soon  after  by  the  Water  Lilj/,  owned 
by  C.  C.  Terry. 

"Tliia  Indian  and  his  two  wives,  Quoen  "Victoria  and  Jenny  Lind,  Iiave 
become  historical  characters  in  Washington,  boinR  often  retcrreil  to  hj 
wi'itc'f!)  visiting  I'ort  Townsend,  whero  they  resided.  Swan,  in  liia  U\i.'<h. 
SLrt<:li,  MS.,  8,  makes  mention  of  them,  saying  tliat  tlic  Dnkc  of  Yoik  lived  at 
(1110  end  of  the  beach,  and  at  the  other  a  remnant  of  tlie  Cliimakum  tribe. 
Notliing  less  like  tiio  personages  they  were  uanieJ  after  coukl  bo  imagined 
tiiuu  these  squalid  beach  dwellers. 
lIisT.  Wash.— 7 


98 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


Governor  Stevens  returned  to  Olyrapia  with  his 
family*^  on  the  1st  of  December,  in  time  to  be  present 
at  the  opening  of  the  legislature^*  on  the  4th  of  that 
month. 

In  his  messajTfe  the  o^overnor  referred  to  the  Indian 
disturbances  on  the  immigrant  road  to  Oregon  and 
Washington,*^  as  well  as  the  troubles  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  Sound,  and  the  effect  thej'^  were  likely  to 
have  upon  the  immigration  of  the  following  years,** 

**  Accompanying  the  governor  on  his  first  arrival  was  his  nephew,  George 
Watson  Stevens  of  Lawrence,  Mass.,  22  years  of  age.  He  was  a  young  man 
of  talent  and  education,  from  whom  jniich  was  expected;  but  was  accidentally 
drowned  in  the  Skookum  Chuck,  Feb.  16,  1885.  Olympia  Pioneer  and  Dem., 
Feb.  24,  1855.  • 

^'  The  members  of  the  council  elected  to  fill  the  places  left  vacant  by  the 
expiration  of  the  short  term  and  other  causes  were  Jefferson  Huff  and  Ira 
Patterson  from  Clarke  and  Skamania,  C.  C.  Terry  and  W.  A.  Strickler  from 
Pierce  and  King,  and  A.  M.  Poe  from  Island,  Clallam,  Jefferson,  and  What- 
com couaties.  Catlin,  of  the  former  council,  was  chosen  president;  Butler 
P.  Anderson,  chief  clerk;  A.  J.  Moses,  assistant  clerk;  J.  L.  Mitchell,  scr- 
geant-at-arms;  William  Cullison,  door-keeper. 

The  lower  house  was  composed  of  William  McCool.  of  Skamania  county; 
C.  C.  Stiles,  Chas  S.  Irby,  William  Hendrickson,  Hein_>  11.  Crosbic,  of  Claj-ke; 
John  15ri.scoe,  of  Pacific  and  Wahkiakum;  George  Watkins,  of  Chehalis  and 
Sawamish ;  Cliarles  H,  Spinning,  Charles  F.  Wliite,  of  Lewis;  Stephen 
Guthrie,  William  Cock,  Benjamin  L.  Hcnncss,  William  P.  Wells,  of  Thurs- 
ton; William  H.  Wallace,  Frank  Clarke,  Samuel  McCaw,  of  Pierce;  .Joh.n  (I'ar- 
son,  of  Pierce  and  King;  A.  A.  Denny,  of  King;  Timothy  Ileald,  of  Jefferson 
and  Clallam;  R.  L.  Doyle,  of  Island  and  Whatcom;  A.  S.  Abcrnetiiy,  of 
Cowlitz.  Crosbie  was  chosen  speaker;  B.  F.  Kendall  was  elected  cliief  clerk; 
R.  M.  Walker,  assistant  clerk;  Milton  Alounts,  sergeant-at-arms;  William 
Baily,  door-keeper.    Wash.  Jour.  Home,  18.")4-5,  8-9,  10. 

"The  massacre  of  the  Ward  train,  in  //«.<  Or.,  ii,,  chap,  xiv.,  this  scries, 
and  tile  killing  of  George  Lake,  Walter  G.  P  "ry,  and  E.  B.  Cantrell,  immi- 
grants to  Washington,  is  referred  to  here.  L'bey's  Jour.,  MS.,  12-15,  17,  19, 
23,  25. 

**Thc  immigration  to  Washington  by  the  road  opened  in  1853  to  Walla 
Walla  was  not  large.  The  road  had  been  further  improved,  but  was  not  yet 
good.  Jacob  Ebey  and  W.  S.  Ebey,  with  six  others  of  the  family,  Harvey 
H.  Jones,  A.  S.Yantis,  Moses  Kirtland,  M.  Cox,  T.  J.  lloadley,  Henry 
Whitsill,  George  E.  King,  the  families  of  Lake  and  Perry  killed  by  the 
Indians,  C.  P.  Anderson,  Cliarles  Van  Wormcr,  William  Goodell,  A.  D. 
Neely,  J.  R.  Meeker,  M.  W.  Morrow,  James  Kirtlcy,  W.  N.  Ayers,  in  all 
about  20  families  and  200  head  of  stock,  passed  over  this  route.  Ohjmpia 
Pioneer  and  Dem.,  Sept.  16  and  Oct.  15,  1854.  In  Ebn/'n  Journal,  MS.,  i. 
101,  I  find  mention  of  A.  J.  Bradley,  Dick  Bradley,  John  Waste,  Judson,  11. 
H.  Jones,  S.  P.  Burr,  and  liints  of  the  settlements  already  made  and  to  be 
made  in  White  and  Puyallup  valleys.  Porter's  claim  was  tlie  first  after 
leaving  the  mountains  in  White  River  Valley.  '  King,  Kirtland,  Jones,  and 
others, '  says  Ebey,  *  will  probably  locate  in  this  vicinity,'  and  by  reference 
to  Morgan's  map  of  Puget  Sound  I  find  these  names,  and  that  of  Cox  on  White 
River.  Three  miles  from  Porter's  was  Connell's  prairie,  and  three  mifles 
farther  was  Fennellis'  prairie;  six  miles  to  the  Puyallup  bottoms,  where  some 
houses  were  being  put  up;  nine  miles  after  crossing  the  Puyallup  to  J. 
Montgomery's  claim  cast  of  Steilacooni,  and  near  that  place  the  claim  of  Poter 


TREATIES  WITH  THE  NATIVES. 


90 


he  Indian 
regon  and 
the  lower 
e  Ukcly  to 
ng  years,** 

lephcw,  George 
is  a  young  man 
raa  accidentally 
neer  and  Dem. , 

t  vacant  by  the 
1  Huff  and  Ira 
Strickler  from 
son,  and  What- 
resiilent;  Butler 
,.  Mitchell,  scr- 

amania  county; 
■osbie,  of  Clarke; 
of  Chehalis  aud 
Lewis;   Stephen 
[Veils,  of  Tluirs- 
icrec;  John  Car- 
Id,  of  Jefferson 
Abcrnethy,  of 
tod  chief  clcvk; 
arms;  William 

Ixiv.,  this  series, 

ICantrcll,  imnii- 

,  12-15,  17,  19, 

1853  to  Walla 
imt  was  not  yet 
Ifamily,  Harvey 
Tsadley,    Henry 
killed  by  tho 
ioodell,  A.  D. 
.  Ayers,  in  nil 
l-outc.  Oli/mpia 
.ouriial,  MS.,  i. 
^te,  Judson,  H. 
Jiade  and  to  bo 
Ithe   first  after 
Ind,  Jones,  and 
by  reference 
f  Cox  on  White 
id  three  miSea 
3,  where  some 
^uyallup  to  J. 
b  claim  of  Toter 


and  again  recommended  the  enrolment  of  the  militia, 
before  which  an  application  to  the  secretary  of  war 
for  arms  and  ammunition  must  fail,  and  expressed  the 
hope  that  the  people  would  give  him  their  support 
in  arranging  "on  a  permanent  basis  the  future  of  the 
Indians  in  the  territory."  Feeling  the  necessity  of 
tliis  work,  the  governor  very  soon  set  about  it,  and 
concluded  on  the  2Gth  of  December  a  treaty  with  the 
several  tribes  at  the  head  of  the  Sound.  Three  small 
reservations  were  made,  as  follows:  an  island  op- 
posite Skookum  Bay,  two  sections  of  land  on  the 
Sound  west  of  the  meridian  line,  and  an  equal  amount 
on  the  Puyallup  River  near  its  mouth.  Under  this 
treaty  the  Indians  had  the  right  to  fish  as  usual,  to 
pasture  their  horses  on  any  unclaimed  land,  and  to 
gather  their  food  of  berries  and  roots  wherever  they 
(lid  not  trespass  upon  enclosed  ground,  or  to  reside 
near  the  settlements  provided  they  did  nothing  to 
malcc  their  presence  objectionable.  Between  six  and 
stvon  hundred  signed  the  treaty,  which,  besides  their 
annuities,  gave  them  teachers,  a  farmer,  mechanics, 
j'.ud  a  pliysician,  and  manifested  their  satisfaction.*^ 
Tliis  treaty  was  immediately  ratified  by  the  senate. 

On  the  22d  of  January,  1854,  a  treaty  was  con- 
( hided  with  about  2,500  natives  on  the  eastern  shore 
of  the  Sound.  Tho  treaty  was  held  at  Point  Elliott, 
near  the  mouth  of  Snohomish  River.  Speeches  were 
made  by  Seattle,  Patkanim,  and  other  chiefs  of  influ- 
ence, all  expressive  of  friendship  for  the  white  people 
and  i)loasure  at  the  treaty,  and  a  reservation  was  agreed 
upon  on  the  Lumimi  River.     Then  followed  a  treaty 

Smith.  According  to  the  same  authority,  Judson  Van  Wormcr  and  Goodcll 
Ml  at  to  Mound  I'rairie,  south  of  the  Nisqually  lliver,  to  find  claims.  S.  1*. 
lluir  died  on  tho  road,  but  his  family  arrived.  Mrs  Meeker  died  on  tho 
riiittc.  Meeker  and  Mrs  Burr  were  married  after  arriving  in  tho  territory. 
Ezra  Meeker,  later  a  well-known  hop-grower  in  the  Puyallup  Valley,  and 
aiithcir  of  a  paniplilet  on  Washington,  was  already  settled  on  a  ( laim  east  of 
Steiliiuoom.  Daniel  Smallcy  aud  George  W.  Davidson  settled  near  New 
Diin^tuess  in  the  autumn  of  1854,  but  they  were  not  of  the  overhmd  iiiiiiii- 
(;ntion.  Many  arrived  by  sea,  or  from  tho  Columlua.  U'aah.  Ttr.  Skelc/wt!, 
M.S.,  (18. 

*'  Wash,  Jour.  Council,  1854-5,  15;  Otympia  Pioneer  and  Dem,,  Doc.  30, 
ISJl, 


100 


ORGAMZATION  OF  G0VT:RXMENT. 


It    |I 


nil.'       ■: 


with  the  tribes  farther  north,  at  which  a  thousand 
were  present,  who  conRented  readily  to  the  terms,  the 
chiefs  using  the  occasion  to  display  their  oratory,  but 
in  a  friendly  fashion.  A  reservation  was  selected 
about  the  head  of  Hood  Canal.  Soon  afterward  the 
Makahs  of  Cape  Flattery  and  other  tribes  at  the  en- 
trance to  the  straits  were  treated  with;  and  lastly  a 
council  was  held  with  those  on  the  Chehalis  River 
and  the  coast,  the  whole  business  being  transacted  in 
less  than  three  months,  and  in  the  winter  season,  such 
was  the  energy  with  which  the  governor  addressed 
himself  to  the  duties  of  Indian  superintendent.^" 

But  after  a  week  of  negotiation,  in  the  latter  case 
the  council  broke  up  without  coming  to  any  agree- 
ment on  account  of  each  of  the  fragments  of  tribes, 
five  in  number,  desiring  a  separate  reservation,  to 
which  Stevens  refused  his  consent." 

Having  completed  the  labor  of  extinguishing  Indian 
titles  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Cowlitz,  Chinooks,  Chehalis,  and  Que- 
niults,  who  together  numbered  about  eight  hundred, 
Stevens  next  prepared  to  enter  upon  the  same  duties 
in  eastern  Washington.  While  on  his  survej'ing  expe- 
dition, he  had  been  at  much  pains  to  become  acquainted 

'"  Swan,  in  his  Northwent  Coast,  327-48,  gives  some  idea  of  how  Stevens 
accomplished  so  much  work.  It  was  greatly  advanced  by  his  habit  of  having 
agents  on  the  ground  some  time  beforeliand.  He  has  been  accused,  particu- 
larly by  Tolmie,  in  his  Puget  Sound,  MS.,  37,  of  forcing  treaties  upon  tlie  Ind- 
ians without  giving  them  time  to  consider  suihciently  what  was  proposed. 
But  Swan  makes  a  different  statement.  Special  Agent  Tappan  was  sent  in 
advance  to  gather  up  the  Indians  of  his  district  and  take  them  to  the  place 
of  meeting  on  the  Chehalis  River,  where  H.  D.  Cook  and  Sidney  Ford,  J  r, 
would  meet  him  with  the  coast  tribes.  Swan,  J,  G.  Cooper  of  the  railroad 
survey,  George  Gibbs,  and  others  were  invited  to  be  present.  The  treaty- 
ground  was  on  the  claim  of  James  Pilkington,  10  miles  above  Gray  Harbor, 
where  a  comfortable  camp  was  arranged,  and  where  ample  time  was  taken  to 
make  the  Indians  acquainted  with  the  propositions  offered  them.  The  prin- 
cipal interpreter  for  the  white  men  was  B.  P.  Shaw,  colonel  of  the  newly  or- 
ganized militia,  who  gave  the  speech  of  the  governor  in  jargon  to  an  Indian 
interpreter  from  each  tribe,  who  repeated  it  to  his  people — a  slow  but  sure 
method  of  conveying  his  meaning. 

"'  Swan  thought  Stevens  should  have  yielded.  Perhaps  it  would  have  been 
more  politic;  but  Palmer  of  Oregon,  after  many  years  of  acquaintance  with 
Indian  affairs,  says  it  is  a  mistake  to  have  many  reservations.  It  certainly  is 
much  more  expensive  to  the  government.  Swan  believed  the  Indians  should 
have  been  humored  in  their  dislike  of  each  other  and  their  attachment  to 
localities. 


MORE  TREATIES. 


101 


b  thousand 
terms,  the 
ratory,  but 
LS   selected 
erward  the 
1  at  the  en- 
nd  lastly  a 
halis  River 
msactcd  in 
leaoon,  such 
•  addressed 
lent.^» 
:  latter  case 
any  aj^rec- 
:s  of  tribes, 
jrvation,  to 

hing  Indian 
'ith  the  ex- 
is,  and  Que- 
it  hundred, 
same  duties 
eying  expe- 
acquainted 

of  how  Stevens 
_,  habit  of  having 
iccused,  particu- 
ea  upon  the  Iml- 
t  was  proposed, 
pan  was  sent  in 
;m  to  the  place 
lidney  Ford,  J  r, 
of  the  raih-oad 
t.  The  treaty - 
c  Gray  Harbor, 
ne  wa3  taken  to 
lem.  The  prin- 
f  the  newly  or- 
m  to  an  Indian 
slow  but  sure 

yould  have  been 
luaintance  with 

It  certainly  is 
I  Indians  rIiouUI 

attachment  to 


with  all  the  tribes  upon  his  route  within  or  bordering 
upon  hi»<list  'ict,  and  to  prepare  their  minds  for  treaty- 
making.  He  had  particularly  commissioned  James 
Doty,  one  of  his  assistants,  who  remained  at  Fort 
Benton  in  charge  of  the  meteorological  post  at  that 
place  for  a  year,  to  inquire  into  all  matters  pertaining 
to  the  Indian  tribes  in  that  quarter,  and  who  was 
made  a  special  agent  for  that  purpose."^  Lieutenant 
Mullaii,  who  was  employed  in  the  Flathead  country  for 
the  same  length  of  time,  was  instructed  to  give  much 
attention  to  Indian  affairs,  and  apparently  gained  a 
strong  influence  over  them;  and  Lieutenant  Saxton 
also  remained  some  time  with  the  Nez  Perces  in  order 
to  give  and  obtain  information. 

In  October  Mullan  and  Doty  arrived,  the  first  at 
Vancouver  and  the  second  at  Olympia,  and  when 
Stevens  returned  a  few  weeks  later  from  Washington 
city,  they  were  ready  to  report  in  person.  In  Janu- 
ary 1855  Doty  was  despatched  with  a  small  party 
east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  make  arrangements 
^vitIl  the  Yakimas,  Walla  Wallas,  Nez  Perces,  and 
Palouses,  for  a  grand  council,  which,  by  agreement 
with  Superintendent  Palmer  of  Oregon,  was  appointed 
lor  the  20th  of  May,  Kamiakin,  chief  of  the  Yaki- 
mas, himself  directing  that  the  council  should  be  held 
in  the  Walla  Walla  Valley,  near  the  site  of  the  pres- 
ent city  of  that  name,  because  it  was  an  ancient 
council-ground. 

At  the  time  and  place  agreed  upon  the  council  was 
held,  and  treaties  signed  by  the  chiefs  of  the  Yakimas, 
Walla  Wallas,  Nez  Perces,  and  Cayuses,  the  narra- 
tive of  which  is  contained  in  another  volume."  Sev- 
eral weeks  were  consumed  at  the  treaty-grounds,  and 
it  was  the  middle  of  June  before  Stevens  was  ready 


^■"Pac.  R.R.  Eept,  xii.  113. 
'^IJUt.  Or.,  ii.,  chap.  xlv.. 


this  scries.  Briefly,  the  tribes  assemliled 
gave  the  superintendents  unexpected  trouble  in  making  treaties,  K;niiiakin 
having  conspired  with  other  chiefs  to  destroy  the  commissioners  and  seize  the 
government  property  which  M-as  stored  at  Fort  Walla  Walla.  Law  ycr,  iicad- 
cliiuf  of  the  Nez  Perces,  was  able  to  prevent  the  conspiracy  being  carried  out, 
but  not  to  prevent  what  followed. 


•II 


I,  •[ 


t,J( 


li 


102 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


to  proceed  to  the  Blackfoot  country,  where  arrange- 
ments had  been  made  for  a  treaty  council  in  October. 
While  en  route  every  opportunity  was  used  to  culti- 
vate confidential  relations  with  the  Indians,  and 
treaties  were  entered  into  with  the  upper  Pend  d'Ore- 
illcs,  Kootenais,  and  Flatheads.  A  delegation  of  the 
Nez  Perces,  under  the  special  agency  of  William 
Craig  of  Lapwai,  attended  him  to  the  Blackfoot  coun- 
cil, where  a  treaty  of  peace  was  entered  into  between 
the  Blackfoot  nation  and  this  tribe,  and  where  a  suc- 
cessful conference  was  held  with  this  powerful  and 
predatory  people.^*  The  news  of  the  Blackfoot  treaty 
was  despatched  to  Olympia  by  the  governor's  special 
expressman,  W.  H.  Pearson,  who  returning  October 
29th  met  Stevens'  party  two  days'  travel  west  of  Fort 
Benton,  on  their  way  home  with  the  intelligence  that, 
so  far  from  keeping  their  treaty  obligations,  the  Yaki- 
mas,  Walla  Wallas,  Cayuses,  Palouses,  and  a  part  of 
the  Nez  Perces  were  at  war  with  the  white  people, 
and  that  it  would  be  impossible  for  him  to  reach 

'*  Stevens  was  assisted  in  his  labors  by  Special  Agent  Doty;  by  commis- 
sioned agent  R.  H.  Lansdalc,  whose  district  tliis  was  ;  by  Gustavus  Sohon,  'a 
private  in  the  4th  infantry,  who  was  with  Mr  Mullan  the  year  previous  in 
the  Bitter  Hoot  Valley,  and  had  shown  a  great  taste  as  an  artist  and  ability 
to  learn  the  Indian  language,  as  well  as  facility  in  intercourse  with  the  Ind- 
ians;' by  Albert  H.  Robie,  'a  most  intelligent  young  man,  who,  from  a 
cook-boy  in  1853,  had  in  a  year  and  half  become  an  intelligent  herder  and 
woodsman,  and  was  also  desirous  of  being  engaged  on  the  service;'  Pac.  li.  U. 
Hi'lit,  xii.  196;  and  Special  Agent  Thomas  Adams,  one  of  his  aids  in  1853. 
His  messenger  was  W.  H.  Pearson,  whom  Stevens  describes  as  'hardy,  intel- 
ligent, bold,  and  resolute,'  and  as  being  'acquainted  with  all  the  relations 
between  Indians  and  white  men,  from  the  borders  of  Texas  to  the  forty-ninth 
parallel.'  Pearson  carried  the  news  of  the  Walla  Walla  council  to  Olympia, 
and  returning  overtook  Stevens  in  the  Flathead  country  in  time  to  start  back 
again  July  18th  with  the  results  of  a  council  with  that  nation.  On  the  27th 
of  August  ho  again  overtook  Stevens'  party  at  Fort  Benton,  the  distance  to 
Olympia  and  back — 1,750  miles— being  accomplished  in  28  days,  some  of 
which  were  not  used  in  travel.  He  rode  the  260  miles  from  Fort  Owen  to 
Fort  Benton  in  less  than  three  days.  One  thing  which  Stevens  never  forgot 
to  do  was  to  give  credit  where  it  belonged,  even  to  his  humblest  servants; 
but  this  feat  of  Pearson's  he  mentions  as  showing  the  practicability  of  travel 
in  eastern  Washington,  His  thirteen-year-old  eon  Hazard,  who  accompanied 
him  on  this  journey  to  the  Blackfoot  country,  was  sent  as  a  messenger  to  the 
Gros  Ventres  to  bring  them  to  the  council-ground  at  the  mouth  of  Judith 
River,  and  rode  150  miles  from  10  o'clock  of  one  day  to  half-past  2  o'clock  of 
tlio  next,  without  fatigue.  Stevens  was  detained  beyond  the  time  contem- 
plated by  having  to  wait  for  keel-boats  from  below  on  the  Missouri  River 
with  the  treaty  goods,  the  water  being  low. 


STEVENS'  JOURNEY. 


103 


3  arrange- 
i  October. 
I  to  culti- 
ians,    and 
md  d'Ore- 
iion  of  the 
[    William 
:foot  couu- 
,0  between 
lere  a  suc- 
verful  and 
foot  treaty 
or's  special 
ig  October 
est  of  Fort 
gence  that, 
!,  the  Yaki- 
d  a  part  of 
lite  people, 
n  to  reach 

jty;  by  commis- 
ftavus  Solion,  'a 
^ear  previous  in 
•tistanil  ability 
e  with  the  lud- 
k,  who,  from  a 
[ent  herder  ami 
lice;'  Pac.  R.p- 
]3  aids  in  1853. 
Is  'hardy,  iutel- 
U  tho  relations 
the  forty-ninth 
cil  to  Olyniiiia, 
10  to  start  back 
On  the  27th 
[the  distance  to 
days,  some  of 
Fort  Owen  to 
13  never  forgot 
)lest  servants; 
jility  of  travel 
lo  accompanied 
issengcr  to  the 
mth  of  Judith 
bst  2  o'clock  of 
!  time  contem- 
klissouri  River 


Olympia  through  the  Indian  country,  advices  from 
army  officers  recommending  him  to  go  down  the  Mis- 
souri River,  and  return  to  Washington  territory  by 
the  way  of  New  York.  Instead  of  taking  this  hu- 
miliating advice,  Stevens  at  once  determined  to  push 
forward  at  all  hazards.  Sending  Doty  back  to  Fort 
Benton  for  a  large  supply  of  ammunition,  with  addi- 
tional arms  and  horses,  he  encamped  his  men  to  await 
Doty's  return,  and  on  the  31st,  with  only  A.  H.  Robie 
and  a  Delaware  Indian  interpreter,  started  to  ride 
express  to  Bitter  Root  Valley,  to  communicate  with 
Agent  R.  H.  Lansdale,  in  charge  of  the  Flatheads. 
At  Fort  Ovven^*  he  overtook  the  Nez  Perce  delega- 
tion, whom  he  found  informed  of  the  war  which  had 
broken  out  in  the  Yakima  country,  and  also  that  a 
portion  of  their  own  tribe  were  disaffected  and  some 
of  them  hostile,  while  all  the  other  tribes  who  had 
been  parties  to  the  treaty  of  Walla  Walla  were  un- 
doubtedly so.  However,  after  a  conference,  the  whole 
party  of  fourteen,  including  the  war-chiefs  Looking 
Glass,  Spotted  Eagle,  and  Three  Feathers,  promised 
friendship,  and  agreed  to  accompany  Stevens  as  a  part 
of  his  escort,  offering  if  he  should  go  through  the 
Nez  Perce  country  to  send  a  large  party  of  young 
men  with  him  to  The  Dalles.  He  halted  but  one 
(lay,  and  moved  down  to  Hell  Gate  pass  to  wait  for 
Doty,  who  overtook  hira  on  the  11th  of  November, 
and  where  he  was  detained  until  the  15th  completing 
preparations  for  the  contemplated  march.  He  crossed 
the  Bitter  Root  Mountains  on  the  20th,  in  three 
feet  of  snow,  the  horses  of  the  train  being  one  night 
without  grass.  When  twenty-five  miles  from  the  Coeur 
d'Alune  Mission,  he  again  travelled  in  advance  of  the 
train,  with  only  Pearson,  Craig,  and  four  of  the  Nez 
Pcrces. 

Information  had  been  brought  to  Stevens  that  it 

^  Fort  Oven  was  a  stockade,  the  residence  of  John  Owen  and  his  brother, 
stock  raisers  in  the  Bitter  Root  Valley.  They  had  abandoned  tlicir  place 
prc\  ious  to  the  passage  of  the  lailroad  expedition  from  fear  of  tho  Blackfoot 
tribe,  but  had  reestablished  it. 


104 


ORGAXIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


was  the  intention  of  the  hostile  tribes  to  cut  off  his 
return,  and  he  had  no  means  of  knowing  to  what  ex- 
tent the  Coeur  d' Alines  and  other  tribes  on  his 
route  had  been  influenced  or  brought  into  the  com- 
bination for  war.  But  judging  it  best  to  seem  uncon- 
scious of  danger,  he  did  so,  "throwing  ourselves  into 
the  midst  of  the  Indians  with  our  rifles  in  one  hand, 
and  our  arms  outstretched  on  the  other  side,  we  ten- 
dered them  both  the  sword  and  the  olive-branch." 
To  the  Nez  Perces  he  had  given  instructions  to 
entertain  the  Coeur  d'Al^nes  with  stories  of  the 
Blackfoot  council  and  talk  of  the  advantages  of  the 
treaty  which  would  relieve  them  in  the  future  of  tho 
depredations  to  which  they  from  time  immemorial 
had  been  subjected  by  this  people. 

The  plan  succeeded.  The  Coeur  d* Alines,  taken 
by  surprise,  met  the  governor  and  his  party  with  a 
cordial  welcome;  but  when  the  first  involuntary  pleas- 
ure of  meeting  was  over,  they  began  to  remember 
what  the  emissaries  of  Kamiakin,  who  were  but  five 
days  gone,  had  told  them  of  him,  their  manner  changed, 
and  they  seemed  undecided  whether  to  commit  them- 
selves to  peace  or  war. 

Without  giving  them  time  to  retract,  Stevens  has- 
tened on,  as  soon  as  his  train  had  overtaken  him  to  the 
Spokane  country,  where  he  had  resolved  to  hold  a 
council.  Arrived  at  the  place  of  Antoine  Plante,^ 
Indian  runners  were  despatched  to  the  lower  Spokanes, 
Pend  d'Oreilles,  and  Colville  Indians,  and  invitations 
sent  to  Angus  McDonald  at  Fort  Colville,  and  also 
to  the  Jesuit  fathers  Ravelli  and  Joset  of  the  Col- 
ville and  Coeur  d'Alono  missions,  to  bring  them  to- 
gether in  conference. 

Several  days  elapsed  before  all  arrived,  and  when 
they  were  met,  it  seemed  doubtful  if  pe  ice  could  be 
obtained.  "I  had  there,"  said  Stevens  in  his  official 
report,  "  one  of  the  stormiest  councils,  for  three  days, 


56 


^ Plants  was  a  half-breed  living  in  the  Spokane  country,  'near  the  prairie 
intermediate  between  them  and  the  Cceur  d  Alines.' 


DEALINGS  WITH  THE  INDIANS. 


105 


that  ever  occurred  in  my  whole  Indian  experience," 
because  he  would  not  promise  the  Indians  that  the 
United  States  troops  should  not  cross  to  the  north 
side  of  the  Snake  River.  "Of  course,"  says  Father 
Josct,  "the  governor  could  not  promise  such  a  thing. 
He  made  several  promises,  but  he  evaded  that  ques- 
tion." " 

But  when  the  Indians  had  heard  a  complete  refu- 
tation of  the  tales  told  them  by  the  agents  of  Kamia- 
kin,  and  been  assured  of  protection  so  long  as  they 
remained  friendly,  they  took  heart  and  appeared 
satisfied;  and  Stevens  conquered,  as  he  had  at  the 
Walla  Walla  council,  by  force  of  personal  will  as  well 
as  argument,  the  chiefs  ending  by  consulting  him  on 
all  ])oints  as  if  he  had  been  their  lather,  and  confiding 
to  liitn  all  their  vexations  and  anxieties. 

But  there  was  another  danger  to  be  encountered. 
The  Spokanes  insisted  that  the  Nez  Perces  were 
hostile,  though  Stevens  had  hitherto  had  entire 
conildence  in  their  good  faith.  Being  put  upon  his 
guard  when  he  was  rejoined  by  the  party  from  the 
lilackfoot  council  under  Looking  Glass,  he  set  his 
interpreter  to  spy  upon  this  chief,  who  was  at  length 
overheard  explaining  to  a  Spokane  chief  a  plan  to 
entrap  the  treaty-maker  when  he  should  arrive  in 
the  Nez  Perce  country,  and  advising  the  Spokanes 
to  a  similar  course.  Says  Stevens:  "I  never  com- 
municated to  Looking  Glass  my  knowledge  of  his 
plans,  but  knowing  them,  I  knew  how  to  meet  them 
in  council.  I  also  knew  how  to  meet  them  in  his 
own  country,  and  it  gave  me  no  difficulty. "^^ 


'58 


tear  the  prairie 


^  "  I  was  so  fortunate  as  to  secure,  through  the  industry  of  Mrs  Rowona 
Niuliola  of  Whitman  county,  Washington,  a  copy  of  sonio  of  Joset's  writings, 
in  which  is  a  pretty  full  account  of  this  council  of  Stcveua  with  the  Spokanes 
and  others.  It  is  contained  in  a  manuscript  by  Mrs  INichols,  called  Indian 
Ajfiiirs  in  Oregon. 

"*  Pac.  R.  li.  Kept,  xii.  223.  This  incident  shows  that  Looking  Glass  was 
no  more  sincere  in  signing  the  treaty  of  Walla  Walla  than  was  liumiakin  or 
Penpeumoxmox.  Father  Joset  says  that  somebody  having  told  the  Indians 
that  it  was  for  tiieir  interest  to  make  a  treaty,  'as  tlio  whites  would  have  their 
laiuls  anyway,'  they  agreed  to  make  a  mock  treaty  in  order  to  gain  timo  and 
prepare  for  war.  NichoW  Jnd.  Aff.,  MS.,  3. 


106 


ORGANIZATION  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


n*^ 


The  Spokanes  offered  to  escort  him  throui^h  the 
country  of  the  "hostile  Nez  Perces,"  but  Stevens 
de(;linccl,  to  show  that  he  had  no  favors  to  ask,  as  well 
as  to  lessen  the  danger  of  collusion  between  Looking 
Glass  and  the  Spokanes.  He  despatched  Craig  with 
a  part  of  the  Nez  Perce  delegation  to  Lapwai  in  ad- 
vance, to  invite  their  people  to  and  arrange  for  holding 
a  council,  as  also  to  procure  hira  an  escort  to  The 
Dalles.  To  enlarge  his  party  of  white  men,  he  organ- 
ized a  battalion  of  miners  and  others  waiting  to  get 
through  the  hostile  country,  called  the  Stevens  Guards 
and  Spokane  Invincibles,  by  which  means  he  added 
twenty  men  to  his  escort  who  wished  to  go  to  The 
Dalles.  When  all  were  mustered  in  he  had  a  company 
of  fifty.  For  these  he  procured  the  best  horses  in  the 
country,  reducing  every  pack  to  eighty  pounds,  in 
order  that  he  might  fight  or  fly''"  as  occasion  required; 
and  thus  equipped,  set  out  to  encounter,  for  aught  he 
knew,  the  combined  war  force  of  the  confederated 
tribes.  But  a  forced  march  for  four  days  in  rain  and 
snow  brought  him  to  Lapwai,  where  Craig  was 
awaiting  him,  with  the  Indians  prepared  for  a  council, 
which  was  inunediately  called."" 

In  the  midst  of  it  an  Indian  express  arrived  from 
Walla  Walla  with  the  news  of  four  days'  fighting  and 
the  death  of  Peupeumoxmox.  It  had  been  previously 
agreed  that  a  large  force  of  Nez  Perces  should  accou)- 
pany  Stevens  to    The  Dalles,  but  the  knowledge  of 

^'/.(f/.  War  Expcnfien  Spefch,  12. 

""Willium  Ci'ttig  was  boin  in  Grcenbriar  co.,  Va,  in  1810.  He  entered 
the  service  of  the  American  Fur  Company  in  ISIJO,  and  for  ten  years  led  the 
life  of  (I  trapper.  When  the  fin  companies  broke  up,  about  1840,  he  came  to 
Or.,  and  settled  not  long  after  at  Lapwai,  near  Spalding's  mission,  to  which 
he  rendered  valuable  assistance  in  controlling  the  Indians.  He  also  was  of 
much  .service  to  Gov.  Stevens  in  making  treaties  with  the  Indians  of  eastern 
Wasiiii.gton.  Stevens  appointed  him  on  his  stafl',,  with  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-colonel, and  ho  was  afterward  a|)pointed  Indian  agent  at  Lapwai,  for 
which  position  he  was  well  fitted,  and  which  ho  held  for  a  long  time.  'But 
for  his  liberality  ho  would  have  been  rich,  but  ho  has  given  away  enough  to 
make  several  fortunes.'  IValln  Walhi  Union,  Oct.  23,  1809.  'He  was  the 
comrade  in  the  mountains  of  Kit  Carson,  J.  L.  Meek,  Robert  Newell, 
Courtenay  Walker,  Thompson,  Rabboin,  and  a  host  of  other  bravo  men  whose 
names  are  linked  with  the  liistory  of  the  country.'  Walla  Walla  Slatfrnan, 
in  I'orlland  Oregoniau,  Oct.  30,  1805). 


STEVEXS'  RETURN. 


107 


irough  the 
it  Stevens 
ask,  as  well 
•n  Looking 
Craig  with 
pwai  in  ad- 
for  holding 
art  to  The 
.,  he  organ- 
;ing  to  get 
ens  Guards 
3  he  added 
go  to  The 
.  a  company 
orses  in  the 
pounds,  in 
m  required; 
)r  aught  he 
)nfederated 
in  rain  antl 
Craig  was 
>r  a  council, 

^rived  from 
ghting  and 

previously 
[uld  accon)- 

)wledge  of 


Ho  entered 

\\  years  led  the 

|40,  he  came  to 

sion,  to  which 

lie  also  was  of 

tans  of  eiisteni 

Jnk  of  lieuteii- 

It  Lapwai,  for 

tiinc.     'But 

f'ay  enougli  to 

'He  was  the 

obcrt  Newell, 

Ive  men  whoso 

Ula  Stalei*maa, 


tlic  occupation  of  the  country  by  the  Oregon  troops 
rendered  this  unnecessary,  and  the  next  day,  accom- 
]>anied  by  sixty-nine  well-armed  Nez  Perce  volunteers, 
in  addition  to  the  Stevens  Guards,  he  set  out  for  The 
Dalles  by  the  way  of  the  seat  of  war. 

Hero  are  a  few  men  who  settled  in  Washington  at  an  early  period,  but 
wild  li;i<l  tirst  resided  in  Oregon: 

Solomon  Strong,  born  in  Erie  cc,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  11,  1817.  At  the  age  of 
tourtuL'ii  years  removed  to  Ohio,  thence  to  Iowa,  and  tiicnce,  in  1847,  to  Or., 
w  ith  an  ox-tcani,  with  his  wife  and  one  child,  George  \V.,  bora  in  184."),  in 
liiwa.  Strong  settled  on  a  claim  seven  miles  from  Portland,  residing  tlicro 
until  Sept.  17,  ISot),  when  he  took  a  donation  claim  in  Cowlitz  co.,  on  wiiich 
ho  has  resided  ever  since.  Mrs.  Strong  was  the  lirst  white  woman  on  the 
niirtli  side  of  Lewis  river.  He  was  elected  justice  of  the  peace  in  IS.j'J  in 
wliat  was  thou  Clarke  co.,  and  appointed  co.  commissioner  by  Gov.  Stevens, 
I  >  w  liioh  olliee  he  wa.s  afterwards  elected  for  eleven  and  a  halt  years.  On  the 
i.ii,'.uiization  of  Cowlitz  co.,  was  elected  to  the  same  office  and  soon  resigned. 
lie  married,  Jan.  5,  1845,  Miss  Mary  A.  Bozarth,  of  Mo.;  has  tini  children. 

S(|iiirc'  Bozarth,  born  in  Hardin  co.,  Ky,  Jan.  11,  1792,  married  there,  in 
ISKi,  .Millie  H.  Willis,  a  native  of  Va,  born  1802.  He  removed  to  Mo.  and 
l.iw.i,  and  in  1845  came  to  Oregon  overland  with  his  wife  and  eight  children, 
iiiiMcly,  0«t'n  W.,  Sarah  A.,  Lorana,  Christopher  C,  Julia  A.,  .S([uirt:  Jr, 
.Millie  W'.,  born  in  .Mo.,  ami  Emma  C.,  born  in  la.  Three  children,  Klizabciii 
ilii/arlli  Lantze,  Mrs  ^lary  A.  Strong,  anil  John  S.  Boz.".rth,  came  two  years 
1  ;ti'r.  .Mr  Bozarth  lirst  settled  in  Wasliington  ci..  Or.,  but  removeil  to  the 
Coliuiibia  river  opp.  Vancouver,  and  again,  in  KSoO,  to  Lewis  rivwr,  where  he 
tciiik  a  donation  claim  on  the  North  Fork,  where  he  died  March  10,  ]Kh\. 

.loliu  S.  Bozarth  settled  on  Lewis  river  in  18.j2.  In  18.">2  he  had  married 
Arelircth  Luelling,  a  native  of  111.,  who  came  to  Or.  in  1847.  He  died  in 
.\larcli  18S2,  leaving  seven  children,  all  born  on  Lewis  river. 

C.  C.  Bozarth,  born  in  Marion  eo.,  Mo.,  in  I8H'J,  Jan.  Ist,  married,  in 
is;;;!,  Mrs  Klioda  K.  Van  Bebber,  born  in  111.,  a  daughter  of  Jacob  John, 
will)  caiiii'  to  Or.  in  18i5'J.  He  resided  on  Lewis  river  and  ha<l  four  children. 
111!  was  engaged  in  fanning  until  1881,  when  he  went  to  general  merehan- 
iiisiijg  at  Woodland,  Cowlitz  (,'o.  In  18r)li  was  assessor  of  Clarke  co.,  and 
a^iin  in  18l)4  and  18(10,  and  of  Cowlitz  eo.  from  187o  to  187'.>.  He  was  justice 
01  till'  ])i'aee  fourteen  years;  was  an  assemblyman  from  Clarke  co.  in  1801-2, 
and  held  the  position  of  postmaster  at  Woodland. 

V.  N.  fiiirig,  born  in  Germany  in  1824,  came  to  U.  S.  in  1848,  lived  two 
years  in  Washington,  D.  C,  went  to  111.,  and  in  185H  came  to  Or.,  locating 
on  the  Ciilund)ia  river,  nea;  .St  Helm.  In  180j  removed  to  Cowlitz  co., 
\Va>h.  He  married,  in  18rjl,  '.'hristine  lleitntann  of  (Jermany.  They  iiad 
,--e\rn  sous  and  one  daught-  i',  tlicir  eldest  being  born  upon  the  journey  to 
Oi'.,  at  Green  river.  We  owns  over  one  thousand  acres,  and  is  a  wealthy 
eiti/iii  of  Cowlitz  Co. 

Unben  Lockwood  was  born  in  Springfield,  Vt,  in  1822,  but  reared  in 
Oliio.  He  came  to  W.  T.  in  18r)2  with  his  wife  and  step-ilaughter,  Miss 
.Anna  ('.  Conway,  and  settled  on  the  North  Fork  of  Lewis  river,  in  <  larke  co. 
Iliing  a  teacher,  he  was  employed  in  Oregon  City,  at  The  Dalles,  and  in  I'eta- 
luuia,  Cal.,  still  keeping  Ins  homo  in  Wash,  lie  was  married  in  l.s.')(>  to 
-Mrs  .Mary  C.  Conway,  of  Crawfordsville,  Ind.  Tiieir  children  are  S.  V. 
i.iekwood,  born  in  Oregon  City,  and  Lillie  C.  Lockwood.  The  son  married 
.Mi-  1  I'auljne  Brozin-,  a  native  of  Clarke  co. 

Villiam  A,  L.  .McCorkle,  born  in  Rockbridge  co.,  Va,  in  1821),  reared  in 
t/iiiu,  eaiiu'  to  Cal.  in  184'>>,  and  to  Cowlitz  Valley  in  IS,")0,  setlliiij^  nine  miles 
iroiii  lis  mouth.  .Married  Diana  Savilloj  a  native  of  tluit  co.,  and  has  two 
Wilis,  John  W.  and  Euj;enc. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

INDIAN  WARS. 

1855-1856. 

Causes  of  the  Indian  Outbreak — Discovery  of  Gold  near  Four  Coi,- 
viLLE — Yakimas  Hostile — Expeditions  of  Major  O.  G.  11alli:u  imo 
the  Snake  and  Yakima  Countries — Yakima  Campaign  of  ISaH— 
Movement  of  Troops  on  the  Sound— Attack  on  Seattle — War  Vi;s- 

SELS  ON  THE  SoUND — WaLLA  WaLLA  CAMPAIGN  OF  THE  OREGON  VOLUN- 
TEERS—OPERATIONS  OF  THE  Second  Oregon  Regiment — Attack  on  tuk 
Cascades— Colonel  Cornelius  Returns  to  Portland. 


I        :l 


illl      I 


The  reader  of  Oregon  history  will  remember  tlia,. 
moiition  is  made  of  the  massacre  of  the  Ward  train  \>y 
the  Snake  Indians  near  Fort  Boise  in  the  autumn  of 
1854.  Major  Granville  O.  Haller,  stationed  at  Fort 
Dalles,  made  a  hasty  expedition  into  the  Snake  coun- 
try, intended  to  show  the  Indians  that  the  govern- 
ment would  not  remain  inactive  while  its  citizens  wero 
subjected  to  these  outrages.  The  march  served  no 
other  purpose  than  to  give  tb'«i  notice,  for  the  guilty 
Indians  had  retired  into  their  mountain  fa>stnossos, 
and  the  season  beinof  late  for  recrossini;  the  Blm* 
Mountains,  Haller  rcturued  to  The  Dalles.  The  fob 
lowing  summer,  however,  he  led  another  expcditio'i 
into  the  Boisd  Valley,  and  following  up  the  trails, 
finally  captured  and  executed  the  murderers. 

Hardly  had  he  returned  to  Fort  Dalles  when  news 
reached  him  of  trouble  in  the  Yakima  country.  In 
the  spring  of  1855  gold  had  been  discovered  in  tlio 
region  of  Fort  Colville,  which  caused  the  usual  rusli 
of  miners  to  the  gf)ld  fields,  making  it  difficult  for  Gov- 
ernor Stevens  to  restrain  his  escort  from  deserting,^ 


>  IW.  li.  U.  L'vpt,  201. 


(1U8) 


PIERRE  JEROME  AND  BOLON. 


109 


gf 


He  proceeded  on  his  mission,  informing  the  tribes 
of  tlie  Upper  Columbia,  Kettle  Falls,  Spokancs,  Pend 
d'Oieilles,  and  Coeur  d'Alenes,  that  on  his  return  he 
would  negotiate  with  them  for  the  sale  of  their  lands. 

But  the  Indians  were  not  satisfied  with  their 
treaty,  nor  with  the  influx  of  white  men.  About  the 
first  of  August  Pierre  Jerome,  chief  of  the  Kettle 
Falls  people,  declared  that  no  Americans  should  pa^-s 
through  his  country.  From  Pugct  Sound  several 
small  parties  set  forth  for  Colville  by  the  Nisqually 
j>ass  and  the  trail  leading  through  the  Yalcima  coun- 
try by  the  way  of  the  catholic  mission  of  Ahtanahm, 
and  about  the  middle  of  September  it  was  rumored 
that  some  of  them  had  been  killed  by  the  Yakimas. 
A.  J.  Bolon,  special  agent  for  the  Yakimas,  was  on 
liis  way  to  the  Spokane  country,  where  he  expected 
to  meet  Stevens  on  his  return  from  Fort  Benton,  and 
assist  in  the  appointed  councils  and  treaties  with  this 
and  tlie  neighboring  tribes.  He  had  passed  The 
J)a]los  on  this  errand  when  he  was  met  by  Chief 
(larry  of  the  Spokanes  with  those  reports,  and  he  at 
(jiice  turned  back  to  investigate  them. 

The  catholic  mission,  near  which  was  the  home  of 
Kaniiakin,  was  between  sixty  and  seventy  miles  in  a 
north-easterly  direction  from  The  Dalles,  and  to  this 
place  he  determined  to  go  in  order  to  learn  from  Ka- 
mlakin  himself  the  truth  or  falsity  of  the  stories  con- 
thc   Yakimas."     Unattended  he  set  out  on 

rt  lusiiiess,  to  show  by  his  coming  alone  his  confi- 
liv'ice  in  the  good  faith  of  the  tribe,  and  to  disarm 
my  Torrs  tl  ^y  might  have  of  the  intentions  of  the 
.. 'I'i.e  people.^     His  absence  being  protracted  beyond 

'  The  Ahtanalim  mission  was  eabiblished  by  the  oblato  fatlicrs  who  camo 
to  the  country  in  I847i  aiul  by  Brouillctto.  It  wus  in  cliargi!  of  I'aiidosy  in 
1S,V).  lint  owiiif?  to  tho  absence  of  tliis  priest,  was,  at  tho  timo  of  IJoloii'a 
visit,  tuiiiporarily  in  charge  of  Brouilletto.  Tliis  priest  soonm  to  have  been 
uiifoi'tunato  i-,1  the  matter  of  being  housed  by  Aiuerican-killin;,'  Indians. 

'Oil)i)s  says  that  Kamiakin  had  avoided  nicetin^L,'  Bolou  Kiiico  thn  treaty, 
l)ut  tliat  Sklooni,  liis  brother,  had  told  Bolon  that  li  war  council  lind  been  held 
m  thi'  (!mnd  Kond  Valley,  and  tlmt  he,  Skhioni,  iiad  ppukcu  M,'ainst  war; 
niul  tiiat  Lawyer  also  informed  Bolon  of  tlii.s  council.  Bolon  must  have 
luipcj  to  inlluenco  Ivuniiakin.  Swan's  i\^  IT,  Conxl,  4:10. 


(.'t.'riimi; 


ii 


no 


INDIAN  WARS. 


the  time  required,  Nathan  Ohiey,  agent  at  The 
Dalles,  sent  out  an  Indian  ^,py,  who  returned  with 
the  information  that  Bolon  had  been  murdered  while 
returning  to  The  Dalles,  by  the  order  of  Kamiakin, 
and  by  the  hand  of  his  nephew,  a  son  of  Owhi,  his 
half-brother,  and  a  chief  of  the  Umatillas,  who  shot  him 
in  the  back  while  pretending  to  escort  him  on  his  home- 
ward journey,  cut  his  throat,  killed  his  horse,  and 
burned  both  bodies,  together  with  whatever  property 
was  attached  to  either. 

All  this  Kamiakin  confessed  to  the  Des  Chutes 
chief,  who  acted  as  spy,  sa^'ing  that  ho  was  deter- 
mine;^ on  war,  which  he  was  prepared  to  carry  on,  if 
necc  ;' ''  ^or  five  years;*  that  no  Americans  should 
come  ii-  's  country ;  that  all  the  tribes  wore  invited 
to  join  111.  .,  and  that  all  who  refused  would  be  held 
to  be  foes,  who  would  be  treated  in  the  same  manner 
as  Americans — the  adults  killed,  and  the  children  en- 
slaved. The  report  of  the  spy  was  coniirmed  by  a 
letter  from  Brouillette,  who  wro^e  to  Olney  that  war 
had  been  the  chief  topic  among  the  Yakimas  since 
their  retm^nfrom  the  council. °  It  was  now  quite  cer- 
tain tliat  an  Indian  war,  more  or  less  general,  was  at 
hand. 

Without  any  authoritative  promulgation,  the  rumor 
of  the  threatened  coalition  sprea  ,  and  about  the  20th 
of  September  returning  miners  brought  the  report 
that  certain  citizens  had  been  killed  in  passing  through 
the  Y;ikima  country.     As  soon  as  it  became  cert 


ly 


^Thij  boast  was  not  an  idlo  one.  fiibba  says  that  tlio  Yakiinaa  had  laid 
in  lurj;o  stores  of  powder,  and  that  Qualehin,  the  son  of  Owhi,  had  pur- 
chaacil  300  pounds  at  Tlio  Dalles  some  time  before  tlie  war  eoninieiKcd. 
Ho  further  sa3's  tiiat  Kamiakin  did  not  intend  to  begin  tlio  war  so  soon, 
but  meant  to  wait  until  the  Cohuiibia  should  be  frozen,  so  that  no  siiucor 
could  reach  the  people  at  The  Dalles  and  elsewiiere.  Swaii'n  A'.  H'.  Coa>:t, 
427-8. 

"* Letter  of  0.  Ilumaaon  in  Or.  Sfatvsman,  Oct.  fl,  18").'5;  AmiKtromfs  Or,, 
108;  DoirilPa  Scrap-Hook;  89,  {)(),  100;  ParrMi's  Or.  Aiu^.Iole^.  jMS.,  80; 
Grny's  Htsf.  Or.,  O.l;  Strong's  Ilht.  Or.,  MS.,  50,  GO;  l^ahiier's  vo^)t  to  com. 
of  Ind.  afF.,  in  U.  S.  II.  Ex.  Doc,  93,  pp.  t)5-()l,  34th  m\\}  1st  soss.,  Ind. 
AfT.,  vol.  34;  letter  of  Supt  Palmer,  in  Or,  StaUmmn,  Jctri3,  ISoo;  U.  S. 
II.  h\r.  Doc,  1,  p.  335,  5r2-15,  vol.  i.,  part  i.,  34th  cong.  1st  seas.;  Ibid., 
p.  73-89,  vol.  i.,  part  ii.;  Stevens'  SjKcch  on  War  Claims,  0,  10. 


RAINES  AND  HALLER. 


Ill 


known,"  Acting  Governor  Mason  made  a  requisition 
upon  forts  Vancouver  and  Steilacoom  for  troops  to 
protect  travellers  by  that  route,  and  also  intimated  to 
the  commanding  officers  that,  as  Governor  Stevens 
expected  to  be  in  the  Spokane  country  in  September, 
under  the  circumstances  a  detachment  of  soldiers 
might  be  of  assistance  to  him. 

Meanwhile  Major  Raines,  who  regarded  Kamiakin 
and  Peupeumoxmox  as  the  chiefs  most  to  be  dreaded, 
ordered  eiijhtv-four  men  under  Haller  from  Fort  Dalles 
to  [)ass  into  the  Yakima  country  and  cooperate  with 
a  force  sent  from  Steilacoom.  Haller  set  forth  on 
the  3d  of  October.  His  route  lay  over  a  gradual 
elevation  fo.  ten  miles  north  of  the  Columbia  to  the 
summit  of  the  bald  ranf;e  of  hills  constituting  the 
Klikitat  Mountains.  Beyond  these  was  the  Kliki- 
tat  Valley,  fifteen  miles  in  width,  north  of  which 
stretched  the  timbered  range  of  the  Simcoe  Mountains, 
beyond  which  again  was  the  Simcoe  Vallc}',  on  the 
northern  boundary  of  which,  about  sixty  miles  from 
The  Dalles,  was  the  home  of  Kamiakin  and  the 
Ahtanahm  mission,  the  objective  point  of  the  expedi- 
tion. 

It  was  not  until  the  third  day,  and  when  the  troops 
were  descending  a  long  hill  to  a  stream  skirted  with 
dense  thickets  of  small  trees,  that  any  Indians  were 
seen.  At  this  point,  about  three  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon, the  Indians  attacked,^  being  concealed  in  the 
thiik  undergrowth  mentioned.  There  was  a  sharp  en- 
gagement lasting  until  nightfall,  when  the  Yakimas 
withdrew,    leaving    Haller    with    eight    killed    and 


*Tlio  first  person  known  to  be  killed  by  the  Yakimas  was  Iluury  Mattice 
of  Olymina.  One  of  the  Eatons,  tlio  first  settlers  cast  of  Tmnwatii-,  was 
also  killed,  ami  otlior  citizens  of  Puget  Sound,  to  the  number  of  about  "JO, 
ainoui^  whom  were  Fanjoy,  Walker,  and  Jeniisoii  of  Seattle. 

'Oiaiu,  in  his  Tup.  Mfin.,  00,  says  that  Haller  attacked  the  Indians  with- 
out authority  from  his  commanding  ofticor,  quoting  from  lliiines'  otlioial 
adihvsa  to  tlic  Yakimas  to  prove  it,  which  runs  as  follows:  'I  sent  this  hand- 
ful (jf  soldiers  into  your  country  to  inquire  into  the  facts  of  the  murder  of 
IikUuii  agent  liolon;  it  was  not  expocteil  that  they  should  fight  you,'  Iliiller, 
ill  his  report,  says  ho  was  attacKcd,  and  Haines'  ro|iroof  of  the  Yakimas 
sliows  that  ho  was.  No  otiicr  version  was  ever  given  until  (Jram  undertook 
to  viudicato  the  course  of  Gcu.  Wool. 


112 


INDIAN  WARS. 


wounded  men.  That  night  the  troops  lay  upon  their 
arms.  In  the  morning  the  attack  was  renewed,  the 
In(Hans  endeavoring  to  surround  Haller  as  he  moved 
to  a  bold  eminence  at  the  distance  of  a  mile.  Here  the 
troops  Ibught  all  day  without  water  and  with  little  food. 
It  was  not  until  after  dark  that  a  messenger  was  dc- 
spatclied  to  The  Dalles  to  apprise  Raines  of  the  situ- 
ation of  tiio  command  and  obtain  reenforcements. 

The  cavalry  horses  and  pack-animals,  being  by  this 
time  in  a  suffering  state,  were  allowed  to  go  free  at 
night  to  find  water  and  grass,  except  those  necessary 
to  transport  the  wounded  and  the  ammunition.  To- 
ward evening  of  the  third  day  the  troops  moved 
down  to  the  river  for  water,  and  not  meeting  with 
any  resistance,  Haller  determined  to  fall  back  towartl 
The  Dalles  with  his  wounded.  The  howitzer  was 
spiked  and  buried,  and  such  of  the  baggage  and  pro- 
visions as  could  not  be  transported  was  burned.  The 
command  was  organized  in  two  divisions,  the  advance 
under  Haller  to  take  care  of  the  wounded,  and  the  rear 
under  Captain  Russell  to  act  as  guard.  In  the  dark- 
ness the  guide  led  the  advance  off  the  trail,  on  discov- 
ering which  Haller  ordered  fires  to  be  lighted  in  some 
iir  trees  to  signal  to  the  rear  his  position,  at  the  same 
time  revealing  it  to  the  Indians,  who,  as  soon  as  day- 
light came,  swarmed  around  him  on  every  side,  fol- 
lowing and  harassing  the  command  for  ten  miles. 
On  getting  into  the  open  country  a  stand  was  made, 
and  Haller's  division  fought  during  the  remainder  of 
the  day,  resuming  the  march  at  night,  Russell  failing 
to  discover  his  whereabouts.  When  twenty-five  miles 
from  The  Dalles  Haller  was  met  by  Lieutenant  Day 
of  the  3d  artillery  with  forty-five  men,  who,  finding 
the  troops  in  retreat,  proceeded  to  the  border  of  the 
Yakima  country  merely  to  keep  up  a  show  of  activity 
on  the  part  of  the  army.  Lieutenant  W.  A.  Slaughter 
with  fifty  men  had  crossed  the  Cascades  by  the  Nachess 
pass,  with  the  design  of  reenforcing  Haller, but  finding  a 
large  number  of  Indians  in  the  field,  and  hearing  that 


RAISING  TROOPS. 


113 


upon  their 
newed,  the 
5  ho  moved 
Here  the 
I  httle  food. 
rer  was  de- 
jf  the  situ- 
uieiits. 
iing  by  this 
)  go  free  at 
,e  necessary 
lition.     To- 
3ops  moved 
eeting  with 
3ack  toward 
jwitzer   was 
ige  and  pro- 
irned.     The 
the  advance 
^nd  the  rear 
[n  the  dark- 
,  on  discov- 
:ed  in  some 
at  the  same 
!Oon  as  day- 
iry  side,  fol- 
ten   miles, 
was  made, 
emainder  of 
ssell  faihng 
y-five  miks 
tenant  iJay 
ho,  finding 
"rder  of  tlio 
of  activity 
i.  Slaughter 
Ihe  Nachess 
lut  finding  a 
'aring  that 


Haller  was  defeated,  prudently  fell  back  to  the  west 
side  of  the  mountains. 

Such  were  the  main  incidents  of  Haller's  Yakima 
campaign,  in  which  five  men  svere  killed,  seventeen 
wounded,  and  a  large  amount  of  government  property 
destroyed,  abandoned,  and  captured.*^  The  number  of 
Indians  killed  was  unknown,  but  thought  to  be  about 
forty. 

Preparations  for  war  were  now  made  in  earnest, 
both  by  the  military  and  the  citizens,  though  not 
without  the  usual  attendant  bickerings.  A  proclama- 
ation  was  issued,  calling  for  one  company  to  be  en- 
rolled in  Clarke  county,  at  Vancouver,  and  one  in 
Thurston  county,  at  Olympia,  to  consist  of  eighty- 
seven  men,  rank  and  file,  with  orders  to  report  to 
the  conmianding  officers  of  Steilacoora  and  Vancouver, 
and  as  far  as  possible  to  provide  their  own  arms  and 
equipments.  The  estimated  number  of  hostile  Ind- 
ians in  the  field  w^as  1,500.  Application  for  arms 
was  made  by  Mason  througli  Tilton,  the  lately  arrived 
surveyor-general,  to  Sterrett  and  Pease,  commanders 
respectively  of  the  sloop  of  war  Decatur  and  the 
revenue-cutter  Jefferson  Davis,  then  in  the  Sound,  and 
the  request  granted. 

There  was  organized  at  Olympia  the  Puget  Sound 
Mounted  Volunteers,  Company  B,  with  Gilmore  Hays 
as  captain,  James  S.  Hurd  1st  lieutenant,  William 
Martin  2d  lieutenant,  Joseph  Gibson,  Henry  D.  Cock^ 
Tiiomas  Prather,  and  Joseph  White  sergeants;  Jose[)b 
S.  Taylor,  Whitfield  Kirtley,  T.  Wheelock,  and  John 
Scott  corporals — who  reported  themselves  to  Captain 
^laloney,  in  command  of  Fort  Steilacoom,  on  the  '20th, 
and  on  the  21st  marched  under  his  command  for  White 
Iliver  to  reenforce  Slaughter,  quartermaster  at  Steila- 
coom, who  had  gone  through  the  Nachess  pass  into  tlie 

'A  herd  of  cattle  being  driven  out  for  the  troops  was  captured.  Two 
yijung  men,  Ives  and  Ferguson,  escaped  by  flight  and  stnitiigein,  sufforing 
ti nibly  from  wounds  and  Uiniine,  one  of  thom  being  two  weeks  in  getting  to 
'Iho  Dalles. 

UuT.  Wadh.-^ 


!  f'' 


I'-M'l 


! 


li 


I!  1 


114 


INDIAN  WARS. 


hostile  country  with  forty  men,  and  had  fallen  back  to 
the  upper  prairies,  but  who  awaited  the  organization  of 
an  army  of  invasion  to  return  to  the  Yakima  country. 

After  due  proclamation.  Mason  issued  a  commis- 
sion to  Charles  H.  Eaton  to  organize  a  company  of 
rangers,  to  consist  of  thirty  privates  and  a  comple- 
ment of  officers."  The  company  was  immediately 
raised,  and  took  the  field  on  the  23d  to  act  as  a  guard 
upon  the  settlements,  and  to  watch  the  passes  through 
the  mountains.  On  the  22d  a  proclamation  was 
issued  calling  for  four  companies,  to  be  enrolled  at 
Vancouver,  Cathlamet,  Olympia,  and  Seattle,  and  to 
hold  themselves,  after  organizing  and  electing  their 
officers,  in  reserve  for  any  emergency  which  might 
arise.  James  Tilton  was  appointed  adjutant-general 
of  the  volunteer  forces  of  the  territory,  and  Major 
Raines,  who  was  about  to  take  the  field  against  the 
Yakimas,  brigadier-general  of  the  same  during  the 
continuance  of  the  war.  Company  A  of  the  Mounted 
Volunteers  organized  in  Clarke  county  was  com- 
manded by  William  Strong,  and  though  numbering 
first,  was  not  fully  organized  until  after  Company  B 
had  been  accepted  and  mustered  into  the  service  of 
the  United  States.  Special  Indian  agent  B.  F. 
Shaw,  who  took  the  place  of  Bolon,  was  instructed 
by  Mason  to  raise  a  company  and  go  and  meet  and 
escort  back  Governor  Stevens.  Several  companies 
were  raised  in  Oregon,  as  I  have  elsewhere  related, 
J.  W.  Nesmith  being  placed  in  command,  with  orders 
to  proceed  to  the  seat  of  war  and  cooperate  with 
Raines. 

On  the  30th  of  October  Raines  marched  for  the 
Yakima  country,  having  been  reenforced  by  128  regu- 
lars and  112  volunteers  from  Washington,  including 
Strong's  company  of  G3  and  Robert  Newell's  company 

•The  rangers  were  officered  by  C.  H.  Eaton,  cai)tain;  James  McAllistc-, 
James  TiiUis,  A.  M.  Poe,  lieutenants;  Johu  Harold,  Cliarles  E.  VViid, 
W.  W.  Miller,  S.  Phillips,  sergeants;  S.  D.  Rheiiihart,  Thomas  Bracktn, 
S.  Hodgdou,  James  Hughes,  corporals.  Olympia  Pionar  and  JJem,,  Oct.  '20, 
1855. 


NESMITH'S  CAMPAIGN. 


115 


of  35  men,  making  a  force  of  about  700.  On  the  4th 
of  November  Nesniith,  with  four  companies  of  Oregon 
volunteers,  overtook  Raines'  command,  proceeding 
with  it  to  the  Simcoe  Valley,  where  they  arrived  on 
the  7th.  Little  happenetl  worth  relating.  There 
was  a  skirmish  on  the  8th,  in  which  the  Oregon  vol- 
unteers joined  with  the  regulars  in  fighting  tlie 
Indians,  who,  now  that  equal  numbers  were  opposed 
to  them,  were  less  bold.  When  it  came  to  ))ursuit, 
tliey  had  fresh  horses  and  could  always  escape.*'^ 
They  were  followed  and  driven  up  the  Yakima,  to  a 
gap  through  which  flows  that  stream,  and  where  the 
heights  had  been  well  fortified,  upon  which  they  t(Jok 
their  stand;  but  on  being  charged  upon  by  the  regu- 
lars, under  Haller  and  Captain  Augur,  fled  down  the 
opposite  side  of  the  mountain,  leaving  it  in  possession 
of  the  troops,^^  who  returned  to  camp.  The  Indians 
showing  themselves  again  on  the  10th,  Major  Arm- 
strong of  the  volunteers,  with  the  company  of  Captain 
llayden  and  part  of  another  under  Lieutenant  Hanna, 
passed  through  the  defile  and  attempted  to  suri-ountl 
them  and  cut  oft'  their  retreat;  but  owing  to  a  mis- 
understanding, the  charge  was  made  at  the  wrong 
l)oiiit,  and  the  Indians  escaped  through  the  gap,  scat- 
tering among  the  rocks  and  trees.  On  the  10th  all 
the  forces  now  in  the  Yakima  country  moved  on 
toward  the  Ahtanahm  mission,  skirmishing  by  the  way 
and  capturing  some  of  the  enemy's  horses,  but  find- 
ing the  country  about  the  mission  and  the  mission 
itself  quite  deserted.  After  a  few  more  unimportant 
movements  Nesniith   proceeded  to  Walla  Walla,  to 

'"Liewt  Philip  Sheridan,  escorting  Lieut  R.  S.  Williamson  of  the  topo- 
graphical enginet-rs,  who  happencil  to  be  at  Vancouver,  was  present  with  a 
(letatoiinient  of  dragoons.  Kept  of  Major-O'i'uernl  Jfalnes  'o  Adjl-Geiicrat 
Thomas,  in  military  archives  at  Vancouver.  I  will  hero  remark,  that  every 
facility  has  been  atl'orded  me  by  tiie  military  dcpartniout  of  Oregon  f(ir  seeing 
iiuil  copying  documents  and  reports.  Special  courtesy  has  been  shown  l)y 
generals  Clark,  Jeff.  C.  Davis,  and  0.  0.  Howard,  and  tlieir  Btall'-oliicers,  for 
wliicii  I  hero  make  my  grateful  acknowledgments. 

"In  crossing  the  Yakima  River  two  soldiers  were  drowned;  and  in  a 
skirmish  which  the  volunteei's  under  Captain  Cornelius  had  with  the  Indians, 
(icorgc  Holmes  of  Clackamas  county  and  Stephen  Wayniire  of  I'olk  coun'.y 
were  wounded.  Letter  o/ Marion  Co.  yoliinlei  r,  in  Or.  Stuttumaii,  Nov.  24,  ISoo. 


M 


116 


INDIAN  WARS. 


hold  that  valley  against  hostile  tribes,  while  Raines, 
leavinsf  his  force  to  build  a  block-house  on  the  south- 
em  border  of  the  Yakima  country,  reported  in  person 
to  General  Wool,  who  had  just  arrived  at  Vancouver 
with  a  number  of  officers,  fifty  dragoons,  4,000  stand 
of  arms,  and  a  large  amount  of  ammunition.  Wool 
ordered  the  troops  in  Oregon  to  be  massed  at  The 
Dalles  to  await  his  plan  of  operations,  which,  so  far  as 
divulged,  was  to  establish  a  post  at  the  Walla  Walla 
to  keep  in  check  the  other  tribes  while  prosecuting 
war  against  the  Yakimas.  An  inspection  of  the 
troops  and  horses,  however,  revealed  the  fact  that 
many  of  the  soldiers  were  without  sufficient  clothing, 
and  that  few  of  their  animals  were  fit  for  service. 
The  quartermaster  was  then  directed  to  procure 
means  of  transportation  from  the  people  of  the  Wil- 
lamette, but  owing  to  the  heavy  drain  made  upon  them 
in  furnishing  the  volunteer  force,  wagons  and  horses 
were  not  to  be  had,  and  they  were  ordered  from 
Benicia,  California,  and  boats  and  forage  from  San 
Francisco.  Before  these  could  arrive  the  Columbia 
was  frozen  over,  and  communication  with  the  upper 
country  completely  severed;  but  not  before  Major 
Fitzgerald  with  fifty  dragoons  from  Fort  Lane  had 
arrived  at  The  Dalles,"  and  Keyes'  artillery  company 
had  been  sent  to  Fort  Steilacooni  to  remain  in  garri- 
son until  the  return  of  milder  weather. 

The  ice  remained  in  the  lower  Columbia  but  three 
weeks,  and  on  the  11th  of  January,  1856,  the  mail- 
steamer  brought  despatches  informing  Wool  of  Indian 
disturbances  in  California  and  southern  Oregon,  which 
demanded  his  immediate  return  to  San  Francisco. 
While  passing  down  the  river  he  met  Colonel  George 
Wright,  with  eight  companies  of  the  9th  infantry  regi- 
ment, to  whom  he  assigned  the  command  of  the  Colum- 
bia River  district ;  and  at  sea  he  also  met  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Silas  Casey,  with  two  companies  of  the  same 

''^  At  the  moment  of  Haller'a  defeat  Fitzgerald  had  been  ordered  to  the 
Yakima  country,  but  owing  to  troubles  in  tiouthern  Oregon,  of  which  at  the 
time  liaines  was  not  informed,  was  unable  to  obey  the  order  at  oucc. 


MILITARY  QUARRELS. 


117 


req;Iineiit,  whom  he  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 
Pu,ij;et  Sound  district. 

Colonel  Writrht  was  directed  to  establish  his  lioad- 
quarters  at  The  Dalles,  where  all  the  troops  intended 
to  operate  in  the  iii)per  country  would  be  concentrated; 
and  as  soon  as  the  ice  was  out  of  the  river,  and  the 
season  would  permit,  to  establish  a  post  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Fort  Walla  Walla,  and  another  at  the 
fishery  on  the  Yakima  River,  near  the  crossing  of  the 
road  from  Walla  Walla  to  Fort  Steilacoom  ;  and  also 
an  ititcrmediate  post  between  the  latter  and  Fort 
Dalles,  the  object  of  the  latter  two  posts  being  to  pre- 
vent the  Indians  taking  fish  in  the  Yakima  or  any  of  its 
triljutaries,  or  the  tributaries  of  the  Columbia.  The  oc- 
cupation of  the  country  between  the  Walla  Walla  and 
Snake  rivers,  and  on  the  south  side  of  the  Columbia, 
it  was  believed,  would  soon  bring  the  savages  to  terms. 

During  this  visit,  as  indeed  on  some  other  occasions 
both  before  and  after.  Wool  did  not  deport  himself 
as  became  a  man  occupying  an  important  i)osition. 
He  censured  everybody,  not  omitting  Raines  and 
llaller,  but  was  particularly  severe  upon  territorial 
officers  and  volunteers.  Ho  ordered  disbanded  the 
company  raised  by  order  of  Mason  to  go  to  the  relief 
of  Governor  Stevens  returning  from  the  Blackfoot 
country ,^^  although  Raines  put  forth  every  argument 
tf>  induce  him  to  send  it  forward.  This  conduct  of 
Wool  was  bitterly  resented  by  Stevens,  who  quoted 
the  expressions  used  by  Wool  in  his  report  to  the  de- 
partments at  Washington,  and  in  a  letter  to  the  gen- 
eral himself?*  The  effect  of  Wool's  course  was  to 
raise  an  impassable  barrier  between  the  regular  and 

"Letter  of  Nosmith  to  Curry,  Nov.  .30,  185"),  iii  Euam^  Military  'h"  „- 
vMtion,  (S4;  Dalles  corr.,  Or.  Statesman,  Nov.  10,  i8,")5. 

i*.SVh.  Ex,  J)oc.,  (iO,  4"),  34th  cony.  1st  boss.,  Iiul.  .aff.  .34.  Official  van- 
ity iiiii'.  jealousy  arc  said  by  Jainca  (i.  Swiiu  to  liavo  been  at  the  ijottom  of 
Wooraliiistility  to  Stevens.  Aceording  to  Swan,  Wool  ami  Stevens  met  at 
tlio  liasetto  House  in  San  Francisco  in  1854,  when  Wool  related  an  incident 
of  tlio  itattlo  of  liucna  Vista,  taking  all  tiio  j,dory  upon  himself.  vStevens 
rciiiiiide(l  him  that  Taylor  v.is  chief  in  eoniniaiid  and  Wool  second.  The 
rclndio  displeased  Wool,  \\\\o  revenged  himself  when  ho  found  an  opportu- 
nity. Letter  in  Oli/mjiia  Transcript,  May  I),  1SU8. 


fl' 


118 


INDIAN  WARS. 


volunteer  officers,  and  to  leave  the  conduct  of  the  wa 
practically  in  the  hands  of  the  latter. 

Meanwhile  affairs  on  the  Sound  were  not  altogether 
quiet.  From  tJio  rendezvous  at  Nathan  Eaton's 
house,  on  the  24th  of  October,  1855,  wont  nineteen 
rangers  under  Captain  Charles  Eaton  to  find  Leschi, 
a  Yakima-Nisqually  chief,  who  was  reported  disaf- 
fected; but  the  chief  was  not  at  home.  Encamping 
at  the  house  of  Charles  Baden,  Eaton  divided  his 
company  and  examined  the  country,  sending  Quarter- 
master Miller  ^^  to  Fort  Steilacoom  for  supplies. 
While  reconnoitring,  Lieutenant  McAllister  and  M. 
Connell,^''  of  Coj'  icii's  prairie,  were  killed,  and  the 
party  took  refuge  in  a  log-house,  where  they  defended 
themselves  till  succor  came. 

Elsewhere  a  more  decisive  blow  was  struck.  As 
early  as  the  Ist  of  October  Porter  had  been  driven 
from  his  claim  at  the  head  of  White  River  Vallev, 
and  soon  afterward  all  the  farmers  left  their  claims  ad 
fled  to  Seattle  with  their  families,  where  a  block-h< 
was  erected.  Soon  after  the  sloop  of  war  Dec. 
anchored  in  front  of  Seattle,  the  commander  oftcring 
his  services  to  assist  and  defend  the  people  in  case  of 
an  occaiiion  arriving;  Acting-governor  Mason,  who 
had  made  a  tour  of  White  Valley  without  meeting 
any  signs  of  a  hostile  demonstration,  endeavoring  to 
reassure  the  settlers,  they  thereupon  returning  to 
j^ather  their  crops,  of  which  they  stood  much  in  need. 

The  Indians,  who  were  cognizant  of  all  these  move- 
ments, preserved  a  deceitful  quiet  until  Maloney  and 
Hays  had  left  the  valley  for  the  Yakima  country,  be- 
lieving that  they  were  doomed  to  destruction,  while  the 

"  W.  W.  Miller  was  a  native  of  Ky,  but  had  spent  his  youth  in  Mo.  ami 
III.,  and  came  to  Wash,  in  18o'2,  where  he  resided  in  Olynipia  to  Jan.  24, 
1870,  when  ho  died,  at  the  ago  of  54.  Ho  waa  appointed  surveyor  of  custonis 
by  the  president,  and  quartermaster-general  by  Gov.  -Mason.  In  later  years 
he  w.as  twice  mayor  of  Olympia,  and  waa  known  as  a  successful  man  in  busi- 
ness.    He  married  a  daugliter  of  J  ud!,'e  McFadden. 

'^Connell  waa  a  discharged  soldier,  but  a  man  of  good  re))utation,  and  had 
been  employetl  as  mail  carrier  between  Olynipia  and  Steilacoom.  Objmpia 
Pioneer  and  Uein.,  Nov.  9,  ISoJ. 


WHITE  RIVER  MASSACRE. 


119 


inhabitants  left  behind  were  to  become  an  easy  prey. 
On  the  morning  of  the  28th,  Sunday,  they  fell  upon 
the  farming  settlements,  killing  three  families  of  the 
immigration  of  1854,  H.  H.  Jones  and  wife,  George 
E.  King  and  wife,  W.  H.  Brannan,  wife  and  child, 
Simon  Cooper,  and  a  man  whose  name  was  unknown. 
An  attack  was  made  upon  Cox's  place,  and  Joseph 
Lake  wounded,  but  not  seriously.  Cox,  with  his  wife 
and  Lake,  tied  and  escaped,  alarming  the  family  of 
]\Ioses  Kirkland,  who  uls(»  escaped,  these  being  all  the 
settlers  who  had  returned  to  their  homes.  The  attack 
occurred  at  eight  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  about 
the  same  hour  in  the  evening  the  fugitives  arrived  at 
Seattle,  twenty-five  miles  distant.  On  the  following 
morning  a  friendly  Indian  brought  to  the  same  place 
three  children  of  Mr  Jones,  who  had  been  spared,  and 
on  tlie  same  day  C.  C.  Hewitt,  with  a  company  of 
volunteers,  started  for  the  scene  if  the  massacre  to 
buiy  the  dead,  and  if  possible,  reseae  some  living. 

That  the  settlers  of  the  Puyallup  below  the  cross- 
ini;  did  not  share  the  fate  of  those  on  White  River 
was  owing  to  the  warning  of  Kitsap  the  elder,"  who, 
giving  the  alarm,  enabled  them  to  esca[)e  in  the  night, 
even  while  their  enemies  prowled  about  waiting  for 
the  dawn  to  be<yin  their  work  of  slau<jliter.  From 
the  Nachess  River  Captain  Maloney  sent  despatches 
to  Governor  Mason  by  volunteers  William  Tidd  and 
John  Bradley,  who  were  accompanied  by  A.  B.  Moses, 
M.  P.  Burns,  George  Bright,  Joseph  Miles,  and  A, 
B.  Rabbeson.  They  were  attacked  at  several  points 
on  the  route,  Moses  ^^  and  Miles ^'^  losing  their  lives, 
and  the  others  suffering  great  hardships. 

"  Kitsap  county  was  named  after  this  Indian. 

'•''A,  Ik'nton  Moses  was  born  in  Ciiarleston,  S.  C.  He  enlisted  as  a  volun- 
teer in  tlic  Mexican  war,  serving  under  Soott  and  Taylor,  boinj,'  promoted  to 
the  raiiic  of  lieut.  Ho  served  under  Lt-col  Weller  at  Monterey  and  Marin, 
and  afterward  as  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Cliilds.  After  tlio  Mexican  war  he 
i:iiiie  to  Cal.,  and  went  on  an  expedition  against  the  southern  Cal.  Inilians; 
iuiil  subsequently  V  as  deputy  to  Col  Jack  Hays,  slierilf  of  S.  F.,  until  his 
liiolher  was  appointed  collector  of  the  district  of  Puget  Sound,  when  he  ac- 
compuiied  him  to  Washington. 

'"Joseph  Miles  held  the  rank  of  liout-col  of  the  Thurston  co.  militia,  and 


i?  ■ 


i 
'It 


11 


«i 


120 


INDIAN  WARS. 


In  the  i  iteriin,  Captain  Maloncy,  still  in  ignorance 
of  these  e\  ents,  set  out  with  his  com  nand  to  ret'irn  to 
Steilacooiu,  wlience,  if  desired,  he  could  proceed  by 
the  way  of  The  Dalles  to  the  Yakima  Valley.  On 
reachiiijjf  Connell's  prairie,  November  2d,  he  found  the 
house  in  ashes,  and  discovered,  a  mile  away  from  it,  the 
bodv  of  Lieutenant  McAllister.  On  the  mornin<j:  of 
the  od  fifty  i-egulars  under  Slauijfhter,  with  iifty  vol- 
unteers under  Hays,  haviiio*  ascertained  the  where- 
abouts of  the  main  body,  pursued  them  to  the  crossing 
of  White  River,  where,  being  concealed,  they  had  the 
first  ih'e,  killing  a  soldier  at  the  start.  The  troops 
were  unable  to  cross,  but  kept  up  a  steady  firing  across 
the  river  for  six  hours,  during  which  thirty  or  more 
lixlians  were  killed  and  a  nundjer  wounded.  One 
soldier  was  slightly  wounded,  besides  which  no  loss 
was  sustained  \)y  the  troops,  regular  or  volunte(}r. 

jNIaloney  remaine<l  at  (Jamp  Connell,  keeping  tlie 
troops  moving,  for  some  days.  On  the  Gth  Slaughter 
with  Iifty  of  Jlays'  volunteers  was  attacked  at  the 
crossing  of  the  Puyalhip,  and  had  three  men  mortally 
wounded,^'  and  thr^e  less  severelv. 

The  officer  left  in  command  of  Fort  Stoilacoom 
wlu'ii  Slalom  y  took  the  field  was  Lieutenant  John 
Nuufen.  Upon  receivin«jf  inteliijjfonce  of  the  massacre 
on  White  Jliver,  he  made  a  call  uj)on  the  citi/i>ns  of 
Pierce  county  to  raise  a  company  of  forty  volunteers, 
who  immediately  responded,  a  comp.any  under  Cap- 
tain W.  J  I.  Wallace  reporting  for  service  the  last  of 
October. 

]]v  the  middle  of  Novemb(>r  the  whole  countrv 
between  Olympia  and  the  Cowlitz  was  deserted,  the 

justico  of  the  peace  of  Olympiii.  At  tlic  time  of  liia  dciitli  lii»  hiul  u  contract 
fur  iTui^tiiii;  the  cjijiitol  at  tliat  place.  Jle  was  a  gixid  cili/eii  aiul  useful 
man.      l-lvaiin,  in  Oh/in/tid  /'iiuin  r  <nid  Ihiii.,  Nov.  II,  IS,"). 

'••"'rile  shut  tiiat  killeil.lohn  Kil^'i  r  jiasaeil  thn)ii>,'li  liis  hinj.'s,  ami  sciverely 
voundeil  .ViMl.sipn  IVi'luun  of  I'ieive  co.  'J'lie  third  wiis  a  Huldicr  named 
Kellett.  'I'hrei^  otlierti,  Andrew  llurne,  Corjioral  Mu^i'U,  and  one  of  the  regu- 
lars, w  ere  also  wounded  oevcrely.  liept  Liout  Joliu  Nugon,  in  Wiiah.  MciH, 
tiov.,  KSo7,  168. 


SPECIAL  AGENTS. 


121 


inhabitants,  except  the  volunteers,  comprising  lialf 
the  able-bodied  men  in  the  territory,  havinsjf  shut 
themselves  up  in  block-houses,  and  taken  retuge  in 
the  towns  defended  bv  lionic-<Tfuards.'-* 

Special  Indian  agent  Simmons  published  a  notice 
on  the  12tii  of  Novend)er,  that  all  the  friendly  Indian  ^ 
within  the  limits  of  l\igct  Sound  district  shoidd  ren- 
dezvous at  the  head  of  Xortli  Bay,  Steilaeoom,  CJig 
llaibor,  Nis(jually,  Vashon  Island,  Seattle,  l*ort 
Orchard,  Peini  Cove,  and  Oak  Harlxtr;  J.  11  Webbei; 


) ted  to  look  after  all  th 


its  ab 


heuig  appouited  to  look  alter  all  tlie  encam])nK'nts  aoove 
Vashon  Jsland;  1).  S.  AEavnard  to  look  after  those  at 
Seattle  and  Port  Orchard;  K.  C.  Fay  and  N.  I). 
Jiill  to  take  in  chaigc  those  on  Whidbey  Island,  as 
siiecial  auents.  II.  II.  Tobiii  and  E.  C.  FitzJuiLi'li 
were  also  appointed  sjiecial agents.  The  white  inhab- 
itants were  notilied  that  it  might  become  necessarv  to 
concentrate  the  several  bands  at  a  few  poiats,  and 
were  reijuested  to  rep(»rt  any  suspicious  movements 
on  the  part  of  the  Indians  to  tiie  agents.  By  this 
means  it  was  hoped  to  separate  the  fiietully  from  the 
hostili'  Indians  to  a  great  extent,  and  to  weaken  tiu; 
iiilhience  of  the  l:)cter.  At  this  critical  juncture,  also, 
(Jovernor  Douglas,  of  ^  ancouver  Island,  sent  to  Nis- 

■■''Tlii'io  wt'i  J 'Jll  liKick-liousi-a  or  stockiitlos  crtM-U'il  by  tlio  si'ttlcrs  »liii-iiig 
tilt'  WHY,  as  folli)«s:  at  l>!i\  is",  SUookuiu  (.'liuck,  Ui'inii'Ms,  nt'ar  Mi  mini  juaii  ic, 
(111  'J'riKili'iit  lujiirio,  lit  '»atliaii  J'latdii's,  two  on  Cliaiiili.'i'M'  jtraiiic,  <mo  at 
JJusli'.s,  ( looiliirs.  Iviiildrll's,  Jliitli'ilgc'.s,  two  at  'rillii\vati.'r,  iiiio  at  IIiiIUl'- 
iikvi'i'n,  olio  (111  Wliiilld'y  Isl.,  (1110  at  I'mt  (iaiiililc,  oiio  on  tin!  Ccwlit/,  (lAnt 
Aikiiii'^a.sK  oiiciiii  Millie  praiiii'.  (iiioat  I'crt  l.uillow,  oiu!  at  Mci^js' .Mill,  two  at 
the  (  iisi  ailcH,  (iiic  at  I'loictonl  prairie.  Kept  of  W,  W.  l)o  l^aey,  eaiil.  ciig. 
W.  T.  \'.,  ill  W'nxh.  .'/<■«.  (loc,  |N")7,  ."i"i.  Otliei'M  were  siili.seipieiitly  eieetcil 
liy  tlie  viiliiiiteers  and  tron]  s,  to  the  iimiilu'r  of  '.Wt  liy  tlie  former  ami  4  liy 
tlie  latter,  or  (i'J  in  all.  ihw  at  Cowlitz  laiuliiijj,  Freiieli  Bettleiiieiit  near 
Cow  lit/ taini,  Clielialis  Ivivcr,  helow  tlio  Skookillii  (Jlniek,  Telialeiit  plain 
(I'Virt  Miller),  Veliu  prairie  (l''ort  Stevens),  J.iiwe'H,  on  Cliambers'  ]iraiiie, 
two  at  Olyiiiiiia,  oik;  at  I'aekwood'n  f.'i'iy  (l'\irt  Itaglan).  two  at  Mont- 
j;oiiieiy'.>i  erosMiij;  of  tliii  I'nyalliip  (L'ort  \\'liite),  two  at  t'onneU'.s  prairie, 
U\'i  at  ero'.siii^'  of  Wliito  Jvivc',  Soiitli  prairie  ({''ort  MeAUi-iter),  oii  tlio 
l>w,iiiii,sli  (l''()rt  Lander),  Lone  Tret  ]ioint,  on  tlie  Snolioiiiisli  (i\'rt  Klicy), 
(111  tlio  Siioi|ualiiiiieli  lielow  tlie  fal's  (Fort  'riltmi),  on  tlii>  Sn<iinialiiiiieli 
alicive  tlie  falls  (Kort  Aldeii),  rort  ',"'o«  nseml,  Wilson's  I'tiint,  lielliiiiiliain 
llay,  Skiiokiiiii  ( 'liiiek,  N'aneouver,  l''onvtli  prairie  (near  X'liiii miver),  Wa.slioii- 
^'al,  Lewis  Jiiver,  Wallii  Walla  ( l'"ort  M.'son),  Miilul's  fork  of  Nisi|iially 
(i'tiit  I'restoii),  Klikitrt  jirairie,  near  ( "ow  lilz.  'rii(Mi';^iiliir  companies  Imilt 
l'''iit  Slaii;,'liti'r,  on  .MnekleNlioot  prairie;  l''ort  Maloiiey,  on  I'liyalliip  river; 
Full  Thomas,  ou  tireuji  river;  ami  a  Uloekdiouse  on  lllaek  J{i\or,   Jil. 


122 


INDIAN  WARS. 


qually  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  steamer  Otter ^ 
an  armed  vessel,  to  remain  for  a  time,  and  by  her  also 
fifty  stand  of  arms  and  a  large  supply  of  ammunition 
to  General  Tilton,  in  compliance  with  a  request  for- 
warded by  Acting-governor  Mason,  November  1st. 

The  volunteer  forces  called  out  or  accepted  having 
all  reported  for  service,  Captain  Maloney  arranged  a 
campaign  which  was  to  force  the  friendly  Indians  upon 
their  reserves,  and  to  make  known  the  lurking-places 
of  their  hostile  brethren.  Lieutenant  Slaughter  was 
directed  to  j)roceed  with  his  company  to  White  and 
Green  rivers;  Captain  Hewitt,  who  was  at  Seattle 
with  his  volunteers,  was  ordered  to  march  up  White 
and  Green  rivers  and  place  himself  in  communication 
with  Slaughter;  while  Captain  Wallace  occupied  the 
Puyallup  Valley  within  communicable  distance,  and 
Ca[)tain  Hays  took  up  a  ]>osition  on  the  Nisqually 
Iliver,  at  jNluck  prairie,  and  awaited  further  orders. 
Lii'utenant  Harrison,  of  tlie  revenue-cutter  JcJ^'crsoii 
Van's,  acconjpanied  tlie  expedition  as  first  lieutenant 
to  Slaughter's  command.  U[)(jn  the  march,  which  be- 
gan on  the  24th  of  November,  Slaughter  was  attacked 
at  night  at  IJidding's  prairie,  one  mile  from  the  Puy- 
allup, and  sustained  a  loss  of  forty  horses  during  a 
heavy  fog  which  concealed  the  movements  of  the  Ind- 
ians. On  the  morning  of  the  2(jth  E.  G.  Price  of  Wal- 
lace's company,  while  attending  to  camp  duty,  was  shot 
and  killed  hv  a  lurking  foe.  The  chiel's  who  commanded 
in  the  attack  on  the  night  of  the  25th  were  Kitsa[) 
and  Kanascut  of  the  Klikitats,  Quiemuth  and  Kh)W- 
owit  of  the  Nisquallies,  and  Nelson  of  the  Green 
Kiver  and  Niscope  Indians.  During  two  nights  that 
the  trooj)s  were  encam|)ed  on  this  prairie  the  Indians 
continually  harassed  them  by  their  yells,  and  by 
crawling  up  out  of  tho  woods  which  surrounded  the 
little  j)lain,  and  under  cover  of  the  fog  comin<jr  clost; 
enough  to  fire  into  camp  in  spite  of  the  sentries,  who 
discharged  their  pieces  into  tiie  surrounding  gloom 
w  itiiout  elleet.     JJeiuu-   reiinforced  on  the  2(ith  with 


DEATH  OF  LIEUTENANT  SLAUGHTER. 


m 


twenty-five  men  of  the  4tli  artillery,  just  arrived  at 
Fort  Steilacoom,  Slaughter  divided  his  force,  Wal- 
lace's company  encaniping  at  Morrison's  place,  on  the 
Stuck,  where  they  remained  making  sorties  in  the 
uuigUborhood,  while  the  main  command  were  occupied 
ill  other  parts  of  the  valley,  no  engagement  taking 
place,  as  the  Indians  kept  out  of  way  in  the  day-time, 
which  the  heavy  forest  of  the  Puyallup  bottoms  ren- 
dered it  easy  to  do. 

Thus  passed  another  week  of  extremely  disagreeable 
•service,  the  weather  being  both  cold  and  rainy.  On 
the  3d  of  December  Lieutenant  Slaughter,  with  sixty 
men  of  his  own  conunand  and  live  of  Wallace's,  left 
Morrison's  for  Wliito  lliver,  to  communicate  with 
Ca[»tain  Hewitt,  and  encamped  at  the  fi>rks  of  White 
and  Green  rivers,  on  Ihannan's  prairie,  taking  posses- 
sion of  a  suiall  log  house  left  standing,  and  sending 
word  to  Hewitt,  who  was  encamped  two  or  three 
miles  below,  to  meet  him  there.  While  a  confei'ence 
was  beinn'  held,  about  seven  o'clock  in  the  eveniuijf  of 
the  4th,  the  troo[)s  permitting  themselves  a  fire  beside 
tlie  door  to  dry  their  sodden  clothing,  th^  Indians, 
guided  by  the  light,  sent  a  bullet  straight  to  the  heart 
ot*  Slaughter,  sitting  inside  the  doorway,  who  ilieil 
without  uttering  a  word.  They  then  kept  up  a  con- 
liiutous  firing  for  three  hours,  killing  two  uoii-com- 
niis.sioned  ofiicers,  and  wounding  six  others,  one  mor- 
tally.''- Nothing  that  had  occurred  during  the  war 
ca.^t  a  greater  gloom  over  the  community  than  the 
death  of  the  gallant  Slaughter. 

('a[)tain  il  D.  Keyes,  whom  Wool  had  left  in  com- 
iiiauil  at  Fort  Steilacoom,  now  ncjtitied  Mason  that  it 
was  found  necessary  to  withdraw  the  troops  from  the 
field,  as  the  pack-horses  were  worn  down,  and  many  of 
the  men  sick.     This  announcement  j)ut  an  end  ior  the 

'-Tho  ofllccrs  killed  wcro  Corporal  Hurry,  4tli  inf.,  Cor.  Clarciuloii  of 

Wall  uc'.s  CO. ;  iiiortitlly  WDim.liil,  au  nrtilluryinuii  tif  Kcyt-vs'  I'o. ;  and  ku\  t  rtly 
wimiikIimI,  |iriviite.i  I'leck,  Nolan,  McMalion,  and  (jnn'c.  Olyin/iia  I'nuiii  r  ami 
J'nii.,  \>i',:  14,  IS.M.  SliingliiL'r'a  ruiiiuins  were  taken  down  Wliitu  Uiver  to 
biiullle,  and  aeul  lu  Steilucuuni,  whcru  \\u,a  liin  funiily. 


124 


INDIAN  WARS. 


"i  ■  ! 


time  to  active  operations  against  the  Indians,  and  tlio 
troops  went  into  garrison  at  such  points  as  promised 
to  atiord  the  best  protection  to  the  settlers,  while  the 
volunteers  remained  at  places  where  they  might  assist, 
waiting  for  the  next  turn  in  afl'airs. 

The  snow  being  now  deep  in  the  mountain  passes, 
conununication  with  the  Indians  east  of  the  Cascades 
Mas  believed  to  be  cut  off;  and  as  the  Indians  west  of 
the  mountains  had  ceased  to  attack,  there  seemed 
nothing  to  do  but  to  wait  patiently  until  spring,  when 
General  Wool  had  pron)ised  to  put  troops  enough  into 
the  field  to  bring  the  war  to  a  speedy  termination. 
Thus  matters  moved  along  until  the  companies  mus- 
tered into  the  service  of  the  United  States  on  the 
Sound  were  disbanded,  their  three  months'  time  hav- 
ing ex[)ired. 

For  several  weeks  the  citizens  of  Seattle  had  been 
uneasy,  from  the  belief  that  the  friendly  Indians  gath- 
ered near  that  place  were  being  tampered  with  by 
Lesclii.  About  the  1st  of  January,  1850,  it  was  dis- 
covered that  he  was  actually  present  at  the  reserve, 
making  boasts  of  ca[)turing  the  agent;  and  as  the 
authorities  very  much  desired  to  secure  his  arrest, 
Keyes  secured  the  loan  of  tiie  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
))any's  steamer  JJearcr,  and  sent  Maloney  andhis  com- 
pany to  seize  and  bring  him  to  Fort  Steilacoom.  ]iut 
as  tlieiA'(<tt';'apj)roached  the  shore  to  elfect  a  landing, 
Leschi  drew  up  his  forces  in  battle  array  to  meet  the 
troo[)s,  who  could  only  land  in  squads  of  three  or  four 
i'rom  a  small  boat.  Finding  that  it  would  not  be  safe 
to  expose  his  men  in  sucli  a  nianner,  and  having  no 
camion  to  disperse  the  Indians,  Mahjney  was  com- 
])elled  to  return  to  Steilacoom  without  accomi)lishing 
the  object  of  the  expedition. 

Keyes  then  determineil  to  make  another  effort  for 
the  capture  of  Leschi,  and  embarking  ft)r  Seattle  in 
the  surveying  steamer  ylt^"<v,  James  Alden  command- 
ing, (endeavored  to  boriow  the  howitzer  and  l;'.unchol' 
the  Decatur,  which  was  refused  by  the  new  conimandei'. 


ga:;sevoort's  campaign. 


191 


Gansovoort,  upon  tlio  ground  that  they  were  essential 
to  tlic  protection  of  thu  town,  and  must  not  fjo  out  of 
tile  l)ay.  Kcyes  tlion  returned  up  tlie  Sound  to  pro- 
cure a  iiowitzcr  fi-oni  tlio  fort,  when  Leschi,  divinin<4 
tliat  liis  capture  liad  l)een  determined  upon,  witlidrew 
himself  to  tlie  sliades  of  the  Puyallup,  where  shells 
could  not  reach  him. 

Captain  Gansevoort  took  command  of  the  Decatur 
on  the  10th  of  December,  1855,  three  days  after  she 
had  received  an  injury  by  striking  on  a  reef,  then  un- 
known, near  l^ainbridge  Island,  and  it  became  neces- 
sary to  remove  her  battery  on  shore  while  repairing 
her  keel,  a  labor  which  occupied  nearly  three  weeks, 
(ir  until  January  IDth,  when  her  guns  were  replaced. 
A'ery  soon  after  a  young  Dwamish,  called  Jim,  noti- 
fietl  Gansevoort  that  Indians  from  the  east  side  of  the 
mountains,  under  (Jwhi,  had  united  with  those  o\\  the 
west  side  under  Coquilton,  with  the  design  of  dividing 
their  forces  into  two  columns,  and  making*:  a  simulta- 
neous  attack  on  Steilacoom  and  Seattle,  after  destroy- 
ing which  tlu'V  expected  to  make  easy  work  of  the 
other  settlements. 

The  plan  might  have  succeeded  as  first  conceived, 
Hewitt's  company  being  disbanded  about  this  time, 
and  the  Z>('('rt^«/'  being  drawn  up  on  the  beach;  but 
some  Indian  scout  having  carried  infornjation  of  the 
condition  of  the  man-of-war  to  the  chiefs,  it  was  de- 
cided that  the  capture  of  the  ship,  which  was  supposed 
to  be  i'ull  of  powder,  would  be  the  quickest  means  of 
destroying  the  white  race,  and  into  this  scheme  the 
so-tailed  friendly  Indians  had  entered  with  readiness. 

Gansevoort,  feeling  confident  that  ho  could  rely 
upon  Jim's  statement,  prepared  to  meet  the  impend- 
ing blow.  The  whole  ibrce  of  the  Decatur  was  less 
than  1 50  men  and  officers.  Of  these  a  small  company 
was  left  on  board  the  ship,  while  9G  men,  eighteen 
mariners,  and  iive  officers  did  guard  duty  on  shore. 

Seattle  at  this  time  occupied  u  small    peninsula 


123 


INDIAN  WARS. 


formed  by  the  bay  in  front,  and  a  wide  and  ^\eo\^ 
swamp  at  tlic  foot  of  the  heavily  wooded  hills  behind. 
The  connection  of  the  peninsula  with  the  country 
back  was  b}'^  a  narrow  neck  of  land  at  the  north  en<l 
of  the  town,  and  the  Indian  trail  to  lakes  WashiiiiL^toii 
and  Union  came  in  almost  directly  opposite  Yesler's 
mill  and  wharf,  where  a  low  piece  of  ground  had  been 
filled  in  with  sawdust.  The  only  other  avenue  from 
the  back  country  was  by  a  narrow  sand-spit  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Marsh,  which  was  separated  from 
the  town  only  by  a  small  stream.  Thus  the  longer 
line  of  defence  was  actually  aiforded  by  the  swamp, 
and  the  points  requiring  a  guard  were  those  in  front 
of  the  sand-spit  and  the  lake  trail;  and  it  was  thus 
that  Gansevoort  disposed  of  his  force,  three  divisions 
being  ])laced  to  guard  the  southern  entrance,  whicli 
was  most  exposed,  and  one  directly  across  the  northern 
trail. 

For  two  nights  guard  had  been  maintained,  when 
on  the  24th  the  Actire  reappeared  at  Seattle,  having 
on  board  Captain  Keyes,  Special  Agent  Simmons,  and 
Governor  Stevens,  just  arrived  from  east  of  the  moun- 
tains after  his  escape  from  the  hostile  combination  in 
that  country.  It  does  not  appear  in  the  narratives 
whether  or  not  they  had  a  howitzer  on  board.  Leschi, 
at  all  events,  had  already  left  the  reservation.  Next 
day  the  Active  j)roceeded  down  the  Sound  to  visit  the 
other  reservations,  and  learn  the  condition  and  temper 
of  the  Indians  under  the  care  of  agents,  and  Captain 
Gansevoort  continued  his  system  of  guard-posting. 

On  the  beach  above  Yesler's  mill,  and  not  far  from 
where  the  third  division,  under  Lieutenant  Phelps, 
was  stationed,  was  the  camp  of  a  chief  of  the  Dwa- 
niish  tribe,  known  to  the  white  settlers  as  Curley, 
though  his  proper  name  was  Suequardle,  who  pro- 
fessed the  utmost  friendship  for  his  civilized  neigh- 
bors, and  was  usually  regarded  as  honest  in  his  pro- 
fessions, the  officers  of  the  Decatur  rej)osing  much 
confidence   in   him.     On  the  afternoon  of  the  25th 


SEATTLE  IX  DANGER. 


127 


4  • 

H.1,1:  llrn„l,'« 


'  -  ■-  v    .r-  ■;<■,•■  .  •■ 


ir.-ss^  ;:::"-^:---":::^,,/^is/ 

i,  1     U  \    .TECUMSEH  3,»  '^;-y 


SCALE 

':  of  11    Milr 


Attack  on  8eattlk. 


128 


INDIAN  WARS. 


another  chief  from  the  lake  district  east  of  Seattle, 
called  Tecumseh,  came  into  town  with  all  his  people, 
claiming  protection  against  the  hostile  Indians,  who, 
he  said,  threatened  him  with  destruction  should  ho 
not  join  them  in  the  war  upon  the  settlers.  Ho  was 
kindly  received,  and  assigned  an  encampment  at  the 
south  end  of  town,  not  far  Irom  where  the  first,  sec- 
ond, and  fourth  divisions  were  stationed,  under  lieu- 
tenants Drake,  Hughes,  and  Morris,  respectively. 

At  five  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the  Decatur  crew 
repaired  to  their  stations,  and  about  eight  o'clock 
Phelps  observed,  sauntering  past,  two  unknown  Ind- 
ians, of  whom  he  demanded  their  names  and  purpose, 
to  which  they  carelessly  answered  that  they  were  Lake 
Indians,  and  had  been  visiting  at  Curley's  encamp- 
ment. They  were  ordered  to  keep  within  their  own 
lines  after  dark,  and  dismissed.  But  Phelps,  not  being 
satisfied  with  their  appearance,  had  his  suspicions  still 
further  aroused  by  the  sound  of  owl-hootings  in  three 
different  directions,  which  had  the  regularity  of  sig- 
nals, and  which  he  decided  to  be  such.  This  impres- 
sion he  reported  to  headquarters  at  Yesler's  house, 
and  Curley  was  despatched  to  reconnoitre.  At  ten 
o'clock  he  brought  the  assurance  that  there  were  no 
Indians  in  the  neighborhood,  and.  no  attack  need  be 
apprehended  during  that  night. 

Two  hours  after  this  report  was  given,  a  conference 
was  held  at  Curley's  lodge,  between  Leschi,  Owhi, 
Tecumseh,  and  Yark-Keman,  or  Jim,  in  which  the 
plan  was  arranged  for  an  immediate  attack  on  the 
town,  the  'friendly*  Indians  to  prevent  the  escape  of 
the  people  to  the  ships  in  the  bay,^^  while  the  warriors, 
assembled  to  the  number  of  more  than  a  thousand  in 
the  woods  which  covered  the  hills  back  of  town,  made 
the  assault.  By  this  method  they  expected  to  be 
able  to  destroy  every  creature  on  shore  between  two 
o'clock  and  daybreak,  after  which  thoy  could  attack 
the  vessels. 

"  The  bark  Brontes  was  lying  opposite  the  south  end  of  the  town. 


JIM  SAVES  THE  TO^VN. 


1» 


Fortunately  for  the  inhabitants  of  Seattle  and  the 
Decatur's  crew,  Jim  was  present  at  this  council  as  a 
spy,  and  not  as  a  conspirator.  He  saw  that  he  needed 
time  to  put  Gansevoort  on  his  guard,  and  while  pre- 
tending to  assent  to  the  general  plan,  convinced  the 
other  chiefs  that  a  better  time  for  attack  would  be 
when  the  Decatur's  men,  instead  of  being  on  guard, 
had  retired  to  rest  after  a  night's  watch.  Their  plans 
being  at  length  definitely  settled,  Jim  found  an  oppor- 
tunity to  convey  a  warning  to  the  officers  of  the  De- 
catur. The  time  fixed  upon  for  the  attack  was  ten 
o'clock,  when  the  families,  who  slept  at  the  block- 
house, had  returned  to  their  own  houses  and  were  de- 
fenceless, "with  the  gun  standing  behind  the  door,"  ^ 
as  the  conspirators,  who  had  studied  the  habits  of  the 
pioneers,  said  to  each  other. 

During  the  hours  between  the  conference  at  Cur- 
ley's  lodge  and  daylight,  the  Indians  had  crept  up  to 
the  very  borders  of  the  town,  and  grouped  their  ad- 
vance in  squads  concealed  near  each  house.  At  7 
o'clock  the  Decatur's  men  returned  to  the  ship  to 
breakfast  and  rest.  At  the  same  time  it  was  observed 
by  Phelps  that  the  non-combatants  of  Curley's  camp 
were  hurrying  into  canoes,  taking  with  them  their 
property.  On  being  interrogated  as  to  the  cu.use  of 
their  flight,  the  mother  of  Jim,  apparently  in  a  great 
fright,  answered  in  a  shrill  scream,  "Hiu  Kl'.kitat 
eopa  Tom  Pepper's  house!  hi-hi-hiu  Klikitatl" — that 
is  to  say,  "There  are  hosts  of  Klikitats  at  Tom  .Pep- 
per's house,"  which  was  situated  just  at  the  foot  of 
the  hills  where  the  sand-spit  joined  the  mainland, 
and  which  was  within  range  of  Morris'  howitzer. 

Instead  of  being  allowed  to  breakfast,  the  men  were 
immediately  sent  ashore  again,  and  given  leave  to  get 
what  rest  they  could  in  the  loft  of  Yesler's  mess-house, 
where  refreshments  were  sent  to  them,  while  Captain 
Gansevoort  ordered  a  shell  dropped  into  Tom  Pepper's 

"  Ifan/ord'x  Ind.  War,  MS.,  9-10;  Yesler'a  Wmh.  Ter,,  MS.,  O-.i;  Phelps' 
Hem.  SKtUHe,  6-14. 

UuT.  Wash.— 9 


130 


INDIAN  WARS. 


house,  to  make  the  Indians  show  themselves  if  there. 
The  cfFect  was  all  that  could  have  been  anticipated. 
The  boom  of  the  gun  had  not  died  away  when  the 
blood-curdling  war-whoop  burst  from  a  thousand 
stentorian  throats,  accompanied  by  a  crash  of  mus- 
ketry from  the  entire  Indian  line.  Instantly'  the  four 
divisions  dashed  to  their  stations,  and  the  battle  was 
begun  by  Phelps'  division  charging  up  the  hill  east  of 
Yesler's  mill,  while  those  at  the  south  end  of  town 
were  carrying  on  a  long-range  duel  across  the  creek 
or  slough  in  that  quarter.  Those  of  the  citizens  who 
were  prepared  also  took  part  in  the  defence  of  the 
place.  Astonished  by  the  readiness  of  the  white  men 
and  the  energy  of  the  charge,  the  Indians  were  driven 
to  the  brow  of  the  hill,  and  the  men  had  time  to  re- 
treat to  their  station  before  the  enemy  recovered  from 
their  surprise. 

Had  not  the  howitzer  been  fired  just  when  it  was, 
in  another  moment  the  attack  would  have  been  made 
without  warning,  and  all  the  families  nearest  the  ap- 
proaches butchered  before  their  defenders  could  have 
reached  them ;  but  the  gun  provoking  the  savage  war- 
cry  betrayed  their  close  ]>roximity  to  the  homes  of  the 
citizens,  who,  terrified  by  the  sudden  and  frightful 
clamor,  fled  wildly  to  the  block-house,  whence  they 
could  see  the  flames  of  burning  buildings  on  the 
outskirts.  A  lad  named  Milton  Holgate,  brother  of 
the  first  settler  of  King  county,  was  shot  while  stand- 
ing at  the  door  of  the  block-house  early  in  the  action, 
and  Christian  White  at  a  later  hour  in  another  part 
of  the  town.  Above  the  other  noises  of  the  battle 
could  be  heard  the  cries  of  the  Indian  women,  urging 
on  the  warriors  to  greater  efforts;  but  although  they 
continued  to  yell  and  to  fire  with  great  persistency, 
the  range  was  too  long  from  the  points  to  which  the 
Decatur's  guns  soon  drove  them  to  permit  of  their 
doing  p,ny  execution;  or  if  a  few  came  near  enough 
to  hit  one  of  the  Decatur^ a  men,  they  were  much 
more  likely  to  bo  hit  by  the  white  marksmen. 


ASSAULT  REPULSED. 


131 


About  noon  there  was  a  lull,  while  the  Indians 
rt'stcd  and  feasted  on  the  beef  of  the  settlers.  Dur- 
ing this  interval  the  women  and  children  were  taken 
on  board  the  vessels  in  the  harbor,  after  which  an  at- 
tempt was  made  to  gather  from  the  suddenly  deserted 
<lwollings  the  most  valuable  of  the  property  contained 
in  them  before  the  Indians  should  have  the  opportu- 
nity, under  the  cover  of  night,  of  robbing  and  burning 
them.  This  attempt  was  resisted  by  the  Indians,  the 
board  houses  being  pierced  by  numerous  bullets  while 
visited  for  this  purpose;  and  the  attack  upon  the 
town  was  renewed,  with  an  attempt  on  the  part  of 
Coquilton  to  bear  down  upon  the  third  division  in 
such  numbers  as  to  annihilate  it,  and  having  done 
this,  to  get  in  the  rear  of  the  others.  At  a  precon- 
certed signal  the  charge  was  made,  the  savages  plung- 
ing through  the  bushes  until  within  a  few  paces  be- 
fore they  fired,  the  volley  delivered  by  them  doing  no 
harm,  while  the  little  company  of  fourteen  marines 
met  them  so  steadily  that  they  turned  to  shelter 
themselves  behind  logs  and  trees,  in  their  character- 
istic mode  of  fighting.  Had  they  not  flinched  from 
the  muzzles  of  those  fourteen  guns — had  they  thrown 
themselves  on  those  few  men  with  ardor,  they  would 
have  blotted  them  out  of  existence  in  five  minutes  by 
sheer  weight  of  numbers.  But  such  was  not  to  be, 
and  Seattle  was  saved  by  the  recoil. 

As  if  to  make  up  for  having  lost  their  opportunity, 
the  Indians  showered  bullets  upon  or  over  the  heads 
of  the  man-of-war's  men  to  whose  assistance  during 
the  afternoon  came  four  young  men  from  Meigs'  mill, 
the  ship's  surgeon,  Taylor,  and  two  others,  adding  a 
third  to  this  command,  besides  which  a  twelve-poumler 
ficld-gun  was  brought  into  position  on  the  ground,  a 
<lischarge  from  which  dislodged  the  most  troublesome 
of  the  enemy  in  that  quarter. 

In  the  midst  of  the  afternoon's  work,  Curley,  who 
had  been  disappointed  so  far  of  his  opportunity  to 
make  himself  a  place  in  history,  and  becoming  excited 


II    : 


■ 


i 


m 


INDIAN  WARS. 


by  the  din  of  battle,  suddenly  appeared  upon  the  scene, 
arrayed  in  fii^hting  costume,  painted,  armed  with  a 
musket  and  a  bow  in  either  hand,  which  he  held  ex- 
tended, and  yeliint^  like  a  demon,  pranced  oddly  about 
on  the  sawdust,  more  ludicrous  than  fear-inspiring, 
until,  having  exhausted  some  of  his  bravado,  he  as 
suddenly  disappeared,  thus  giving  testimony  that  his 
friendship  for  the  white  race  was  no  greater  than  his 


courage. 


This  defiance  of  his  quondam  friends  came  from 
anticijjating  an  occasion  to  distinguish  himself  at  a 
later  hour  of  the  day.  Toward  evening  the  assailing 
Indians  were  discovered  placing  bundles  of  inflam- 
mable materials  under  and  about  the  deserted  houses, 
preparatory  to  a  grand  conflagration  in  the  evening, 
by  the  light  of  which  the  Indians  on  the  reservation 
and  those  in  the  two  camps  on  the  beach  at  Seattle 
were  to  assist  in  attacking  and  destroying  the  block- 
house with  its  inmates.  This  information,  being 
gathered  by  scouts,  was  Vi'ought  to  Gansevoort  in  time, 
who  resorted  to  shelling  the  town  as  a  means  of  dis 
persing  the  incendiaries,  which  pioved  successful,  and 
by  ten  o'clock  at  night  firing  had  ceased  on  both  sides. 

Shells  had  nmcb  more  influence  with  the  savages 
than  cannon-balls;  for  thev  could  understand  how  so 
large  a  ball  might  fell  a  tree  in  their  midst,  but  they 
could  not  comprehend  how  a  ball  which  had  alighted 
on  the  ground,  and  lain  still  until  their  curiosity 
prompted  an  examination,  should  'shoot  again'  of  it- 
self with  such  destructive  force."'  What  they  could 
not  understand  must  be  supernatural,  hence  the  evil 
spirits  which  they  had  invoked  against  ^-he  white 
people  had  turned  against  themselves,  and  it  was  use- 
less to  resist  them.  In  short,  they  felt  the  heavy 
hand  of  fate  against  them,  and  bowed  submissive  to 
its  decree.     When  the  morning  of  the  27th  dawned 

**  No  report  of  the  number  of  Indiana  killed  ever  appeared,  nor  could  it  be 
known.  It  ia  probable,  liowever,  that  many  were  killed  anil  carried  otf  by 
tlieir  friends.     Numerous  guesses  have  been  made,  varying  from  10  to  uO. 


.,;?    i 


FORTIFICATION'S  AT  SKATTLR. 


13.1 


bhe  scene, 
3d  with  a 
5  hold  ex- 
dly  about 
inspirinj^, 
do,  lie  as 
r  that  his 
r  than  his 

ime  from 
isclf  at  a 
3  assailing 
if  inflam- 
3d  houses, 
I  evening, 
iservatiou 
[it  Seattle 
the  block- 
on,  being 
trt  in  time, 
ns  of  dis 
ssful,  and 
oth  sides, 
savages 
id  how  so 
but  they 
alighted 
curiosity 
lin'  of  it- 
ey  couki 
the  evil 
tie  white 
was  use- 
le  heavy 
lissive  to 
dawned 

'  could  it  be 
rried  otf  by 
llO  to  50. 


the  hostile  f(jrce  hud  disappeared,  taking  what  cattle 
they  could  find ;  "the  sole  results,"  says  Phelps,  whom 
I  have  cliietly  followed  in  the  narration  of  the  attack 
on  Seattle,  "of  an  exp'.'dition  which  it  had  taken 
months  to  perfect,  and  looking  to  the  utter  annilii- 
lation  of  the  white  settlers  in  that  section  of  the 
country."  I  have  it  from  (he  same  authority  that 
news  of  the  attack  was  received  at  Bellingham  ijay,  a 
liundred  miles  distant,  in  seven  hours  Uov.x  its  com- 
mencement, showing  the  interest  taken  in  the  matter 
by  the  tribes  all  along  the  Sound.  Their  combination 
was  to  depend  upon  the  success  of  the  movement  by 
J^esclii  and  Owhi,  and  it  failed;  therefore  they  con- 
cealed their  complicity  in  it,  and  remained  neutral. 

Leschi,  however,  ati'ected  not  to  bede[)ressed  by  the 
reverse  he  liad  sustained,  but  sent  a  boastful  message 
to  Captain  (ransevoort  that  in  another  month,  when 
he  should  have  re))lenished  his  commis.-ai'v  depart- 
ment, he  would  retirn  and  destroy  Seattle.  This 
seemintf  not  at  all  linnrobable,  it  was  decided  to  erect 
lortifications  sufficiently  ample  to  prevent  any  sudden 
attack;  whereupon  H.  L.  Yesler  contributed  a  cargo 
of  sawed  lumber  with  which  to  erect  barricades  be- 
tween the  town  and  the  wooded  hills  back  of  it. 
This  work  was  commenced  on  the  1st  of  Februarv, 
and  soon  completed.  It  consisted  of  two  wooden  walls 
live  feet  in  height  and  a  foot  and  a  half  apart,  filled 
with  earth  and  sawdust  solidly  packed  to  make  it 
liuUet-jiroof  ^"  A  second  block-house  was  also  erectetl 
on  the  summit  of  a  ridge  which  commanded  a  view  of 
the  town  and  vicinitv,  and  which  was  armed  with  a 
rusty  cannon  taken  formerly  from  some  ship,  and  a 
six-pounder  field-piece  taken  from  the  Actlce,  which 
returned  to  Seattle  ou  hearing  of  the  attack.  An 
es))U.nade  was  constructed  at  the  south  end  of  the  town, 
ill  order  to  enable  the  guns  stationed  there  to  sweep 
the  shore  and  prevent  approach  by  the  enemy  from  the 
water-front;  clearing  and  road-building  being  carried 

»«  Yiskr'a  Wash.  Ter.,  MS.,  9. 


;S'i'i 


.il 


IM 


INDIAN  WARS. 


on  to  make  the  [)laco  dofonsiblo,  which  greatly  im- 
provod  its  appearance  as  a  town. 

On  tiie  24th  of  February,  18jG,  tlio  United  States 
steamer  Massdchusetts  arrived  in  the  Sound,  com- 
mander Samuel  Swartwout  assuming  the  direction 
of  naval  matters,  and  releasing  the  Active  from  de- 
I'l'nsive  service  at  St^attle,  where  for  three  weei;s  her 
(lew  under  Johnson  had  assisted  in  ixuarditii'  the 
haiiicades.  About  a  month  later  another  United 
States  steamer,  the  Jo}i,ii  Hancock,  David  McDougall 
commander,  entered  the  Sound,  making  the  third 
man-of-war  in  tiiese  waters  during  the  spring  of  IHaO. 
T\\c  Decatur  remained  until  June.  In  the  mean  t  mo 
J*atkanim  liad  stipulated  with  the  teri'itorial  author- 
ities to  aid  them  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war  against 
the  Jiostile  tribes.  For  every  chief  kiUed,  whose 
iiead  lie  could  show  in  proof,  he  was  to  be  paid  eighty 
<l()l!ars,  and  for  every  warrior,  twenty.  The  heads  Wi'ie 
delivi'rcd  on  board  the  Decatur,  whence  they  were 
lorwankid  to  Olympia,  where  a  record  was  ke|»t.''^ 

In  April  a  large  body  of  Stikines  repaired  to  ^lio 
watei's  of  the  gulf  of  Georgia,  witiiin  easy  thsttince  of 
the  American  settlements,  and  made  their  sorties 
with  their  canoes  in  any  dinction  at  will.  On  the 
8lh  the  Jitlm  llancoch,  being  at  Port  Townsend,  e\- 
j>elled  sixty  from  that  place,  wlio  becanie  thereby 
much  olfended,  making  threats  which  alarmed  the 
in-  ubitants,  and  which  wei'e  ihe  occasion  of  a  jjublic 
meeting  on  the  I'ollowing  day  tore(|uest  the  governor 
und  Commander  Swartwout  to  send  a  v,ar-sti.'amer  to 
cruise  between  IJellingham  IJjiy  and  the  other  settle- 
ments on  the  lower  Sound  and  Fuca  Sea.""*     JJuring 

'•"  I'lu'liis  describes  I'ulkuiiim  as  lio  retunifil  from  Olympia  vith  his  com- 
jiaiiy  u'lLT  liuiiig  paid  dIF,  in  A|iril,  'arra)f(l  in  eiti/i'ii's  pul),  iiii'liiiliin{ 
c'liiv'D'ss  gaiters,  wliitu  kid  gloves,  and  a  wliito  ttliirt  witli  Ktiindin;^  tull^ir 
reueliiiig  iiait'-way  up  Ills  ears,  and  the  whole  linislied  nil'  with  a  tlnmin),'  red 
neeklie. '  I'atkanini  had  SO  waruors  of  the  Siioi|ualiniioh  and  Skokoniish 
trilxs,  and  «as  assisted  l>y  a  ehiet  ealled  John  Taylor. 

'"^Uliiiii/ti(i  I'tDiiri  r  "nil  Jliiii.,  April '_'.'),  I.s.'id.  1  liml  in  the  jonrnal  kept 
liy  W.  S,  Kht'y,  who  iivnl  on  \\  hidliry  Inland,  treipe  nt  relerruee  to  the 
di'predations  of  the  northein  Imlians.  Thi  y  \  isitid  I  he  island  on  thr  morn- 
ing ot  .Ian.  IWth,  eominilling  u  nam  I  lerot  thefts,  lakiiiij  the  property  of  Huttlurs, 


HOSTIUTIES  OX  THE  SOUN'D. 


13j 


the  whole  summer  a  feeling  of  insecurity  and  ulai  ni 
{trevailetl,  only  alleviated  hy  tiio  cruising  of  the  njen-of- 
war.  That  they  .still  infested  these  waters  at  niid- 
sniunier  is  shown  by  the  account  of  Phelps  of  tlie 
ilcpartuic  of  the  Di'attiir  from  the  Sound  in  June, 
wliich  he  says  was  "escorted  by  our  Indian  friends, 
ii|»rcsentatives  fnjni  the  Tongas,  Hydah,Stickene,  and 
Shineshean  tribes,"  until  abreast  of  Victoria.  They 
Were  glad  to  see  tiie  vessel  depart. 

In  October  a  small  party  of  Stikines  attacked  a 
small  schoonci  belonging  to  one  Valentine,  killing  one 
i>t"  his  crew  in  an  atti'in[it  tt)  Ijoard  the  vessel,  and 
MVtiely  wouiuling  a. .other.  Th  ;y  were  pursued  by 
tin;  Mt(,ssuchit.s('ti.,,  but  escapetl.  Vt  the  same  time 
other  predatory  detachments  of  a  large  party  landed 
at  (lillerent  [toints,  robbing  tl'j  houses  temporarily 
vacated  by  the  ownei's,  and  not  long  afterward  visited 
the  Indian  reservation  iicav  'Steilacoom  and  carried 
«  tf  the  potatoes  raised  by  .-he  reserve  Indians.  At 
the  second  visit  of  the  robbers  to  the  reservation,  tiie 
Xis<[Uallies  killed  three  of  the  invailers,  in  conse- 
HU<nce  ol' which  much  alarm  existed. 

Swartwout  then  determined  to  drive  tlu'in  from 
the  Sound,  and  overtaking  them  at  l*<»rt  (jramble  on 
the  'Joth,  found  them  encamped  there  in  I'oi-ce.  Wish- 
ing io  avoid  attacking  them  without  sutlicient  apjiar- 
iiit  provocation,  Ik;  sent  a  detachment  under  liicu- 
ti  iiant  Young  in  a  boat  to  i'e(piest  them  to  lea\f  (he 
Si.uimI,  olfei-inu' to  tow  theii'  canoes  to  Vii;toria,  and  in- 
\  iling  a  few  of  the  jn'incipal  chiefs  to  visit  th»;  shi[t. 
To  these  prop«)sals  they  returned  insolent  answers,  ges- 
ticulating angrily  at  tlie  ollicers  and  men,  challcii'^ing 
tlnin  to  come  ashore  and  liy:ht  LJiem,  which  Youn'- 
was  forbidden  to  do. 


mill  also  iirticK'a  buIi infill).'  to  Uio  itiVoinui-cuUcr  lliml.  V.\ny  inontioiH  that 
ill  III),  tliu  {j('i.|i|(:  nil  tlio  iii.tiiiliiiul  well'  ii|<|in'|ii'iiMiv('  III'  iili  attai  k,  uikI  ut'to 
(.'  ll'i  till),' 111  llrlliiiyliiiiii  lliiy,  \\liL'i'('ii  fi)iii|iiiiiv  wa.s  "iiLiiiiii/iiii,'  I"!'  >l-iiiiir. 
Till'  <  liiiiiakuiiiH  iiciii-  I'lirt  'I'nw  iim'ihI  II.  i|  to  tin'  i^lainl  lor  [uuU  <  liuii  liniii 
tic  iHiiilii'i  II  liKliaiiM,  (it  wlimii  tlicv  \M'ti'  iiiii'li  iilntnl.  FJiiy'-i  Juunuil,  .MS,, 
111.  ly,  [>,  'J-ia-i,  -ij.");  liutluu'n  Ailmiilitrcy,  .MS.,  Hi. 


116 


INDIAN  WARS. 


A  second  and  larger  expedition  was  fitted  out  to 
make  another  attenii)t  to  prevail  upon  the  Indians  to 
depart,  by  a  display  of  strength  united  with  mildness 
and  reason,  hut  with  no  better  eft'ect,  the  deputation 
being  treated  with  increased  contempt.  The  whole 
ol'the  first  day  wass[)ent  in  useless  conciliation,  when, 
liiuhng  his  pea(;eable  overtures  of  no  avail,  Swartwout 
drew  the  Mdssachnscttis  as  close  as  possible  to  their 
encampment,  and  diiectly  abreast,  and  stationed  the 
Trarel/i'i',  a  small  passonger-steainer  running  on  the 
Sound  at  this  time,'*^  commanded  for  this  occasion  by 
!^[astl!l■'.snlateCummings,  with  tln)  launchof  the  ^[assa• 
c/t It. setts  conunandcil  by  Jjieutenant  Forrest,  both  hav- 
ing field-pit  .;es  on  board, above  the  Indian  encam|)n»ent, 
where  their  guns  would  have  a  raking  fire  U|)on  it. 
Early  in  the  foilowin<j:  niorninu:  ]-<ieutenant  Semmes 
was  ordered  to  take  a  flag  of  truce  and  reiterate  his 
demand  of  the  day  before,  [)ointing  out  to  the  Indians 
the  preparations  made  to  attack  them,  and  the  folly 
of  further  resistance.  Tluy  were  still  determined  to 
ilviy  the  power  which  t\wy  underrated  because  it 
ap[)eared  suppliant,  and  preparations  were  made  for 
charging   them   ami   using  the  howitzer,  whicli  was 


d 


carried  <»n  snore   oy  the   men    u\ 


the  h 


unuii  wadmir 


waist-deep  in  water.  Kven  after  tlh.'  lamling  of  the 
men  iuid  gun  thev  refused  to  consider  any  pi'o[)ositions 
looking  to  their  dejtarture,  but  retired  to  the  cover  of 
K>gs  and  trees  with  their  arms,  singing  their  war- 
soip's  as  they  went 

When  there  could  no  longer  be  any  doubt  of  their 
Marliki'  purpose,  an  order  was  given  to  fire  the  Trurcf- 
/('/•>•  fii'ld-pieces,  which  were  «hsch;irged  at  tiie  same 
instant  that  'i  volley  blazed  outof  the  muzzles  of  sixty 
guns  in  the  Uands  of  the  Indians.     The  ship's  battery 

I  tlio  TruvelU'r,  It  w.is  ii  Miiiall  iron  Ktcumrr,  wliii-li 
III  8.  F.  oil  tlio  liriii  •'•  ''•  /"'I'"'",  ami  niii  I'nr  i\\<> 
\i'ar.i  I'liiTjiii)^  tlio  iiiiiil.  It  wna  iifteiwiii'il  solil  tti  ('ii|)t.  limtoii,  wliu 
c'liiirtcrtd  it  to  tlie  liiiliiiii  ilt  |)iii'iiiiriit,  niid  wim  lnxt  '.it  l''i>ulwi':ttlii  r  ItluH'. 
I'jirkfr  (' (iilimii'il  ill  tliii  KliNiMiliiiiit  liiiHiiii'tts,  and  ran  tlio  .l/(.-i.s*/i;/> /•  for  soino 
tiiiir  lo'twicii  ()lyiii|iiii  ami  Sra'ili'  In  his  Puf/ft  Sound,  MS.,(i-l4,  iii  u  liiii- 
tiiiy  of  I'urly  Htciiinboatiiig,  ooiiiiilL'tu  uinl  valuuljlu. 


•■•J.  (!.  I'arkir 


in  ls.">,">  \\i 


as  HlllhlH.' 


ownei 
"nun 


KILLING  OF  EBEY. 


137 


witS  then  directed  against  thorn,  and  under  cover  of 
the  j,nnis,  the  marines  and  sailors  on  sliore,  led  hy 
F«»rrest  and  Scnnnes,  charged  the  Indian  encumj)- 
nient  situated  at  the  base  of  a  high  and  steep  hill 
surrounded  hy  a  dense  undergrowth  and  by  a  living 
and  dead  forest  almost  impenetrable.  The  huts  and 
property  of  the  Indians  were  destroyed,  although  a 
(K'sporate  resistance  was  made,  as  futile  as  it  was 
di'terniined.  After  three  hours  the  detachuKMit  re- 
ttiini.'d  on  board  ship,  iiring  being  kept  up  all  day 
wlunever  an  Indian  was  seen.  During  the  afternoon 
a  ca])tive  woman  of  the  StiUines  was  sent  on  shore 
to  otl'er  theni  pardon,  on  condition  that  they  would 
sinrmdcr  and  go  to  Victoria  on  the  Mussac/ntsrfts, 
tliL'ir  canoes  being  destroyed;  but  they  answered  that 
thev  wouUl  iiyht  as  long  as  one  of  them  was  left 
alive.  However,  on  the  morning  of  the  2'2d  tlie 
ihiefs  made  humble  overtnres  of  surrendei",  saying 
that  out  of  117  tigliting  w.m  27  had  been  killed  and 
21  wounded,  the  rest  losing  all  their  |)roj)erty  and 
being  out  of  provisions.  They  were  then  receiviul 
(111  l)oard  the  JLissxchusrtts,  I'eil,  and  carried  to  Victoria, 
whence  iUv'w  passage  home  was  assured. 

Swartwout  in  his  leport  to  the  navy  de[)artment 
expressed  the  conviction  that  after  this  severe  chas- 
tisement the  northern  Indians  would  not  again  visit 
the  Sound.  In  this  belief  ht;  was  mistak<'n.  On  the 
niuht  of  tile  llth  of  Auijfust,  1857,  thev  landt-d  on 
Whidbey  Island,  went  to  the  house  of  1.  N.  Kbey, 
shot  him,  cut  olf  his  head,  robbed  the  premises,  and 
t  >.e;ij>ed  before  the  alarm  could  be  given.  This  was 
tloii,',  it  was  said,  in  revenge  for  the  losses  inllicted 
hy  the  .]f(iss<(c/iiis('fts,  they  .select ing  Kbey  because  of 
liis  rank  and  value  Ui  the  conununitv.'"' 

^"  Kiicy  was  in  his  liouso  on  tlu"  iHlmul  witii  iiin  wifi',  his  thivi>  I'liililrcii,  iir.d 

(iciirni' \V.  ('diIIhs  ami  wife.  .\t  diu- • '.  lock  hr  was  avxiiKcinil  hy  th<'  l).iik- 
ill:;  III'  (liiL's,  iiikI  f^niii.i,'  tii  tin-  liixir,  ii|i(-i:cil  it.  'I'hi'  oi  hii'  iiitnalis  nt'  \\n'  iiuiist' 
ln:iiil  tWK.slnitM  liiiil,  aiiil  MiMiii  iil'tci'  .Mr.i  I'llicy  saw  her  liii.sliaii.l  at  tin'  win- 
il.iw  iif  hrr  iiMiiii  w  iih  hi.s  haiiil  )inHsiil  tn  his  licaii.  Shi' callnl  to  iiiiii  to 
I'l'iiu'  ill  tliiiin^h  till'  uIikIiiw,  |.,it  hi'  ai>|irai')'i|  imt  to  hf.ir  oi-  iiinii  rstaiul. 
Two  ullior  iihotH  Wilt"  thi'ii  linil,  w hen  \\v  liij.     The  liniiaii.'*  hoiiig  (»r  lliu 


138 


INDIAN  WARS. 


Numerous  depredations  were  committed  by  them, 
which  nothing  could  provoiit  except  armed  steamers 
to  cruise  in  the  Fuca  strait  and  sea."^  Expeditions 
to  the  Sound  were  made  in  January,  and  threats  that 
they  would  have  five  heads  before  leaving  it,  and 
among  others  that  of  the  United  States  inspector  at 
San  Juan  Island,  Oscar  Olney.  Tliey  visited  the 
Pattle  coal  mine  at  Bellingham  Bay,  where  they 
killed  two  men  and  took  away  their  heads.  They 
visited  Joel  Clayton,  the  discoverer  of  the  Mount 
Diablo  coal  mines  of  California,  living  at  Bellingham 
Bay  in  1857,  who  narrowly  escaped,  and  abandoned 
his  claim  on  account  of  thcm.'^  Several  times  they 
reconnoitred  the  block-house  at  that  place,  but  with- 
drew without  attacking.  These  acts  were  retaliatory 
of  the  injury  suffered  in  185G.^' 

moment  busy  with  their  victim,  Mrs  Corliss  sprang  out  of  the  window,  wliicU 
oiiencd  on  u  jiiuzKi,  followed  liy  Mrs  Kl)ey  uiid  the  chililren,  and  a  niomci't 
after  by  (Jorlis.s,  who  liad  remained  to  hold  fast  the  door  between  them  and 
tlie  hall  uf  the  house  which  the  Indians  were  entering.  He  tlicn  retreated 
t!nou;,'h  tiie  window,  and  lleeini^  to  the  woods,  all  escaped  the  bullets  sent 
after  tliem  in  the  darkness.  Mrs  Ci3rli.ss,  who  was  a  daughter  of  Judson, 
who  settled  on  Ci .  imencement  JJiiy  in  lSo3,  ran  to  the  house  of  11.  C.  Hill, 
over  half  a  mile  away,  and  gave  the  alarm.  ISelieving  that  a  descent  o^  the 
northern  Iixlians  ujmjii  the  settlements  of  the  lower  sound,  such  as  they  ha<l 
long  dreaded,  had  been  begun,  the  women  and  children  were  hurriedly 
gathered  at  the  house  of  llarnion,  and  preparations  made  fordelenec.  When 
daylight  came  the  murderers  were  gone,  and  with  them  the  head  of  Kbey, 
from  whieli  tiiey  took  the  scalp,  afterward  reeijvered  by  the  II.  JJ.  Co.,  and 
placed  in  pos.wssiou  of  his  niece,  Mrs  Almira  N.  Knoa  of  S.  l'\  Vrloria 
(luzitte,  Nov.  4,  18.'i8;  I'mjct  Houiitl  1/crnlil,  Dec.  1),  lS."*!t;  Kbiij\i  Jouninl, 
MS.,  \\.  'J82;  //.  Ex.  Doc,  30,  11-1'J,  3oth  eong.  latsess.;  Oveiiaiid  Monthli/, 
xi.  2l)."». 

'•"  As  early  as  January  follov/ing  the  chastisement  given  by  the  Maxnti- 
chii-ietts,  tlieso  Indians  visiteil  the  Sound.  At  W'hidbey  Irtland  Ihoy  cnj.ited  so 
inucli  alarm  that  a  company  of  Id  men  Mas  organized  in  April,  with  I!.  V. 
Tealwdy  captain  and  tieorgu  W.  beam  and  C  C.  Vail  lieut.'uants,  to  defend 
the  settlements.  L'liey'a  Jouniul,  MS.,  v.  '2'.).  In  May  several  families  ab;in- 
duned  their  liuuscs  through  fear  uf  tiiem.  In  June  IS.kS  they  attacked  a 
party  of  iuincrs  si.v  miles  from  Whatcom,  killing  all  but  tw  o,  who  escaped. 
Several  lunulrud  dollarit'  worth  of  goods  were  taken.  Joseph  Foster  of  Seattle 
was  among  the  killed.  Oli/mpiti  I'ioiwer  and  Dein.,  Juno  IS,  18.>8. 

»moiki\i  Jlt'llui'jhim  Bail,  MS.,  '22-4. 

•'Tho  various  mounted  voluntee,'-  companies  engaged  in  war  or  defeiico 
during  Mason's  administration  were  tiio  following:  Comjiunies  A,  Capt.  Wil- 
liam Strong,  and  B.Capt.  (iilmoro  Hays,  were  nnistorjil  into  the  regular  sorvica 
and  furnished  their  own  horses;  companies  K,  Capt.  I.taac  Hays,  F,  Cant.  11. 
S.  Ilcnness,  K,  Capt.  John  ){,.  Jackson;  t'owlil/ lianger.s,  Capt.  H.  W.  I'eurs, 
Lcwi.i  River  Hangers.  ('a[>t.  William  liratton,  in  tlie  scrv  ieo  of  the  territory, 
furnished  their  o't'u  horses;  Stevens  (Sua rds.  (Jipt.  Hig^ins,  were  furnished 
huruus  by  gov.;  b^Ktkanu  luviuuibles,  Capt.  Yauiia,  horses  partly  furuishud 


PEUPEUMOXMOX  HOSTILE. 


139 


by  them, 
1  steamers 
xpeditions 
reats  that 
ig  it,  and 
spector  at 
isited  the 
here  they 
ds.  They 
he  Mount 
JeUingham 
abandoned 
times  they 
,  but  with- 
retaliatory 


window,  which 
uikI  a  inoinei't 
;wuuii  thoiii  aiul 
tlu'U  ri'treatt'il 
!io  hullcta  sent 
iter  of  JutUoii, 

of  R.  C.  Hill, 
(lescolit  o»  tlio 
ch  aa  they  huil 
ivei'o  liuriii'iUy 
■IViu'P.     When 

ln'iul  of  Khey, 
III.  15.  Co.,  aii.l 
V.    I'i'lvri'i 

l)ii/'i<  Jiiuninl, 

laud  ilonlhhi, 

|)y  the  MdxHti- 

Ihoy  crijated  so 

il,  with  I!.  V. 

Juts,  to  llc'fl'lhl 

Ifainilie.i  abaa- 

^■y  attacked  a 

wiio  escaped. 

later  of  Seattlo 

xr  or  defeiico 
U,  Cupt.  Wil- 
Jegnlarsorvico 
F,  Cant.  B. 
111.  \V.  I  Vers, 
|tho  territory, 
pro  furtnaiieil 
tly  furuiiihud 


Immediately  on  learning  what  had  occurred  in  the 
Yakima  country,  in  October  1855,  Indian  agent 
Olney,  at  Tlie  Dalles,  hastened  to  Walla  Walla  in 
order,  if  possible,  to  prevent  a  combination  of  the 
Oregon  Indians  with  the  Yakimas,  rumors  being  in 
circulation  that  the  Cayuses,  Walla  Wallas,  and  Des 
Cimtes  were  unfriendly.  He  found  Peupeumoxmox 
encamped  t)n  the  north  side  of  the  Columbia,  a  circum- 
stance which  he  construed  as  unfavorable,  although  by 
the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Walla  Walla  the  chief  pos- 
sessed the  right  for  live  years  to  occupy  a  trading 
post  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yakima  River,  or  any  tract 
in  possession  for  the  period  of  one  year  from  the  rati- 
lieation  of  the  treaty,  which  had  not  yet  taken  place."* 

Olney  declared  in  his  official  communications  to  R. 
R.  Thomj)son  at  this  time,  that  all  the  movements  of 
Peu[)eumoxniox  indicated  a  determination  to  join  in 
a  war  with  the  Yakimas.  Thomj)son  was  not  .sur- 
j>vised,  because  in  Septendjer  he  had  known  that 
IV'upeumoxmox  denied  having  sold  the  Walla  Walla 
A^alley,  and  was  aware  of  other  signs  of  trouble  with 
this  chief.=« 

At  this  critical  jur  ;ture  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany's  officers,  Mc.'^inlay,  Anderson,  and    Sinclair, 

hy  gov.  and  partly  liy  ■  ,>luntoer.'»;  Piiget  Sound  Rangora,  wapt.  Charles 
Katun,  furnished  their  own  horses;  Nez  Perco  Volunteers,  Capt.  Spotted 
Ka.'le,  furnished  their  own  liorsea  and  equipments.  Inf.  companies:  C, 
( icorj^'o  JJ.  ( loudv,  D,  Cupt.  W.  11.  Wallace  (part  of  them  uu>unted),  (},  Capt. 
W.  \.  S.  McCoVclde,  M,  Capt.  C.  C.  Hewitt,  I,  Capt.  I.  N.  Kl)ey,  .1,  Caiit. 
A.  A.  I'hinimer,  >iis(]ually  Ferry  guards,  Serj^.  William  Packwood.  .1'//. - 
'.'■II.  /I'c///,  in  Wfisli.  M<K.i.  dor.,  lMr>7.  Hl'vixUo  Jtotl^'l•'.^  JlilUii'i/iiim  Hai/,  MS,; 
7;/"//'.v./o»n(((/,  MS.;  MurrU'  U'mli.  T,'r.,Mi^.;  lhilloii'>iA'lr.,'MS.;  llnitjnnra 
I II. I.  Iff/;-,  MS.;  1'. ,-i/(  r'j*  Wash.  Trr.,  MS.;  Parker's  Pwjd  Sound, '}tlS., 
pa»iin. 

"  ralmcr,  iu  //.  Ki:  Doc,  03,  22,  34th  conij.  Ist  seas.;  Ind.  Aff.  Jlept, 
vol.  31. 

"^Port/and  llmen,  Oct.  21,  1855.  There  wore  in  nil  about  fiO  white  men, 
women,  and  chihlren  in  the  country  on  the  Walla  Walla  and  Umatilla  riv- 
ers. Lloyd  liiooks.  who  cnnio  to  Vancouver  in  1849  us  chief  clerk  to 
■  (Miiitei  master  Captain  Rufua  Ingalis,  Mas  one.  In  18.'>3  he  went  to  the  WaUa 
Walla  Valley  to  raise  uittle.  U.  S.  L'o.  if.  B.  Co.  Claim»,  1-J7.  He  returned 
to  Vancouver,  marriei!  a  daujihter  of  Gen.  K.  Haniiltun,  ter.  rco.  under 
Ciiines,  and  resided  in  l'(»rtland  after  1802.  Other  Americans  were  liromford, 
N'll'le,  Victor  'iVevitt,  W .  H.  I'larnlmrt,  Wolf,  and  Wliitney.  'lime  were, 
ht  sides  these,  tlio  H.  11.  Co. 'h  few  peoy'  at  tlio  fort,  and  the  I'reneli  and  half- 
hn  I'd  sililers  uhuut  the  catholic  misuiou  of  Father  Clierou.se,  near  Wuiilatpu. 


m 


INDIAN  WARS, 


i 


the  latter  in  charge  of  the  fort,  in  conference  with 
Ohiey,  decided  to  destroy  the  ammunition  stored  at 
Walla  Walla  to  prevent  its  falling  into  the  hands  of 
the  Indians;  accordingly  a  large  amount  (if  powder 
and  ball  was  thrown  into  the  river,  for  which  Olney 
gave  an  official  receipt,  relieving  Sinclair  of  all  re- 
sponsibility. He  then  ordered  all  the  white  inhab- 
itants out  of  the  country,  including  Sinclair,  who  was 
compelled  to  abandon  the  property  of  the  conii)any 
contained  in  the  fort,**  valued  at  §37,000,  to  the 
mercy  of  the  Indians,  together  with  a  considerable 
amount  of  government  stores  left  there  by  the  Indian 
commissioners  in  June,  and  other  goods  belonging  to 
American  traders  and  settlers. 

Colonel  Nesmith,  of  the  Oregon  Mounted  Volun- 
teers, on  returning  to  The  Dalles,  reported  against  a 
winter  campaign  in  the  Yakima  Valley,  saying  that 
the  snow  covered  the  trails,  that  his  animals  were 
broken  down  and  many  of  his  men  frost-bitten  and 
unfit  for  duty,  so  that  125  of  them  had  been  dis- 
charged and  allowed  to  return  to  their  homes.  In 
the  mean  time  the  left  column  of  the  regiment  had 
congregated  at  The  Dalles,  under  Lieutenant-Colonel 
James  K.  Kelly,  and  Governor  Curry  ordered  for- 
ward Major  M.  A.  Chinn  to  Walla  Walla,  where  he 
expected  to  meet  Nesmith  fro'n  the  Yakima  countr}-. 

On  learning  of  the  general  uprising,  while  en  route, 
Chinn  concluded  it  impossii)le  to  enter  the  country, 
or  form  a  junction  with  Nesmith  as  contemplated; 

»« Evidence  of  William  Charles,  in  //.  B.  Co.  Ev.  11.  B.  Co.  riuim*,  IT."?. 
This  was  tlio  end  of  tiio  coni))any's  occupation  nt  Wallu  Walla,  later  known 
us  Wallula.  The  end  of  their  oecupatiou  of  forts  Hall  and  lloistJ  occurred 
about  the  same  time— Fort  lk)isii  n  littlo  earlier,  and  Fort  ilall  u  little  later. 
The  Indians  about  tiie  forrnvr  post  were  inibittered,  seeing  tlio  company's 
agent  on  good  terms  with  Major  ilallcr  and  the  American  soldiers,  und  bi - 
cuime  he  refused  to  sell  them  lunmunition.  Fort  Hall  was  u!>nndoned  becaUNe 
it  could  not,  on  account  of  tho  Indian  hostilities,  be  communicated  with  in 
the  usual  way,  which  was  by  Walla  Walla  and  iioise  from  Vancouver,  'Our 
twoexiiressmcn,  Uoisclere  and  Dt^sjurdins,  had  been  killeil  between  Fort  Hull 
and  Walla  Walla.  I  had  orders  from  Chief  Factor  McTavish  to  have  tlio 
company's  etiectsut  Fort  Hall,  men  and  property,  withdrawn  to  tho  Flathead 
post  by  a  party  t<eiit  from  there  for  thom,  which  was  done,  the  active  theatre 
uf  hostilities  not  being  so  much  in  tlio  direct  coursu  of  that  party.'  Angus 
MuDonuId,  iu  JJ.  U.  Vo.  Ec.  11.  It.  Co.  Claim,  1G2. 


END  OP  THE  WALLA  WALLA  CHIEF. 


141 


ince  with 
stored  at 
hands  of 
f  powder 
sh  Ohioy 
jf  all  re- 
te  inhab- 
who  was 
coiiH)any 
0,  to  the 
isideral)lo 
le  Indian 
DHging  to 

id  Vohin- 
aijainst  a 
ying  that 
iials  wore 
>itton  and 
•een  dis- 
mes.     In 

ent  had 
t-Colonel 
ercd  for- 
^vlioro  he 

^ountr3^ 
|en  route, 

country, 

Iniplated ; 

U'lahuH,  173. 
Ilnti'i"  known 
listi  ucuiirruil 
li  littlu  liitur. 
company's 
liui'M,  mill  Ih'- 
Inetl  biicaUNC 
lituil  with  in 
luver.  'Our 
1)U  Fork  Hull 
jto  Imve  tlio 
lliu  Flatlicu)! 
Itivu  tliuatru 
Irty.'  Angua 


hence  lie  determined  to  fortify  the  Umatilla  agency, 
whose  buildings  had  been  burned,  and  there  await  re- 
enforcements.  Arriving  there  on  the  18th  of  No- 
vember, a  stockade  was  erected  and  named  Fort 
Henrietta,  after  Major  Haller's  wife.  In  due  time 
Kelly  arrived  and  assumed  command,  late  reenforce- 
nients  giving  him  in  all  475  men. 

With  339" men  Kelly  set  forth  for  Walla  Walla  on  the 
night  of  December  2d.  On  the  way  Peupeumoxmox 
was  met  at  the  head  of  a  band  of  warriors  displaying 
a  white  flag.  After  a  conference  the  Indians  were 
held  as  prisoners  of  war;  the  army  marched  forward 
toward  Waiilatpu,  and  in  an  attack  which  followed 
the  prisoners  were  put  to  death.  Thus  perished  the 
the  wealthy  and  powerful  chief  of  the  Walla  Wallas.^' 

A  desultory  fight  was  kept  up  during  the  7th  and 
8th,  and  on  the  Dth  the  Indians  were  found  to  have 
rather  the  best  of  it.'^  On  the  10th,  however,  Kelly 
was  roenforced  from  Fort  Henrietta,  and  next  day  the 
Indians  retired,  tiie  white  men  pursuing  until  night- 
fall. A  new  fortification  was  erected  by  Kelly,  two 
inilos  above  Waiilatpu,  and  called  Fort  Bennett. 

It  was  now  about  the  middle  of  December,  and 
Kelly,  remembering  the  anxiety  of  Governor  Curry 
to  have  him  take  his  seat  in  the  council,  began  to  pre- 
pare for  returning  to  civil  duties.     Before  ho  could 

^  Tliouch  coining  to  them  under  color  of  peace,  it  was  clmrgod  upon  the 
chii'f  that  liu  intended  to  entrap  them.  However  this  may  have  lieon,  the  vol- 
untoers,  not  content  with  putting  so  powerful  ail  enemy  out  of  the  way, 
amused  tiicniBelvia  that  evening  in  camp  by  cutting  vtY  bits  of  his  scalp  as 
tropl.ies;  ami  wlien  the  Rcalp  was  entirely  gone,  the  assistant  surgeon  of  the 
ngiineut  cut  otF  his  ears,  and  it  was  said  that  some  of  his  fingers  were  taken 
otr.  I'nrrish  proliably  exaggerates  somewhat  when  ho  says:  'Tliey  skinned 
hini  from  head  to  foot,  and  made  razor-straps  of  Ids  skin.'  Or.  Aiie<'.,  MS.,  87. 

''Killed:  Cnpt.  Charles  liennett  of  Co.  F,  the  same  who  wua  connected 
with  .Fames  Marshall  in  the  discovery  of  gold  in  Cal. ;  2d  Lieut  •).  M.  Ihirnnvs, 
('d.  II,  !Siinf)n  S.  Van  llagcrman,  Co.  I.  Mortally  wound«!d,  who  lived  but  n 
few  hours:  K.  B.  Kelsoy,  Co.  A;  Henr^  Crow  and  ('asper  Snook,  Co.  II; 
Josepli  SturdoTant,  Co.  ft;  .Tesso  Flemnuug,  Co.  A.  I)angeroUHly  wounded: 
Capt,  Liiyton,  and  privates  T.  J.  Payne,  Nathan  Fry,  and  F.  Crabtrec,  Co. 
II;  .1.  H.  (iervias,  Co.  K.  Severely  wounded:  Capt.  A.  V.  WiUon,  Co.  A; 
Cipt.  L.  Munson,  Co.  I;  Sor.Maj.  Isaac  Miller,  Co,  Hj  Private  ().  W.  Smith, 
Co.  H.  Miglitly  wounded:  PrivatcsA.  M.  Addington,  Co.  H;  Franklin  Duval, 
('  I.  A.  />•(«<,  (h:  Mil.  Ori/anizatioH,  1(0.  On  the  0th  and  lOth,  Wdiiiuletl,  A. 
^iKpiu'd,  Ira  Allen,  and  John  Smith.   Estimated  Lid.  killed  and  wounded,  lUO. 


142 


INDIAN  WARS. 


leave  the  commcand  he  received  intelligence  of  the 
resignation  of  Nesmith,  and  immediately  ordered  an 
election  for  colonel,  which  resulted  in  the  elevation  to 
the  command  of  Thomas  R,.  Cornelius,  and  to  the  office 
vacated  by  himself  of  Davis  Layton.  The  place  of 
Captain  Bennett  was  filled  by  A.  M.  Fellows,  whose 
rank  in  his  company  was  taken  by  A.  Shepard,  whose 
office  fell  to  B.  A.  Barker.  With  this  partial  reorgan- 
ization ended  the  brief  first  chapter  in  the  volunteer 
campaign  in  the  Walla  Walla  Valley. 

On  the  evening  of  the  20th  Governor  Stevens 
entered  the  camp,  having  made  his  way  safely  through 
the  hostile  country,  as  related  ia  the  preceding 
chapter.  His  gratitude  to  the  Oregon  regiment 
was  earnest  and  cordial,  without  that  jealousy  which 
might  have  been  felt  by  him  on  having  his  terri- 
tory invaded  by  an  armed  force  from  another.^* 
He  remained  ten  days  in  the  Walla  Walla  Valley,  and 
finding  Agent  Shaw  on  the  ground,  who  was  also 
colonel  of  the  Washington  militia,  a  company  of 
French  Canadians  \>  as  organized  to  act  as  home-guards, 
witli  Sidney  S.  Ford  crptain,  and  Green  McCafforty 
1st  lieutenant.  Shaw  was  directed  to  have  thrown 
up  defensive  works  around  the  place  already  selected 
by  Kelly  as  the  winter  camp  of  the  friendly  Indians 
and  French  settlers,  and  to  protect  in  the  same  man- 
ner the  settlers  at  the  Spokane  and  Colville,  while 
cooperating  with  Colonel  Cornelius  in  any  movement 
defensive  or  offensive  which  he  might  make  against 
the  Indians  in  arms.  He  agreed  with  the  Oregon 
officers  that  the  Walla  Walla  should  be  held  by  the 
volunteers  until  the  regular  troops  were  ready  to  take 
the  field,  and  that  the  war  should  be  prosecuted  with 
vigor. 

Before  leaving  Walla  Walla,  Governor  Stevens  ap- 
pointed William  Craig  his  aid  during  the  Indian  war, 
and  directed  him  to  muster  out  of  the  service,  on  re- 
turning to  their  country,  the  sixty-nine  Nez  Percd 

**See  Steveua'  Speech  on  the  War  Debt,  May  13,  1858. 


KELLY'S  RECEPTION. 


143 


volunteers  enrolled  at  Lapwai,  with  thanks  for  their 
good  conduct,  and  to  send  their  muster-rolls  to  the 
adjutant-general's  office  at  Olympia.  Craig  was  di- 
rected to  take  measures  for  the  protection  of  the  Nez 
Percys  against  any  incursions  of  the  hostile  Indians, 
all  of  wliich  was  a  politic  as  well  as  war  measure,  for 
so  long  as  the  Nez  Percds  weie  kept  employed,  and 
flattered,  with  a  prospect  of  pay  in  the  future,  there 
was  comparatively  little  danger  of  an  outbreak  among 
them.  Pleased  with  these  attentions,  they  offered  to 
furnish  all  the  fresh  horses  required  to  mount  the 
Oregon  volunteers  for  the  further  prosecution  of  the 
campaign. 

Kelly  resigned  and  returned  to  Oregon,  though 
afterward  again  joining  his  command.  Stevens  has- 
tened to  Olympia,  where  he  arrived  the  19th  of  Jan- 
uary, finding  affairs  in  a  deplorable  condition,  all 
business  suspended,  and  the  people  living  in  block- 
houses.'"' He  was  received  with  a  salute  of  thirty- 
eight  guns. 

Tile  two  companies  under  Major  Armstrong,  whom 
Colonel  Nesmith  had  directed  to  scour  the  John  13ay 
and  Des  Chutes  country,  while  holding  themselves  in 
readiness  to  reenforce  Kelly  if  needed,  employed 
themselves  as  instructed,  their  services  amounting  to 
little  more  than  discovering  property  stolen  from  im- 
migrants, and  capturing  'friendly'  Indians  who  were 
said  to  be  acting  as  go-betweens. 

During  the  remainder  of  December  the  companies 
stationed  in  the  vicinity  of  The  Dalles  made  fre- 
(juent  sorties  in  the  direction  of  the  Des  Chutes  and 
Jolm  Day  countries,  and  were  thus  occupied  when 
Kelly  resigned  his  command,  who  on  returning  to 
Oregon  City  was  received  with  acclamations  by  tiie 
l)0()ple,  who  escorted  him  in  triumph  to  partake  of  a 
public  banquet  in  his  honor,  regarding  him  as  a  hero 

^''Rept  of  L  I.  Stovena  to  the  sec.  war,  in  Sen.  Ex.  Doc,  66,  6-8,  .34th 
cnn;,'.  Ixt  sess.;  Ind.  Aff.  Rtpl,  vol.  34;  Or.  Argiu,  Jaii.  12,  IWtf;  Orover's 
I'ab.  Li/t,  MS.,  58. 


144 


IXDIAN  WARS. 


who  had  severed  a  dangerous  coalition  between  the 
hostile  tribes  of  soutlicru  Oregon  then  in  the  field 
and  those  of  Pujjet  Sound  and  northern  Washington. 


: 


.  i 


, 


As  many  of  the  1st  regiment  of  Oregon  Mounted 
Volunteers  who  had  served  in  the  Yakima  and  Walla 
Walla  campaigns  were  anxious  to  return  to  their 
homes,  Governor  Curry  issued  a  proclamation  on 
the  Gth  of  January,  1856,  for  a  battalion  of  five  com- 
l)anies  to  be  raised  in  Linn,  Marion,  Yamhill,  Polk, 
and  Clackmas  counties,  and  a  recruit  of  forty  men 
to  fill  up  Captain  Conoyer's  company  of  scouts,  all 
to  remain  in  service  for  three  months  unless  sooner 
discharged.  Within  a  month  the  battalion  was 
raised,  and  as  soon  as  equipped  set  out  for  Walla 
Walla,  where  it  arrived  about  the  first  of  March. 

Colonel  Cornelius,  now  in  command,  set  out  on  the 
9th  of  March  with  about  600  men  to  find  the  enemy. 
A  few  Indians  were  discovered  on  Snake  River,  and 
along  the  Columbia  to  the  Yakima  and  Palouse, 
which  latter  stream  was  asdended  eight  miles,  the  army 
subsisting  on  horse-flesh  in  the  absence  of  other  provis- 
ions. Thence  Cornelius  crossed  to  Priest's  Rapids, 
and  followed  down  the  east  bank  of  the  Columbia  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Yakima,  where  he  arrived  the  30th, 
still  meeting  few  Indians.  Making  divers  disposition 
of  his  forces,  with  three  companies  on  the  31st  Corne- 
lius crossed  the  Columbia,  intending  to  march  through 
the  country  of  Kamiakin  and  humble  the  pride  of  this 
haughty  chief,  when  he  received  news  of  a  most  star- 
tling nature.  The  Yakimas  had  attacked  the  settle- 
ments at  the  Cascades  of  the  Columbia. 

Early  in  March  Colonel  Wright,  now  in  command 
at  Vancouver,  commenced  moving  his  force  to  The 
Dalles,  and  when  General  Wool  arrived  in  Oregon 
about  the  middle  of  the  month,  he  found  but  three 
companies  of  infantry  at  Vancouver,  two  of  which  ho 
ordered  to  Fort  Steilacoom,  a  palpable  blunder,  when 


TROUBLE  AT  THE  CASCADES. 


146 


it  is  recollected  that  there  was  a  portage  of  several 
miles  at  The  Cascades  over  which  all  the  government 
stores,  ammunition,  and  other  property  were  compelled 
to  pass,  and  where,  owing  to  lack  of  transportation 
above,  it  was  compelled  to  remain  for  some  length  of 
time,  this  circumstance  offering  a  strong  motive  for 
the  hostile  Klikitats  and  Yakimas,  whose  territory 
adjoined,  to  make  a  descent  upon  it.  So  little  atten- 
tion was  given  to  this  evident  fact  that  tho  company 
stationed  at  The  Cascades  was  ordered  away  on  the 
24th  of  March,  and  the  only  force  left  was  a  detach- 
ment of  eight  men,  under  Sergeant  Matthew  Kelly, 
of  the  4th  infantry,  which  occupied  the  block-house 
erected  about  midway  between  the  upper  and  lower 
settlements,  by  Captain  Wallen,  after  the  outbreak 
in  October."  A  wagon-road  connected  the  upper 
and  lower  ends  of  the  portage,  and  a  wooden  railway 
was  partly  constructed  over  the  same  ground,  an  im- 
provement which  the  Indian  war  had  rendered  neces- 
sary and  possible.  On  Rock  Creek,  at  the  upper  end 
(»f  the  portage,  was  a  saw-mill,  and  a  little  bolow,  a 
village  of  several  families,  with  the  store,  or  trading- 
house,  of  Bradford  &  Co.  fronting  on  the  river,  near 
which  a  bridge  was  being  built  connecting  an  island 
with  the  mainland,  and  also  another  bridge  on  the 
railroad.  At  the  landing  near  the  mouth  of  Rock 
Crock  lay  the  little  steamer  Mary,  the  consort  of  the 
Wasco,  and  the  first  steamboat  that  ran  on  the  Co- 
lumbia between  The  Cascades  and  The  Dalles.  At 
the  lower  end  of  the  portage  lived  the  family  of  W. 
K.  Kilborn,  and  near  the  block-house  the  family  of 
George  Griswold. 

All  that  section  of  country  known  in  popular 
phraseology  as  The  Cascades,  and  extending  for  live 
milos  along  the  north  bank  of  the  Columbia  at  the 
lajiiUs,  is  a  shelf  of  uneven  ground  of  no  great  width 
butwcen  the  river  and  the  overhanging  cliffs  of  the 
mountains,   split   in   twain   for   the   passage   of  the 

"  Portland  West  Shore,  January  1878,  72. 
UiatT,  Wash.— 10 


146 


INDIAN  WARS. 


■I 


hi 

I   r 


micrlifv  River  of  the  West.  Husre  masses  of  rock  He 
scattered  over  it,  interspersed  with  chimps  of  luxu- 
ria!it  vegetation  and  small  sandy  prairies.  For  the 
<;:reater  part  of  the  year  it  is  a  stormy  place,  suhject 
to  wind,  mist,  snow,  and  rain,  but  sunny  and  delight- 
ful i!j  the  summer  months,  and  always  impressively 
grand  and  wild. 

At  half-past  eight  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the 
26th  of  March,  General  Wool  havin<j  returned  to 
California  and  Colonel  Wriijht  having  marched  his 
whole  force  out  from  The  Dalles,  leaving  his  rear  un- 
guarded, the  Yakimas  and  Klikitats,  liaving  waited 
for  this  opportunity  to  sweep  down  upon  this  lonely 
S[)ot,  suddenly  appeared  at  the  upper  settlement  in 
force.  The  hour  was  early  and  the  Afar}/  had  not  yet 
left  her  landing,  her  crew  being  on  their  way  to  the 
boat.  At  the  mill  and  the  bridixes  men  were  at 
work,  and  a  teamster  was  hauling  timber  from  the 
mill. 

Upon  this  pcene  of  peaceful  industry,  in  a  moment 
of  apparent  security,  burst  the  crack  of  many  riiles, 
a  putt*  of  blue  smoke  from  every  clump  of  bushes 
alone  revealing  t)ie  hiding-places  of  the  enemy,  who 
had  stationed  themselves  before  daylight  in  a  line 
from  Rock  Creek  to  the  head  of  the  rapids,  where  the 
workmen  were  engaged  on  the  bridges.  At  the  first 
fire  several  were  Avounded,  one  mortally.  Then  began 
the  demoniacal  scene  of  an  Indian  massacre,  the 
whoops  and  yells  of  the  attacking  party,  the  shrieks 
of  their  victims  as  their  hurried  flight  was  inter- 
rupted  by  the  rifle-ball,  or  their  agonies  were  cut 
short  by  the  tomahawk.  At  the  mill,  B.  W.  Browi', 
his  wife,  a  girl  of  eighteen  years,  and  her  young 
brother  were  slain,  scalped,  and  their  bodies  tlirown 
into  the  stream.  So  well  concerted  and  rapid  was 
the  work  of  destruction  that  it  was  never  known  in 
what  order  the  victims  fell.  Most  of  the  men  at 
work  on  the  bridges,  and  several  families  in  the  vicin- 
ity, escaped   to   Bradford's   store,  which  being  con- 


SIEGE  OF  THE  CASCADES. 


147 


»f  rock  lie 
of  luxu- 
For  tlio 
e,  subject 
d  clelight- 
pressivcly 

njr  of  the 
turned  to 
irchcd  liis 
s  rear  un- 
nsr  waited 
this  lonely 
tlement  in 
ad  not  yet 
ivay  to  the 
n  were    at 
'  from  the 

a  moment 
any  rlllos, 
of  bushes 
emy,  who 
in  a  line 
where  the 
t  the  first 
hen  began 
sacrc,  the 
he  shrieks 
kvas  inter- 
were  cut 
BroWi\ 
er  young 
les  thrown 
•apid  was 
known  in 
e  men  at 
the  vicin- 
leing  con- 


structed of  logs  afforded  greater  security  than  board 
houses. 

It  chanced  that  only  an  hour  before  the  attack 
nine  government  rifles  and  a  quantity  of  ammunition 
liad  been  left  at  Bradford's  to  be  sent  back  to  Van- 
couver. With  these  arms  so  opportunely  furnished, 
tlic  garrison,  abouu  forty  in  number,  eighteen  of 
wliDiu  were  capable  of  defence,  made  preparations  foi' 
a  siege.  The  Indians,  having  taken  possession  of  a 
blull",  or  bench  of  land,  back  of  and  higher  than  tlie 
raihoad  and  biiiidings,  had  greatly  the  advantage,  be- 
ing themselves  concealed,  but  able  to  watch  every 
movement  below. 

In  order  to  counteract  this  disadvantage,  the  stairs 
being  on  the  outside  of  the  building,  an  aperture  was 
cut  in  the  ceiling,  through  which  men  were  passed  up 
to  tlie  chamber  above,  where  by  careful  watching  thev 
were  able  to  pick  off  an  Indian  now  and  then.  A 
few  stationed  themselves  on  the  roof,  which  was 
reached  in  the  same  way,  and  by  keeping  on  the 
river  side  were  able  vo  shelter  themselves,  and  get  au 
occasional  shot."  Lmbrasures  were  cut  in  the  walls, 
which  were  manned  by  watchful  marksmen,  and  the 
doors  strongly  barricaded. 

While  these  defences  wore  being  planned  and  exe- 
cuted, James  Sinclair  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Comjiany, 
who  happened  to  be  at  The  Cascades,  the  door  being 
opened  for  an  instant,  was  shot  and  instantly  killed 
by  tlio  lurking  enemy."  A  welcome  sound  was  the 
'Toot,  toot  I'  of  the  Mary's  whistle,  now  heard  above 
the  din  of  war,  showing  that  the  steamer  had  not 
been  captured,  as  it  was  feared — for  upon  this  de- 
pended their  only  chance  of  obtainhig  succor  from 
The  Dalles. 

*•  The  first  Indinn  killed  wjw  hy  Bush,  who  shot  jnst  as  the  savago  was 
nhout  to  fire  on  Mrs  Wntkins,  who  wiia  running  to  BraKlfonl's.  Letter  of 
L.  \V.  (!op,  in  IliMorkal  Correspondence. 

"Sinclair  Itceanio  a  naturalized  citizen  of  the  United  States  in  18U). 
Consiicss  in  IS7r>,  at  the  prayer  of  his  widow,  granted  her  a  land  claim  of  040 
a<.ris  in  the  VVuUa  Walla  Valley.  U.  S.  Stututea,  lS75-«,  I'riv.  Acta,  ;j-4. 


148 


INDIAN  WARS. 


ill 


Uf 


I 


i 


The  escape  of  the  Mary  was  iiKlocd  a  remarkable 
episode  in  that  morninj^'s  transactions.  Her  fires  were 
out,  only  a  part  of  her  cievv  on  board,  and  the  remain- 
der on  their  way  to  the  landin<^,  when  the  Indians 
fired  the  first  volley.  Those  on  shore  were  James 
Thom[)son,  John  Woodard,  and  James  Herman. 
Holding  a  hurried  consultation,  Thompson  and 
Woodard  determined  on  an  eftort  to  save  the  boat, 
while  Hernjan  ran  to  the  shelter  of  the  woods  and  up 
the  bank  of  the  river.  While  hauling  on  the  lines  to 
get  the  boat  out  into  the  stream,  the  Indians  pressed 
the  two  gallant  mt!n  so  closely  that  they  were  forced 
to  quit  tlu'ir  hold  and  seek  the  concealment  f>f  the 
neighboring  thickets.  The  steamer  was  then  attacked, 
the  fireman,  James  Linsay,  being  shot  through  the 
shonlder;  and  tlie  cook,  a  negro,  being  wountled,  in 
his  fright  jumped  overboard  and  was  drowned.  The 
engineer,  Jiuckminster,  having  a  revolver,  shot  an 
Indian,  and  tiie  stewanl's  boy,  .Fohn  Chance,  findiuLT 
an  old  dragoon  pistol  on  board,  also  despatched  an 
Jndian,  firing  from  the  hurricane-«leck. 

Jn  the  midst  of  the'se  stirring  scenes  the  steamer's 
fires  were  started,  and  Hardin  ('hen»>weth,  going  up 
into  the  pilot-house  and  lying  Hat  upon  the  iloor, 
backed  the  lM)at  out  into  the  liver,  though  the  wind 
was  blowing  hanl  down  stream.  It  was  at  this 
moment  of  success  that  the  Mari/s  whistles,  sharp 
and  <lefiant,  notiti(>d  the  people  in  tin;  store  that  she 
was  oti'  to  The  Dalles  for  help,  and  which  sustained 
tJK'ir  sjjirit.-,  through  tlie  many  trying  hours  whieh 
follt>wed.  The  boat  picked  u|>  the  families  of  X'^ander- 
po(>l  and  Sheppanl,  \»  ho  came  out  to  her  in  skilFs,  and 
also  Herman  of  their  own  crew,  after  which  she 
steamed  rapidly  up  the  rivi-r. 

Wiieii  the  men  on  the  bridges  rushed  into  Bra«I- 
ford's  store  thre(!  men  were  left  upon  the  island,  who 
afterwanl  attempted  to  reach  that  refuge  without 
bi'ing  discovered  by  the  Indians.  Those  on  the  look- 
ut  in  the  store  could  see  that  it  was  impossible,  and 


o 


A  DAY  OF  TERROR. 


140 


shouted  to  them  to  lie  down  behind  the  rocks.  Find- 
lay,  the  tirst  man  udnionislied,  obeyed.  The  Indians 
hiul  now  readied  the  island;  and  as  Bailey,  another 
workman  who  had  m)t  heard  or  not  obeyed  the  eaiition, 
lie  riinnin<r,  he  was  mistaken  for  one  of  the-  eiuiny 


cai 


'r>> 


l.msuing  Findlay,  and  fired  on,  receivin»(  a  wound  in 
the  le<^  and  arm.  Jioth,  however,  spranj;  into  tht- 
water;  and  althoui,di  l^ailey  came  near  bein^  carried 
over  the  i'alls,  they  rea<'hed  the  landinjr  in  iVoiit  of  the 
store  and  were  iiastily  admitted  The  third  man, 
Jam«;s  Watkins,  in  attempt  inij;  to  i-  How,  was  discovered 
and  siiot  tiiroujLfh  the  arm.  IL  dropped  bciiin<l  a 
iixk,  his  (VieiK's  shoutinj^  to  him  to  lie  still  anrl  they 
would  rescue  him;  but  they  were  not  able  to  do  so, 
ami  his  wounds  brini^  to(»  loiitf  ne;L;lected,  he  di(;d. 

Ill  th«'  mran  time  the  mill,  lumlu-r-yard,  and  s.vi'ral 
lioiises  had  Ihmii  burned,  and  tin!  assailants  endi  avdied 
In  lii'e  tin*  store  by  piojectiiiLj  up<»n  it  brands  ot'piteh- 
wootl  aixl  li«»tii<>ns.  Tlu>v  also  threw  stones  and  mis- 
siles ol'  Narious  Uinds  to  dislddoi*  the  men  on  the  roof, 
but  the  distance  iVolll  which  these  missiles  were  sent 
n  ii(|ei-ed  them  comparatively  harmless,  the  necasioiial 
tile  which  took  in  the  .--liiiiij^les  beini^  promptly  e\- 
tiiii,nii>lied  by  brine  from  a  porkbairt.'l  care(tilly 
]iniii'ed  on  with  a  tin  cup,  no  water  bein;^  obtainable. 

Ill  a  r«'w  hums  the  want  of  water  became  a  iVe^h 
siturce  of  tttJineiit.  Of  till'  forty  persons  shut  up  in 
the  small  coinpa«>  n{'  i\\o  lower  story  of  the  buildiiij;', 
fniii'  Were  woiui  led,  one  dead,  aiid  the  niMJoiity  of  the* 
whole  wei'i  women  aii<l  chiMieii.  The  only  li(|uiilNin 
ihf  place  wi  re  ^wo  do/ell  bottles  of  ale  and  a  few 
iioitjes  of  whiskev,  which  were  e\hausted  in  tlu; 
course  of  the  day,  and  all  wt-re  wailiii;;  impatiently  for 
the  cover  of  darkness  to  brin*;  M«»mi!  water  fiom  the 
ii\t'r.  ]hit  the  Indians  had  reserved  a  new  ware- 
lii>ii>e  and  some  ^ovi'mnn-nt  piopeity  to  be  burned 
iliiiiiiL,'  the  iiii;lit  to  I'urnish  li;;ht  for  their  operations, 

ami  to  prevent    the    «'scape    of   the    hesie^i'd.        Ill  (his 

cxtieniity   u  Spokane,  brouyht   uj)  by   Mr  Sinclair, 


INDIAN  VVAIIS. 


voluntoorod  to  prormv  tli«'  n<v(l(Ml  water.  Strip- 
piiiLf  himself  nakuii,  ho  thri'W  liiiiisi;!!'  on  the  shdo  used 
i'or  lojulijij^  hoats,  nn<l  sUppiiij^  down  to  tho  rivor,  rtj- 
turnod  with  a  bucki'tlul  lor  tho  wounded.  Tlie  Hecoinl 
day  and  nij^ht  were  passed  like  tlu?  first,  no  more 
water  heini^  procured  initil  the  niornin;^  of  tht;  '28th, 
wlu'n,  tile  tiri's  of  the  eneniv  ha\in}jr  (hed  out,  Ihi) 
Spokane  ajujain  ventur<;d  to  the  river,  and  this  tiint» 
filled  two  l)arri'ls,  goiuLf  and  coming  witii  increthMc 
swil'tni>ss.  Tlie  steann'i"  not  yet  having  n^f  uiiied,  and 
fears  heing  entertained  of  her  capfure,  the  hody  of 
Sinclair  was  shoved  down  the  slide  into  tho  river  hy 
the  Httuje  faithful  servant. 


11 


I' 
11 


■' 


AViiile  fhoso  scenes  were  heing  performed  at  tin? 
uppci'  Cascades,  file  pe(»ple  ht'Iow  wei'e  also  expt-ri- 
encing  a  shan.'  in  the  mi.- fortunes  of  their  neiLrhl'ois. 
'IMie  first  intimation  of  an  attack  at  the  hlock-house 
was  hearing  a  few  shots,  and  the  shouts  of  men  run- 
ning from  uhovc  waiiiin«x  otiieis.  l^'ive  (»f  the  little 
garrison  of  nine  wei-o  in  the  fort  at  that  momtiit, 
liasti'ning  down-staiis  thrv  found  one*  of  their  com- 
lades  at  tho  door,  shot  through  the  hip.  'J'lie  em- 
hrasures  were  opeU(Ml,  and  tliceamion  run  out  and  fired 
at  the  Indians,  who  could  he  si>en  on  a  hill  in  front. 
I n urn 'd lately  aftei'ward  thtM-itiztiis  cime  llceing  to  tin; 
fort  for  protection,  drawing  tin-  fiii'  of  the  Indians, 
which  was  returned  hv  the  s«»ldii'is  until  all  left,  iiVwr 
were  sheltered.  Firing  from  hoth  huIvh  (!ontinued  fui- 
four  hours,  when,  seeing  that  the  Indians  weri-ahout  to 
liurn  a  liirge  huilding,  Sergeant.  Ki-lly  again  dispersed 
them  wit h  the  cammn.  Toward  nij^ht  a  soldier  who 
had  heen  wounded  near  ila;  hlock-housi!  in  the  ntoin- 
ing  made  his  way  in  and  was  rescued.  During  tlu! 
night  tin"  Indians  altempled  to  lire  the  hlocK  house, 
without  sueeess,  j)ro\\Tmg  iihoiit  all  night  without  do- 
ing  much  damage.  During  the  foi-enoon  of  the  271  h 
three  soldiers  m;ide  a  soit  ie  to  a  nei<^hl)oring  hou>e, 
and    leturncd  .safely    with  some  provisions.     In   tho 


I 


AT  TlIK  LOWKR  CASCADES. 


Iftl 


uftornoon  tlio  canncm  was  again  lireJ  at  a  largo  party 
of  liullans  who  aj>|>L'arod  on  tho  Oregon  sitlo  of  the 
liver,  which  Huived  tho  jmrpohc  of  scattering  them, 
wlien  four  of  tho  soKhers  and  8onio  of  tho  citizens 
saUied  out  to  bring  in  tho  doail  and  wounded,  and  to 
boarch  tlie  deserted  liouses  for  arms  and  annnunition.^' 
At  tliO  lower  Cascades  no  lives  were  lost  in  tiio 
attack.  On  tho  morning  of  tiio  20th  W.  K.  Kill>oin, 
wlio  owned  and  ran  an  opi-n  friMght-boat  on  tho  (Jo- 
hiiiihia,  walked  up  to  tho  lower  cud  of  tho  |)ortagt! 
ri'ihoud  to  look  foi'  a  crew  of  tho  Cascade  Imlians  to 
lake  his  boat  up  tho  ra[)ids  to  that  point,  but  was  met 
by  a  iialf-Spanish  Indi.in  l)oy  whom  he  hail  kn.)wn  on 
l"'rtii(h  I'rairio  iit  the  Willamette  V^alhy,  and  who 
rudcavoivd  tt)  sht»w  him  that  it  was  unsafe  for  him  to 
be  in  tho  ni'i"rhborhoi)d  because  tho  Yakimas  and 
ivllkitats  had  been  about  tho  lodges  of  tho  local 
Indiiins  tho  night  Itefoi-e.  Ivillxti'n  tocjk  tho  lad  with 
him  to  tho  ollice  of  Agt'iit  il.  J>.  Simpson,  clu.^f  by, 
when!  ho  still  persisted  in  imploring  them  to  lly, 
telling  them  they  wer*^  sui'rouniled  by  hostile  Indians 
on  every  hide.  At  that  instant  caino  tho  boom  of  tiio 
cannon  at  the  block-house  above,  and  tiio  half-bri'od 
(l.ii'ti'd  down  the  road  to  givethoalarm  to  the  families 
b«  lt»\v,  followed  by  Killxun,  who  was  soon  overtaken 
by  a  mountiil  man  ciying,  "linn  for  your  lives,  thoy 
jiie  lighting  at  the  block-house  I"*''  On  reaching  his 
bn.'it  h«!  found  his  family  and  that  of  I  lamiltou  already 
on  board,  and  instantly  put  oil',  a  few  men  who  had 
^nns  remaining  to  protect  their  property.  As  he  was 
aiiout  to  land  for  some  pur[>ose  a  shoit  distance  below, 
theso  men  .shouteil  to  him,  "Do  not  land;  hero  thoy 

"Tho  iminci  of  tho  unrrimm  nt  tho  MiK'khotian  wi'n>  M.  Krlly,  Frtilorirk 
Ik'iiiiui,  Owcii  Mi'MiiiiUK,  l.ii\M'i'ii('i'  lie  11)111  y  (killi'iliii  I  hi;  liihl  atlacUi,  Siiiiluy, 
Ili.ii:<i'i,  Willmiiii,  liiiHili,  iiimI  SIii'I  iiliiti;  th>'  l.ilti  r  tiiiir  Ixiii^'  tlin^o  who 
U'ciit  out  til  liiiiig  in  lhi<  ilrail  iiikI  uiiiiiiihii  ini  tlic  mi mnl  day.  /inlmn  /fim- 
li'ilin  ill  I  III  [lull  mill  H'l/.i/oi/;//"//  '/)  riilnrim,  II  I'J,  liciu^  a  riiiii|iil.itiiiii  of 
■  <iiii'-<|i'iiiili'iii'('  nil  tho  mibjoi'l  tt'uiiiiiiitti'd  tu  ('uiif;i'(iii«  liy  the  iit-uHuloiit  of  iIh' 
U.  S.  ii,.l.ily  IS.Vl. 

''TliiH  win  mm  of  ',\  t'ar|M'iil)  tm  at  wmk  wlm  r.tii  fur  (In'  liluik-houtu', 
iHirtiiok  till' rul'i  (III  lhi<  \«ay,  I'lit  lhi>  miili's  Iiiimi,  aii<l  lii"iiiil  iii),' tlitiii,  m|iI'L'U(1 
tliLi  uUi'iii.  i.-aiui' u(  L.  \y.  Cue,  ill  Jiitturkul  t'oni^itoinltnca. 


152 


INDIAN  WARS. 


cornel"  and  hearing  the  report  of  small  arms,  he  kept 
on  down  the  river,  arriving  at  Vancouver  before  dark 
with  the  news  of  the  outbreak. 

In  the  mean  time  the  men  who  had  remained  to 
protect  their  property  were  in  a  perilous  situation. 
Tliey  at  first  entertained  the  idea  of  barricading  the 
government  wharf-boat,  but-  having  no  amumnition, 
wore  obliged  to  abaiulon  it.  They  remained  on  guard, 
however,  until  the  Indians,  having  marauded  their 
way  down,  began  firing  on  them  from  the  roof  of  a 
zinc  house,  which  afforded  a  good  position,  when,  find- 
ing it  useless  to  remain  longer,  they  pushed  out  into 
the  river  with  a  schooner  and  some  bateaux  lying  at 


('ulllllji^ljlllilllic 


l-IWIT     ,v/'/  <«lk^ J**"    ■jlrl*' 

\//'-'}^^  


Irfiwi'r 


Upper  and  Lower  Casoades. 

the  landing,  Thomas  Pierce  being  wounded  bef  re 
attaining  a  safe  distajice,  and  proceeded  down  the 
river.  Two  men  wlio  at  the  first  alarm  lied  to  the 
njounfains  stole  down  at  night  and  esca|^'(l  in  an  ol«l 
boat  which  they  1(KuuI  at  the  landing  to  the  st)uth  side 
of  the  river,  where  they  lay  liidden  in  the  rocks  until 
relief  came. 

VVlien  the  news  of  the  attack  on  The  Cascades  was 
receive<l  at  Van<'ouvcr  grt^at  consternation  prcvniled, 
it  being  rcp«>rted  that  Vancouver  was  the  objective 


ALARM  AT  VANCOUVER. 


153 


point  of  the  Yakimas,  and  there  were  not  men  enough 
at  that  post  to  make  a  pfood  defence  aftei'  sending  the 
succor  demanded  at  The  Cascades,  As  there  h.a*! 
been  no  communication  between  the  upper  and  lower 
towns,  the  extent  of  the  injury  done  at  the  former 
j)Iace  couhl  orily  bo  conjectured.  The  commanding 
ofHccr,  Colonel  Morris,  removed  the  women  and  chil- 
dren of  the  garrison,  the  greater  part  of  tl\e  anuuu- 
nition,  and  some  other  property  to  the  Hudson's  ]^ay 
Conij)any's  fort  for  greater  safety,  while  he  refused 
arms  to  the  captain  of  the  volunteer  home-guard,***  in 
obetlience  to  the  orders  of  General  Wool, 

At  an  earlv  hour  of  the  27tii  the  steamboat  Belle 
was  despatched  to  The  Cascades,  conveying;*  Lieuten- 
ant Philip  Slieridan  with  a  detachment  of  the  single 
(•()mi>any  left  by  Wool  at  Vancouver.  Meeting  on 
the  way  the  fugitives  in  the  rchooner  an<l  bateaux, 
they  volunteered  to  return  and  assist  in  the  defence 
(if  th(^  place,  and  were  taken  on  board  the  steaint'r. 
At  ten  o'clock  the  Bi'lle  had  nsached  the  landin*;  at 
the  lower  end  of  the  portage,  stt)pping  Hist  (»n  iho 
Oii'gon  side,  where  Sheritlan  and  a  part  (»f  his  com- 
iiiaiHl  proceeded  up  the  river  on  foot  to  •  jxtint 
opposite  the  U|)per  town  to  reconnoitre,  \\  uere  ho 
leaiiied  from  tlu;  Cascade  IntHans  the  state  of  affairs 
at  ihat  place,  and  also  that  <he  block-house  had  been 
attacked.  Sheri(hin  returned  and  landed  ids  men  on 
thf  Washington  si(U!,des[)atchingacanoe  toA'ancouv«,'r 
I'oi'  ino)-«>  ammunition. 

The  Indians  ihd  not  wait  to  be  attacked.  While 
the  trooj)s  and  howitzer  w»'re  disend)arki'.ig  on  a 
large  sand  island,  Siieridaii  had  two  men  shot  down, 
and  was  compelled  to  retreat  some  distaiwe  from  the 
cover  of  the  Indians,  the  steamer  di'opping  down   in 

'"I  Hike  tliis  Htjitoii)(M)t  from  a  corrcHpniulcnt  of  X\w  fth/m/  in  fhnn-rr  awl 
IhmiKiiit  of  A |inl '_'.">,  |.Vi(i,  who. say*  llial  Ki'lly  of  tlio  Noluiitcfrs  went  to 
the  ollii'tT  ill  t'oiiiiiiaiiii  at  that  jiost,  aiiit  iri|ili'!4te<l  to  Iki  tiiniishoil  u  itli  aniiH, 
naiill  th(Mii'lii!<  ill  tho  coiiuty  hail  ^'oiiu  to  fui'iiish  a  i'oin|iaiiy  iii  thi'  lirM-- 
(ajptaiii  MaxoiiV.  '  Nc  Was  iiimiltcil  -told  toiiiiiul  hiaouii  luintiii-ss.'  A  ffW 
•  I  ys  lalt'i'  II  coiiNi^niiKiit  of  arms  from  tht;  ('a.st  anivcil,  lor  iLu  uhu  uf  tlie 
Urritory,  auil  tho  ituttloiH  weio  funufthi-il  from  that  HujU'ly. 


IM 


INDIAN  WARS. 


i 


|iBw|;<:]3i;'> 


company.  A  council  of  war  wa.s  tlion  holJ,  and  it 
was  dccicKil  to  nuiintuin  their  i»round,  which  was 
done  with  much  difficulty,  through  the  rcMuainder  of 
the  da}',  the  troops  not  buiui^  ahle  to  advance  to  the 
rehcf  of  tlie  l)lock-house,  altljoujjfh  the  diver.sion 
created  by  tiic  arrival  of  troo[)s  caused  a  lull  in  the 
ojierations  of  the  Indians  a'j^ainst  that  j)ost. 

A  com])anv  of  thirty  men  was  raised  in  Portland 
on  t!»e  eveninjj^  of  the  2Gth,  b}'  A.  P.  Dennison  and 
Iniijamin  Stark,  aids  to  (jiovurnor  Curry,  which  was 
aiii^Miented  at  Vancouver  by  an  equal  number  of 
volunteers,  and  ])rocceded  to  the  lower  Cascades  in 
the  steamer  Fashion,  arriving  somewhat  later  than 
tlie  Jicllc,  and  beii\g  unable  to  render  any  assistance, 
Wtv  th<3  same  reason  which  prevented  the  regular 
troops  from  advancing — too  numerous  an  enemy  in 
front.  They  landed,  however,  and  sent  the  sti'amer 
baik,  which  returned  next  ilay  with  forty  moi'e  \olun- 
teeis,  an<l  a  recruit  of  regulars,  all  eager  for  a  light. 

The  boat  also  brought  a  supply  of  annnunitiitii 
from  Vancouver,  which  being  placi'd  upon  a  bateau 
was  taken  up  opposite  the  block-house  where  Sheii- 
dan  intended  to  (tover  his  men  whih;  they  landed,  with 
the  howitzer.  But  just  at  tliis  moment  a  new  factor 
enttri'd  into  the  arrangement  of  the  drama,  which 
gave  to  all  a  surjirise. 

When  tlie  ^ff(rl/  arrived  at  The  Palles  on  the  2r.th, 
Colonel  Wriglit  had  a!re.idy  nioNrtl  from  tin  post,  autl 
was  (n)cainj)ed  at  Vw  '-Miff  Creek,  so  that  iidornia- 
tion  of  the  attack  on  the  ( 'ascadcs  did  not  reacii  him 
before  iiiidni^lit.  At  davliuht  In;  beinin  his  march 
back  to  'i'he  Dalles,  with  J.'jO  men.  rank  ami  tiU?,  and 
by  nigiit  they  \vi;re  on  boaid  the  st  ainers  Man/  and 
ir«f,sc'»,  but  did  not  reach  tlw  ( 'ascad»!S  ixl'orc  dayliglit 
»if  the  *J8th,  i»u  account  of  an  injury  to  the  sLeami'i's 
I,  through  having  a  new  iiremun  since  tho  wouud- 
^  of  Lindsay  on  the  i>()th. 
Just  as  the  garrison  in  the  atoro  were  brought  to 


RELIEF  FROM  THE  DALLES. 


186 


tlio  vorjTfo  of  »lt's|)iiir,  belu'vii)L(  the  M<fn/  hud  l)ooii 
(•a|)tuie<l,  not  kiiowiiii,'  uf  Slu'ri<|jin's  univul  at  tho 
lower  ('asca»It's,  liaviii!^'' but  four  rounds  t>f  aniiuunition 
left,  and  liavinjj;  ai^roi'tl  anioni;'  tljeniselv«'s,  should  tho 
Indians  succeed  in  liriui^  the  house,  to  oct  on  hoard  a 
;^fovorinni>nt  llatdxiat  hin^'  in  front  of  Jhiuhord's  and 
ijo  over  tin;  falls  ratlur  than  stay  to  ho  huti'lurod— 
at  this  critical  moment  their  eyis  weio  yladdi'Ued  hy 
flie  wolconu'  si^ht  of  tlu'  J/irr//  and  Il'i^s•('(>,  steaming; 
into  tlu)  semieiicular  hay  at  the  mouth  <»f  llock  C'rei;k, 
loadi'd  >vith  troops.  A  shout  wiMit  U|»  from  forty 
jtersons,  half  dead  with  fatigue  and  anxii'ty,  as  tlio 
door  of  their  [)iison  was  thrown  open  to  tho  frosh  air 
and  lij^ht  of  day. 

Xo  sooner  had  tho  hoats  touched  tho  slioro  than 
llic  soldiers  sj)i-an_iL;  up  tlie  hank  and  hci^an  hratin;^ 
till!  huslios  for  Indians,  tho  howitzer  hclrlijnj;-  furth 
sliot  over  their  lioads.  J  hit  althoUL;h  the  Indian^  had 
tiifd  a  volley  at  tho  Jfirif  as  she  stranded  for  a  f.w 
moments  on  a  )*ock  at  the  mouth  of  the  ci'e»k,  tiny 
ciidd  not  he  found  when  hunted,  and  now  not  a  Ya- 
kima t)i-  Klikita*  was  to  In;  mi'U. 

(Vtlonel  Wii^ht  thou  of^ani/ed  Ji  force,  consisting- of 
the  companies  of  captains  W'imler  antl  Aiclnr,  Dth 
infant ry,  ami  a  «letachment  of  tlraujoons  under  IJeu- 
t  nant  Tear,  '.U\  artilli>y,  nitha  howit/er  under  Li<'U- 
!•  iiant  I'iper,  the  whole  undir  ( 'olonil  Steptoe,  which 


as  ordered  to  advance  t'»the  hlock-1 


louse  an* 


I  tl 


unci; 


to  the   lower   landin::;.     .lust    at.   tho   moment   when 
Sliciidan  was  appmachinj^  the  shoi-e  lined  with   h 


III 


Ind 


lans.  with   the  su^jk-i 


'ted    ( 


ascade 


Ind 


os- 


lans  on 


an  i>land  on  tin  other  side  of  his  hat^au,  ami  when 
till'  attention  of  the  «Na\.n;es  was  dividetl  hetween 
their  morniu!.;  moal  ami  tin-  approach  of  the  so|di<'rs, 
a  hui^le  was  heard  in  tin-  direction  of  ih-    upper  ( "as- 


<  K  '.  >. 


adis,  and  Shtridan  heln  '  I  doscendinLf  a  hill  Stcj)! 
<ohnnn.  IMi.  I  ndians  h.  m^' thus  pai  licularly  noiilicd 
ol  the  aiMuy's  advance,  the  opportunity  for  a  mu  priso 
was  destroyed,  and  iu  another  iustunt  tho  onomy  had 


150 


INDIAN   WARS. 


I 


I 


vaiiisli'.'d  out  of  sight  like  ants  in  a  sand  niotind. 
Out;  Indian  only  was  kilUnl  by  Sti-ptoe's  coininan*!, 
and  a  soldier's  lif'o  paid  for  that.  This  trau;*'dy  ended 
with  the  executiotj  of  nine  Indians  concerned  in  tho 
niassjiei'i', 

A  Hit  a  few  brushes  with  tho  enemy,  Cornelius, 
leaving;'  his  connnand  in  tho  Klikitat  Valley,  wont  to 
J'oithiiid  to  confer  with  (governor  Curry,  when  tho 
northern  ie<;iinent  was  disbande«l,  two  ooni|uinies  be- 
iuLT  ori(anize<l  out  of  it,  on(!  to  stTvo  in  the  Walla 
Walla  <ountry,  and  one  in  th(!  Tyghe  A'alley,  which 
latter  foice  was  increasiul  to  two  companies  in  May. 
About  the  same  time  (  \»lonel  Wrii;ht  man;hed  throu^i'h 
the  Klikitat  and  Yakima  country,  but  without  ofl'oct- 
inj^  anythiuLf  decisive.*' 

*'  .Major,  MOW  ('o](ini-l,  Oranvillc  Owoii  Tliillor  has  been  too  intimately 
iMimi'Ttiil  with  till'  liistiiry  nt  W.i»liiiigtiiii  for  iniiiiy  yi'iiM  to  be  lic-o  ili.s- 
liiis.tfil  witliout  fiirtlMT  iiotK'i-.  III!  w.'iH  1)0111  ill  York,  I'cnn.,  .lull,  .'tl,  ISI*.), 
ami  t'lliii'.iti'il  ii<  till' pi'ivati!  ni'IihoI-i  ot  tlm  town.  In  In:<0  In;  wa.i  an  apiili- 
raiit  lor  .1  Hcliiilarxliiii  al  Wo.'«t  I'oiiit,  Init  on  I'.xaiiiin.ition  licforu  a  lioar<l  of 
military  ollicrr.'i  at  VVaHliin|L;toii,  ri^rrivcd  a  I'oiiiiiiin.Hion  a.>4 '-M  lii'iitt-naitt,  4tli 
ir.  S.  infantry,  to  ilatu  from  Nov.  17,  Ih:<!K  ||i^  ni'ivi'iI  in  tln^  linlian  ti^rri- 
tory  and  Flcirnla  in  IHIK  II,  iiml  in  tli  '  MiNiciii  war  in  IS4(>.  Mo  was  or- 
iji-rrd  to  till'  I'arilir  riia.it  in  I S.'i'J,  airiviii;;  liy^ra  in  IS.'i'l,  ami  lii'in^  slatioiUMl 
at  Till'  I'alli'M  until  IH<'i|>.  Wlit'ii  tln'  MHitlirrn  nlatrs  ni'itiIi'iI  Ih^  was  orilerrd 
<  a»t  and  iilaccd  in  ai'tivr  Hervirn  with  tlm  army  of  tho  I'otoiiiai-.  U|Min  l.oo'.s 
invaMlon  ol  I'l  iiiiMylvaiiia,  lit>  wax  jilarrd  on  tho  Ntall  of  tirii.  Conrli,  and 
iLSMiLiiKtil  to  York  and  Adams  roiintii's  to  ki'i'p  tho  ^rmral  infornii'd  of  tin; 
moM'ini'iitM  of  till'  I'lii'iiiy.  Soon  aftir  Kit's  drfoat  at  ( Ii'ttyslmr^,  and  wliilo 
m.ikin^;  out  ri'[ioit«  of  tlm  sorviri's  iii'iformcd  liy  volunti'i'rs,  and  tlm  ('Xpt'iiscii 
iiirni'i'i''l,  an  otdir  was  si'iit  (ion.  <  oiioh  to  roliovo  Major  Mallor,  who  on  ro- 
poi'tiiir(  lor  ordors  found  hiniHolf  disinissiMl.  'J'liis  wrong,  whit'li  was  tho  work 
of  an  unknown  oiioiny,  was  a  p:iiiifnl  Mow  to  Mailer.  Aftur  many  oti'oits  to 
iilit.iin  a  hi-aring  ho  rotiirnod  to  Wa.'<liin|i{toii,  si-tllingat  ( 'oiipovillo  on  Wind  hoy 
l.daml.  Iliro,  altor  sixtoin  yoars  of  waiting  for  justico,  Im  rocoivod  tidings  of 
a  joint  ri'solulioii  liy  coiii^ross  ordorim^  a  ooiirl  of  iiiiiuiry  in  his  laso.  Tlm 
I'oiirt  loiind  that  tho  dismissal  was  liasod  on  ohaigos  o!  di'ttoyally  liy  a  sin>;lo 
ollii'ir.  and  not  inado  liy  tlm  prosidoiit,  hut  liy  tlm  soorotary  of  war.  'l  Im 
tostimony  inthooaso,  Imtli  of  military  and  oivil  witnossos,  oomplotoly  rol'ntoil 
tho  I'hai'^CH,  and  tho  iliMtnissal  w.is  iiroiioiiiirod  \\toii;{fnl,  Ma|or  ilallor  lioiiig 
rostorod  to  till)  Horvioo  with  tho  ranli  of  ooloiii'l,  Iml  tho  rosloraliou  of  rank 
oarrii'd  with  it  no  haok  pay.  (ion.  Conoli's  lostiiimny  was,  *'  I  do  not  think 
tlioro  woi'o  any  tiglitinh'  ((onorals  of  tho  army  of  tlm  rotomai',  if  they  had  Im-oii 
in  N'oi'k  in  tlm  poNilion  of  Major  Ilallor,  that  oould  havn  doiio  any  itottor 
than  ho  did  1  tlmuLtht  so  at  tlm  tinio,  and  I  think  ^o  now."  Col  Ilallor  is 
now  a  roHidont  of  Soattlo,  and  li.ivin^  nassi  d  Ins  (Kl.l  yom-,  is  rotirod. 

Col  Ilallor  is  till' author  of  a  valiialtlo  M.S.  ontilloil  Kiiiniid'ii  in  l/isfori/, 
Ill-Ill  lit  I'/n  Siiii  Jii'iii  I  iiliiiiiliii.  of  wliii'h  ho  know  moio  than  an>  o  .o.  Mis 
wifo  w.iH  MisH  Mdiiriotta  M  Cox  of  lliltinmrc,  liy  wlmiii  ho  has  livo  children, 
two  dailglitors,  and  tliroo  Motiit. 


CHAPTER  V. 

INDIAN  WARS. 

Actios  of  the  Governor — Disposition  of  FonrES — New  Battalions— 
Plan  or  CAMi*AifiN--lUTTi.K  of  Whitk  River— On  the  SorND— Mar- 
tial Law  -Fkjhtinu  at  John  Day  Uivku  and  Grand  Rond— Eastof 
THE  Cascade  Ran«k— Stevkxs  in  the  IIohtile  Coitstrv — Faiu'ke  of 
HIS  ("iiiNciL— Leschi's  Hetrayal,  Arrest,  Tkiaus,  and  Execktion  — 
Assassination  of  Qimemith— Termination  of  Hostilities  on  the 
SoiNu— Rehitlt— War  Deiit -Clarke  and  Wrioht's  Campaiqn— 
Defeat  of  Steitok— Battles  of  Fopr  Lakes  and  Spokane  Plains  in 
THE  Yakima  Country — Walla   ,  ..i^la  Country  Reopened. 


When  Governor  Stevens  returned  to  his  capital 
from  the  Blackfoot  country,  he  was  to  some  extent 
deceived  as  to  the  perils  which  threatened  the  l*uget 
Sound  re<j;ion.  He  approved  of  the  energetic  course 
of  Mason,  and  advocated  the  vigorous  prosecution  of 
the  war.  liut  from  what  he  had  seen  east  of  the  Cas- 
ciules,  atid  from  what  he  knew  of  the  indolent  hahits 
of  the  tribes  on  the  Sound,  ho  was  disposed  to  think 
the  war  was  to  bo  carried  on  in  the  Yakima  and 
Walla  Walla  valleys  rather  than  at  home. 

In  a  special  message  delivered  extemporaneously  to 
the  legislative  asseudily,  January  21,  185G,  three  days 
after  arriving  in  Olympia,  he  recited  the  history  of 
the  war  as  he  understood  it.  Tlie  peo[)le  of  the  ter- 
ritory, he  said,  had  urged  upon  congress  the  impor- 
tance to  them  of  extinguishing  the  Indian  title  to  tho 
country.  To  this  the  Indians  consented  with  api)ar- 
ent  willingness.  Being  appointed  a  commissioner  to 
treat  with  them,  ho  had  applied  himself  to  the  duty, 

(107) 


li 


INDIAN  WARS. 

and  sncocssfullv  treated  with  the  different  tribes,  ex- 
ltlaiirm<Tf  to  them  with  the  most  minute  eare  the  terms 
to  wiiieh  they  liad  a<]frecd.  But  the  Indians  had 
aeted  troaclierously,  inasmuch  as  it  was  now  well 
known  tliat  they  ha<l  long  heen  idotting  against  the 
white  race,  to  destroy  it.  This  being  true,  and  they 
having  entered  ui»(m  a  war  without  eause,  however  lie 
niiglit  sympathize  witli  the  restlessness  of  an  inferior 
jace  who  ju'reeived  tl»at  destiny  was  against  them,  lie 
nevertheless  had  high  duties  to  perform  toward  his 
own,  and  the  Indians  must  be  met  and  resisted  by 
arms,  and  that  without  delay,  for  seed-time  was  com- 
ing, when  the  farmers  must  be  at  the  plough.  The 
work  remaining  to  be  tlone,  he  thought,  was  compara- 
tive! v  small.  Three  hundred  meti  from  the  Sound  to 
j>ush  into  the  Indian  country,  build  a  depot,  and  op- 
eiate  vigorously  in  that  «|uarter,  with  an  equal  force 
fi'om  the  Columbia  to  j)rosecute  the  war  cast  of  the 
( 'ascades,  in  his  opinion  should  be  immediately  raised. 
Tilt!  force  east  of  the  mountains  would  prevent  reijn- 
Ibrcements  from  joining  those  on  the  west,  and  vice 
versa,  while  their  presence  in  the  country  wouKl  pnv 
vent  the  restless  but  still  faltering  tribes  farther  north 
from  breaking  out  into  open  hostilities.  There  should 
be  no  more  treaties;  extermination  should  bo  the  re- 
ward of  their  pcrlidy. 

On  the  1st  of  February,  in  order  to  facilitate  the 
organization  of  the  new  regiment,  Stevens  issued  an 
order  disbanding  the  existing  organization,  and  revok- 
ing the  ordeis  laised  for  the  defence  of  particular  lo- 
calities. The  plan  of  block-houses  was  urged  for  the 
defence  of  settlements  even  of  four  or  five  families,' 
the  number  at  first  erected  being  doubled  in  order 
that  the  farmers  might  cultivate  their  land;  and  in 

'  At  Niitlmu  Eaton's  tlie  ilcfunucs  consiHtcd  of  16  \(1\^  IniildinKs  in  a  square 
facing  inwards,  tliu  object  l>cing  not  only  to  coiluct  tht;  faniilii.'s  for  prutcctiun, 
but  to  Ki'nd  out  a  scouting  party  of  homio  hI/.o  when  nianiiulorii  were  in  tlio 
vicii\ity.  Stevens,  in  Sen.  K.i\  hoc,  «IU,  IV2,  Sltli  cong.  1st  scss.;  /nil.  Af. 
Jiipf,  .*W.  Fort  HenneHs,  on  Mound  prairie,  was  a  iurj,'o  stockailo  witli  block 
liouai'S  at  tlio  alterni)t<!  conn  rs,  an<l  buildings  inside  tlie  enclosure.  On 
Skookuni  Day  tliuru  was  an  etitablisliinent  siinilur  to  that  at  baton's. 


RKORCAXIZATION  OF  TROOPS. 


150 


nfl(Hti(in  to  tlio  otlior  ronipaniea  orcjaTuzofl  was  one  of 
jtiofKH'if^,  whose  duty  it  was  to  open  roads  and  build 
block-liousos. 

The  first  repmont  beinj^  disbanded,  the  reorganiza- 
tion progressed  rapidly,  and  on  the  25th  the  second 
regiment  was  organized  into  three  battalions,  d(jsig- 
n.ited  as  the  northern,  central,  and  southern;  the 
northern  battalion  to  ren<lezvous  at  the  falls  of  the 
SnofHialiniich  and  elect  a  major,  the  choice  falling 
upon  Captain  J.  J.  H.  Van  Bokelin.^  It  numbered 
ui)out  ninety  men,  supported  by  Patkaniin  and  his 
company  of  Indian  allies,  and  l)uilt  forts  Tilton  and 
Allien  below  and  above  the  falls.'  The  central  bat- 
l.tlion  was  commanded  by  Major  Gilmore  Hays,  and 
liiid  its  head(piarters  on  Connell's  prairie.  White 
IJiver,*  conununicating  with  the  rear  by  a  ferry  and 
hlnik-liouse  on  the  Puyallup,  and  block-houses  at 
Montgomery's,  and  on  Yelm  prairie,  besides  one  at 
the  crossing  of  White  River,  comnuinieating  with  the 
legular  forces  at  Muckleshoot  prairie  and  Porter's 
pniiiic,  farther  up  the  valley. 

The  s(>uthern  battalion,  organized  by  Lieutenant- 
colonel  h.  V.  Shaw,  was  raised  upon  the  Columbia 
lliver,  and  partly  of  Oregon  material,'^  obtained  by 


'Till'  northorn  battalion  conaiatcil  of  Company  O  (Van  Bokclin's),  coni- 
tiiamU'd  liy  l)aiiii'l  Siimlley,  olootcd  l>y  tlio  oonipuiiy;  Coinpuny  1,  ('apt.  S.  I). 
Il'iwc,  wlio  was  HiK'oecili'ii  liy  C.'apt.  <i.  \V.  ncain;  nml  a  (Ictuchinout  uf  Cum- 
paiiv  il,  ('apt.  I't'ttlxxly.    Wash.  Alrnii,  Gov.,  I.S.">7,  ;1S-4I. 

'To  I.  N.  Hlx'y  l)i'lonj,'f(  tlu;  (M-cdit  of  iiiiikin^'  tliotiiHt  movement  toldock- 
inlc  tlii^  SiKxpialiiiiicli  pasH  iiml  gunnl  tlio  aottli'iiicnts  lying  opposite  i.ii  Wiiiil- 
l»y  l^la^(^.  This  company  of  rnngers  built  Fort  l"ll)cy,  8  niilos  nl>ovi;  tlio 
iihiiith  (if  tlie  SiioliomiNli  Hiver.  Ho  was  removed  from  liisotiieu  of  collector, 
tile  tliitiis  of  which  «ere  (liMchargeil  by  bis  <lepiity  anil  brother,  W.  S.  KlK-y, 
iliuiiig  the  previous  winter  while  lie  lived  in  cuiiip,  through  wluit  inlliiunce  I 
am  not.  informed.  M.  H.  Frost  of  Seattle  was  njipointed  in  his  Ntcad.  This 
(  haugi)  in  his  uH'airn,  with  the  necessity  of  attending  to  private  Im.siness,  prob- 
alily  determined  him  to  remain  at  home,  George  \V.  Kbey,  liis  cousin,  was 
'-'1  lieiit  ill  SmiiUey'a  comi>any. 

*The  central  battalion  was  composed  of  Company  B,  Capt.  A.  H.  Rablic- 
snn;  ("onipany  (",  ('apt.  H.  L.  Henness'  mounted  rangers;  a  train  guard  under 
('apt.  (».  Shead;  the  iiioneer  company  under  Capt.  .bweph  A.  White,  1st  lieul 
I'iIkih  F,.  Hicks;  and  Comjiany  I',  a  t'leUiehment  of  scouts  under  Capt.  Ciilviu 
W.  Suiiidal.    \Vn.ih.  MexH.  Gov.,  IS.")",  .'W. 

■•Thu  Houtlurn  Iwittalion  consisted  of  tiie  Washington  Mount<'d  Itilles. 
Cipt.  II.  .1.  (J.  Moxou,  Company  I),  Capt.  Achilles,  who  was  sin-ceeded  by 
Lieut  ruwell,  and  twu  Ureguu  companies,  one  company,  K,  under  FruuciitM. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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I 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WKST  MAIN  STRBiT 

WIBSTIR.N.Y.  I4S80 

(716)  S73-4S03 


4^ 


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M 


INDIAN  WARS. 


advertising  for  volunteers  in  the  Oregon  newspapers. 
Other  companies  were  accepted  from  time  to  time  as 
the  exigencies  of  the  service  required,  until  there  were 
twenty-one  in  the  field,"  the  whole  aggregating  less 
than  a  thousand  men.  The  regiment  was  assigned 
to  duty,  and  furnished  with  supplies  with  military 
skill  by  the  commander-in  chief,  whose  staff-officers, 
wisely  chosen,^  kept  the  machinery  of  war  in  motion, 
the  detention  of  which  so  often  paralyzed  the  arms 
of  Governor  Curry's  volunteers.  Between  Curry 
and  Stevens  there  was  perfect  harmony,  the  latter 
often  being  assisted  by  the  governor  of  Oregon  in 
the  purchase  of  supplies,  a  service  which  was  always 
gratefully  acknowledged. 

The  plan  of  the  campaign  as  announced  by  Stevens 
was  to  guard  the  line  of  the  Snohomish  and  Snoqual- 
imich  pass  by  the  northern  battalion,  to  drive  the 
enemy  into  the  Yakima  country  with  the  central 
battalion  by  the  Nachess  pass,  and  to  operate  east  of 

V.  GofT,  of  Marion  co.,  and  nnother,  Company  J,  under  Bluford  Miller  of 
Polk  CO.  Or.  Statesman,  March  11  and  May  20,  1856. 

•For  convenience  of  reference,  they  are  named  here:  Co.  A,  organized  and 
commanded  bv  Lieut-col  Edward  Ld'hI  the  Walla  Walla  Co.,  organized 
out  ot   friendly  Chehalis  and  Cov\  .dians  by  Sidney  S.  Ford,  capt.; 

Clarke  Co.  Rnnacrs,  organized  by  (  \Villiani  Kelly;  Co.  E,  Capt.  C.  VV. 

Riley,  auccocdcd  by  Lieut  J.  Q.  Culc,  *Jo.  H,  Capt.  R.  V.  Peabody;  Co.  L, 
Capt.  E.  D.  Warl)a88;  Co.  N,  Capt.  Ricliards,  succeedrd  by  Capt.  Williams; 
Co.  M,  consisting  of  10  white  men  and  43  Nez  Perc^,  Henri  M.  Chase,  capt. ; 
a  CO.  of  Squaxon  scouts  under  Lieut.  Gosnell;  and  a  company  of  Cowlitz  Ind- 
ians  under  Pierre  Cliarles. 

'Lieut-col  Lander  was  retained  on  the  governor's  staff,  and  Jared  S. 
Hurd,  E.  C.  Fitzhugh,  and  H.  R.  Crosbie  were  also  appointed  aids,  with  the 
rank  of  lieut-col,  in  addition  to  tiie  appoiutments  maue  in  Dec,  of  Craig  and 
Doty.  Edward  Gibson  was  appointed  extra  aid.  B.  F.  Shaw  was  elected 
lieut-col  of  the  2d  regiment  iu  April.  W.  W.  Miller  still  held  tlio  office  of 
quartermaster  and  coniinissary-gencral  at  Olympia.  Warren  Grove  was 
appointed  quartermaster  and  commissary  at  Steilacoom,  F.  Mathiao  at 
Seattle,  A.  11.  Robie  at  Tiio  Dalles,  Charles  E.  Weed  at  Olympia,  R.  M. 
Hathaway  at  Vancouver,  and  R.  S.  Robinson  for  the  northern  battalion,  nt 
Port  Townsend,  and  C.  C.  Pagett  in  Lewis  county.  Commanding  officers 
ciioso  their  own  adjutants.  Tilton  remained  adjutant-general,  C  H.  Arm- 
strong regimental  (juartermastor  and  commissary  with  tlio  right  wing  of  tiie 
2d  regiment  iu  the  Held;  and  Lieut-col  Hurd  supt  of  all  business  on  tlie 
Columbia.  W.  W.  Do  Lacy  was  appointed  adjutant  of  the  southern  bat- 
talion, Humphrey  Hill  of  the  northern,  and  B.  F.  Ruth  of  the  central 
battalion.  G.  K.  Willard  was  Buraoon  and  purveyor  of  Kiedicine  and  medi- 
cal stores  at  headquarters;  M.  P.  Burns  surgeon  of  central  battalion,  D.  R. 
Bigclow  of  nortliern  battalion.  Other  lurgeoua  were  Juatin  Millard,  Albert 
Eggnr*,  and  U.  O.  WmImm, 


PRISONERS  HANGED. 


161 


ttie  Cascade  Range  with  the  southern  battalion. 
On  the  occasion  of  the  governor's  reconnoissance  of 
the  Sound,  which  took  place  in  January,  the  Snoqual- 
imich  chief  Patkanim  tendered  his  services  as  an  ally, 
and  upon  consultation  with  Agent  Simmons  was  ac- 
cepted. He  at  once  took  the  field  with  fifty-five  well- 
armed  warriors,  accompanied  by  Simmons,  L.  M.  Col- 
lins, and  T.  H.  Fuller.  On  the  8th  of  February  they 
reached  Wappato  prairie,  five  miles  below  the  falls  of 
the  Snoqualimich,  and  learning  that  there  was  an  en- 
campment of  the  hostile  Indians  at  the  falls,  Patkanim 
prepared  to  attack  them,  which  he  did,  capturing  the 
whole  party.  An  investigation  showed  them  to  bo 
Snoqualimichs,  with  the  exception  of  three  Klikitat 
emissaries  engaged  in  an  endeavor  to  enlist  them  on 
the  side  of  the  hostile  combination.  Patkanim,  how- 
ever, now  that  he  had  entered  upon  duty  as  an  ally 
of  the  white  people,  carried  his  prisoners  to  camp  at 
Wappato  prairie  and  tried  them  each  and  every  one,  the 
trial  resulting  in  the  discharge  of  the  Snoqualimichs, 
and  one  of  the  Klikitats,  whose  evidence  convicted  the 
other  two  and  caused  them  to  bo  hanged.  Their 
heads  were  then  cut  off  and  sent  to  Olympia,  where  a 
price  was  to  bo  paid. 

From  the  Klikitat  who  was  allowed  to  live  it  was 
ascertained  that  there  were  four  different  camps  of 
the  enemy  on  the  east  side  of  White  River,  at  no 
great  distance  apart,  above  the  point  where  the  mili- 
tary road  crossed  it,  and  that  Leschi  was  at  one  of 
them,  while  the  crossing  of  the  river  was  guarded 
above  and  below.  This  information  was  immediately 
sent  to  Olympia. 

Patkanim  at  once  proceeded  to  Wliite  River  to  at- 
tack Leschi,  whom  it  was  much  desired  by  the  gov- 
ernment to  arrest.  But  when  he  arrivotl  there  ho 
found  that  wily  chief  alert  and  on  his  guard.  Being 
strongly  posted  in  the  fork  of  a  small  tributary  of 
White  River,  a  sharp  engagement  followed,  resulting 
ill  considerable  loss.     Of  the  number  killed  by  Pat- 


Uiit.  Waih.— 11 


182 


INDIAN  WARS. 


11 


' 


kanim,  all  but  two  were  on  the  farther  side  of  the 
stream,  and  he  was  able  to  obtain  but  two  heads, 
which  were  also  forwarded  to  Olympia.  He  returned 
after  this  battle  to  Holme  Harbor,  Whidbey  Island, 
to  prepare  for  further  operations,  it  now  being  con- 
sidered that  he  had  fully  committed  himself  to  the 
cause  of  the  white  people.  He  remained  faithful, 
and  was  of  some  further  assistance,  but  objected  to 
be  commanded  by  white  oflBcers,  preferring  his  own 
mode  of  fighting. 

About  the  13th  of  February  Captain  Maloney  left 
Fort  Steilacoom  with  lieutenants  Davis  and  Flem- 
ing and  125  men,  for  the  Puyallup,  where  he  con- 
structed a  ferry  and  block-house,  after  which  he  moved 
on  to  White  River,  Colonel  Casey,  who  had  arrived 
on  the  steamship  Republic  in  command  of  two  com- 
panies of  the  regular  9th  infantry,  following  a  few  days 
later  with  about  an  equal  number  of  men. 

On  the  22d  Captain  Ford  of  the  volunteers  left 
Steilacoom  for  White  River  with  his  company  of 
Chehalis  scouts,  in  advance  of  Hays'  company,  and 
White's  pioneers,  who  followed  after,  establishing 
depots  at  Yelm  prairie  and  Montgomery's,  and  mov- 
ing on  to  the  Puyallup,  where  they  built  a  block- 
house and  ferry,  after  which,  on  the  29th,  they  pro- 
ceeded to  the  Muckleshoot  prairie,  Henness  following 
in  a  few  days  with  his  company,  a  junction  being 
formed  with  Casey's  and  Maloney's  commands  at  that 
place.  Governor  Stevens  himself  taking  the  field  on 
the  24th,  when  the  volunteers  moved  to  the  Puyallup. 

Up  to  this  date  the  war  had  been  confined  to  the 
country  north  of  Steilacoom,  although  a  wide-spread 
alarm  prevailed  throughout  the  whole  country.  But 
the  watchful  savages  were  quick  to  perceive  that  by 
the  assemblage  of  the  regular  and  volunteer  forces  in 
the  White  River  country  they  had  left  their  rear 
comparatively  unguarded,  and  on  the  24th  attackcxl 
and  killed,  near  Steilacoom,  William  Northcraft,  in  the 
service  of  the  territory  as  a  teamster,  driving  oflf  his 


FIGHT  AT  WHITE  RIVER. 


163 


the 
ads, 
•ped 
and, 
con- 

the 
hful, 
3d  to 

own 

jrleft 
Hem- 
con- 
ttoved 
[•rived 
I  com- 
vdays 


rs 


left 


oi 


and 


it 


ishin 

mov- 
Iblock- 

iy  P'^'^" 
lowing 


(r 


ra 


bein 
Itt  that 

M  o« 
llup. 
>  the 

spread 
But 

lat  by 

roes  in 
rear 
tacked 
in  the 
)ff  his 


oxen  and  the  stock  of  ahnost  every  settler  in  the 
vicinity.  On  the  2d  of  March  they  waylaid  William 
White,  a  substantial  farmer  living  near  Nathan 
Eaton's  place,  which  was  subsequently  fortified,  kill- 
ing him  and  shooting  it  his  family,  who  were  saved 
by  the  running-away  of  the  horses  attached  to  a 
wagon  in  which  all  were  returning  from  church.  A 
family  was  also  attacked  while  at  work  in  a  field,  and 
some  wounds  received  These  outrages  were  perpe- 
trated by  a  band  of  forty  savages  under  the  leadership 
of  chiefs  Stahi  and  Quiemuth,  who  had  flanked  the 
troops  in  small  detachments,  and  while  Casey's  at- 
tention w^as  diverted  by  the  voluntary  surrender  of 
fifty  of  their  people,  most  of  whom  were  women  and 
children,  whom  it  was  not  convenient  to  support  while 
at  war,  but  which  were  taken  in  charge  by  the  Indian 
department.  This  new  phase  of  affairs  caused  the 
governor's  return  to  Olympia,  whence  he  ordered  a 
part  of  the  southern  battalion  to  the  Sound.  On 
the  4th  of  March,  a  detachment  of  regulars  under 
Lieutenant  Kautz,  opening  a  road  from  the  Puyallup 
to  Muckleshoot  prairie,  when  at  ro  great  distance 
irom  White  River,  discovered  Indians  and  attac^ked 
tlicm,  Kautz  sheltering  his  men  behind  piles  of  drit't- 
wood  until  Keyes  reenforced  him,  when  the  battle 
was  carried  across  the  river  and  to  the  Muckleshoot 
prairie,  where  a  charge  being  made,  the  Indians  scat- 
tered. There  were  over  a  hundred  regulars  in  the 
engagement,  one  of  whom  was  killed  and  nine 
wounded,  including  Lieutenant  Kautz.  The  loss  of 
the  Indians  was  unknown. 

In  the  interim  the  volunteers  of  the  central  battal- 
ion had  reached  Connell's  prairie,  where  an  encamp- 
ment was  formed.  On  the  morning  of  the  8th 
Major  Hays  ordered  Captain  White's  company  of 
pioneers,  fifty  strong,  to  the  crossing  of  White  River, 
to  erect  a  block-house  and  construct  a  ferry,  su[>- 
ported  only  by  Captain  Swindal  with  a  guard  of  ten 
luen.     They  had  not  proceeded  more  than  a  mile  and 


IM 


INDIAN  WARS. 


a  half  from  camp  before  the  advance  under  Lieuten- 
ant Hicks  was  attacked  by  150  warriors,  who  made 
a  furious  assault  just  as  the  detachment  entered  the 
woods  that  covered  the  river-bottoms,  and  were  de- 
scending a  hill.  Almost  simultaneously  the  main 
company  received  a  heavy  fire,  and  findin!:^  the  odds 
against  him.  White  despatched  a  messenger  to  camp, 
when  he  was  reenforced  by  Henness  with  twenty 
men,  and  soon  after  by  Martin  with  fifteen.  The 
battle  continuing,  and  the  Indians  making  a  flank 
movement  which  could  be  seen  from  camp,  Van  Oglo 
was  despatched  with  fifteen  men  to  check  it.  So 
rapid  were  their  manoeuvres  that  it  required  another 
detachment  of  twelve  men  under  Rabbeson  to  arrest 
them. 

The  Indians  had  a  great  advantage  in  position, 
and  after  two  hours  of  firing,  a  charge  was  ordered 
to  be  made  by  a  portion  of  the  volunteers,  while 
White's  company  and  Henness'  detachment  held  their 
positions.  The  charge  was  successful,  driving  one 
body  of  the  Indians  through  a  deep  marsh,  or  stream, 
in  their  flight,  and  enabling  Swindal  to  take  a  posi- 
tion in  the  rear  of  the  main  body  on  a  high  ridgo. 
It  being  too  dangerous  to  charge  them  from  their 
front,  where  White  and  Henness  were  stationed, 
they  being  well  fortified  behind  fallen  timber  on 
the  crest  of  a  hill,  Rabbeson  and  Swindal  were 
ordered  to  execute  a  flank  movement,  and  attack 
the  enemy  in  the  rear.  A  charge  being  made 
simultaneously  in  front  and  rear,  the  Indians  were 
completely  routed,  with  a  loss  of  between  twenty-five 
and  thirty  killed  and  many  wounded.  The  loss  of 
the  volunteers  was  four  wounded. 

This  battle  greatly  encouraged  the  territorial 
troops.  The  Indians  were  in  force,  outnumbering 
them  two  to  one;  they  had  chosen  their  position,  and 
made  the  attack,  and  were  defeated  with  every  cir- 
cumstance in  their  favor." 

*Ilept  of  Major  Hays,  io  Wath,  M«$a.  OoP.,  1857.  290-2. 


CESULTOEV  WARFARE. 


Tim  affair  was  the  mosf  ,1„  •  ■       1  "^ 

Pa-gn  of  1 856  „„  tlie  SounJ      !f I-™  "^  *«  'P^nff  can,- 
•■ot  attempt  to  .^aklZtuf':  V'"'  '»'"»««<" 

parties  at  unexpected  times  "d  in"'  ^""^''^   '»  »'"all 
;t  would  indeed  l,ave  been  Tffi  '",  """"P^^ted  places. 

f»"gl.t  a  gene,^]  en^fa^Cuent  ^  '  ^^"'™'  *"''«>■« 

"^"t  s,de  dotted  over^Hth  hLlY"  """"''•^  ""  «'o 
i  lie  block-house  at  H,„  „       V'"™-li<)uses  and  cam m 
''.""'Pleted,  the  Ind  a  '  w        1" ^  "''  ^Wte  Kiver  iS 

^;"k  A  sfition  was^^'e af^,""'^,?"  «'«  °PPo«  te 
i o,t  Hays,  by  the  volunteers  'nd'"''  P™'""  ''ailwl 
•slaughter,  on  the  Muck  l!,T'  ?   '"'""'>^''' called  Kort 

l«>"it,  three  miles  from  Sen  ''•"',''  "'  ^one  T?oe 
-'"panywas  stationed  tolu^^TV'-',"-"-^  "^'^r^ 
J->tcT  Lieutenant-colonel  iZ,  °.*,'''"'  '"  ««'«  c 
"oetcxl  a  bloek-house  c^  th?"^"""  '"!«'  ""'"pany  A 
l'"m  Seattle.     Captain  Srll^  ^""'"'^l'.  Ittein  miK., 

t-'«  Prair,e,  and  c'Xin  fen" T,*''  """  °"  ^'-- 
ot  Cedar  Hiver      Th^      "L  ^  another  at  the  mr.,<i. 

Hating  their  wort^'r Sfs™  '"'f""™'  "«--"' 
"S  ga'-risons,  marehodacTl  *;"''"»'"';'*  »"''  J-av- 
'■'■■"tal  battalion  by  order  of  fl,      '""""''^  *»  J»''»  tl'e 
and  Colonel   Shaw  of  tl,       "'?/''"n"'ander-i„.cl,ief- 
''-/orce  to  the  Zot  a"„uT  t  'T  .'1'''"'"'  ""j 'w 
,„„f;'    t  '■«  juncture   Governor   «""  "'^  *'"'  """'tl'- 
"artial  Jaw;  his  forces  wjre  ,1   ,?*"™,"«  Proclaimed 

U  John  Day  Hive?,  where  /?,„  "'i'"°  '''^Sion. 
«■'  ed  m  numbers,  Maior  T  i„;  "  "T'^y  '''"«'  """ife- 
I'l'tocrs  captured  thir7v  f  ^  *""  ."'^  ""=  Oregon  vol- 
•  "  y  there'  was  so  e  ilSr."'/""  "!  ^<  <""  ' 
(  olonelShawalsodidson.ofi  TV  '■  """""S  ^'-'^'^ivc 
eomUry,  but  there,  ^:K;ht"'ii;'"«',° ''™"'  ^'""'1 


•I 


166 


INDIAN  WARS. 


more  effective  method  of  subduing  the  Indians  could 
be  adopted  than  to  unhorse  them  and  take  away  their 
supplies.  The  march  of  the  several  detachments  of 
regulars  and  volunteers  through  the  Indian  country 
forced  the  neutral  and  needy  Indians  to  accept  the 
overtures  of  the  United  States  government  through 
the  Indian  and  military  departments,  and  they  now 
surrendered  to  the  agents  and  army  officers,  to  the 
number  of  923,  comprising  the  Wasco,  Tyghe,  Des 
Chutes,  and  a  portion  of  the  John  Day  tribes,  all  of 
whom  were  partially  subsisted  by  the  government. 
About  400  of  the  Yakimas  and  Klikitats  who  sur- 
rendered to  Colonel  Wrigfht  during  the  summer  were 
also  assisted  by  the  government  agents. 

Soon  after  a  battle  on  the  Grand  Rond,  Major 
Layton  mustered  out  his  battalion,  the  time  of  the 
(3rogon  troops  having  expired,  leaving  only  Shaw's 
battalion  in  the  Walla  Walla  Valley,  to  hold  it  until 
Colonel  Wright  should  be  prepared  to  occupy  it  with 
the  regular  troops,  who  had  not  fought  nor  attenjpted 
to  fight  an  engagement  during  the  summer.  A  scout- 
ing party  of  Jordan's  Indian  allies,  in  recovering  200 
captured  horses,  killed  two  hostile  Indians,  the  sole 
achievement  of  a  regiment  of  troops  in  the  field  for 
four  months.  About  the  1st  of  Auajust  Wrijjfht  re- 
turned  to  Vancouver,  leaving  Major  Garnett  in  com- 
mand of  Fort  Simcoe,  and  tlie  Indians  at  liberty  to 
give  the  volunteers  employment,  which  they  were 
ready  enough  to  do." 

•The  2d  regiment  of  Washington  volunteers  was  officered,  so  far  as  the 
official  correspondence  shows,  as  follows:  Co.  A,  Cant.  Edward  Lander;  1st 
lieut  A.  A.  Denny,  vice  H.  H.  Pcixotto  resigned;  '2d  licut  D.  A.  I  v,"lv;  H. 

A.  Hniith  surgeon;  strength  53  rank  and  file.  Non-con<,  officers,  J  )lin  Hen- 
niug,  0.  1).  Biven,  J.  Uoss,  Jacob  Wibbeus,  James  Fielding,  Walter  -  irahani, 
David  Manner,  Asa  Fowler.  Co.  B,  Capt.  (Jilinore  Hays,  promoted  lo  iiiujor 
by  election;  Ist  lieut  A.  B.  Rabbeson,  elected  capt.  vice  Hays;  1st  litut  Van 
Ogle,  vice  Rabbeson,  and  John  Brady,  vice  Van  Oglo,  commanded  la.\tly  by 
Captain  Burntrager;  2d  lieut  William  Martin;  2d  lieut  William  Temple,  vice 
Martin  resigned.     Non-com.  officers,  Frank  Ruth,  D.  Martin,  M.  (JoodtU,  N. 

B.  CoiFey,  J.  L.  Myres,  T.  Hughes,  H.  Horton;  strength  52  men  rank  and 
tile.  Co.  C,  Capt.  B.  L.  Henncss;  Ist  lieut  (1.  C.  Blankenship;  2d  lieut  F.  A. 
Goodwin;  non-commissioned  officers,  Joseph  Cushman,  William  J.  Yeagcr, 
Henry  Laws,  James  Phillips,  William  E.  Klady,  Tliomas  Hicks,  S.  A.  Phil- 
lips, H.  Johnson;  strengtn  07  rank  <iud  fde.    Co.  D,  Capt.  Achilles;  1st 


STEVENS'  MOVEMENTS. 

after  ti,e  Oregon  trool  wer^^f.  f"  '*"  '"""ths 
understandinir  that  pT    1,,^  •  ^'thtlravvn  upon  tli« 

Walla  WallaValW  "'r  t^'^*"*  ""^^  *°  -™Py  «■« 
tnbes  enjoyed  the%i)est  libertv"r/"r  *'"'  h^'"' 
"f.the  southern  battalion  and  tl^  '^  *"  •*''^  appearing 
being  n  ignorance  of  the Tnt^^r  ^T'?"^'-'' ''"'"'-Jlj? 
toward  then,,  n,ade  tl.t  in  o ''nil  ""^  ^utl^oritii' 
their  allegiance.  "  "'""'^  f°<^  withdrawing 

had  &\t;^t"ts'i™'^l  "'"'  ''"'•  ^'^  --iiaries 
P-^e^sand  Sp^ok^nes  orsttnTT  *?  !'°W  "»  ^S 
mot  the  volunteers  in  th^  W,I  "  wT  Vofcamons, 
-eorted  Captain  Hobie'iirth'^^ltuTStS- 7" 
"»"t  p„„„,  ..„.„„  „      .  PP'.>'  train  under 


gcrs,  Cant.  K    VV    l.!'    '^  I^listij 


C^''«''-«InuSs'cap^s"s'^?.  ^"/'r^'  l^i'"t  ^  ^^^'"^^^^      John  TajC 
?^ycorrespon,k'nce     ni„  '"f-.^'^'''^-  ^^ov,  JS57  os  in       ^"'''**"''  ''""'•o 


w 


INDIAN  WAES, 


his  charge  to  the  Nez  Percd  country.  On  the  24th 
of  July  Robie  returned  and  communicated  to  Colonel 
Shaw,  just  in  from  the  Grand  Rond  expedition,  the 
disaixreeable  intellisfenee  that  the  Nez  Percys  had 
shown  a  hostile  disposition,  declaring  the  treaty 
broken,  and  refusing  to  receive  the  goods  sent  them.*" 
This  would  have  been  unwelcome  news  at  any  time, 
but  was  most  trying  at  this  juncture,  when  half  the 
force  in  field  was  quitting  it  to  be  mustered  out  of  ser- 
vice. This  exigency  occasioned  the  call  for  two  more 
companies  of  volunteers.  Subsequent  to  making  the 
call,  Stevens  decided  to  go  in  person  to  Walla  Walla, 
and  if  possible  to  hold  a  council.  A  messenger  was 
at  once  despatched  to  Shaw,  with  instructions  to  send 
runners  to  the  different  tribes,  friendly  and  hostile, 
inviting  them  to  meet  him  on  the  25th;  but  accompa- 
nying the  invitation  was  the  notice  that  he  required 
the  unconditional  surrender  of  the  warring  bands. 

Stevens  urged  Colonel  Wright  to  be  present  at  the 
council,  and  to  send  three  companies  of  regulars,  in- 
cluding all  his  mounted  men,  to  the  Walla  Walla  Val- 
ley for  that  occasion.  Wright  declined  the  invitation 
to  participate  in  the  council,  but  signified  his  intention 
of  sending  Steptoe  to  Walla  Walla  to  establish  a  post 
in  that  country. 

On  the  19th  of  August,  Stevens  set  out  from 
The  Dalles  with  a  train  of  30  wagons,  80  oxen,  and 
200  loose  animals,  attended  only  by  his  messenger, 
Pearson,  and  the  employes  of  the  expedition.  A  day 
or  two  behind  him  followed  the  baggage  and  supply 
train  of  Steptoe's  command.  He  arrived  without 
accident  at  Camp  Mason  on  the  23d,  sending  word 
in  all  directions  to  inform  the  Indians  of  his  wish  to 
meet  them  for  a  final  adjustment  of  their  difficulties 
at  the  council-ground  five  miles  from  Waiilatpu.     At 

'"  See  letters  of  W.  H.  Pearson  and  other  correspondents,  in  Or.  Statesman, 
Aug.  6,  1850;  Or.  Ari/ii^  Aug.  2,  1850;  Olympla  Pioneer  and  Dem.,  Aug. 
6,  1850.  Pearson,  wlio  was  in  the  Nez  Perc6  country,  named  the  hostile  chiefs 
as  follows:  Looting  Glass,  Three  Feathers,  Eed  Bear,  Eagle-from-the-light, 
B«d  Wolf,  and  Mau-with-a-rope-in-his-mouth. 


FRmTLESS  COUNCIL. 


tne  end  of  a  \v««?         i  ^^ 

«nd  of  another  weekr?!*!,-     '".?=''"*•  Cra'f.     At  tl?f 
same  day  PatW  Rtejl/V"'''^  "'^^<> ''"'^"t  on  ifc! 

t"o  sunenntondent.  havinr;  1  . '''^•'''■'ed  to  uioefc 

course  by  Kan.iakin.  who  fad  ''" ,  "V*?''«'"'t^<i  to    hi 

t^p-«-en,and^„^-^>-^^^^^^^^^^^ 
T3«LS  td  tSpfeh'e"-  Chutes,  and 

tihty  by  firing  the  grass  rffT     •^'^h.bdmg  their  hos 

f"rtv     ^'r-^  ''^-J  ?«e?t,'5t;:°""fyth?ytraviS 
,^V rtj-one  Imrses  and  thirty  paM  "  P»<'k-t.ai„  „f 

t  rxr„rn't''^'''"--^^^^    ""  ■'" "" 

closed  on  the  ir^el  ""  "'«  H"'  of  September  »  ^ 
--"time  to  Ste^tltSrrT  '"'^  A"":  nt^f 
l'>thms  wasaecomplished  Prh/'^r  "^ '"'  ""tbreai^ 
tjic  war  chiefs  would  assent  J     v""t'^'  ***""«  to  whil 

J '.e  Dalles  w,th  iiis  train  rf  Indi?,  '  T^'''^^  to 
',y  bhaw  s  eonunand  under  Goffi  ^"'"'^'  escorted 
'several  attacks  were  ,3         ',""  the  19th  and  20tl. 

^-■?ted  by  stept:  stt^s'Ltir  '"''r^  ^S 

tination  m  safety.     After  fi-  ■>'  ''oached  liis  de« 

c'V"r  Stevens  Stnrned  tof,  """^'"y-'ng  repulse  Gov  "  ' 

-.«therforaeouni'^l---to^4^^^ 


m 


INDIAN  WARS. 


beinfy  represented  by  Red  Wolf  and  Eagle-from-the- 
light,  the  Cayuses  by  Howlish  Wampo,  Tintinraetse, 
and  Stickas,  with  some  other  sub-chiefs  of  both 
nations.  None  of  the  Yakimas,  Des  Chutes,  Walla 
Wallas,  or  Spokanes  were  preoent;  and  all  that  could 
be  elicited  from  those  who  attended  the  council  was 
that  they  desired  peace,  and  did  not  wish  the  treaty 
of  Walla  Walla  confirmed. 

Wright  remained  at  Walla  Walla  until  November, 
the  post  of  Fort  Walla  Walla"  being  established  on 
Mill  Creek,  six  miles  from  its  junction  with  the  Walla 
Walla  River,  where  the  necessary  buildings  were 
completed  before  the  20th.  In  November  Fort  Dalles 
was  garrisoned  by  an  additional  company  under 
brevet  Major  Wise.  The  Cascade  settlement  was 
protected  by  a  company  of  the  4th  infantry  under 
Captain  Wallen,  who  relieved  Captain  Winder  of  the 
9th  infantry.  The  frontier  being  thus  secured  against 
invasion,  the  winter  passed  without  many  warlike 
demonstrations. 


About  the  20th  of  July  the  volunteer  companies 
left  on  the  Sound  when  Shaw's  battalion  departed  for 
Walla  Walla  were  disbanded,  the  hostile  Indians  be- 
ing driven  east  of  the  mountains,  and  the  country 
being  in  a  good  state  of  defence.  On  the  4th  of  Au- 
gust Governor  Stevens  called  a  council  of  Indians  at 
Fox  Island,  to  inquire  into  the  causes  of  discontent, 
and  finding  that  the  Nisquallies  and  Puyallups  were 
dissatisfied  with  the  extent  of  their  reservation,  not 
without  a  show  of  reason,  he  asfreed  to  recommend  an 
enlargement,  and  a  re-survey  was  ordered  on  the  28th, 
which  took  in  thirteen  donation  claims,  for  which  con- 
gress appropriated  nearly  $5,000  to  pay  for  improve- 
ments. 

Having  satisfied  the  Indians  of  his  disposition  to 
deal  justly  with  them,  he  next  made  a  requisition  upon 

"  Old  Fort  Walla  Walla  of  the  H.  B.  Ck).  being  abandoned,  the  name  was 
transferred  to  this  post,  about  28  miles  iu  the  interior. 


CAPTURE  OP  LESCHr. 


C^olonel  Wricrhf  f      ^i       ,  ^'* 

be  tried  for  niuS^^     '  ?"'^-*^''*  •^'^""^^^  Kitsan  t' 
-ho  had  holcuti/n'ruit  W'^>f'"^^ 
^«"ntry,  and  been  ^n  it  ^d  to  ^''^^^^^  {"  ^^e  f  aki.na 
parole  and  obligation  toTen  ,.  "^'^  °"  *'^^'^ 

was  reluctant  to  give  un  thf  r^'1  P^^^^-     But  Wri^^ht 
that  although  iJlZ  "fade  no"f'"'-"^"^^"''  ->-^' 
them  accountable  for  thpirf       P^  "^^'ses  not  to  hold 
-cler  it  unwise  to  s  Le^Terfe""^'  ^.^  ^^^"W  -^ 
ad.sturb„,g  effect  upo,    the  ^^•'^''^''*^^"''^<^' have 
e.v'..voring  to  quiet.^  Steven.  ^^^"%'''''''*  '^^  was 
;;"h  er   terms  wUld  be  a';:" ^^f '^^  ^'^f  P-ee  on 
dutj    and  would  deprociat/fl?      !    '^'^andonment  of 
thor,t.es  with  the  h"dilns\f"  '"n"^""^  °^*  ^he  au- 
fiuentl^.  assured  then   tha    Vh?    'u^-^'  ''^•^  ^'"^  ^''<i  ^Ve- 
Jfed;  he  repeated  h"srefuisft^f''*r^^"^^^  *'- P"^'- 
tho  last  of  the  nmnth   Sr  r^'  ^^,^^^"Pon,  toward 
turn  over  to  the  gove  norXtS  H  ^'/^^  ""'^^'^^  to 
The  army  officers  were  not  in  .       ""  J,"^'^"'^  "'-^'"^'i- 
tlioy  deemed  the  arbit 'arrcourseTf' S''^^^  ''''^'  ^^''^^^ 
Garnett  found  it  easy  to  Iv^dotl     *^^^'^^"^^^''"or,and 
""congenial  a  duty,  the  iTdinn^^''-^'^'^^^"'"^'^"^*^  "^  «o 
J^any  of  them  hav^.g  'J;Vted%    h^'  T''^'^'^'  ^-d 
they  gave  themselves  up  to  tt       rf  ^'""^''  ^^'''^'r<^' 
at  Fort  Steilacoom  *         *^'^  ""^'*"^y  authorities 

the  middle  of  ]SWemberIf\v^"^"^^^^^''^t  about 
tlio  treaehery  of  two  of  his  ll^"  T"^>P^'«hed  by 
Ehkukah.     Thev  wpnf  f    11       ,"  P'^'^P^^'  Skumia  and 

-   hiding,  poor^a^  Vu«  ti  T  "'"■^'  "^^^^^^^  ^^^ 
^«ay  by  the  Yakimas  Xh.^'  ^l^''!"^   '^^^^"  ^'nvon 
who  would  allow  iZto  r        •    ^"'^""tted  to  Wri<.ht 
«"  condition  that  he^tame'th  '"  '^'''  ^^""^^^  -  7  • 
^'ccoyed  him  toaspot  wh",  ?r-     r^'  ^"^  ^^^^'h,:; 
scaled,  suddenly  seiz^ed\nrH    "T^  ^'^^'^^^^  were  con^ 
"P   to   Sydney'^Spo;d^,J',«"»d  him,  to  be  delivered 
Stevens  at  Olvrnp  a  '   ''^^   surrendered   him   to 


172 


INDIAN  WARS. 


I 

f 


: 


\\l 


■  I 


The  particular  crime  with  which  Lesclii  was  charged 
was  the  kilHiig  of  A.  B.  Moses,  the  place  heing  in 
Pierce  county.  Court  had  just  adjourned  wlien  iie 
was  brought  in,  but  as  Judge  Chenoweth,  who  resided 
on  Whidbey  Island,  had  not  yet  left  Steilacoom,  he 
was  requested  by  the  governor  to  hold  a  special  term 
for  the  trial  of  Leschi,  and  the  trial  came  off  on  the 
1 7th  of  November,  the  jury  failing  to  agree.  A  second 
trial,  begun  on  the  18th  of  March,  1857,  resulted  in 
conviction,  and  the  savage  was  sentenced  to  be  hanged 
on  the  10th  of  Juno.  This  action  of  the  Governor 
was  condemned  by  the  regular  army  officers,  there 
being  in  this  case  Ihe  same  opposition  of  sentiment 
between  the  civil  and  military  authorities  which  had 
existed  in  all  the  Indian  wars  in  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington— the  army  versus  tlie  peo|)le. 

Proceedings  were  instituted  to  carry  the  case  up 
to  the  sujireme  court  in  December,  wliich  post|)oned 
the  execution  of  tiie  sentence.  The  o[)inion  of  Mc- 
Padden,  acting  chief  justice,  sustained  the  previous 
action  of  the  district  court  and  the  verdict  of  the 
juiy.  Leschi's  sentence  was  again  pronounced,  the 
day  of  his  execution  being  fixed  upon  the  22d  of  Jan- 
uary, 1858.  In  tlie  mean  time  Stevens  had  resigned, 
and  a  new  governor,  McMuUin,  had  arrived,  to 
whom  a  strong  appeal  was  made  by  the  counsel  and 
friends  of  Leschi,  but  to  no  effect,  700  settlers  pro- 
testing against  pardon.  When  the  day  of  execution 
at-rived,  a  large  ctmcourse  of  people  assembled  at 
Steilacoom  to  witness  the  death  of  so  celebrated  a 
savage.  But  the  friends  of  the  doomed  man  had 
prepared  a  surprise  for  them.  The  sheriff  of  Pierce 
county  and  his  deputy  were  arrested,  between  the 
hours  of  ten  and  twelve  o'clock,  by  Lieutenant  Mc- 
Kibben  of  Fort  Steilacoom,  apj)()inted  United  States 
marshal  for  the  purpose,  and  Frederick  Kautz,  upon 
a  warrant  issued  by  J.  M.  Bachelder,  United  States 
connnissioner  and  sutler  at  that  [)ost,  u[)on  a  charge 
of  .selling  liquor    to    the  Indians.     An  attempt  was 


\ : ::!  '■ 


EXECUTION  OF  LESCHI. 


173 


made  by  Secretary  Mason  to  obtain  the  death-warrant 
in  possession  of  the  sheriff,  whicli  attempt  was  frus- 
trated until  after  the  hour  fixed  for  the  execution  had 
passed,  during  which  time  the  sheriff  remained  in  cus- 
tody with  no  attempt  to  procure  his  freedom. 

So  evident  a  plot,  executed  entirely  between  the 
prisoner's  counsel  and  the  military  authorities  at  Fort 
Steilacoom,  aroused  the  liveliest  indignation  on  the 
part  of  the  majority  of  the  people.  A  public  meeting 
was  held  at  Steilacoom,  and  also  one  at  Olympia,  on 
the  evening  of  the  22d,  at  which  all  the  persons  in 
any  way  concerned  in  the  frustration  of  the  sentence 
of  the  courts  were  condemned,  and  the  legislature  re- 
quested to  take  cognizance  of  it.  This  the  legislature 
did,  by  passing  an  act  on  the  following  day  requiring 
tlie  judges  of  the  supreme  court  to  hold  a  special  ses- 
sion on  or  before  the  1st  of  February  at  the  seat  of 
government,  repealing  all  laws  in  conflict  with  this 
act,  and  also  passing  another  act  allowing  the  judges, 
Chenoweth  and  McFadden,  Lander  beinijf  absent  t'roui 
the  territory,  one  hundred  dollars  each  for  their  ex- 
penses in  holding  an  extra  session  of  the  supremo 
court,  by  which  the  case  was  remanded  to  the  court 
of  the  2d  judicial  district,  whither  it  came  on  a  writ  of 
error,  and  an  order  is;  ued  for  a  special  session  of  tlie 
district  court,  before  which,  Chenoweth  presiding, 
Leschi  was  again  brought,  when  his  counsel  entered 
a  demurrer  to  its  jurisdiction,  which  was  overruled, 
and  Leschi  was  for  the  third  time  sentenced  to  be 
hanged;  and  on  the  19th  of  February  the  unha[)py  sav- 
age, ill  and  emaciated  from  long  confinement,  and  weary 
of  a  life  which  for  nearly  three  years  had  been  one  of 
strife  and  misery,  was  strangled  according  to  law. 

There  is  another  case  on  the  record  showing  the 
temper  of  the  time.  Shortly  after  Leschi's  betrayal 
and  arrest,  Quiemuth,  who  had  been  in  hiding,  pre- 
sented himself  to  George  Brail  on  Yelm  prairie,  with 
the  request  that  he  should  accompany  him  to  Olympia, 
and  give  him  up  to  Governor  Stevens  to  be  tried. 


174 


INDIAN  WARS. 


Brail  did  as  requested,  three  or  four  others  accom- 
panying him.  Arriving  at  Olympia  at  half-past  two 
in  the  morning,  they  aroused  the  governor,  who,  placing 
then  all  in  his  office,  furnished  lire  and  refreshments, 
locked  the  front  door,  and  proceeded  to  make  ar- 
rangements for  conveying  the  party  to  Steilacoom 
before  daylight. 

Although  caution  was  used,  the  fact  of  Quiemuth's 
presence  in  the  town  became  known,  and  several  per- 
sons quietly  gained  access  to  the  governor's  oifice 
through  a  back  door,  among  whom  was  James  Bunton, 
a  son-in-law  of  James  McAllister,  who  was  killed 
while  conversing  with  some  of  Leschi's  people.  The 
guard  saw  no  suspicious  movement,  when  suddenly  a 
shot  was  fired,  there  was  a  quick  arousal  of  all  in  the 
room,  and  Quiemuth  with  others  sprang  to  the  door, 
where  he  was  met  by  the  assassin  and  mortally 
stabbed.  So  dimly  lighted  was  the  room,  and  so 
unexpected  and  sudden  was  the  deed,  that  the 
j)erpetrator  was  not  recognized,  although  there  was  a 
warrant  issued  a  few  hours  later  for  Bunton,  who,  on 
examination,  was  discharged  for  want  of  evidence.^^ 

Few  of  the  Indian  leaders  in  the  war  on  the  Sound 
survived  it.  Several  were  hanged  at  Fort  Steilacoom ; 
three  were  assassinated  by  white  men  out  of  revenge; 
Kitsap  was  killed  in  June  1857,  on  the  Muckleshoot 
prairie,  by  one  of  his  own  people,  and  in  December  fol- 
lowing Sluggia,  who  betrayed  Leschi,  was  killed  by 
Leschi's  friends.^'  Nelson  and  Stahi  alone  survived 
when  Leschi  died.  His  death  may  be  said  to  have 
been  the  closing  act  of  the  war  on  Puget  Sound;  but 
it  was  not  until  the  ratification  of  the  Walla  Walla 
treaties  in  1859  that  the  people  returned  to  their 
farms  in  the  Puyallupand  upper  White  River  valleys.'* 
So  antagonistic  was  the  feeling  against  Stevens  con- 

^•iQlympia  Pioneer  and  Dem.,  Nov.  28,  1856;  Elridfie's  Sketch,  MS.,  0. 

"  Ohjm)>ia  Pioneer  and  Dem.,  July  .3  anil  Dec.  11,  1857. 

'*  Patkaniin  died  soon  after  the  war  was  over.  The  Pioneer  ami  Democrat, 
\ji,\\.  '21,  18;jtt,  reninrked:  'It  is  just  aa  well  that  ho  ia  outof  tlio  way,  as  in 
^itu  of  everything,  wo  never  believed  in  his  friendship. '    Seattle  died  in  16U6, 


^U 


^'AR  CLAIxMS. 

<Juct  of  the  war  at  f h.  f  i      ,  "* 

-any  years  before Iht'^rll^^^^  Zf^h  *^?^  '*  was 
The  labors  of  thp  n««     •    •       ^^^  allowed. 

cWmsoccupied  a  ,rrr;r",^''P™»'«<'  t°  -»™ine 
gress  appropriated  twdvo  tW      .'T.,*'""  "''"'^'>  «on- 

"ffgregated  nearly  six  twiHn     f^.°n  '""'  Wasl,i„gt„„ 
papers  were  all  (.IdC'Zro""""-"     ^''•''"th" 
I'aif  a  cord  in  bulk,  wh  ch  Sm  h  ?  ^o™""-^  mass  of 
'"   '857..'    ThesecXrvrff '•°'''?W««l'i"gto„ 
'""need  the  finding,  eZ^,?^'''"  ^"  ''^Port,  pro- 
pr"v,s,on  should  be  madefor  *!.'  ■"""^""""^ding  that 
amount."  ""^''  '"'  the  payment  of  the  fulj 

tlio  OicMn  volunf«n^:    ^^"==^-^»9'i  .424  78     oV  .,  •"^'^••^•^  't""  Oregon;  nn( 
,.,  '««aicl  Horace  Greelev   'Ti  ^V^-^^lHugton  vofunteers 

.Spoliation  cltimi]  rhalTa v^fr  "««'     ^t'^-  ^  c     A    er   [|.'''^?'V^  ^"'''«''s 
canns  of  the  Orion  an.    W    ^•*'"  t>aid  l,a  f  a  centurv  n.      '"  ^'^"^  ^''^n^^" 

tuio  providing,  fnf  /i    ^'^^«- containing  a  convnfV^:  '^*  »T-.  »"<!  //.  Misc 
•■q'o.te  of  committee  v^i  V"5;4   ISoO,  in  //.  l{'P^iy  „*i,"'«  ''ou«o  com- 

tynl  auditor,  ^.V  ll    ,f  ^'"?i  «^  *''«  war  dS  uiH  ^i,'^«'""gton   for  ,1 

"  •  •■^«*''  «>ng.     St  S    vT •""'  '-^''^'^  ^^^'^  March  o°J- 1'^  A^"''^  "^ '''« 
^\'  hams  and  V.  H  cwiJ^''  '•'  «=?""" unication  from  ^nJ?*''^'  ^'^'^  "''«•> 
audited  by  PhilornUn    ,*'"•.  ^^  the  Oregon  In,)^^?.      '^'''"Jtors  Goorge  if 
^^■V.  DowtKn  £"''*''■• '^''''-'''  enclosefletto^n    *!'''•■?'''•'"«  "f  '«.-,-« 


176 


INDIAN  WARS. 


The  number  of  white  persona  known  to  have  been 
killed  by  Indians ^^  in  Oregon  previous  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  latter  on  reservations,  including  the  few 
fairly  killed  in  battle,  so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to 
gather  from  reliable  authorities,  was  nearly  700,  be- 
sides about  140  wounded  who  recovered,  and  without 
counting  those  killed  and  wounded  in  Washington.'^ 

Two  events  of  no  small  significance  occurred  in  the 
spring  of  1857 — the  union  of  the  two  Indian  superin- 
tendcncies  of  Washington  under  one  superintendent, 
J.  W.  Nesmith  of  Oregon,  and  the  recall  of  General 
Wool  from  the  command  of  the  department  of  the 
Pacific.  The  first  was  in  consequence  of  the  heavy 
expenditures  in  both  superintendencies,  and  the  sec- 
ond was  in  response  to  the  petition  of  the  legislature 
of  Oregon  at  the  session  of  1856-7.  Tlio  successor 
of  Wool  was  Newman  S.  Clarke,  who  paid  a  visit  to 
tl^e  Columbia  River  district  in  June.'^ 

interest  to  be  allowed  on  the  award  of  the  Indian  war  claims,  in  Sen.  Com, 
licpt,  8,  37th  coug.  '2cl  soss. ;  letter  of  secretary  of  the  treasury,  contain- 
ing information  relative  to  claims  incurred  in  suppressing  Indian  hostilities  in 
Oregon  and  Washington,  and  which  were  acted  and  reported  upon  by  tlio 
commission  authorized  by  tlie  act  of  August  18,  1850,  in  Sen.  Ex.  J)or.,  1  and 
2,  4'2d  cong,  2d  sess. ;  report  of  tlio  committee  on  mili*«ry  affairs,  June  '22. 
IST-t,  in  7/.  llcptA  of  Vom.,  873,  43d  cong.  1st  scss. ;  letter  from  tiio  thirii 
auditor  to  tlio  chairman  of  the  committee  on  military  affairs  on  tho  subject  of 
claims  growing  out  of  Indian  hostilities,  in  Oregon  and  Washington,  in  //. 
Ex.  Doc,  51,  35th  cong.  2d  sess. ;  vol.  vii.,  and  Id.  Doc,  vol.  iv.,  3l)th  cong. 
1st  sess.;  communication  of  C.  S.  Drew,  on  tho  origin  and  early  prosecution 
of  tho  Indian  war  in  Oregon,  \ii  Sen.  Misc.  Doc,  50,  3Gth  cong.  1st  scss.,  relat 
ing  chiefly  to  Rogue  River  Valley;  Stnvnn'  Srwech  uii  War  Expniaea  he/ore  the 
Committee  of  Military  Affairs  of  the  House,  March  15,  18C0;  Stxvens'  Speech, 
OH  War  Clnim.H  in  the  IJowe  of  Representatives,  May  31,  1858;  Spcechi's  o; 
Joseph  Lane  in  the  House  of  Jfcpresentatives,  April  2,  1850,  and  May  13,  1S5A; 
Speech  of  I,  I.  Stevens  in  the  ITouhc  of  Representatives,  Fel).  31,  1859;  Al'x 
California,  July  4,  1857;  Or.  Statesman,  Jan.  20,  1858;  Dowell  and  Gibhs' 
Brief  in  Donnell  vs  CardweV,  Sup.  Court  Decisions,  1877;  Early  Affairs 
Siskiyou  County,  MS.,  13;  Swan's  N.  W.  Coast,  388-91. 

"See  a  list  by  S.  C.  Drew,  in  the  iV.  Y.  Tribune,  July  0,  1857.  Lindsay 
Applegato  furnishes  a  longer  one,  but  neither  list  is  at  all  complete.  Sec  alvj 
letter  of  Lieut  John  MuUan  to  Commissioner  Mix,  in  Mullan's  Top,  Mem,, 
32;  Sen.  Ex.  Doc,  .32,  .35th  cong.  2d  sess. 

'•I  arrived  at  this  estimate  by  nutting  down  in  a  book  tho  names  and  tho 
number  of  persons  murdered  or  slain  in  battle.  The  result  surprised  me, 
although  there  wcro  undoubtedly  others  whoso  fate  was  never  certainly  as- 
certained. This  only  covera  the  period  which  ended  with  tho  close  of  the 
war  of  185.')-0;  there  were  many  others  killed  after  these  years. 

'■">  Tho  distributiou  of  United  States  troops  in  tho  district  for  1857  was  two 


I.; 


„«,.•"•«»■' 


^u^Sf^^^ 


^esmith   did   not  relievo  ^f  '^ 

supennteiiderit  afw    ,  .  '^^  Stevens  of"  Jiis  rln+.v 

-""  after  ;';l  f  S;7^;"  ?""' «-  ^ro'tr^ 

t  olunibi,,  River  dis  S  '    ,  "^  '""^  "  ''''^'^  to  t  ,'0 

''^th,o  best  n,cv.„fof  brino.i„l.f '"!  "'^  'S^^  be  ratified 

^nd  laws  permitted  the  „',T  ''"''°"^--  «'at      e 
Ofegoii  and  \Vasln,„rf       "«cupation  of  the  h,„L     e 

"'«  Indians,  nlk,,"  S  ^ '^^'''"'-'1  °''  "^«  ^  "'t    if 
rendernig  it  in,pos.s1bIe  t 't-r"'!"-'  '""'^ '''  ■'"""tv  a, 
'''->'  and  the  s^ittler  ,     F-i'TJ  7'"^''°"^  l-ot;  • 
be  cul  i.ated  while  their  tiSt"^  f,'''""""^  '^»"''l  >"  t 

companies  of  tho  4th  fnf    .  *"®    S^'We    timo 


„      '  Nosni  th  foiin,!  fJ.  ^   '        ""''^  '"  suhiyctior 

^'■nn.sCovc.,  Wl.i.lhiyS  7?„f  "^'al  agc,.t  fo  '  S  fc  '''  ^^'^ 

■,^  ■'•<  ■""  in  vhLcu,  t  pT  'i^  ^''''"*^«-«n'l  other  con«/f^    *'"'''*^-  <^'l'elia]i,s 


'*»"f..wV    ,-r".'^ 


V  tl  ?;>^■.•■•^',  *^«;  t^*"  ^  ty- 


:■»»   ■  <?»ir''»»- 


178 


INDIAN  WARS. 


I 


failed  to  purchase  it,  l)ut  gave  white  people  a  right  to 
settle  in  the  eountrv. 

About  the  middle  of  April  1858  Colonel  Steptoe 
notHicd  General  Clarke  that  an  expedition  to  the  north 
seemed  advisable,  if  not  absolutely  necessary,  as  a 
petition  had  been  received  from  forty  persons  living 
at  Colville  for  troops  to  be  sent  to  that  place,  the 
Indians  in  the  vicinity  being  hostile.  Two  white  men 
en  route  for  Colville  mines  had  been  killed  by  tlie 
Pulouses,  who  had  also  made  a  foray  into  the  Walla 
Walla  country  and  driven  off  the  cattle  belonging  to 
the  army.  On  the  Gth  of  May  Steptoe  left  Walla 
Walla  with  130  dragoons,  proceeding  toward  the 
Nez  Perce  country  in  a  leisurely  manner.  At 
Snake  River  he  was  ferried  across  by  Timothy, 
who  also  accompanied  him  as  guide.  At  the 
Alpowah  he  found  thirty  or  forty  of  the  Palouses, 
who  were  said  to  have  killed  the  two  travellers,  who 
lied  on  his  approach.  On  the  IGth  he  received  in- 
formation that  the  Spokanes  were  preparing  to  fight 
him,  but  not  believing  the  report,  pursued  his  march 
northward ^^  until  he  found  himself  surrounded  b}^  a 
force  of  about  GOO  Indians  in  their  war-paint — Pa- 
louses,  Spokanes,  Coeur  d' Alines,  and  a  few  Nez 
Perces.  They  had  posted  themselves  near  a  ravine 
through  which  the  road  passed,  and  where  the  troops 
could  be  assailed  on  three  sides.  The  command  was 
lialted  and  a  parley  held  with  the  Spokanes,  in  which 
they  announced  their  intention  of  fighting,  saying  that 
they  had  heard  the  troops  had  come  to  make  war  on 
them,  but  they  would  not  bo  permitted  to  cross  the 
Spokane  River. 

Informing  his  officers  that  they  should  be  com- 
pelled to  light,  Steptoe  turned  aside  to  avoid  the 
dangerous  pass  of  the  ravine,  and  coming  in  about  a 
mile  to  a  small  lake,  encamped  there,  but  without  dar- 
ing to  dismount,  the  Indians  having  accompanied  them 

*'*  Letter  of  Steptoe.  toOov.  McMuUin,  July  16,  1858,  MS.;  letter  of  Lieut 
Gregg,  iu  Iml.  Aff.  Sepl,  IS58,  272. 


*  I! 

H 


n 


STEPTOE-S  CAMPAIGJT. 

.v^.*,  "-1'  11.0' :  :r^,:':,;;:' ■'>-^«'a„ » '"■-d-d 

>^"  shots  wore  fire,),  0,-^    b/lr?"'^  ""^  gesture.. 
Stcptoo  being  res„lv;d  tlia   tlf    e   *,''""P'  "i-  Indians 

'".'"  the  Spokane  country  .„  ]     u  ""  *''""'Ps  corain.' 
'  Colv,lle  to  learn  tho.CeVof  thh"'lP"  ^"'^  '^''7 

hrect  road  to  CoIviJlo  hnth'T    '*'  ""*  ''''«.„  the 
t»  pass  through  their  ou„t  „'l^  Z' "7"'  ,"f  hi«  w.V 
.7  ''imself  unconscious  Sw  f"    /T''"-'''  ''^'''Pt'^ 
."  load  lun,  to  Colville  «    Cf,      "1'"'  '"  '''''""'thv 
«»od  to  bo  satisfied   thev  r  f      ',""''  "'"  '•'"■«(■•'  l>i.;- 
;  '•••'■O' over  the  t  00  r./^  "^,';''/.»  f"n,i.h  ca, ,    . 
"«  o|,position  to  thera^L  '"'•'"""'  •■"' ""vieM- 
-■""I'fy-     Finding  that  h    .'"'i ,'",'"  ""•'  «l'"l<.u.  ■ 
■■;^';"n.st  groat  odd",  "  ?,* J^^'  ^  ""l''  have  to  e!,„t„, 

":  «"'""ocl  upon  rotreaSn"    aml^  f  "P"''"''  S'"l""'^ 
"'  the  ,rth  began  his  X^'  t^Tj'lT  ""-'  '""'-''ii^' 

^"  the  mean  time  *i,     r,      *'',«  Palouse. 
gathering  roots  in 'Ha    a   or?''  '''-^^'"'«-  »''"  «-oro 
''ad  been  iriforuied  o('?  '  '  '  V-  '"  ■■*  '>•■"■  ""l-s.h-.stant 

;';s;.''  to  join  thes^lu  cs'':;;:'',"^f ''•-. «-'  -" « 

■t  the  troops  escapi  out  of' tS      '"'','  ""*  "^"""""t  to 
hoy  were  about  1  larcl  n  /  «,""/'•'""'««>  easily.     As 
"""  Father  Joset.wt'w^  tf'^  /--■'■<--'  a  vW 
"o  causes  which   ed   to    LT   ?  *"'"'l''"''»  tohin, 
slander   which   the  k  .us^s  TT"""'^'  and  al.so 
'"'"-»;    that  he  had    fcni'hed    ,,'''"'V''*«'   'W'h.st 
,;:'f=X{lS,---n  "'"  ^"^'— vuh 


I 

!i 


\l 


im 


INDIAN  WARS. 


ammunition.  It  was  then  aijireod  that  an  interview 
should  ho  had  with  the  principal  chiefs;  hut  oidy 
the  Cocur  d'Alenc  chief  Vincent  was  found  ready  to 
meet  Steptoe.  In  the  midst  of  the  interview,  which 
was  held  as  they  rode  along,  the  chief  was  called 
away  and  firing  was  commenced  hy  the  Palouses,  who 
were  dog(jing  the  heels  of  the  command.  What  at 
first  seemed  an  attack  hy  this  small  party  of  Indians 
only  soon  hecame  a  general  hattle,  in  which  all  were 
engaged.  Colonel  Steptoe  labored  under  the  disadvan- 
tage of  having  to  defend  a  pack-train  while  moving  over 
a  rolling  country  particularly  favorable  to  Indian  war- 
fare. The  column  mt)vcd,  at  first,  in  close  order,  with 
the  supply  train  in  the  middle,  guarded  by  a  dragoon 
company,  with  a  company  in  the  front  and  rear.  At 
tlie  crossing  of  a  small  stream,  the  Indians  closing  in 
to  get  at  the  head  of  the  column.  Lieutenant  Gregg, 
with  one  company,  was  ordered  to  move  forward  and 
occupy  a  hill  which  the  Indians  were  trying  to  gain 
for  that  purpose.  Ho  had  no  sooner  reached  this  po- 
sition than  the  Indians  sought  to  take  possession  of 
one  which  conmianded  it,  and  it  became  necessary  to 
divide  his  company  to  drive  them  from  the  new  posi- 
tion. 

By  this  time  the  action  had  become  general,  and 
the  companies  were  separated,  fighting  by  making 
short  charges,  and  at  a  great  disadvantage  on  account 
of  the  inferiority  of  their  arms  to  those  used  by  the 
Indians.  As  one  of  the  dragoon  companies  was  en- 
deavoring to  roach  the  hill  hold  by  Gregg's  company, 
the  Indians  made  a  charge  to  get  between  them  and 
the  hill  to  surround  and  cut  them  off.  Seeing  the 
movement  and  its  intention,  Lieutenant  Gaston,  who 
was  not  more  than  a  thousand  yards  off,  made  a  dash 
with  his  company,  which  was  met  by  Gregg's  company 
from  the  hill,  in  a  triangle,  and  the  Indians  suffered  the 
greatest  loss  of  the  battle  just  at  the  spot  where  the 
two  companies  met,  having  twelve  killed  in  the  charge."' 

*^Tlio  Iiuliaii  loss  in  tlio  battle  of  Steptoe  Dutte— called  Teliotoiiiiinmo 


u 
II! 


in-I 


'»'^»S-  the  kilJcI 


A  BLOQDV  FIGHT. 


I\V  of 


\\t'l-.,  J, 


181 


aiK.ther  JjoacJ 


^'-.^--d'AM;::T;^:^^'^^7'-^>-n.er 


"^"  llio  Cfx-ur  d'A"l 


man.     Vi,.t 


or. 


/"wjit,auclJan 


^•^'o^  <'^'  tirCc..^'  i^Tr:  '^'^  --tall, 


an  in;luenti.;i  ehi:;';. 


ifS. 


'""■b-n,„:::V;t::r;-;;^'<;-,"».iv,.;^l 


^voundetl.      T] 
"•^«  was  tiTi-ibli 


so 


[ll(ll 


^"■<',  %]iti;).r    t 


^st/iot 


f'oo 


,^  'i  «>n.staiit  ral. 


J....I   I....     ''''V'  ^^^'-ton  were  kill..!  ^-i     r  v  ' 


■'   t'>  reach   water,  (| 


'|..S 


•iMtil  al 


ic 


^^'t'reJiilJod.-'i 


coiuur'^/^t'-' ^''-iifficXd 


To  tl 


Joiit  i  I 
>r  and  /„•,,„. 


1 


"'".     Til,,-,.  J 


leseof]] 


Vi-V 


''■"■•t'^«cd  as  tl 


<>««  threw  tl 


I'^y  of  «anJ.i,,..  tlie 


le  1110,1  int 


-■--tuastliejMverehvthn    f      ,        '"^''  w^nCusi,., 


tl 


a-ir  ofh 


r  ''^'  t''^'"  ^allantl 


h'reof  tl 


eers 


lain 
It 


"f'  Ijullet,! 


"'fl  brought  th 


r  ^iof ended   tho  hod 
lieni  off  fi.,.  i!  II 


it's  of 


now  heeani 


''"  ^^^'  t^'O  lield   und 


!fr  a 


'--iH,,ii,v;;,:;r,:'pp-7"Mi.a,va 


liooi,^ 


Ste|.t 


■0'^'V^it,andtl 


I'toe  was  forced   t 


if^ngh  it  w 


'",';. ''^'-ouldobt 


<^  I'lniain 


could    lK)t    1,0 

'.^""t  much  past 


'"    iJic  ht'st 


-.■■-    'I'niu  obtain   <.m   <i  '    m^  i)e 

:;!!;''' '-'I:'"' plain,"';,  ™':;--"tr'-"i,i,, 


l'>*''veted   tl 


'^'11-  animals.     Tl 


roo 


j>.s  d 


po- 
"II  a 


'«"iounted  and 
^'ro  then  ordered 


^^■J'U-h    defence   tl 


''yfioliuli; 


:i-i  estiii 


illlS- 


i  Jilacon  1)011 1 


'''•'^  t^»J^-in-  the  hill  I 
^y  n-ero   successful 


'!■•"::'  '>>'  <iio  h'ui 


'"^'^•on  iiiilcs  fi 


>y  char, 
oward 


nil   til 


'Jest 


!'t''^,  ni 
even- 


Ki-  '^^  ''i«  .:;=;•;,:'.  H«'"'  «;"i  ™yr';s,":»» »'  .v... 


:.'ull 


"W./A 


ifi-.-it  on 


''^'.f  tv? 


!'l">^'  ••'"Hi  that 


"'I'T  "''-'t  i^icut 


mpui,,,!,  IS, 


"^"f  J'V'i,  aiulonl 


IllJlJl V  utj 


(;i< 


-',!,' iia,i 


y  "r  liftv 


tax. 


\v<)llii,|,,j;   l,„t 


in  Jff, 


'^■'■'^   "•^■■■o  «.,„  to  i- 


■•^'■'•■i'  .l-M.a,|  J 


'"V* ''■'-■  ••HI. I  diil 


y  a  f, 


'(/V 


HI  Ofli 


'i.si.ll. 


'irst   S 


L  r  of 


icilic 


i^'^-.  !'•     Tnvl, 


:ill.   (•/«,-/!■ 


ml 


laiis 


c  '(ltd 


"•  uas 


'oiiiisf. 


•7'.i^'<"'nt   AVin   c 


/'"/.  ././/;■/, 


i;;;--i.n..t,.i,i.,,,,;,.t/ 


list.       ( 


t'i'ailiiiite  of  \\ 


■INfoll 


Was 


Nad   i 


"Oil  u  Jit 


Hi  a 


'•'1    /!all 


;V'«  'ii'norai.ly  ,„ 


■ntioii 


Will 


/'',  l.s.-iS,  L'71, 


'  fe'i'iuiiati!  oi'  |,s 


cjst 

out 


a.s  ( 


]• 

-'W  iirtili 


"Iii'd  tl 


I  tor'  t  1  <        u-i,-  '      'V 


It'll  foe  fi 


It'll  1. 


Ivlllo, 


1    I 


"l'*',  (I  111  I 


'.V  tlio  lii.l 


rcac 


llllS.sill^r     ,,f( 

IC  'Siialio  li 


Will 


'■""■■;  "iKl  aiiotl 


'''■St'  and   I 


'I'uaid.     'J 
ivur 


lll'l-  KCl-, 


'•aiicis 


'"'.V   sur.vcioil 


ton  I 


"■'iilc-y,  i.  li    :  1^^^  ;/'•'"//  U/r.  1 1,     rult  .^^''  '  *?i'^^"JH'  and  ,,.  , 


:<';u;(. 


Ill 


.•iiiiiii 


■  l"^  'i'^*-'  'lis  /„/; 


•nan  ,., 


"■'■'l"'isoiiaI  ol 


'(III  i 


of  t 


"'"'•y  of  Wasl 


"usirvat 


o/n,ri/„f  imt/a  // 


;:'"'>  "n.u  at  1 


'fajH'  and  rcf 


!it'  War,  1 


"iii-'ton.     I 


iiiii.s  on  f 


■'//n 


''  III  JS. 


■nM-t'iR 


l''";<ii  of 


'  ''miliar 


-i"Stfe";::'":?™^»;;;'S:;;;'£i-^^ 


'"^'"J't'-.-ifionsof  {] 
'ts  a  nuinl 


as 


iiilall 


'lains 
iii-M  to 

Ull. 


,    i|i, 
\"||'iini(' 


[•^'.army  i„  ,;,„  j 


II- 


i'^^'^^autiy  writi;:.?^"^  '^"'""'"o  tiie  di.;.;:;':;^ 


'"•itqitoi 


'|''i'li'n(.s  of  (1 
t!'s  t.vjioaitioi, 


V  ')ni;in 
■a  III- 


-Vtlt 


n 


182 


INDIAN  WARS. 


ing  tlic  ammunition,  of  wliii'li  tboy  had  an  insufficient 
suj>i)ly,  began  to  give  out,  and  the  men  were  suffering 
so  severely  from  thirst  and  fati<nie  that  it  was  with 
ditKculty  the  three  remaining  officers  could  insjjiro 
them  to  defend  themselves.^^  Six  of  their  comrades 
were  dead  or  dying,  and  eleven  others  wounded. 
^Fany  of  the  men  were  late  recruits,  insufficiently 
(hilled,  wliose  courage  these  reverses  had  much  dimin- 
ished, if  not  altogetlier  destroyed. 

Nothing  remained  now  but  flight.  The  dead 
officers  were  hastily  interred;  and  taking  the  best 
horses  and  a  small  supply  of  pnivisions,  the  troops 
crept  silently  away  at  ten  o'clock  that  night  and 
hurried  toward  Snake  River,  where  they  arrived 
on  the  morning  of  the  19th.  Thence  Steptoe  re- 
turned to  Fort  Walla  Walla. 

One  of  the  reasons,  if  not  the  principal  one,  assigned 
by  the  Cosur  d'Alenes  for  their  excitability  and  [)a>;- 
siou  was  that  ever  since  the  outbreak  in  1855  they 
had  said  that  no  white  settlements  should  be  mad*,'  in 
their  country,  nor  should  there  be  any  roads  througli 
it;  and  they  Nverc  informed  a  road  was  about  to  l)e 
oj)ened  from  the  Missouri  to  the  Columbia  by  tlie 
United  States  goverimient  in  spite  of  their  protc^st."'* 
They  were  opposed,  also,  to  troops  being  sent  to  C,*ol- 
ville,  as  they  said  that  would  only  open  the  waj'  for 
more  troops,  and  again  for  more,  and  finally  for  the 
occupation  of  the  country. 

General  Clarke,  learning  from  Father  Josct  that 
the   C(]eur  d'Alenes  were  penitent,  offered  to  treat 

'■"' '  To  move  from  one  point  to  another  we  had  to  crawl  on  our  hands  and 
knees,  amid  the  howling  of  the  Indians,  the  jjroans  of  the  dyin,;;,  and  tlu! 
«  histliug  of  balls  and  arrows.'  Letterof  Lieut  Gregg,  iu  Iiul.  Ajf.  Jlijif,  IS.'iS, 
•274. 

'■"•This  referred  to  the  wagon-road  afterward  opened  by  John  Mnllan,  1st 
liout  I'd  art.,  in  charge  of  the  construction  of  a  military  road  from  Fort 
IJenton  to  Fort  Walla  Walla.  See  Mullan'.'i  Military  Jiond  licport.  The  only 
point  on  which  Steptoe  could  congratulate  himself  in  his  rejiort  on  his  cxpc- 
tiition  was  that  it  had  undoiditcdiy  saved  the  lives  of  Mullan's  w iiolo  ccui- 
niand,  who,  had  they  proceeded  into  tiio  Spokane  country  as  intended,  with- 
out iieing  warned  of  the  hostility  of  tiio  [ndi.ins,  would  have  been  slaughtered. 
As  it  was,  tiiey  remained  at  Tlie  Dalles.  Letter  of  Wright,  in  <'/nr!:c  tiinl 
Wrhjhi'^  >''ini!t'ii<iii,  'I'l;  Nijiorf  of  the  Si  cnUirj  of  War  IS'jS,  3.'i1;  letter  of 
StepLoe,  Id.,  3o0. 


i. 


WRIGHT  A\D  GARNETT. 


183 


with  them  on  easy  coiuhtioiis,  considering  ihv'ir  con- 
(hiet  toward  Colontl  Steptoe;  lie  sent  their  juicst 
back  to  them  with  passports,  which  were  to  conduct 
thcii'  chiefs  to  Vancouver  should  they  choose  to 
come. 

But  the  CoDur  d'Al^Mies  did  not  choose  to  come. 
True,  they  had  professed  penitence  to  their  priest, 
bcLjying  him  to  intercede  for  them,  but  as  soon  as  his 
back  was  turned  on  them,  they,  with  tlie  Sjxikanes 
and  Kahspels,  led  by  the  notorious  Telxawney,  brewed 
mischief.  The  Coiur  d'Alenes  openly  denied  <H)nsent- 
i]\'^  to  Father  Joset's  peace  mission,  and  were  incensed 
that  ho  should  meddle  with  things  that  did  not  con- 
cern him.  After  this,  attacks  ou  miners  and  others 
continued. 


In  June  General  Clarke  held  a  consultation  of  offi- 
cers at  Vancouver,  colonels  Wright  and  Steptoe  be- 
ing i)rt,jent,  when  an  expedition  was  determined  upon 
which  should  not  repeat  the  blunders  of  the  previous 
one,  and  Colonel  Wright  was  placed  in  conunand. 
Three  companies  of  artillery  were  brought  from  San 
Fi-ancisco,  one  from  Fort  Umpqua,  and  Caj)tain 
Judah  was  ordered  from  Fort  Jones,  in  California, 
with  one  company  of  4th  infantry.  The  troops  in- 
tended for  the  expedition  were  concentrated  at  Fort 
Walla  Walla,  where  they  were  thoroughly  diillcd  in 
the  tactics  which  they  were  expected  to  practise  on 
the  field,  the  artillerymen  being  instructed  in  liglit 
infantry  practice,  with  the  exception  of  a  slugh;  com- 
))any,  which  practised  at  artillery  drill  mounted. 
No  precaution  was  neglected  which  could  possibly 
secure  discipline  in  battle. 

At  the  same  time  that  the  expe<lition  against  the 
Spokanes  and  Coeur  d'Alenes  was  preparing,  an'  ^  ^r 
against  the  Yakimas  was  ordered,  under  the  command 
of  Major  Garnett,  who  was  to  move,  on  the  15th  of 
August,  with  300  troops,  nf)rthward  toward  Colville, 
thus  assisting  to  chive  the  hostile  Indians  toward  one 


IM 


INDIAN  WARS. 


common  centre.  Before  leaving  Fort  Walla  Walla, 
on  tlie  Gtli  of  August,  Wright  called  a  council  of  tlio 
Xcz  Perces,  with  whom  he  made  a  'treaty  of  friend- 
shi|),'  binding  them  to  aid  the  United  States  in  wars 
witii  any  otiier  tribes,  and  binding  the  United  States 
to  assist  them  in  tlie  same  case,  at  the  cost  of  the  gov- 
ernment; and  to  furnish  them  arms  whenever  their 
services  were  required.  The  treaty  was  signed  ))y 
Wright  on  the  ]Kirt  of  the  United  States,  and  by 
twenty-one  Nez  Perc(^s,  among  whom  were  Timothy, 
lliehard.  Three  Feathers,  and  Speaking  Eagle,  but  by 
none  of  the  greater  chiefs  already  known  in  this  his- 
tory. The  treaty  was  witnessed  by  six  army  officers 
and  approved  by  Clarke.^"  A  company  of  thirty  Nez 
IVrce  volunteers  was  organized  under  this  arranjjje- 
ment,  tlie  Indians  being  dressed  in  United  States  uni- 
form, to  flatter  their  pride  as  allies,  as  well  as  to 
distinguish  them  from  the  hostile  Indians.  This  com- 
j»any  Mas  placed  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant 
John  MuUan,  to  act  as  guides  and  scouts. 

On  the  7th  of  August  Captain  Keyes  took  his  de- 
parture with  a  detachment  of  dragoons  for  Snake 
River,  where,  by  the  advice  of  Colonel  Steptoc,  a 
fortification  was  to  be  erected,  at  the  point  selected 
for  a  crossing.  This  was  at  the  junction  of  the  Tu- 
cannon  with  the  Snake  E'ver.  It  was  built  in  the 
deep  g.  rge,  overhung  by  clift's  on  either  side,  2G0  and 
J310  lee  in  height.  The  fortification  was  named  Foit 
Taylor  n  honor  of  Captain  0.  H.  P.  Taylor,  killed  in 
the  batv  :  of  the  17th  of  May.  The  place  would  ha\o 
aftbrded  ttle  security  against  a  civilized  foe,  but  was 
thought  ife  from  Indian  attack.  A  reservation  of 
G40  acre  was  laid  out,  and  every  preparation  made 
for  a  permanent  post,  including  a  ferry,  for  which  a 
large  flat-boat  was  provided. 

'"Tliis  treaty  was  thopulijcct  of  ciiticiain.  Miillan  attributed  to  it  the  pood 
coniluct  of  the  Xez  Percr.s,  hut  partieuhirly  as  preventing  a  general  coalition 
of  the  Indian  trihes,  'and  a  lire  in  our  rear,  wliieli  if  once  comnicnccd  must  end 
in  our  total  destructiuu.'  hid.  Aj}'.  Hrjil,  l6oS,  2S1. 


AT  FORT  TAYLOP 


185 


h  a 


On  the  18tli  Wri'Mit  arrived  at  Fort  Taylor,  and 
in  a  lew  days  the  march  Ijegan.  The  dragoDns  num- 
bered 100,  tlie  artillery  400,  and  the  infantry  90.  The 
last  were  orj^anized  us  a  rifle  biiuade,  and  armed  with 
Shai-[»e's  long-i'anyo  ritl(;s  and  minio-ball,  two  im- 
jHovemcnts  in  the  implements  of  war  with  which  the 
Indians  were  unacquainted.  On  the  3 1st,  when  the 
army  had  arrived  at  the  head  waters  of  Cheranah 
lliver,  a  point  almost  due  north  of  Fort  Tayloi",  7(3 
miles  from  that  post,  and  about  twenty  south  of  the 
Spokane  Kiver,  the  Indians  showed  themselves  in 
some  force  on  the  hills,  and  exchanged  a  few  shots 
with  the  Nez  Perces,  who  were  not  so  disguised  by 
tluir  uniforms  as  to  escaj)C  detection  had  they  (hsired 
it,  which  apjiarently  they  did  not.  They  also  llred 
tlic  grass,  with  the  intention  of  making  an  attack 
under  cover  of  the  smoke,  but  it  failed  to  burn  well. 
They  discharged  their  guns  at  the  rear-guard,  and 
ri'tii'ated  to  the  hills  again,  where  they  remained. 
Judging  from  these  indications  that  the  main  body  of 
\\\v  iuiWaus  was  not  far  distant,  anil  wishing  to  "-ive 
his  troops  some  rest  before  battle,  after  so  long  a  march, 
AVriglit  ordered  camp  to  be  made  at  a  ))lace  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Four  Lakes,  with  the  intention  of 
H'UKiining  a  few  davs  at  that  place. 

But  the  Indians  were  too  impatient  to  allow  linn 
this  respite,  and  early  in  the  morning  of  the  1st  of 
Si'ptiMnber  they  began  to  collect  on  the  summit  of  a 
liill  about  two  miles  distant.  As  they  a[)peared  in 
ronsidcable  f)rcc,  Wriglit,  with  two  squadrons  of 
(h-agoons  commanded  by  ^Major  W.  N.  (Jrier,  four 
'■nnipanies  of  the  3d  artillery,  armed  with  rille  mus- 
kets, commanded  by  Major  E.  D.  Keyes,  and  the 
rille  battalion  of  two  companies  of  the  Dth  infantry 
counnanded  b}'-  Captain  F.  T.  Dent,  one  mountain 
liowitzer  under  command  of  Lieutenant  J.  L.  White, 
and  the  thirty  Nez  Forces  under  the  command  of 
Lieutenant  John  Mullan,  set  out  at  half-past  nine  in 
the  forenoon  to  make  a  reconnoissance,  and  drive  the 


188 


INDIAN  WARS. 


enemy  from  their  position,  leaving  in  camp  the  equi- 
page and  sup]>lies,  guarded  by  one  company  of  artillery, 
coninianded  by  lieutenants  H.  G.  Gibson  and  G.  13. 
Dandy,  a  howitzer  manned,  and  a  guard  of  fifty-four 
men  under  Lieutenant  H.  B.  Lyon,  the  whole  com- 
manded by  Captain  J.  A.  Hardic,  the  field-officer  of 
the  day.''^ 

Grier  wag  ordered  to  advance  with  his  cavalry  to 
the  north  and  east  around  the  base  of  the  hill  occu- 
pied by  the  Indians,  in  order  to  intercept  their  retreat 
when  the  foot-troops  should  have  driven  tlvPiiiifrota 
the  summit.  The  artillery  and-  ri^e  "Uactaliojj.,  *titT{ 
tV'\  Nez  Percys ^„wr.rf-  fnareiiod  to  the  i'ight  of  the  hill, 
ascent  \y;aa,ViK'r<j  easy,  and  to  push  the  Ind- 
ians in  the  direction  of  the  dragoons.  It  was  not  a 
difficult  matter  to  drive  the  Indians  over  the  crest  of 
the  hill,  but  once  on  the  other  side,  they  took  a  stand, 
and  evidently  expecting  a  combat,  showed  no  disjxt- 
sition  to  avoid  it.  In  fact,  they  were  k(3e[)ing  U[)  a 
constant  firing  upon  the  two  squadri)ns  of  ilragoons, 
M'ho  were  awaiting  the  foot-troops  on  the  other  side 
of  the  ridge. 

On  this  side  was  spread  out  a  vast  plain,  in  a  beau- 
tiful and  exciting  panorama.  At  the  foot  of  the  hill 
was  a  lake,  and  just  beyond,  three  others  surroundcil 
by  rugged  rocks.  Between  thein,  and  stretching 
to  the  north-west  as  far  as  tlie  eve  could  reach,  was 
level  ground;  in  the  distance,  a  dark  range  of  pine- 
covered  mountains.  A  more  tlosirable  battle-lield 
coidd  not  have  been  selected.  There  was  the  o\Kn 
plain,  and  the  convenient  covert  among  the  pines 
that  bordered  the  lakes,  and  in  the  ravines  of  the 
hillside.  Mounted  on  their  fleetest  horses,  th(!  Ind- 
ians, decorated  for  war,  their  gaudy  ti-apping  glaring 
in  the  sun,  and  siuixinii"  or  shoutini>;  their  battle-cries, 
swayed  back  and  forth  over  a  compass  of  two  miles. 

"  Tlio  entire  transportation  of  AVriglit'tt  ODmnianil  consisted  of  jibont  400 
mules,  ',i'2')  belonging  to  the  ((aarternuwter'a  dopiirtnient,  six  to  oiU'li  company, 
and  one  to  each  oUicer.     Only  the  druyooua  were  mounted,  Kip's  Army  Lij'f, 

a. 


„.**- 


uL 


THE  BATTLE  BEGUN. 


m 


Even  their  horses  were  painted  in  contrasting  white, 
crimson,  and  othor  colors,  while  from  their  bridles 
dc'[)endod  bead  fringes,  and  woven  with  their  manes 
and  tails  were  the  j)lumes  of  eagles.  Hiiili  was 
tlie  spirited  spectacle  that  grci.'fod  ' C(Acn^J^r00fs-^'^-'''''''-'- 
and  his  command  on  that  hrj^fh^J^-fft^m^fmo^^^^^ 

Soon  his 'p-Jau   ofJj«.^?i?ttr*\^  upon.     The 

trorrii'i  were^U-w^HuTtossession  of  the  elevated  jj^round, 
ajjiLikr^Tiidians  held  the  }»lain,  the  ravines,  and  the 
1)ine  groves.  The  dragoons  were  drawn  up  on  the 
crest  of  the  hill  facing  the  plain;  behind  thorn  were 
two  companies  of  K(\yes'  artillery  battalion  acting  as 
infantry,  and  with  the  infantry,  deployed  as  skir- 
mishers, to  advance  down  the  hill  and  drive  the  Intl- 
ians  from  their  coverts  at  the  foot  of  the  ridge  into 
the  plain.  The  rifle  battalion  under  I^ent,  composed 
of  two  companies  of  the  9th  infantry,  with  Winder 
and  Fleming,  was  ordered  to  the  right  to  deploy  in 
tlie  pine  forest;  and  the  howitzers,  under  White,  sup- 
])()rted  by  a  company  of  artillery  under  Tyler,  was 
advanced  to  a  lowcn*  [)lateau,  in  order  to  be  in  a  posi- 
tion for  effective  firing. 

The  advance  began,  the  infantry  moving  steadily 
down  the  long  slope,  passing  the  dragoons,  and  liring 
a  sharp  volley  into  the  Indian  ranks  at  the  bottom  of 
the  lii'l.  The  Indians  now  experienced  a  surprise. 
Instead  of  seeing  the  soldiers  drop  before  their  mus- 
k(!ts  while  their  own  tire  fell  harmless,  as  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Stoptoe  IJutte,  the  effect  was  reviM'sed.  Tho 
rilles  of  the  infantry  strnck  tlown  the  Indians  before 
the  troo[»s  canie  within  range  of  their  muskets. 

This  unex|)ected  disadvantage,  together  with  tho 
orderlv  movement  of  so  liii-«j:e  a  nund)er  of  men,  ex- 
coeding  their  own  force  by  at  least  one  or  two  hun- 
ihed,^''  caused  the  Indians  to  retire,  though  slowly  at 

'-'Wright,  in  liia  report,  says  tlicro  wuro  '100  or  .lOO  nionntetl  warriors,' 
nuil  also  'larj^'o  iinmboi'.s  of  Imlians  '  in  tlio  pint!  wooils.  Miillnii'ii  T'lp.  Mem., 
ID.  Kip  bays  Uio  Indiana  '  outniinihoruil  u,s,'  p.  r>!)  of  Aniii/  Li/c,  i)nt  it  iH  not 
piolialjlu.  Wriglit  liatl  o\or  TOO  li^;iit.inj,'  mvu.  Siilitiiic'linjJ  tlionu  left  to 
>;iiani  llio  camp,  tliuro  would  still  bo  ii  number  ctjual  to,  if  not  cxcccdiug,  tlie 
liiiJiuns. 


„-,Bii:fcx;.  v-J 


188 


INDIAN  WARS. 


first,  and  many  of  them  to  take  refuge  in  the  woods, 
where  they  were  met  by  the  rifle  battalion  and  the 
howitzers,  doing  deadly  execution. 

Continuing  to  advance,  the  Indians  falling  back, 
tlie  infantry  reached  the  edge  of  the  plain.  The  dra- 
j>o<)ns  were  in  the  rear,  leading  their  horses,  ^^i^t^*^'**^'''^^ 
t'.iey  had  reached  the  bottom  of  theli.i,y»U^^fT56unted, 
and  charging  between  ^tJ^^Sac^aiffl^ions  of  skirmishers, 
ruslied  lilvft^5L,,wV?ffHfina  upon  the  Indians,  creating  a 
j)1T!Ti^**trom  which  they  did  not  recover,  but  fled  in  ail 
directions.  They  were  pursued  by  the  dragoons  for 
about  a  mile,  when  the  latter  were  obliged  to  halt, 
their  horses  being  exhausted.  The  foot-troops,  too, 
being  weary  with  their  long  march  from  Walla  Walla, 
l)ursued  but  a  short  distance  before  they  were  recalled. 
Tlie  few  Indians  who  still  linfjered  on  the  neisjfhborinjj 
]iillto])s  soon  fled  when  the  howitzers  were  dis- 
charged in  their  direction.  By  two  o'clock  the  whole 
ai'uiy  had  returned  to  camp,  not  a  man  or  a  horse 
having  been  killed,  and  only  one  ]i'>rse  wounded. 
'I'lie  Indians  lost  eighteen  or  twenty  killed  and  many 
wounded.^''  ' 

For  three  days  Wright  rested  unmolested  in  camp. 
On  tlie  5th  of  September,  resuming  his  march,  in  about 
iivo  miles  he  came  upon  the  Indians  collecting  in  large 
bodies,  apparently  with  the  intention  of  opposing  his 
])rogres8.  They  rode  al'>ng  in  a  line  parallel  to  the 
troops,  augmenting  in  numbers,  and  becoming  more 
demonstrative,  until  on  reaching  a  plain  bordered  by 
a  wood  they  were  seen  to  be  stationed  there  awaiting 
the  moment  when  the  attack  might  be  made. 

As  the  column  approached,  the  grass  was  fired, 
which  being  dry  at  this  season  of  tlie  year,  burned 
with  gnjat  fierceness,  the  wind  blowing  it  toward 
the  tf'oojis;  and  at  the  same  time,  under  cover  of  the 
smoke,  the  Indians  spread  themselves  out  in  a  cres- 
cent, half  enclosing  them.     Orders  were  immediately 


"  ncpoH  of  Swrrlimj  of  Wur  for  18,")8,  .1S0-00;  roiiort  of  WriijUt,  in  Mid- 
lati't  Top.  Mem,,  I'J-'JO;  Ot:  Slate.'<initii,  Sept.  '21,  18r>8. 


DEFEAT  OF  THE  FOE. 


189,. 


rfi^ 


,«»•*■ 

/-{•f^ 


ods, 
the 


)ack, 
dra- 


M»»f%" 


.imrt' 


.^.•^^F^' 


ntcd, 
hers, 
ing  a 
ill  all 
3  for 

halt, 
I,  too, 
^alla, 
;alled. 
)ornig 
dis- 
whole 

horse 
[iiided. 

many 

camp. 

about 

large 

,£r  his 

the 

more 

xlby 

litiug 

[fired, 
lirnod 
[ward 
If  the 
1 cres- 
lately 

In  Jriii- 


given  to   the   pack-train  to  close  up.  nffd!*"^  strong 

guard  was  placed  about  it.     T^hu  companies  were  then 

deployed  on  the  '''g'^o  and  left,  and  the  men,  flushed 

with.jyi;ifii*s3^  i-ecent  victory,  dashed  through  the  smoke 

•^Tid  names  toward  the  Indians,  driving  them  to  the 

cover  of  the   timber,  where  they  were  assailed   by 

shells   from  the   howitzers.     As  they  fled  from  the 

liavoc  of  the  shells,  the  foot-soldiers  aixain  char<jfed 

them.     This  was  repeated   from  cover  to  cover,  for 

about  four  miles,  and  then  from  rock  to  rock,  as  the 

face  of  the  country  changed,  until  they  were  driven 

into  a  plain,  when  a  cavalry  charge  was  sounded,  and 

the  scenes  of  the  battle  of  Four  Lakes  were  repeated. 

But  the  Indians  were  obstinate,  and  gathered  in 

parties  in  the  forest  through  which  the  route  now 

led,  and  on  a  hill  to  the  right.     Again  the  riflemen 

and  howitzers  forced  them  to  give  way.     This  was 

continued  during  a  progress  of  fourteen  miles.     That 

afternoon  the  army  encamped  on  the  Spokane  River, 

thoroughly    worn   out,  having   marched   twenty-five 

miles  without  water,  fighting  half  of  the  way.     About 

the  same  number  of  Indians  appeared  to  be  engaged 

in  this  battle  that  had  been  in  the  first.     Only  one 

soldier  was  slightly  wounded.     The  Coeur  d'Alenes 

lost  two  chiefs,  the   Spokanes   two,  and    Kainiakin 

also,  wdio  had   striven  to  inspire    the   Indians   with 

courage,  received  a  blow  upon  tlie  head  from  a  falling 

tree-top  blown  off  by  a  bursting  shell.     The  whole 

loss  of  the  Indians  was  unknown,  their  dead  being 

carried  off  the  field.     At  the  distance  of  a  few  miles, 

they    burned    one  of  their  villages   to   prevent   the 

soldiers  spoiling  it. 

The  army  rested  a  day  at  the  camp  on  Spokane 
River,  without  being  disturbed  by  the  Indians,  who 
appeared  in  small  parties  on  the  opposite  bank,  and 
intimated  a  disposition  to  hold  communication,  but 
(lid  not  venture  across.  But  on  the  following  day, 
while  the  troops  were  on  the  march  along  the  left 
bunk,  they  reappeared  on  the  right,  conversing  with 


I : 


iik_ 


100 


INDIAN  WAES. 


the  Xcz  Perces  and  interpreters,  from  which  coiriniu- 
nication  it  was  learned  that  they  desired  to  come  with 
Garry  and  have  a  talk  with  Colonel  Wright,  who  ap- 
pointed a  meeting  at  the  ford  two  miles  above  the  falls. 

Wright  encamped  at  the  place  appointed  for  a 
meeting,  and  Garry  came  over  soon  after.  He  stated 
to  the  colonel  the  difficulties  of  his  position  between 
the  war  and  peace  parties.  The  war  party,  greatly 
in  the  majority,  and  numbering  his  friends  and  the  prin- 
cipal men  of  his  nation,  was  incensed  with  him  for  being 
a  peace  man,  and  he  had  either  to  take  up  arms 
against  the  white  men  or  be  killed  by  his  own  people. 
There  was  no  reason  to  doubt  this  assertion  of  Garry's, 
liis  previous  character  being  well  known.  But 
Wright  replied  in  the  tone  of  a  conqueror,  telling 
him  lie  had  beaten  them  in  two  battles  without  losing 
a  man  or  animal,  and  that  he  was  prepared  to  beat 
them  as  often  as  they  chose  to  come  to  battle;  he  did 
not  come  into  the  country  to  ask  for  peace,  but  to 
fight.  If  they  were  tired  of  war,  and  wanted  peace, 
he  would  give  them  his  terms,  which  were  that  they 
must  come  with  everything  that  they  had,  and  lay 
all  at  his  feet — arras,  women,  children — and  trust  to 
his  mercy.  When  they  had  thus  fully  surrendered, 
he  would  talk  about  peace.  If  they  did  not  do  this, 
lie  would  continue  to  make  war  upon  them  that  year 
and  the  next,  and  until  they  were  exterminated. 
With  this  message  to  his  people,  Garry  was  dismissed. 

On  the  same  day  Polatkin,  a  noted  Spokane  chief, 
presented  himself  with  nine  warriors  at  the  camp  of 
Colonel  Wright,  having  left  their  arms  on  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  river,  to  avoid  surrendering  them. 
Wright  sent  two  of  the  warriors  over  after  the  guns, 
when  one  of  them  mounted  his  horse  and  rode  away. 
The  other  returned,  bringing  the  guns.  To  Polatkin 
Wright  repeated  what  had  been  said  to  Garry;  and 
as  this  chief  was  known  to  have  been  in  the  attack 
on  Steptoe,  as  well  as  a  leader  in  thv^  recent  battles, 
he  was  detained,  with  another  Indian,  while  he  sent 


SURRENDER  OF  BIG  STAR. 


m 


the  remaining  warriors  to  bring  in  all  the  people,  with 
whatever  belonufecl  to  them.  The  Indian  with  Polat- 
kin  being  recognized  as  one  who  had  been  at  Fort 
Walla  Walla  in  the  spring,  and  who  was  suspected  of 
being  concerned  in  the  murder  of  the  two  miners  in 
the  Palouse  country  about  that  time,  he  was  put 
imtler  close  scrutiny,  with  the  intention  of  trying  him 
for  the  crime. 

Resuming  his  march  on  the  8th  of  September, 
after  travelling  nine  miles,  a  great  dust  whero  the 
road  entered  the  mountains  betrayed  the  vicinity  of 
the  Indians,  and  the  train  was  closed  up,  under  guard, 
while  Major  Grier  was  ordered  to  push  forward  with 
three  companies  of  dragoons,  followed  by  the  foot- 
troops.  After  a  brisk  trot  of  a  couple  of  miles,  the 
dragoons  overtook  the  Indians  in  the  mountains  with 
all  their  stock,  which  they  were  driving  to  a  place  of 
safety,  instead  of  surrendering,  as  required.  A  skir- 
mish ensued,  ending  in  the  capture  of  800  horses. 
With  this  booty  the  dragoons  were  returning,  when 
they  were  met  by  the  foot-troops,  who  assisted  in 
driving  the  animals  to  camp  sixteen  miles  above 
Spokane  Falls.  The  Indian  suspected  of  murder  was 
tried  at  this  encampment,  and  being  found  guilty,  was 
lianged  the  same  day  about  sunset. 

After  a  consultation  on  the  morniiig  of  the  9th, 
Wright  determined  to  have  the  captured  horses  killed, 
only  reserving  a  few  of  the  best  for  immediate  use,  it 
being  impracticable  to  take  them  on  the  long  march 
yet  before  them,  and  they  being  too  wild  for  the  ser- 
vice of  white  riders.  Accordingly  two  or  three  hun- 
dred were  shot  that  day,  and  the  remainder  on  the 
10th.'*  The  effect  of  dismounting  the  Indians  was 
'|uickly  apparent,  in  the  oflfer  of  a  Spokane  chief.  Big 
Star,  to  surrender.  Being  without  horses,  he  was 
l)erinitted  to  come  with  his  village  as  the  army  passed, 
and  make  his  surrender  to  Wright  in  due  form. 

**  Brown's  Autobiography,  MS.,  40;  Clarhtand  Wright't  Campaign,  303-4t 
Kip's  Army  L{j'e,  78. 


'      t 


s 


ii'\  I 


U: 


mM 


192 


INDIAN  WARS. 


On  tlie  10th  tiie  Coeur  d'Alenes  made  proposals 
of  submission,  and  as  the  troops  were  now  within  a 
few  days'  march  of  the  mission,  Wright  directed  them 
to  meet  him  at  that  place,  and  again  took  up  his 
march.  Crossing  the  Spokane,  each  dragoon  with  a 
foot-soldier  behind  him,  the  road  lay  over  the  Spokane 
plains,  along  the  river,  and  for  fifteen  miles  through 
a  pine  forest,  to  the  Coeur  d'Aldnc  Lake,  where  camp 
was  made  on  the  11th.  All  the  provisions  found 
cached  were  destroyed,  in  order  that  the  Indians 
should  not  be  able,  if  they  were  willing,  to  carry  on 
hostilities  again  during  the  year.  Beyond  Coeur 
d'Alene  Lake  the  road  ran  through  a  forest  so  dense 
that  the  troops  were  compelled  to  march  in  single 
file,  and  the  single  wagon,  belonging  to  Lieutenant 
Mullan,  that  had  been  permitted  to  accompany  the 
expedition,  had  to  be  abandoned,  as  well  as  the  lim- 
ber belonging  to  the  howitzers,  which  were  thereafter 
packed  upon  mules.  The  rough  nature  of  the  country 
from  the  Coeur  d'Aliine  Lake  to  the  mission  made 
the  march  exceedingly  fatiguing  to  the  foot-soldiers, 
who,  after  the  first  day,  began  to  show  the  effects  of 
so  much  toil,  together  with  hot  and  sultry  weather, 
by  occasionally  falling  out  of  ranks,  often  compelling 
officers  to  dismount  and  give  them  their  horses. 

On  the  13th  the  army  encamped  within  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  of  the  mission.^^  The  following  day 
Vincent,  who  had  not  been  in  the  recent  battles, 
returned  from  a  circuit  he  had  been  making  among 
his  people  to  induce  them  to  surrender  themselves  to 
Wright;  but  the  Indians,  terrified  by  what  they  had 
heard  of  the  severity  of  that  officer,  declined  to  see 
him.  However,  on  the  next  day  a  few  came  in, 
bringing  some  articles  taken  in  the  battle  of  the  17th 
of  ]\iay.     Observing  that  no  harm  befell  these  few, 

'■*  The  Coeur  d'Alfine  mission  was  situated  in  a  pretty  valley  in  the  moun- 
tains, with  a  branch  of  the  Coeur  d'Alfine  IMver  watering  it,  tlio  mission 
church  standing  in  the  centre  of  a  group  of  houses,  a  mill,  tlio  residences  of 
the  priests,  barns  for  storing  the  produce  of  the  Indian  farms*,  and  iv  few  ilwell- 
iugs  of  the  must  civilized  of  the  Indian  converts.  Mullan'a  Top.  Mem.,  37. 


EXI>  OF  THE  CAMPAIGN. 


Others  folIo^vecl  their  exarnnlo      Tl 
encouraged  by  the  release  of  Pol  J    '^  "l'"'"  '^*^"  »^«re 
'^.^•^  ;n  his  people  to  a  eounc        if '  :!^^"  ^^'^«  «^'"t  to 
.^Kierabe  nu.nbir   of  0^'' A 1  ^   '^^  ^^'%' ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^ 
^vero  collected  at  the  camp  andt '"''   T^  ^P""^^''-^ 
P'  """^  ^  council  was  opened. 


Wright's  C.uipaio.v 


TJie  submission   of  fhpa«   t  j- 
''^"^  Pitiful.     They  had  fou'ht  f     ?"'   "^"^   "^"^P^^^^ 
:;^  barbarians  figlft,  aZlTaU      rT'r'^  ^""'' *^^^' 
'^  c'-nquerincr  pj^gj.  x,    '°^^  ^"- .    The  strong  hand  «)f 

^•'blo,  lay  heavily  uDonfh  T^^"^^  ^^^  more  ter- 

An  arbor  orLoTbro^T'  '"^  *^"^  ^^^Ided. 

^f ructed  in  front^:;ru,e  ^on^  ;;V,^  ^f  ^^-^  been  con- 

f-^^te  sat  Colonel  \Wi^hr  su^^r  f\'^'  ^^"^'  ^^^^^-'  '" 

to  pass  judgment  upon  the  '^ "'^^""^^.^  by  his  officers, 

H.BT.  W.HH.-13  "^'''"  ^^^*^  conquered  chiefs.     Father 


?T 


I   ■! 


If  <l 


lii  i 


194 


INDIAN  WARS. 


Josct  and  the  interpreters  were  also  present.  Vincent 
opened  the  council  by  rising  and  saying  briefly  to 
Colonel  Wriixht  that  he  had  committed  a  great  crime, 
and  was  deeply  sorry  for  it,  and  was  glad  that  he  and 
his  people  were  promised  forgiveness.  To  this  hum- 
ble acknowledgment  Wright  replied  that  what  the 
chief  had  said  was  true — a  great  crime  had  been  com- 
mitted ;  but  since  he  had  asked  for  peace,  peace  should 
be  granted  on  certain  conditions:  the  delivery  to  him 
of  the  men  who  struck  the  first  blow  in  the  affair  with 
Colonel  Steptoe,  to  be  sent  to  General  Clarke;  the 
delivery  of  one  chief  and  four  warriors  with  their 
famili(!s,  to  be  taken  to  Walla  Walla;  the  return  of  all 
the  property  taken  from  Steptoe's  command;  consent 
that  troops  and  other  white  men  should  pass  through 
their  country;  the  exclusion  of  the  turbulent  hostile 
Indians  from  their  midst;  and  a  promise  not  to  commit 
any  acts  of  hostility  against  white  men.  Should  they 
agree  to  and  keep  such  an  engagement  as  this,  they 
sliould  have  peace  forever,  and  he  would  leave  their 
country  with  his  troops.  An  additional  stipulation 
was  then  offered — that  there  should  be  peace  betwe(ni 
the  Coeur  d'Alenes  and  Nez  Perec's.  Vincent  then 
desired  to  hear  from  the  Nez  Percys  themselves, 
their  minds  in  the  matter,  when  one  of  the  volunteers, 
a  chief,  arose  and  declared  that  if  the  Coeur  d'Alenes 
were  friends  of  the  white  men,  they  were  also  his 
friends,  and  past  differences  were  buried.  To  this 
Vincent  answered  that  he  was  glad  and  satisfied;  and 
henceforth  there  should  be  no  more  war  between  the 
Coeur  d'Alenes  and  Nez  Perces,  or  their  allies,  the 
white  men,  for  the  past  was  forgotten.  A  written 
agreement  containing  all  these  articles  was  then  for- 
mally signed.  Polatkin,  for  the  Spokanes,  expressetl 
himself  satisfied,  and  the  council  ended  by  smoking 
the  usual  peace-pipe. 

A  council  with  the  Spokanes  had  been  appointed  for 
the  23d  of  September,  to  which  Kamiakin  was  invited, 
with  assurances  that  if  he  would  come  he  should  not 


i 


TEACE  AND  IIAXGIXGS 

treaty  tI,o  .same.     Af  e    u'l^"""'  <l'AI<!„,...s,  and  t]„. 

«'>'"et„,,es  called  the  yot  ™'ot:r''f  .f""  Q"»M'i», 

J'""."^-  Very  unJxnec  Id  ;  (W '•'  "'"=■>•''<'  «'«  «•".- 
I"»'"g  <  ay,  net  know  ^^.r ","'""  """<:  "'  the  i;,l. 
l'«ii-,  and  was  soizod  an    ?,.,       ,     ■  'J'^  "'■''"■•od  to  ar.- 

vannakin  and  Skloon    woro  "Iv  «      "?  "''''"■"■"'■^I- 
aay  note  loft  i„  the  Yakiina  ^^,4  ,  ""^^  <=''''^'«  "f 

iKLav.or.     Kan,iakm\vo  ,t  t„  «.r     ^'"?""  '"''uicnt 

nlusn,^  to  treat  with' '  t  HK  "'"^V'Sl't  i'anscd, 
■''"akc  E.ver  o„  the  l.st  of' Oof  I,  ,  ^''S'"  '■oache.l 
''  '-^'-'Pais"  of  five  woo  I.ttff'''  •''""^' ''''''•'"'■''''-■'I 
-■"0  respeets  reniarkal,  e'  On  f  "?  "'  ''  ^™''  "' 
J'ort  Taylor  was  aban, I,  Ll  t^  ..  f  '"'  "^  Octohe,- 
""«!  of  troops  at  tha  ,'i ',/'",  '^""'■f  »"  ft'rti.e,- 
'"•■"■el'ed  to  Italia  VVa»;  C    , re  ?;"'  *•'"  ,"'''"''=  "'■'"y 

';•«  «t«ocl  up  at  oneo.    ivCnf  t  ,     ^  *'"'  'T'     '-"'l'"'**'- 

,"■  "'CTo   handed  over        tl         "''■'';'' "''™''-''">'"''. 

^''-«tee„sav,.,eswer:;^!^^-l-:;,.,;;;;;^.i: 


Jl 


F 


I 


flfJl 


196 


IXDIAX  WARS. 


While  Wricrht  was  tluis  swccniiifif  from  the  earth 
those  ill-tatetl  aborii>-iiial.s  east  of  the  Cohimhia,  Gar- 
iiett  was  doing  no  less  in  the  Yakima  country.  On 
the  loth  of  Auj^ust  Lieutenant  Jesse  K.  Allen  cap- 
tured seventy  Indians,  men,  women,  and  childi-en, 
with  their  property,  and  three  of  them  were  shot. 
Proceedinsf  north  to  the  Wenatehee  Kiver,  ten  Ya- 
kimas  were  captured  by  lieutenants  Crook,  McCall, 
and  Turner,  and  five  of  them  shot,  making  twenty-four 
til  us  killed  for  alleged  attacks  on  white  men,  on  this 
campaign.  Garnett  continued  his  march  to  the  Oka- 
uagan  River  to  inquire  into  the  disposition  of  the 
Indians  in  that  quarter,  and  as  they  were  found 
friendly,  lie  returned  to  Fort  Siuicoe. 

Up  to  this  time  the  army  had  loudly  denounced 
the  treaties  made  by  Stevens;  but  in  October  Gen- 
eral Clarke,  addressing  the  adjutant-general  of  the 
United  States  army  upon  his  views  of  the  Indian  re- 
lations in  Oregon  and  Washington,  remarked  upon 
the  long-vexed  subject  of  the  treaties  of  Walla  Walla, 
tluit  iiis  opinion  on  that  subject  had  undergone  a 
change,  and  recommended  that  they  should  be  con- 
firmed, giving  as  his  reasons  that  the  Indians  had 
forleitetl  some  of  their  claims  to  consideration;  tliat 
the  gold  discoveries  would  carry  immigration  along  the 
foothills  of  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cascades;  that  the 
valleys  must  bo  occupied  for  grazing  and  cultivation; 
and  that  in  order  to  make  complete  the  pacification 
which  his  arms  had  effected,  the  limits  must  l)e  drawn 
between  the  Indians  and  the  white  race.^*^  It  was  to 
be  regretted  that  this  change  of  opinion  was  not 
made  known  while  General  Clarke  was  in  conunand 
of  the  department  embracing  Oregon  and  Wasliing- 
ton,  as  it  would  greatly  have  softened  the  asperity  of 
i'eeling  which  the  opposition  of  the  military  to  tli(> 
treaties  had  engendered.  As  it  was,  another  general 
r(5ceivcd  the  plaudits  which  were  justly  due  to  Gen- 
ei'al  Clarke. 

"*  Clarke  and  Wright^a  Campaign,  85. 


A: 


A  XEW  DEPARTURE. 


1  '-«i  tcrs  at  Vancouver.^' 


V\'ALLA    AValla    VaLLKV, 


'■"'"■-■Hi  Harney  a  'vLi'n  "'''''■'"''="'  "''  Ore'     ' 


198 


INDIAN  WARS. 


%  ' 


to  sottlomcnt.  A  resolution  was  adoptcfl  by  the 
loi^isliitivo  assemblies  of  both  Oregon  and  WashinjT^- 
ton  congratulating  the  people  on  the  creation  of  the 
department  of  Oregon,  and  on  having  General  Harney, 
a  noted  Indian-fighter,  for  a  commander,  as  also  upon 
the  order  reopeiiing  the  country  east  of  the  moun- 
tains to  settlement,  harmonizing  with  the  recent  act 
of  coiifjresf)  extending  the  land  laws  of  the  United 
States  over  that  portion  of  the  territories.  Harney 
was  entreated  by  the  legislature  to  extend  his  protec- 
tion to  immigrants,  and  to  establish  a  garrison  at 
Fort  Boise.  In  this  matter,  also,  he  received  the  a])- 
])lause  due  as  much  to  General  Clarke  as  himself, 
Clarke  having  already  made  the  recounnendation  lor 
a  largo  post  between  Fort  Laramie  and  Fcrt  Walla 
Walla,  for  the  better  protection  of  immigrants.''* 

The  stern  measures  of  the  army,  followed  bj'  pacifi- 
cator}'  ones  of  the  Indian  department,  were  })repariiig 
the  Indians  for  the  ratification  of  the  treaties  of  185."). 
Some  expeditions  were  sent  out  during  the  winter  to 
chastise  a  few  hostile  Yakimas,  but  no  general  or  con- 
siderable uprising  occurred.  Fortunately  for  all  con- 
cerned, at  this  juncture  of  affairs  congress  confirmed 
the  Walla  Walla  treaties  in  March  1859,  the  Indians 
no  lonofer  refusing  to  recoonize  their  obliij^ations.'" 
At  a  council  held  by  Agent  A.  J.  Cain  with  the  Nez 
I^erces,  even  Looking  Glass  and  Joseph  declared 
tJKy  were  glad  the  treaties  had  been  ratified;  but 
Joseph,  who  vislied  a  certain  portion  of  the  country 
set  off  to  him  and  his  children,  mentioned  this  matter 
t(j  the  agent,  out  of  which  nearly  twenty  years  later 
grew  another  war,  through  an  error  of  Joseph's  son 
in  supposing  that  the  treaty  gave  him  this  land."^ 
The  other  tribes  also  signified  their  satisfaction. 
Fort  Simcoe  being  evacuated,  the  buildings,  which  had 
cost  $60,000,  were  taken  for  an  Indian  agency.     A 

"  Rcpt  of  (he  Secretary  of  War,  18.")S,  41.1;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Dec.  30,  l8oS; 
Or.  L,nr.%  1858-9,  iii.;  Comi.  Glohe,  lS,)7-8,  iipp.  oUO. 

^Tn<i('t  Sound  Herald  April  •»^,  ISJ'J;  Or.  Aryus,  April  30,  18.1&. 
*"  See  Ind.  Aff.  Ilei^,  18o'J,  -liiO. 


HARNEY  IX  COMM.VND. 


190 


portion  of  the  garrison  was  sent  to  escort  the  boun- 
dary commission,  and  another  portion  to  estabhsli 
Harney  depot,  fourteen  miles  nortli-east  of  Fort  Col- 
ville,*'  under  Major  P.  Lugenbeel,  to  remain  a  stand- 
ing threat  to  restless  and  predatory  savages,  Lugen- 
l)cel  having  accepted  an  appointment  as  special  Indian 
agent,  uniting  the  Indian  and  military  departments 
in  one  at  this  post. 

General  Harney  had  nearly  2,000  troops  in  his  de- 
partment in  1859.  !^^ost  of  tliem,  for  obvious  reasons, 
were  stationed  in  Washington,  but  many  of  them 
were  employed  in  surv^eying  and  constructing  roads 
beih  in  Oregon  and  Wasliington,  the  most  important 
of  which  in  the  latter  territory  was  that  known  as  the 
^[ullan  wagon-road  upon  the  route  of  the  northern 
Pacific  railroad  survey,  in  which  Mullan  had  taken 
part.  Stevens,  in  1853,  already  perceived  that  a 
good  wagon-road  line  must  precede  the  railroad,  as  a 
means  of  transportation  of  su[)plies  and  material  along 
the  route,  and  gave  instructions  to  Lieutenant  Mullan 
to  make  surveys  with  this  object  in  view,  as  well  as 
with  the  project  of  establishing  a  connection  between 
the  navigable  waters  of  the  Missouri  and  Columbia 
livers.  The  result  of  the  winter  explorations  of  'Slnl- 
lan  was  such  that  in  the  spring  of  1854  he  returned 
to  Port  Benton,  and  on  the  17th  of  March  started 
with  a  train  of  wagons  that  had  been  left  at  that  [)ost, 
and  with  them  crossed  the  range  lying  between  the 
^Missouri  and  Bitter  Root  rivers,  arriving  at  canton- 
ment Stevens  on  the  31st  of  the  same  month.  Upon 
the  rej)resentation  of  the  practicability  of  a  wagon- 
load  in  this  reorion,  connectinsj^  the  naviijable  waters  of 
the  Missouri  with  the  Ct>lumbia,  conu^ress  made  an 
approjiriation  of  $30,000  to  open  one  from  Port  Ben- 
ton to  Port  Walla  Walla.  The  troubles  of  the  gov- 
ernment with  Utah,  and  the  Indian  wars  of  1855-G 

"  Companies  A  nml  K,  flth  inf.,  ordered  to  eatablish  a  wintering  place  .and 
ilnpot  for  the  escort  of  the  N.  W.  boundary  coin.,  reached  this  ])liii'o  Juno 
•-'!),  IS,")!).  A  pleasant  spot,  one  mile  square,  reserved.  Sen.  Ex.  Doj.,  o2, 'Mth 
i.ong.  1st  sess.,  "JTl. 


200 


INDIAN  WARS. 


!i 


;  .  i  ;'ii 


and  1858,  more  than  had  been  expected,  developed 
the  necessity  of  a  route  to  the  east,  more  northern 
tliaii  the  route  by  the  South  Pass,  and  procured  for  it 
that  favorable  action  by  congress  which  resulted  in  a 
series  of  appropriations  for  the  purpose."  The  re- 
moval of  the  military  interdict  to  settlement,  followed 
by  tlie  survey  of  the  public  lands,  opened  the  way  for 
a  waiting  population,  which  flowed  into  the  Walla 
Walla  Valley  to  the  number  of  2,000  as  early  as  April 
]  859,''^  and  spread  itself  out  over  the  whole  of  eastern 
Washington  with  surprising  rapidity  for  several  years 
tiiereafter,  attracted  by  mining  discoveries  even  more 
than  by  fruitful  soils." 

"  Midlands  Military  Road  Rept,  2-12. 

"  Letter  of  Gen.  Harney,  in  U.  S.  Mem,  and  Docs,  185D-60.  90. 

♦'  1  iiitroducu  here  a  notice  of  a  pioneer  ami  soltlier  in  tlio  luil.  war,  whose 
biography  escaped  my  attention  wlierc  it  should  have  appeared,  in  chapter 
III. 

David  Shelton,  son  of  Lewis  Shelton  and  Nancy  Gladdin,  liis  wife,  and 
grandson  of  Roderick  Shelton  and  Usley  Willard,  hia  wife,  of  Va,  was  liorii 
in  Buncombe  co.,  Va,  Sept.  15,  1812,  migratiiig  with  his  parents  to  Mo.  ter- 
ritory in  1811).  He  married  Frances  Willson,  bv)rn  in  Ky,  M  ly  'M,  IS.ST, 
and  removed  in  18.S8  to  the  Platte  Purchase,  settling  near  iSt  -Joseph,  where 
he  lived  until  1847,  when  he  emigrated  to  Oregon,  taking  up  a  claim  on 
Sauve  Island,  which  lie  sold  in  1848,  and  went  to  the  California  golil  mines, 
returning  to  Portland  in  184',),  where  he  remained  until  18r)2,  when  ho  re- 
moved to  VV.  T.  in  company  with  L.  B.  Hastings,  F.  W.  Pettigrove, 
Thomas  Tallontine,  and  B.  Ross  on  a  small  schooner,  named  the  Miir;/ 
T<ti/lor.  iSlielton  and  Ross  remained  in  Olympia  until  18.315,  in  wliich  yi'.ii' 
he  settled  on  fSkiiokum  bay,  and  was  appointed  one  of  the  three  ju<lge.s  of 
Thurston  co.,  which  at  that  time  comprised  the  whole  Puget  >Souud  coun- 
try. ll(!  was  elected  to  lirst  territorial  legislature,  and  introduced  tln'  bill 
organizing  Sawamish  co.  (the  name  l)eiiig  subsetpuMilly  changed  to  ?iIason),  nf 
which  he  was  the  lirst  settler.  He  serveil  in  the  lnilia:i  war  of  ]sr)r)-(i,  as  a 
lieutenant  in  Co.  F.,  W.  T.  vols.  Mrs  .Shelton  died  Ai)ril  l.j,  1887,  at  the 
age  of  70  years.  (Slielton  was  a  man  of  strong  convictions,  and  a  [mwci'  in 
the  community  where  ho  lived.  His  children  were  Lewis  1).  \V.,  boni  in 
Andrew  eo.,  ^lo.,  in  1841;  John  S.  W.,  born  in  (Jentry  co.,  Mo.,  in  1814; 
Levi  T.,  born  in  Clackamas  co.,  Oi-.,  in  1848;  Mary  E.,  bom  in  Portland, 
Or.,  in  18o0;  Franklin  P.,  born  in  Olympia,  Or.,  in  I8.'i2;  .lames  B.,  born  in 
Mason  CO.,  \V.  T.,  in  1855;  Joicio  A.,  born  in  Mason  co.,  W.  T.,  in  1857. 
Franklin  P.  died  in  1875. 

Another  pioneer  of  I85U,  Henry  Ailams,  was  born  in  (Sroenville,  Conn.,  in 
1825,  came  to  Cal.  in  1840,  to  Or.'in  I.S.")0,  and  to  \V.  T.  in  18.')M,  settling  at 
.Seattle,  where  he  WM'ked  at  carpentry.  He  took  a  donation  claim  in  IS,"i,'> 
on  White  rivei-,  bis  present  honu!.  He  w,as  the  lirst  auditor  e'ected  in  Ivin^ 
CO,,  and  served  as  county  connnissioncr. 

I.  .(.  .Sacknuin,  born  near  .Manslicld,  Ohio,  in  ISHO,  came  to  Cal.  in  1850, 
roturuiug  home  in  1851,  but  only  to  emigrate  to  Seattle,  \V.  T.  He  euLMgid 
in  lumbering  at  Port  Orchard,  remaining  there  until  1877,  when  he  riunnMd 
to  Port  Ulakely  and  Opened  a  hotel,  which  ho  owns.  He  married  Mrs 
Phillips,  a,  step-daughter  of  Capt.  VVui  Ruutou,  of  Port  Blakely  mills. 


li. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THROUGH    FOUR  ADMINISTRATIONS. 

1855-1867. 

Party  Politics — Election  of  Deleoate— Martial  Law— Stevens  Chosen 
Delegate — Death  of  Stevens — His  Character — Governor  McMul- 
LIN — Frasek  RiVKii  Mining  Excitement— Its  Effect  on  Washington 
— Services  of  Skcrktarv  Mason — Governor  Gholson — Henry  M. 
McGiLL — The  Capital  Qdestcon — The  University — Governor  Wal- 
lace-Governor Pickering— The  CubTom-jiouse  Controversy — In- 

CNDATION   OF   PoRT  ANQELES. 


(Ilk 

lies. 

I'l'- 

IVO, 

Mill-;/ 
riir 
s  of 
mii- 

l.ill 

I,  of 
IS  a 
tlie 
I'  ill 
II  ill 
NU; 
:iii(i, 
II  ill 
iS.'.T. 


II.,  Ill 
If,'  iit 
I  sri:> 

Iviii;^ 

IS."i(), 

lovod 
Mi-i 


With  the  organization  of  the  territory,  the  demo- 
cratic party  north  of  the  Columbia  liad  proparetl  to 
marshal  its  ranks  and  act  with  the  domoci-ats  of 
Oregon  wherever  they  could  be  mutually  helpful  in 
resisting  what  they  denominated  the  "tyrainiy  of  the 
federal  party."  It  had  not  succeeded  in  effecting  its 
oliject,  when  it  suffered  to  be  elected  to  congress 
Columbia  Lancaster,  whose  i)olltics  were  as  nonde- 
sciipt  as  his  abihties  were  inlerior.  In  1855  a  moie 
thorough  party  organization  was  perfected^  for  tlie 
election  of  a  uelegutc  to  succeed  Lancaster.^  The 
choice  of  the  convention  fell  upon  J.  Patton  Ander- 
son, the  first  United  States  marshal  of  the  terri- 
tory, who  resigned  his  office  in  March  with  the 
design  of  running  for  delegate,  his  place  being  subse- 

^Klcjl'nJournnl,  MS.,  iii,  8. 

"In  tlio  (Iciiiocriitic  convention  nn  tlio  tirst  ballot  Lancaster  received  IS 
votes,  but  never  exceeded  tliat  iiiiiiiber.  Stevens  received  Kl,  I.  N.  Elity  7, 
•'.  P.  Anderson  7.  Stevens  witlidrew  liis  iiaine  on  tiiu  (itii  ballot,  ami  ou 
111!' 'Jt'tii  liallot  Anderson  received  .'tS  votes.  ,lui1.u'e.i  liiiiiiloi' and  Mel'Mildi'ii 
iiiid  J[.  C.  Moselcy  \»eio  biilloted  for,  leeeiviiig  t'loiu  15  to  20  votea  each. 
Olyiiiiiia  Pioneer  and  l>em.,  May  1'2,  1855. 

(  201 ) 


ihi 


111 


202 


THROUGH  FOUR  ADMINISTRATIONS. 


qucntly   filled   by   the   appointment   of   George   W. 
Corliss.^ 

The  opposing  candidate  of  the  whig  party  was 
Judge  Strong,*  Anderson's  majority  being  17 G  out  of 
1,582  votes,  41  of  which  were  cast  for  a  free-soil  can- 
didate, Joseph  Cushman. 

Stevens,  while  having  with  him  the  ultra  anti- 
Indian  element,  had  become  unpopular  in  other  quar- 
ters. His  martial-law  measure,  among  others,  was 
severely  criticised.  Stevens'  excuse  for  it  was  that 
only  in  that  way  -certain  white  residents  of  Pierce 
county  having  Indian  wives  could  be  effectually 
secured  from  intercourse  with  the  enemy.  In  Mar  'h 
1856  the  governor  caused  them  to  be  arrested  up-n 
a  charge  of  treason,  without  the  formality  of  a  olvi! 
process,  and  sent  to  Fort  Steilacoom  with  a  request 
to  Colonel  Casey  to  keep  them  in  close  confinement.'' 
Two  law  practitioners,  W.  H.  Wallace  and  Frank 
Clark  of  Pierce  county,  early  in  April,  determining 
to  vindicate  the  majesty  of  law,  set  out  for  Whidbuy 
Island,  where  resided  Judge  Chenoweth,  to  procure  a 
wilt  of  habeas  corpus,  when  Stevens,  equally  deter- 
mined, thereupon  proclaimed  martial  law  in  Pierce 
county. 

Then  followed  a  performance  which  for  stubborn 
})ersistency  on  both  sides  was  not  unlike  the  Lcsclii 
affair.  Casey  notified  the  governor  that  in  the  case  of 
a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  being  served  upon  him,  he 
should  feel  compelled  to  obey  its  mandates,  where- 
upon Stevens  removed  the  prisoners  to  Olympia,  out  of 

'Corlisa  oamo  to  Salem,  Or.,  about  1852,  and  theiico  to  Puget  Souml. 
Ho  removed  to  Jjas  Cruccs,  Cal.,  where,  on  the  Kith  of  Jim.  lS(i4.  he  wa-f 
iimrdcrod,  with  hia  wife,  ii(5o  Lucretia  K.  Judsoii,  daughter  of  Peter  .Tudsoii, 
and  a  Mr  Shepherd,  in  Ids  own  house,  which  waa  burned  over  tlioir  I.'.hUuh. 
The  umrdorers  wero  never  discovered.  Ehn/n  Jnuriial,  MS.,  vii.  1"JI.  It 
will  bo  remembered  that  Mr  and  Mrs  ('dvIIss  were  at  tho  house  of  I.  N.  Eluy 
on  tho  night  wiien  ho  was  murdered,  but  escaped.  A  dtrango  fate  pursued 
tiiem  to  tho  same  end,  Saltni  Slatf>i7naii,  Fel).  "!•,  1S(14. 

*Gilmoro  Hays,  \V.  H.  WuUace,  George  (iibljs.  A.  A.  Denny,  and  C.  C. 
Hewitt  Wero  tlio  other  whig  eandidates.  Oli/nipiu  Pkneir  and  Dcinocmt, 
May  I'J,  I8.M. 

'The  persons  arrested  were  Lyon  A.  Smith.  Charles  Wren,  Henry  Sinitli, 
John  McLeod,  John  MoPeel,  Henry  Murray,  and  Polor  Wilson.  Emus'  Mai- 
lial  Law,  i. 


POLITICAL  CONTROVERSIES. 


203 


Chenowcth's  district.  Chenoweth,  being  ill,  requested 
Chief  Justice  Lander  to  hold  court  for  him  at  Steila- 
cooni,  which  Lander  proceeded  to  do,  but  was  arrested, 
and  with  his  clerk,  John  M.  Chapman,  taken  to  Olym- 
pia  and  detained  in  custody  three  or  four  days.  Indig- 
nation meetings  were  held,  and  congress  appealed  to, 
public  opinion  being  divided.  Lander  opened  the  dis- 
trict court  the  12th  of  May  at  Olympia,  and  next  day 
the  governor  placed  Thurston  county  under  martial 
law.  Thereupon  the  governor  was  cited  to  appear 
before  the  chief  justice  at  chambers,  and  refused,  while 
the  governor  caused  the  arrest  of  the- chief  justice  for 
ignoring  martial  law.  Lander,  declining  parole,  was 
sent  to  Camp  Montgomery. 

Thus  attempts  and  contempts,  writs  and  restrictions, 
continued,  which,  however  interesting  and  instructive 
jit  the  time,  it  would  be  irksome  for  us  to  follow. 
The  Pierce  county  men  were  tried  by  a  military  com- 
mission, and  martial  law  abrogated.  But  the  vnd  was 
not  yet;  for  over  innumerable  technicalities,  in  winch 
lawyers,  judges,  citizens,  officials,  and  military  men 
had  become  involved,  wranjjlinfj  continued  throuLrliout 
the  year,  B.  F,  Kendall,"  bitterly  opposed  to  Stevens, 

'Bezalcol  Freeman  Kendall,  like  Elwooil  Evans,  crossed  tho  continent  in 
1S,")3  with  Stevens.  lie  was  a  native- of  Oxford,  Maine,  and  a  gradnatc  of 
Bowdoin  college.  His  talents  aro  highly  praised  by  all  bis  l)i(>gni[)iicrs. 
Evans,  who  knew  him  well,  says  that  ho  possessed  a  grand  physi((iie,  wan  a 
line  scholar,  able  writer,  powerful  speaker,  hard  student,  and  of  thorough  in- 
tegrity, hut  ambitious,  aristocratic  in  his  feelings,  bitter  in  his  prejudices, 
and  indi.screet  in  his  utterances.  'The  newspaiiers  cannot  too  higlily  paint 
ids  conto'npt  for  tho  opinions  of  others,  his  bitterness  of  expression,  his  un- 
(lualiliuii  istylo  of  assault  upon  any  with  whom  ho  dillered,'  He  carried  this 
strong  indi\idu.'dity  intoa  journal  which  heediteil,  called  tho  Ori  rlund  Pn  •^^, 
anil  which,  w.va  tho  occasion  of  his  deatii,  Jan.  7,  ISCi.'L  Kendall  had  been 
clerk  of  tho  legislature,  territorial  librarian,  prosecuting  attorney  of  the  Olym- 
pian jud.  dist;  had  been  sent  on  a  secret  mission  by  Gen.  Scott,  and  anpoiiited 
Indiiin  agent  in  tho  Yakima  country,  but  soon  removed  on  account  of  his  ini- 
periiiusness.  After  his  removal  Ik;  published  the  I'rrsn,  and  used  it  to  attjick 
whomsoever  ho  hated.  IIo  was  tho  attorney  and  warm  friend  of  (leorgo  U. 
Huberts  of  tho  Puget  Sound  Co.  On  tho  '-'."ith  of  Oct' her  an  attempt  was 
made  to  burn  tho  buildings  of  this  company  on  Cowlitz  farm.  Kendall  boldly 
cluirged  tho  incendiarism  on  Iloraco  Howe,  a  farmer  residing  on  the  Cowlitz, 
who,  on  the  20th  of  Dec.  1802,  met  Kendall  in  01ymi)ia  and  struck  him  over 
tin;  head  with  a  small  stick,  in  resentment.  Kendall  retreated,  and  Howo 
pursued,  ^^  hen  Kendall  drew  a  pistol  and  shot  Howe,  indicting  a  dangerous 
Muund.  A  few  weeks  later  a  son  of  Howe  shot  Kendall  through  the  Inart. 
Or.  Slrilcviinn,ii\n.  H),  IStW;  ,S.  /',  l!iillrli)i,  Jan.  12,  1803;  irn.i/i.  .S'.rf(/M, 
1  Hi;  Uli/ni^iiii  )^((.^/l,  Staiulanl,  Jan.  10,  18li3. 


204 


THROUGH  FOUR  ADMIl^ISTRATIONS. 


having  been  meanwhile  appointed  United  States  dis- 
trict attorney  by  Lander.' 

The  matter  having  been  brought  to  the  attention 
of  the  president.  Governor  Stevens  was  reprimanded 
by  the  executive  through  the  secretary  of  state,  who 
assured  him  that,  although  his  motives  were  not  ques- 
tioned, his  conduct  in  proclaiming  martial  law  did  not 
meet  with  the  approval  of  the  president.® 

Soon  it  was  rumored  that  Stevens  would  be  re- 
moved, when  his  friends  announced  that  they  would 
send  )'^^  i'^  delegate  to  congress  in  1857,  and  imme- 
diately bout  marshalling  their  forces  to  this  end. 
This  beiL^  the  year  when  the  republican  party  was 
fiist  organized  in  the  territory,  the  election  campaign 
was  more  hotly  contested  than  usual,  Stevens  being 
a  southern  democrat  like  Lane,  while  the  new  party 
took  direct  issue  with  the  south. 

The  candidate  put  forward  by  the  republicans  was 
A.  S.  Abernethy,*  a  mild-mannered  man,  like  his 
brother  George  Abernethy  of  Oregon,  and  having 
nothing  either  in  his  character  or  his  history  to  hang 
praise  or  blame  upon,  could  not  contend  for  the  peo- 
ple's suffrages  with  Stevens — St':''ens,  who  had  a  mag- 
netic presence,  a  massive  brain,  great  stores  of  knowl- 
edge, which  he  never  paraded,  although  in  private  a 
brilliant  talker,  a  memory  like  Napoleon,^"  whose  small 
stature  he  approached,  and    bristled   all    over  with 

'Tho  clocumenta  in  this  case  aro  contained  in  Sen,  Doc,  08,  xiv.,  34t!i 
cong,  Istsi'SH.;  Id.,  41,  viii.,  'Mth  coiig.  1st  soss.;  Id.,  47,  viii.,  34th  cong. 
."(I  sesa. ;  Id.,  TS,  34th  cone;.  1st  scss. ;  S.  iMi.fr.  Due,  71,  iii.,  3oth  coug.  l.^^. 
scss.  Miiiiy  .Ti'o  to  be  t'ounil  in  tho  (//i/nijiia  I'ioiivcr  ami  Democrat  from  Mtiy 
to  August;  and  comments  in  tho  Orrijoii.  Slitf.c.'onuii  and  I'orlluud  Or<ijoiiHtH, 
S.  F.  Alia;  New  York  Courier  and  Jiiqiiirer,  Feb.  14,  18.")7;  A'^rwy  York  Tini'.t; 
Philadelphia  l.cthjrr,  July  4,  18.")0;  I'h<l}m^  Jlemiiiiarfiires  of  Seattle,  34;  i)re- 
lion.  ]Ve(Ui/  Tiine-f,  New  York  Herald,  Juno  27,  ISoO;  Wn  hiixiloii  Union; 
Wanhiiiijlon.  li'e/uililienn,  April  17.  l'Sr)7;  but  tho  most  coui]iIetn  ollectiou  nf 
jiapevs  on  the  subject  is  Eraii.i'  Martial  Law,  bt.'oro  quotctl.  See  also  Con>j, 
Globe,  1S."m-0,  pt '2,  ir)17,  34lli  cong.  1st  seas. 

*.SV)i.  Ex,  Doc,  41,  oG,  34th  cong.  JJd  scss.;  Wash,  Jour.  Conncil,  18."iU-7, 
upp.  vi. 

"  A  now  party  jKipcr  was  started  nt  Stcilacooni,  called  the  Wayhiii'jion  AV- 
juihliraii,  by  A.  S.  .i\bernethy,  D.  li.  Biyolow,  and  J.  1*.  Keller.  E he i/s  Jour- 
nal, MS.,  V.  1(1. 

^oProvideMt  (li.  I.)  Journal,  July  1'-',  1802. 


I 


STEVENS  FOR  CONG  HESS. 


SOS 


points  to  attract  the  electricity  of  a  crowd.  Besides 
these  quahties,  which  miglit  be  relied  upon  to  j^ivo 
him  success  in  a  campaign,  he  was  regarded  by  the 
volunteers  as  their  proper  representative  to  procure 
the  payment  of  the  war  debt,  against  which  General 
Wool  was  using  his  powerful  inlluence.  Not  an  ora- 
tor or  debater,  and  with  almost  the  whole  argument- 
ative talent  of  the  territory  arrayed  against  him,^^ 
his  election  was  a  forejjone  conclusion  from  the  first. 
Stevens'  majority  over  Aberncthy  was  463  out  of 
1,024  otes.''^  He  resigned  his  office  of  governor  on 
the  nth  ^^f  August,  one  month  less  two  days  after  his 
election,  the  full  returns  not  being  made  before  the 
last  week  in  July.  Secretary  Mason  filled  his  place 
as  acting  governor  until  the  arrival  of  liis  successor 
in  September. 

It  would  occupy  too  much  space  to  follow  in  detail 
the  public  acts  of  Washington's  first  governor. ^^  He 
labored  as  untiringly  for  the  territory  he  represented 
in  congress  as  he  had  at  home,  and  was  met  by  tho 
same  opposition,  preventing  during  his  first  term  tho 

"  Salucins  Garfielde,  a  captivating  speaker,  then  newly  appointed  receiver 
of  the  land-office  at  Olympia,  took  part  in  tho  political  dcba.tca  of  this  cam- 
pai.^'n  for  Stevens.  Wlien  Stevens  was  nominated  in  1859  Garfielde  opposed 
liiin;  hut  when  Garfielde  was  nominated  in  18GI  Stevens  supported  him. 
Ebi-i/'s  Journal,  MS.,  v.  77. 

^^The  sparsencss  of  tlio  population  and  small  increase  is  shown  by  the  fol- 
lowing comparative  statement.  At  tno  first  election  for  delegate,  in  18o4, 
the  total  voto  was  1,210,  in  1855,  1,582,  and  in  1857.  1,585.  Olympia  Pioueer 
and  Dem.,  Sept.  H,  18^7.  Alexander  S.  Aberncthy  came  from  N.  Y.  to 
Cal.  in  1849  by  steamer,  and  in  March  1850  proceeded  to  Or.  by  tho  bark 
Tonlon.  Ho  soon  purchased  a  half-interest  in  tho  Oak  Point  saw-mill,  of 
George  Aberncthy,  owner,  and  repaired  to  that  ratlicr  solitary  spot  to 
reside.  Ho  was  one  of  tho  movers  for  a  territory  north  of  tho  Columbia, 
a  member  of  tho  second  legislative  assembly,  and  a  member  of  tho  council 
in  1850-7.  He  was  ono  of  tJio  organizers  of  tho  republican  party  in  tho 
fining  of  1857,  and  was  nominated  by  tho  new  party  for  delegate.  After  tho 
election  of  Stevens  ho  remained  in  private  life,  holding  sonic  county  ollices 
until  the  constitutional  convention  at  Walla  \Valla  in  1878,  when  ho  was 
clioscn  a  member.  A  modest,  right-minded,  and  moderately  successful  man, 
Aberncthy  fills  an  honorable  place  in  the  history  of  Washington.  He  contin- 
ued for  many  years  to  reside  at  Oak  Point.  Letter  of  A.  S.  Aberncthy,  in 
llUtorirnl  Corrvapomlencr. 

'"Evans'  Puyallup  Address,  in  New  Tacoma  Lexifier,  July 9, 1880;  Yesler'a 
Wash.  Ter.,  MS.,  II;  Enann' N.  W.  (haitt,  MS.,  4-5;'lfa}ja'  Scraps,  Miiiiiuj,  iii. 
25;  Swan's  Wash.  SLrtches,  MS.,  14-15j  Morse's  Wash.  Ter.,  MS.,  vii.  23-U. 


206 


THROUGH  FOUR  ADMINISTRATIONS. 


passage  of  any  bill  looking  to  the  payment  of  the  war 
debt.  He  urged  the  claims  of  the  territory  to  this 
money,  to  roads,  public  buildings,  coast  defences,  a 
superintendent  of  Indian  affairs,  and  additional  Indian 
agents,  the  payment  of  Governor  Douglas  of  Van- 
couver Island  for  assistance  rendered  acting  governor 
Mason  in  1855,  more  land  districts  and  offices,  and 
the  survey  of  the  upper  Columbia.  None  of  these 
measures  were  carried  through  in  the  session  of 
1858-1).  But  he  was  returned  to  congress  in  the  latter 
year,  running  against  W.  H.  Wallace,  and  beating  him 
by  about  000  votes  out  of  less  than  1,800.  At  the 
session  of  1860-1,  a  land-office  was  established  in  the 
southern  })art  of  the  territory,  called  the  Columbia 
liiver  district;  an  appropriation  of  $100,000  was  ob- 
tai'ied  Lo  be  expended  on  the  Fort  Benton  and  Walla 
Walla  road  begun  by  Lieutenant  Mullan;  $10,000  to 
improve  the  road  between  Cowlitz  landing  and  Monti- 
cello  ;  and  appropriations  for  fulfilling  the  treaties  with 
the  Walla  Walla,  Cayuse,  Umatilla,  Nez  Perce,  Plat- 
head,  and  confederated  tribes,  and  the  coast  tribes  of 
Washington;  and  an  act  was  passed  giving  to  the 
territory  an  Indian  superintendent  and  a  fuller  corps 
of  agents.  At  the  close  of  this  session,  also,  congress 
agreed  upon  a  plan  for  paying  the  war  debt,  after  re- 
ducing it  one  half. 

In  April  18G1  Stevens  returned  to  Olympia,  look- 
ing grave  and  careworn,  for  he  had  taken  deeply  to 
heart  the  troubles  between  the  north  and  south. 
Being  a  pro-slavery  democrat,"  yet  a  determined  sup- 
porter of  the  government,  he  had  labored  earnestly  to 
prevent  secession,  but  as  he  probably  knew,  with  little 
effect.  Almost  simultaneously  with  his  arrival  came 
the  news  that  Fort  Sumter  had  been  taken  by  the 
South  Carolinans,  and  civil  war  begun. 

'^  Stcvoiis  wns  chairman  of  the  Breckcnridgo  wing  of  tho  democracy  after 
the  (li\ision  in  tho  party  in  1800,  for  which  ho  was  (Icnonnced  by  the  legisla- 
ture of  his  territory  in  certain  resolutious.  See  Waxh.  Jour.  I/onse,  ISilO, 
3.S7-8.  He  aoniiiesced  in  the  election  of  Lincoln,  and  urgtid  linehanan  to  dis- 
miaii  Fluyd  and  Thompson  from  hia  cabinet.  Shuck'ii  Kepnaeatative  Men,  fiOl. 


SECTIONAL  POLITICS. 


207 


Tlicrc  were  in  Washin<r<^'^n,  as  in  Oregon,  many 
southern  doniocrats;  and  there  was  in  tlic  clemoeratic 
party  itself  a  tradition  that  notliino*  should  be  per- 
mitted to  sunder  it;  that  to  depart  from  its  time-hon- 
ored principles  and  practices  was  to  be  a  traitor. 
Stevens  met  the  crisis  in  his  usual  independent  spirit. 
His  first  words  to  the  people  of  Olympia,  who  con- 
gregated to  welcome  him  home,  were :  "I  conceive  my 
(hity  to  be  to  stop  disunion. "^'^  He  had  returned 
with  the  intention  of  becoming  a  candidate  for  reelec- 
tion, but  when  the  convention  met  at  Vancouver  ho 
withdrew  his  name,  promising  to  sustain  the  choice  of 
the  delegates,  this  billing  upon  Salucius  Garfielde,  who 
had  been  for  four  years  receiver  in  the  land-office. 
Again  he  urged  the  duty  of  the  party  to  support  the 
government,  and  procured  the  adoption  of  union  res- 
olutions by  the  convention;  yet  such  was  the  hostility 
which  pursued  him,  that  many  newspapers  represented 
him  as  uniting  with  Gwin  and  Lane  to  form  a  Pacific 
republic.^" 

He  remained  but  a  few  weeks  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
hasteninor  back  to  Washintjton  to  offer  his  services 
to  the  president,  and  was  appointed  colonel  of  the  7t)th 
New  York  regiment,  the  famous  Highlanders,  on  the 
(loath  of  their  colonel,  Cameron.  Stevens'  service, 
beginning  July  31,  18G1,  was  first  in  the  defences  of 
Washington.  In  September  he  was  commissioned 
brigadier-general,  and  commanded  a  brigade  in  the  Port 
]ioyal  expeditionary  corps  from  October  to  March  1 8G2. 
From  March  to  July  ho  was  in  the  department  of  the 
^^outh.  On  the  4th  of  July  he  was  commissioned  a 
major-general  of  volunteers,  but  the  senate  refusing 
to  confirm  the  appointment,  he  continued  to  serve  as  a 
i:,vneral  of  brigade  in  the  northern  Virginia  canjpaign, 
though  in  conmiand  of  a  division.  At  the  battle  of 
Chantilly,  while  leading  his  faltering  command  in  a 
charge,  himself  carrying  the   flag   which  the  color- 


^''Ohjmpta  Pionter  and  Dem.,  May  10,  1801. 
'"0/\  Slatemmii,  May  UOuud  August  12,  1801. 


i 

II 


¥  1   ! 


208 


THROUGH  FOUR  ADMIXISTRATIOXS. 


bearer,  stricken  down  by  a  shot,  was  about  to  let  fall, 
he  was  struck  in  the  head  by  a  ball  and  died  upon  the 
field.  But  his  courage  and  devotion  had  saved  the 
city  of  Washington,  for  had  Pope's  army  been  forced 
to  capitulate,  the  nation's  capital  would  have  been 
involved  in  the  disaster." 

When  the  intelligence  of  the  death  of  Stevens 
reached  Washington,  the  grief  of  all  classes  was  sin- 
cere and  profound.  The  war  had  readjusted  party 
lines;  personal  jealousies  had  been  forgotten ;  nothing 
could  any  one  recall  that  was  base  or  dishonorable, 
but  much  that  was  lofty  and  manly,  in  the  dead  hero. 
When  the  legislature  met,  resolutions  were  passed  in 
his  honor,  and  crape  was  ordered  to  be  worn  for  ten 
days.  So  mutable  is  human  regard  1  The  legislature 
of  Rhode  Island  also  formally  regretted  his  loss. 
The  most  touching,  because  the  most  sincere  and 
unaffected,  tribute  to  his  character  was  contained  in 
a  eulogistic  letter  by  Professor  Bache  of  the  coast  sur- 
vey, in  whose  office  he  spent  four  years.  "He 
was  not  one  who  led  by  looking  on,  but  by  ex- 
ample. As  we  knew  him  in  the  coast-survey  office, 
so  he  was  in  every  position  of  life... This  place  he 
filled,  and  more  than  tilled,  for  four  years,  with  a  devo- 
tion, an  energy,  a  knowledge  not  to  be  surpassed,  and 
which  left  its  beneficient  mark  upon  our  organiza- 
tion..  .Generous  and  noble  in  impulses,  he  left  our 
office  with  our  enthusiastic  admiration  of  his  character, 
appreciation  of  his  services,  and  hope  for  his  success."" 

Thus  died,  at  forty-four  years  of  age,  a  man  whose 
talents  were  far  above  those  whom  the  president  too 
often  appoints  to  the  executive  office  in  the  terri- 
tories.    As  a  politician  he  would  always  have  failed, 

"  Letter  of  a  corr.  in  Olympia  Wash.  Standa7'd,  Oct.  "25,  1862;  Battles  of 
America,  ;{05. 

^^  Providence  Journal,  3 axi.  12,  1803;  Boston  Journal,  Sept.  5,  18G2;  Coant 
Survey,  18(52,  4.S2-3.  Stevens  married  a  daughter  of  Benjamin  Hazard  uf 
Newport.  Ills  sou  Hazard,  21  years  of  age,  eaptain  and  adjutant,  was 
wounded  in  tiio  battle  iu  wliieh  his  father  lost  his  life.  There  were,  besidis 
this  son,  three  daughters  in  the  family,  who  long  resided  iu  VVasLingtou. 
Olympia  Wash.  Standard,  Oct.  25,  1802. 


GOVERNOR  McMULLIJf. 


J^espising  the  tricks  by  wlnVh  fl  "^ 

^J^"t  as  nn  explorer  a  sci,?/;f     *^^^^  P^^^^^ase  success- 

services  to  Washin<.ton  are  ^  '""""^^  ^'"^'«^^<^-  Hi.J 
^HUif J  east  of  the  ifor  horn  ,^^''""^'»' crated  by  th(^ 
bearing  the  name  of  Stemls.     '"''^  "^  ^^^^^  C«^»'"t>t 

^'^Si^^^^ei^  MeMuIIin 

to  Wa,  ,,  ,ton  seems  to  nv^fl  ^V'^*^'"^^^  "^  «^"^'"i,' 
^vio  and  marry  another-  He  J.oH  f  l^'* '^'^^  «^"  «"S 
«"ly  f^om  September  1857  fT  f^'"' "^-'"^^^'"t'^'e  office 
was  removed.  His  adminL  .  "^^^.  ^^^^'  ^^'^^^n  he 
called,  en,braced  tlL  po"'  d  ^^  'd"^  1  "'^'^  ''  -'^  ^e^ 
lie  lirascr  Kiver  gold-m  n  1  -^  "'"^  "memorable  by 
^ave  given  a  full  accoun  ^^T^,"^^^^^  -hich  I 

^''/«>.«  to  wJn-ch  the  reLler  is  r.(        r^^^^-''''^"^'"'^'^^  «>" 
J^lic  Hudson's  J3ay  Sonn^anvl  '?^^"''^^^*^^^"J^r'^. 
>-;n   m   the  receipt  ^of"  3   Zi''       T  ^'^^"^^  J^ars 
Inchans  m  the  regiin  of  F^-i  t^^^^     Purchased  of  tJie 
'"^;  ;'^;nce,  when  hi  thewi  ;tcr  ,f  j^'^^:^^''^'^  ^^"^^^''  --'.ce 
8'oJcl  found  its  u-av  to  Ol         •        ^^•''~^"  «^>"'e  of  this 

J*Io"  n..s^)od  to  tl,o  mines  fr  ,    ' '        "'""-  "'"  «»st. 

li«   Sound    advanced    ra  ,i,  7    T?      '''-'■■*'  '-''*''"«  "" 

■™tos  to  tlio  new  mines  ir^i;    ^^'"'  ."'•«•    ">anr 

;"t  a  policy  of  e«lu",Ve,re  s  onT  ""T""^  !"-'»: 

'•'•"'Pany  authorities  nreventcd  \v    ,  '""'*  "^  «'«  l«r 

'■-'>'"S  tl,e  a.lva,,ta4s "i  ^ l^^Tl'""'-''""  fr"'"  '■>•- 

«cen,ed  to  the  territ'ory  '™"'''  "^''^""•^^  l-avo 


M. 


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IJ 


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210 


THROUGH  FOUR  ADMINISTRATIONS. 


Pngct  Sonnil  countr}-,  it  failed  to  build  up  trade  and 
cities  in  that  region,  as  some  sanguine  spc'culators  had 
hoped.  The  good  that  it  did  came  afterward,  when 
many  disappointed  adventurers,  chiefly  young  men, 
not  having  been  able  to  reach  the  fjold-tields,  or  re- 

c5  try  ' 

turning  thence  poorer  than  they  went,  as  some  gold- 
seekers  always  do  return,  sought  work,  and  finally 
homes  on  the  government  land,  and  remained  to  help 
subdue  the  wilderness  and  cultivate  the  soil.  From 
this  class  Puget  Sound  nearly  doubled  its  population 
in  two  years. 

Another  benefit  to  the  country  resulted  from  the 
impetus  given  to  intelligent  explorations,  made  both 
in  quest  of  the  precious  metals  and  in  the  search  for 
})as.ses  through  the  Cascade  Mountains  that  might  lead 
more  directly  to  the  mines  on  the  upper  Fraser.  It 
made  the  country  thoroughly  known  to  its  older  in- 
habitants, and  caused  the  laving-out  of  roads  that 
opened  to  settlement  many  hitherto  unappropriated 
valleys  and  isolated  prairies,  completing  the  unpre- 
meditated explorations  made  during  the  Indian  wars 
of  1855-6.  Attempts  were  made  this  summer  to 
open  a  pass  at  the  head  waters  of  the  Skikomish 
branch  of  the  Snohomish  River  by  Cady  and  Parkin- 
son, who  were  driven  back  by  the  Indians.  An  ex- 
ploration was  also  made  of  the  Skagit,  with  a  view  to 
constructing  a  road  up  that  river  to  the  mines,  and 
W.  II.  Pearson  led  a  large  mining  party  through  the 
Snoqualimich  Pass,  intending  to  proceed  to  Thomp- 
son liiver  by  the  Similkameen  route,  but  was  pre- 
vented by  the  Yakimas  and  their  allies.  A  large 
immigration  to  the  British  Columbia  mines  subse- 
quently took  place  by  the  Columbia  Piver  route,  and 
in  1801  Governor  Douglas,  as  a  means  of  depriving 
Americans  of  the  benefit  of  free-trade,  established  a 
higher  rate  of  duty  on  goods  conveyed  over  the 
border,  although  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  w-ere 
allowed  to  carry  goods  from  Nisqually  across  the  line 
without  liinderance. 


GOVERXORS  MASON  AND  GHOLSON. 


211 


After  tlic  removal  of  M(*Mullin,  and  until  the  ar- 
rival of  his  successor,  Mason  again  became  acting 
oovernor,  soon  after  wliich  he  ilied.  No  man  in 
Washington  liad  a  firmer  hold  uj)on  the  esteem  of  tlie 
whole  community  than  IMason,  who  for  six  years  had 
lu'ld  the  office  of  secretary,  and  for  nearly  half  tliat 
time  of  vice-governor.  Efficient,  prompt,  incorrupti- 
Mo,  and  courteous,  he  deserved  the  encomiums  lavished 
upon  him  in  post-obit  honors.-"  Stevens  pronounced 
liis  funeral  oration,  and  he  was  buried  from  the  capital 
with  imposing  ceremonials.  The  legislative  assembly 
of  18(54  changed  the  name  of  Sawamish  county  to 
^lason,  in  honor  of  his  services  to  the  territory. 


The  third  governor  of  Washington  was  Richard  D. 
Cliolson,  of  Kentucky,  and  like  his  predecessors,  a 
radical  democrat.  He  arrived  in  July  1859,  and  offi- 
ciated both  as  governor  and  secretary  until  Mason's 
sU('(x^ssor,  Henry  M.  JNTcGill,  arrived  in  November. 
The  following  May  Gholson  returned  to  Kentucky 
on  a  six  months'  leave,  during  which  such  chaii'n-s 
ti>()k  place  in  national  politics  as  to  cause  him  to  re- 
main away,'*  and  McGill  officiated  as  governor  until 
April  18G1,  when  W.  H.  Wallace  was  appointed  to 
tlu!  executive  office  by  President  Lincoln,  L.  J.  S. 
Turnoy  being  secretary. 

The  administration  of  Gholson  and  McGill  was 
marked  by  events  of  importance  to  the  territory,  per- 

'"Chiirlea  H.  Mason  was  bom  at  Fort  Waaliington  on  t!.  T  )toniac,  and 
Was  a  son  of  Major  Milo  Masoii  of  Vt,  iloputy  (jiiarti'iiuir'  r  '•  neral  uiulor 
.lacU.sou  in  his  Indian  campaigns.  His  iuoiIkt  was  a  native  ut  I'rovidcnro, 
11.  I.,  wliLTO  C.  II.  Maaoa  resiilud  aftor  tlio  ik'Mtli  of  iiia  fatliev  in  l*^.'??,  grail- 
uiitinif  at  I'l-own  university  with  distinction  in  IS.'iO,  bi'ing  admitti'd  to  tlio 
liuv  in  lS,")i,  and  associated  aa  a  partner  with  AHiertC.  (Iroen,  alty-;L;on.  of  tlio 
st:ito  for  'JO  years,  and  afterward  U.  S.  senator.  In  his  "Jlid  year  he  was 
ivonniinendcd  to  the  jivcsiilont  for  the  aijpointnient  of  district  attorney  of 
lllioili;  Island,  but  was  appointed  instead  to  i  he  secretaryship  of  Washington, 
lie  was  reappointed  at  the  time  of  his  death.  O/i/mpia  Pioiie<r  and  Ihiii., 
.li  ly  'J!),  ISoO;  Or.  Statesman,  August  9,  18J9;  I'lKjtt  Sound  Jlerald,  Apiil 
I."i,  IS.-)!). 

'•''  (iholaon  wrote  a  letter  urging  the  legislature  of  Ky  to  call  a  convention 
and  n]ipoint  commissioners  to  the  southern  congress  at  Montgomery,  Alahania, 
M  liii  slujiild  pledge  the  state  to  stand  by  the  south  in  the  attempt  to  secede, 
S.  1\  Bulletin,  Aug.  30,  ISJO;  Or.  Slatevnan,  March  11,  18G1. 


i '  '< 

I 

p 

I 


I, 


!l 


')  •■    i 


812 


THROUGH  FOUR  ADMINISTRATIONS. 


tainin<^  to  tlio  quarrel  over  tlic  San  Juan  bouudarv, 
in  which  the  territorial  authorities  were  perniitteil  to 
participate  in  an  insi<,n»ilicant  degree,  owing  to  the 
military  occupation  of  the  island.  The  not  uninipor- 
taut  troubles  with  the  northern  and  local  Indian 
tribes"  gave  the  governor  frequent  occasion  for  anx- 
iety. Besides  those  murders  and  emoutes  to  which 
I  have  already  referred,  D.  Hunt,  deputy  United 
States  surveyor,  was  murdered  on  Whidbey  Island  in 
July  1858.  Seven  minors  were  also  attacked  and 
killed  on  their  way  to  Fort  Langlcy,  and  a  white 
woman  captured  about  the  same  time.  If  a  party  of 
two  or  three  men  set  out  to  perform  a  canoe  journey 
to  the  lower  waters  of  the  Sound,  they  ran  the  risk 
of  meeting  their  executioners  in  another  Indian  canoe 
in  one  of  the  many  lonely  wastes  on  Admiralty  Inlet. 
At  length,  in  February  1859,  two  scb  -ners,  the 
Ellen  Maria  and  Blue  Wing,  mysteriousl  appeared 
while  en  route  from  Steilacoom  to  Port  ^ownsend. 
The  latter  was  commanded  by  a  young  man  nami.-d 
Showcll,  and  carried  several  passengers,  among  whom 
was  E.  Schroeder,  a  well-known  and  respected  Swiss 
merchant  of  Steilacoom,  lately  appointed  sutler  to 
Major  Haller.  Various  rumors  were  afloat  concern- 
ing the  fate  of  the  vessels,  in  which  Indians  were 
mentioned  as  accessory  to  their  loss,  but  the  crime,  if 
any,  could  not  be  traced  to  any  tribe  or  individuals, 
until  in  July  18G0,  when,  at  the  trial  of  an  Indian  for 
another  offence  at  Victoria,  one  of  the  Indian  wit- 
nesses irrelevantly  gave  a  clew  to  the  matter.  The 
guilty  persons,  it   seems,  were    Haidahs,   for  whom 

^  Strong  saya  that  Gholson,  who  had  never  held  any  office,  and  had  lari^e 
ideas  of  the  importance  of  an  executive  position,  felt  it  liis  duty  to  siippiLss 
the  nortiieni  Indiana  in  some  way,  and  finally  hit  upon  the  happy  project  nf 
'.,'etting  out  a  proclamation  authorizing  the  citizens  of  the  territory  to  arm  ami 
(it  out  vesaels  for  the  purpose  of  making  reprisals  against  the  English  for  per 
initting  the  northern  Indians  to  leave  British  Columbia  and  commit  dcpreda- 
cions  ill  Washington  territory— regular  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal!  .Suoii;;. 
to  whom  he  showed  the  proclamation,  assured  liiin  it  would  make  him  tin' 
most  famous  man  upon  the  Pacilic  coast.  But  Tilton,  who  was  also  inforiiK  ■! 
of  it,  put  a  stop  to  it.  However,  the  story  leaked  out,  and  Gholson  receive  ■! 
many  a  sly  innuendo.  This  was  during  the  San  Juan  difficulty,  when  tlicn: 
were  five  liritish  ships  of  war  at  Victoria.  Strony'a  Hist.  Or.,  AIS.,  12-4. 


CAPITAL  AND  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS. 


213 


iary, 

!CI  to 

tlio 

ipor- 

uliau 
anx- 

vhic'Ai 

uitocl 

iiul  ill 

I    and 

white 

irty  of 

)Uiney 

le  vi^k 

.  canoe 

'  Inlet. 

rs,  the 

>peare(l 

vnsend. 

naaieil 

whom 

5  Swiss 
tier   to 
joncern- 
U  Nvevy^ 
irimc,  il 
;idual>, 
ian  i'or 
lan  Nvit- 
The 
whom 

Il  had  large 

i  pri)j«t;t  «it 
Itoarin  iui<l 
Ish  for  r^i' 
Kt  acpn-da- 
\\\   Suoii;;. 
le  liiin  111'' 
lo  infoniK  'I 
1)11  rcecivi  'I 
Ivheu  tlii-'i  !■ 
,  7-2-4. 


requisitions  were  several  times  UKule  on  Governor 
]Joii<j^las,  but  I'ef'used  upon  one  pretext  or  another, 
until  the  criminals  had  escaped,  when  it  was  <^ranted. 

Another  matter  wliich  occasioned  some  aijitation 
(hiiinuf  the  administration  of  McGill  was  the  location 
of  the  public  buildings  of  the  territory.  13y  the  or- 
ganic act  the  governor  could  convene  the  first  legisla- 
ture where  he  pleased;  but  that  body  was  then,  at  its 
lirst  session,  or  as  soon  as  expedient,  to  establish  the 
scat  of  government  at  such  a  j)lace  as  it  deemed 
iligible,  which  place  was,  however,  subject  to  be 
(I Kinged  by  an  act  of  the  assembly  at  some  future 
time.  At  the  session  of  1854-5  the  legislature  fixed 
ihc  capital  at  Olympia,  the  university  at  Seattle,  with 
a  branch  at  Boisfort  plains,  and  the  penitentiary  at 
\'ancouver."^  In  January  1858  the  university  was 
ivlocated  on  Cowlitz  prairie  without  a  branch.  Work 
was  begun  on  the  state-house,  which,  however,  was 
suspended  by  the  Indian  war. 

At  the  session  of  185G-7  congress  aj^propi'iated 
8oO,000,  in  addition  to  the  $5,000  granted  in  the  or- 
ganic act,  which  had  been  in  })art  or  in  whole  ex- 
iK.nded;  and  then  commenced  the  advancement  of 
competitive  claims  for  the  honor  and  profit  of  securing 
one  or  other  of  the  public  buildings, 

A  determined  effort  was  made  in  1859-GO  by  a 
faction  to  remove  the  capital  from  Olympia  to  Van- 
couver, but  as  strongly  resisted  bj-  a  majority  of  the 
assembly.  The  matter  coming  up  again  at  the  next 
session,  the  effort  was  renewed,  and  the  matter  having 
been  previously  arranged  by  trading,  acts  giving  Van- 
couver the  capital,  Seattle  the  university,  and  Poi't 
Townsend  the  penitentiary  were  })assed  without  dis- 
( ussion  in  the  lower  house,  and  being  sent  to  the 
council,  passed  that  body  without  argument  idso,  the 
l)resident's   vote  constituting   the    majority.'^*     Such 

■'^Slat.  Wa.'ih.,  1854-5,  G,  8,  9. 

■-'  Paul  K.  lluhbs  of  Poit  Townaend  was  president  of  tlie  council.  A.  M. 
Puu  said  tliat  lie  was  ])ledgcd  not  to  vote  for  removal.  Letter  of  I'oe  to  W.  S. 
Kljiy,  in  tlie  Eiios  CoUcdion. 


I   ']l 


214 


THROUGH  FOUR  ADMINISTRATIONS. 


was  the  haste  of  the  legislative  traders,  that  the  all- 
important  enacting  clause  was  omitted  in  the  wording 
of  the  bill  locating  the  capital,  which  thereby  became 
inoperative.  It  was  also  illegal  in  another  point,  hav- 
ing located  the  capital  permanently,'*^  which  the  legis- 
lature had  no  right  to  do,  according  to  the  organic 
act  of  the  territory. 

Another  act  was  passed  at  the  same  session  requir- 
ing the  people  to  vote  at  the  next  election  upon  the 
seat-of-government  question,  which  being  done,  Olym- 
pia  received  a  large  majority  over  all  competitors.'^^ 
This  result  brought  on  a  contest  similar  to  that 
beUveen  Oregon  City  and  Salem,  a  part  of  the  legis- 
lature going  to  Vancouver  and  a  part  to  Olympia, 
neither  place  having  a  quorum.  Two  weeks  were 
spent  in  waiting  for  a  decision  of  the  supreme  court 
upon  the  validity  of  the  opposing  laws,  when  it  was 
decided  that  for  the  reasons  above  named  Olympia 
still  remained  the  capital ;  and  that  although  the  vote 
of  the  people  carried  with  it  no  binding  force  in  this 
case,  yet  the  wish  of  the  people,  when  so  plainly  ex- 
pressed, was  entitled  to  consideration  by  courts  and 
legislatures.'*^  This  settled  the  matter  so  far  as  the 
capital  was  concerned,  the  Vancouver  seceders  re- 
turning to  Olympia,''^  where  the  capital  has  since 
remained. 

Previous  to  the  removal  of  the  seat  of  government 
to  Vancouver,  Governor  McGill  having  become  re- 
sponsible for  the  proper  outlay  of  the  government 
appropriation,'*®  in  whi'*h  he  was  opposed  by  the  same 

^Ohimpia  Wank.  Standard,  Feb.  28,  1801;  jury's  Journal,  MS.,  vi.  391; 
Steilnroom  PiigH  Sound  Herald,  Feb,  28,  1802. 

'■""Olympia,  1,2.'{9;  Vancouver,  OH!);  Steilacooni,  253;  Port  Townsend,  72; 
Walla  Walla,  07;  Seattle,  22;  scattering,  23.  Olympia  Wash,  Standard,  A\)V. 
19,  1802. 

■"  Tho  opinion  was  given  in  reference  to  the  case  of  Rodolf  va  A.  Mayliew 
et  nl.,  where  there  waa  a  question  of  jurisdiction,  the  court  being  directed  to 
1)0  held  at  the  'scat  of  government.'  It  was  argued  by  Garficlde,  Lawrence, 
Chcnoweth,  and  llubbs;  Evans  and  Lander,  contra. 

'^Olympia  Wash.  Standard,  Dec.  23,  1801;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Dec.  23,  1801; 
Or.  Slalefiman,  Dec.  23,  1801. 

^'■•Neither  McMullin  nor  Uholson  would  give  bonds,  and  Jndgo  McFaddou, 
who  held  tho  drafts,  wu«  about  to  send  them  back  to  Washington. 


'  t 


UNIVERSITY. 


215 


and 

the 

rc- 

sinoo 


vi.  391; 


Slayhow 
cotfd  to 
iWreiico, 

3,  1801; 

Failden, 


H 


clique  of  politicians  which  effected  the  subsequent 
trade,  had  let  contracts  for  clearing  the  land  donated 
by  Edmund  Sylvester  for  the  site  of  the  capitol,  and 
preparing  the  foundations  of  legislative  halls  and  ter- 
ritorial offices.  The  removal  of  the  capital  by  the 
next  legislature  was  a  part  of  the  political  programme, 
which  in  the  end  failed  in  fact  and  "ntent.  But  the 
adverse  proceedings  delayed  the  erection  of  a  state- 
house  until  18G3,  when  there  was  completed  a  struc- 
ture of  wood  at  Olympia  which  has  served  the 
purposes  of  the  territory  for  many  years. 

The  university  was  suffered  to  remain  at  Seattle  on 
condition  that  ten  acres  of  land  should  be  donated  for 
a  buildinjj  site  where  the  commissioners  should  select 
it.  This  condition  was  complied  with  by  A.  A. 
Denny  giving  eight  acres,  and  Edward  Lander  and 
C.  C.  Terry  the  remainder.  The  corner-stone  was 
laid  in  May  18G1,  but  the  university  for  many  years 
failed   to   rank  above    a   preparatory  school,  partly 

funds,^"  and  also  by 


through 


misoianagcment  of  its 


'"Tho  legislature,  in  Jan.  1802,  re-incorporated  the  university,  which  was 
previously  chartucd  in  i8G0  wliilu  it  was  located  on  the  Cowlitz  prairie, 
ercating  a  board  of  regents  consisting  of  Daniel  Bagley,  Paul  K.  Hubbs,  J. 
r.  Keller,  John  Webster,  E.  Carr,  Frank  Clark,  G.  A.  Meigs,  Columbia  Lan- 
caster, and  C  U.  Hale,  in  whom  was  vested  the  government  of  the  institu- 
tion. Three  rcg  :nts  were  to  be  elected  each  year,  the  length  of  the  terms  of 
the  first  nine  to  be  determined  Ijy  lot.  In  case  of  a  vacancy  the  governor 
might  appoint.  The  regents  had  power  to  elect  a  president  of  the  board,  and 
a  president  of  the  faculty;  to  fix  the  number  of  assistants,  and  determhie 
tlit'ir  salaries.  They  could  remove  either,  and  could  appoint  a,  secretary, 
libi-arian,  treasurer,  and  steward,  and  remove  the  same;  but  the  treasurer 
could  never  be,  in  any  case,  a  member  of  the  board  of  regents.  They  were 
entitled  to  hold  all  kinds  of  estate,  real,  personal,  or  mixed,  which  they  might 
ac(|uire  by  purchase,  donation,  or  devise.  The  money  received  for  the  sale 
of  lands  or  otherwise  was  to  be  paid  to  the  treasurer,  and  as  much  as  was 
ni'cessary  expended  by  the  regeuts  in  keeping  iij)  the  buildings  and  defraying 
expenses;  the  treasurer  only  to  give  bonds,  in  the  sum  of  i>ir»,(H)0  to  the  gov- 
t'lnor.  There  was  also  »  board  of  visitors  to  consist  of  three  persons,  and  both 
regents  aiul  visitors  were  to  receive  pay  out  of  the  univei.^ity  fund  for  their 
actual  and  necessary  exiienues,  all  orders  on  the  treasurer  to  be  signed  b^ 
tilt'  secretary  and  couutersighed  Ijy  the  president.    Wa-^h.  .S'/rt/.,  1801-12,  43-0. 

In  an  act  in  relation  to  tho  management  and  safe-keeping  of  the  moneys 
arising  from  tho  sale  of  university  lands,  another  board,  called  'university 
commissioners,'  whoso  business  it  was  to  locate  and  sell  the  two  townshijis  of 
land  granted  by  congress  to  the  support  of  a  university,  were  associated  with 
llic  regents  and  other  oilicers  named  above,  all  together  constituting  a  board 
of  directors,  with  liberty  to  loan  the  fund  derived  from  the  sale  of  land,  or 
iuiy  part  of  it,  at  1'2  pur  cci.t  interest,  and  fur  any  time  from  one  tu  ten  years, 


816 


THROUHH  FOUR  ADMINISTRATIONS. 


reason  of  an  insufficient  population  to  support  a  higher 
order  of  college. 

tlie  loans  to  bo  secured  by  mortgage  on  real  estate  of  twice  its  value.  The 
interest  tlius  accruing  was  to  be  set  apart  for  the  support  of  the  university, 
anil  to  bo  iiniler  the  control  of  the  regents,  the  principal  to  reiuaiu  an  irre- 
(lucil)lc  fund.  The  laws  required  annual  reports  from  both  boards  and  the 
ti'eusurer.  Id.,  CO. 

On  tlic  10th  of  October,  1862,  a  primary  collegiate  school  was  opened  for 
pupils  of  both  sexes,  under  the  charge  of  A.  S.  Mercer,  assisted  by  Mrs  V. 
Calhoun,  the  terms  to  continue  tivo  months.  The  reports  of  the  diflcrent 
boards  showed  that  in  1801  *20,5'24  acres  of  the  university  land  had  been  sold; 
bringing  $30,787.04,  and  §30,400.69  had  been  expended  in  tlio  erection  of 
buihlings.  The  receipts  for  lands  in  1862  amonutcd  to  j?'{t, 748.03,  of  w  hich 
^10,21."). 73  had  been  expended  on  improvements,  leaving  §6, 950.24,  on  hand, 
and  28,768  acres  of  land  unsold.    Wash.  Jour.  Council,  1802-3,  app.  xvi.-yx. 

The  president  of  the  board  of  regents,  Rev.  D.  IJagley  of  the  method  ist 
church,  was  also  president  of  the  board  of  commissioners  to  select  and  sell 
the  lands  of  the  university,  and  so  zealous  was  he  to  sell,  and  so  careless  was 
he  in  his  accounts,  that  the  legislature  of  1866-7  repealed  all  former  acts 
granting  autiiority  to  the  boards  of  r' jcnts  and  commissioners,  and  appoint- 
ing a  new  board  of  regents  consisting  of  B.  F.  Denniaou,  D.  T.  Denny,  Frank 
Mathias,  Harvey  K.  liincs,  and  Oliver  F.  Gerrish,  granting  them  jrawer  to 
make  full  investigation  of  the  affairs  of  the  university  and  report  thereupon. 
Wanh.  Stat.,  1867,  114.  Tho  new  board  elected  Denuisou  president,  Denny 
treasurer,  and  William  H.  Taylor  secretary. 

In  tlie  moan  time  there  had  been  several  changes  in  tlie  school.  W.  E. 
Barnard  appears  to  have  been  the  second  president  of  the  faculty,  if  such  a 
board  could  bo  properly  said  to  exist,  and  he  resigned  in  April  1860,  the  re- 
gents ap[)ointing  Rev.  George  F.  Whitworth,  who  accepted  tipon  an  agree- 
ment that  the  salary  should  bo  .'J1,000  in  coin,  payable  tjuarterly,  in  addition 
to  the  tuition  fees,  and  thcfreo  use  of  the  buildings  and  grounds.  Tho  grade 
of  scholarship  was  low,  as  might  be  expected  under  the  circumstances  of  the 
recent  history  of  tho  country,  and  tho  number  of  pupils  probably  never  ex- 
ceeded 60,  nearly  all  of  whom  belonged  to  Seattle.  The  new  board  of  regents 
found !?."). 85  in  tho  treasury,  and  only  3,364ui  acres  of  land  remaining  unsold  out 
of  46,080  acres  donated  by  congress.  About  8,000  acres  had  been  sold  on  credit 
without  security,  and  about  11,000  on  securities  whicli  were  wortiilcss,  and 
at  prices  illegally  low.  For  the  remainder  of  tho  25,456  acres  remaining  after 
the  erection  of  tho  university  buildings,  there  was  nothing  to  show  but  about 
six  dollars  in  money  and  between  3,000  and  4,000  acres  of  land.  In  their 
report  to  the  legislature,  the  boaril  made  Baglcy  in  debt  to  tho  university 
$13,010.34  in  coin,  and  i-esponsihlc  for  tho  other  losses  sustained  by  tho  uni- 
versity fun<l,  having  illegally  acted  as  president  and  treasurer  of  the  board, 
and  diHburscr  of  the  moneys  received.  Rept  in  Wcuh.  Jour.  Council,  1867- 
8,  76-104.  On  account  of  this  condition  of  affairs  the  school  was  closed  in 
Juno  1867,  and  the  buildings  and  property  taken  in  charge  by  tho  new  board. 
The  re])ort  of  tho  new  board  of  regents  being  referriulto  a  Bofcct  coniinitteo  of 
tho  legislature,  the  lindings  of  tho  regents  were  reversed,  and  $2,314.70  found 
due  Baglcy  from  tho  university  for  services.  The  committee  exonerating  Hag- 
ley  consisted  of  Park  Winans,  John  W.  Braneo,  and  Ira  Ward,  assisted  by 
liev.  H.  K.  Hincs  of  the  methodist  church,  and  member  of  tho  board  of 
regents.  /(/,,  187-202.     Nothing  was  done  by  the  legislature  at  this  session 


V 


except  to  appoint  A.  A.  Denny  and  W.  11.  Robertson  regents  in  placo 
of  ]).  T.  l)enny  and  II.  K.  Hines,  whose  terms  had  expired,  Waxh. 
Slat.,  1867-8,  78,  the  assembly  not  knowing  how  to  act  in  tho  matter. 
At  tiu!  Besfion  of  1H()0  a  rc|iort  was  made  by  tho  regents  showing  that 
S1,1I2..VJ  had  been  received  into  tho  treasury,  li?l, 335.86  of  which  had  been 
paid  in  litiuidation  of  debts  existing  under  tho  lirst  regency;  and  §>68.20  re- 


McGILL  AND  WALLACE. 


217 


The  administration  of  McGill,  although  an  acci- 
dental one,  was  energetic  and  creditable.  He  com- 
bined, like  Mason,  executive  ability  with  that  savoir 
fairc  which  left  those  who  would  have  possibly  been 
his  enemies  no  ground  for  hostility.^^  His  attitude 
(luring  the  San  Juan  and  extradition  difficulties  was 
clignitied  and  correct,  leaving  a  record  ahke  honorable 
to  himself  and  the  territory. 


The  appointmenf. 
was  followed  imme 
dulegateship  of  the 


/vernor   Wallace  in    1861 
J   by  his  nomination  to  the 
.  itory 


In  Washington  as  in 


inaining  in  the  treasury.  The  school  had  been  reopened  on  the  12tli  of  April 
ISO!)  by  Jolin  H.  Hall,  who  agreed  to  teach  three  years  for  SOOO  per  anmun. 
1'liere  were  70  students  in  attendance,  '23  of  whom  were  not  residents  of 
.Si'iittlo,  anil  the  univi^rsity  was  not  incurring  any  debts.  Wa^h.  Jour.  House, 
ISO!),  I  I'J-.j.'i.  The  governor,  Alvan  Flanders,  declared  in  his  uieasagc  that 
'everything  connected  witli  the  management  of  tho  univcr.sity  lands  up  to 
IhUT  can  be  described  only  by  saying  that  it  was  characterized  by  gross  ex- 
travagance and  incompetency,  if  not  by  downright  fraud;  and  that  tho 
history  of  tlie  institution  was  a  calamity  and  a  disgrace,'  all  that  remained  of 
the  inuniliccnt  grant  of  congress  being  a  building  possi'  y  wortli  $15,01)0. 
Ho  suggested  asking  congress  for  further  aid,  which  it  gruntcil  siiould  bo 
jirotected  from  similar  waste.  Instead,  congress  was  memorialized  to  bewtow 
a  grant  of  swamp  and  tide  lands  for  school  par]Hises  and  internal  iinjirove- 
nieuts.  Wash.  Stat.,  18o9,  S'JT-S,  a  prayer  it  ua~  uol  likely  to  listen  to  after 
the  use  made  of  tho  former  liberal  grant.  Tin;  university  strugu'liMl  along, 
unable  to  rise  out  of  its  slough  of  despond  for  almost  another  decade.  Tho 
tiist  assistjinco  rendered  by  tho  legislature  was  in  iS77,  when  it  apjiropri- 
ated  §1,500  for  each  of  the  years  1878  and  187'.)  to  defray  the  expenses  of 
tuition,  and  establishing  45  free  scholarships,  the  holders  to  bo  between  tho 
a^ies  of  10  and  '21  years,  and  bona  lido  residents  of  the  territory  six  montha 
lietore  their  appointment.  Each  councilman  and  each  assemblyman  could  ap- 
jmint  one  from  his  district  or  county;  each  of  tho  district  judges  one,  and 
the  governor  three  from  three  different  counties.  Wii'<h.  Stat.,  1877,  '24l-.'1. 
The  !ii-st  graduate  was  Miss  Clara  .McCarty,  in  1S7(>.  Tho  annual  register  for 
l^SO  NJiows  10  graduates  in  all,  only  one  of  these,  W.  J.  Colkett,  beingof  tl.o 
I  lalo  sex.  The  faculty  consisted  in  the  latter  year  of  tho  president,  J.  A. 
Anderson,  and  wife,  Louis  F.  Anderson,  A.  J.  Anderson,  .Ir,  with  'A  male  and 
H  tiinialo  assistants.  President  Anderson  raised  the  standing  of  the  institu- 
tidii,  which  continued  to  improve,  and  has  turned  out  graduates  very  credit- 
able to  it  and  the  succeeding  faculty. 

"'  McGill  Mas  Irish,  having  immigrated  to  tho  U.  S.  at  tho  age  of  six  years. 
He  came  to  .S.  F.  in  1857,  returning  to  Washington,  D.  C,  in  1858,  where  ho 
was  assistant,  and  then  acting,  private  secretary  to  President  Ikichanan.  lu 
IS5!)  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  of  tho  court  of  claims,  imtil  made  secre- 
tary of  Washington.  On  ids  retirement  from  executive  oHice  he  resumed  the 
I'laeticc  of  law,  and  in  March  ISO'i  was  elected  U.  S.  prosecuting  attorney  for 
I'uu'et  Sound  district,  lie  was  also  elected  a  tnember  of  tho  territorial  assem- 
bly i»r  18(13-4  on  the  republican  ticket.  For  a  time  ho  was  presidt^nt  of  tho 
li  ird  of  regents  of  the  territorial  univcraity.  In  1808  ho  roviaiteJ  Ireland. 
V":/'<7'«  IrUk  Race,  414-10. 


THROUGH  FOUR  ADMINISTRATIONS. 


Oregon,  the  democratic  party,  as  such,  had  been  forced 
to  abandon  its  ancient  rule,  and  it  was  now  the  party 
of  the  union  which  held  the  reins  of  government. 
Wallace  had  been  a  whig;  he  was  now  a  republican. 
That  was  the  secret  of  his  sudden  success.  Running 
against  Garfielde,  democrat,  and  Judge  Lander,  inde- 
pendent, he  beat  the  former  by  over  300  votes,  and 
the  latter  by  1,000.  Yet  the  legislature  of  1861-2 
voted  down  a  series  of  resolutions  presented  by  repub- 
lican members  sustaining  the  course  of  the  general 
government  and  discountenancing  the  project  of  a 
Pacific  confederacy.®^ 

The  democracy  were  not  yet  willing  to  resort  to 
arms  to  save  the  union  from  overthrow  by  their  po- 
litical brethren  of  the  south,  and  the  legislature  was 
democratic  still.  But  the  following  session  of  18G2-3, 
very  soon  after  convening,  the  joint  assembly  passed 
very  strong  resolutions  of  support  to  the  government 
in  suppressing  the  rebellion,  partly  the  result  of  in- 
creasing republican  sentiment,  and  partly  also,  no 
doubt,  from  a  feeling  of  sorrow  and  regret  for  the  loss 
of  the  territory's  one  war  hero,  I.  I.  Stevens,^^  and 
not  a  little  from  a  fear  of  losing  the  patronage  of  a 
republican  administration. 

•^  There  appears  upon  the  journal  of  the  council  a  set  of  loyal  resolutions, 
sent  up  from  the  house,  which  aro  '  referred  to  the  committee  on  foreign  rchi- 
tions,  with  instructions  to  report  the  first  ilay  of  April  next ' — two  mouths  af  ttr 
adjournment!   Wash.  Jour.  Council,  18(il-'2,  '207-8.     The  members  who  com- 

1)osed  this  council  were  James  liiles,  A.  R.  Burbank,  John  Webster,  Paul  K. 
lubbs,  B.  F.  Shaw,  Frank  Clark,  J.  M.  iloore,  J.  A.  Simms,  and  H.  L. 
Caples.  The  liouso  then  made  a  second  attempt  to  pass  some  joint  rusulu- 
tiouH  of  a  loyal  character,  but  they  were  voted  down  before  going  to  the 
council.  The  yeas  ou  the  second  series  were  John  Denny,  father  of  A.  A. 
Denny,  M.  S.  Griswold,  Lombard,  McCall,  John  V.  Smith  of  Clarke  county, 
J.  S.  'i'aylor,  William  Cock,  and  J.  Urquhart.  Tlio  nays  were  Joiin  Aiid, 
C  C.  Bozarth,  J.  11.  Bates,  Beatty,  Chapman,  B.  L.  Gardner,  Gilliam,  T.  1>. 
Hinckley,  llolbrook,  T.  Page,  John  H.  Settle,  Smith  of  Walla  Walla  county, 
B.  F.  Ruth,  Tliornton,  Edward  A.  Wilson,  W.  G.  Warbass.  Not  voting, 
J.  L.  Ferguson,  William  Lean,  A.  S.  Yancis,  and  Williamson.  Olymiila  Wcu/i. 
Stiuidiinl,  March  '22,  1802. 

"•General  F.  VV.  Lander,  who  belonged  to  the  K.  R.  expedition  of  18.").'!, 
and  who  laid  out  the  wagon-road  on  the  south  sido  of  Smiko  River  to  Suit 
Luke,  a  younger  brother  of  Judge  Lander,  though  ho  could  not  bo  said  to  lie 
a  resident  of  Washington,  was  held  in  higji  esteem  for  his  services,  lln  died 
of  wounds  received  in  battle  at  Edwards'  Ferry,  nnich  regretted  on  tiie  Pa- 
cific coast.  Olympia  standard,  March  '22,  1S02;  Or.  SUUesinan,  May  5,  ISO'-. 


GOVERNOR  PICKERING. 


219 


breed 
party 
tueiit. 
ilican. 
niiing 
inde- 
s,  and 
861-2 
rcpub- 
eneral 
,   of  a 

lort  to 
3ir  po- 
re was 
8G2-3, 
passed 
[•nment 
.  of  iu- 
}hq,   no 
lie  loss 
^*  and 
fo  of  a 


solutions, 
reign  rt'lii- 
luths  lifter 
who  eoiu- 
Viuil  K. 

ml  H.  I- 

it  resolu- 

llj    to    till' 

of  A.  A. 

c  county, 
Am  Aii'il, 
mi,  T.  P. 
acouiity. 
t  voting, 
)ia  Wci'^h. 

of  ISoa, 
cv  to  Suit 
luiil  to  1hi 

III!  aiod 

\\  tlie  I'ii- 
5.  ISOJ. 


The  resignation  of  Wallace  on  his  election  as  dele- 
gate was  followed  by  a  brief  interregnum,  during  which 
the  secretary,  L.  J.  S.  Turney,  acted  as  governor. 
The  next  appointee  was  William  Pickering  of  Illi- 
nois,^* who  arrived  at  Olj'^mpia  in  June  18G2.  In 
December  Secretary  Turney  was  removed  and  Elwood 
Evans  appointed  in  his  place.  Evans'  commission 
having  been  sent  to  him  without  a  bond,  Turney  re- 
fused to  vacate  the  office.'*'  Both  claiming  the  exclu- 
sive right  to  act,  the  financial  affairs  of  the  officials  and 
leijrislators  were  for  some  time  in  an  embarrassed  con- 
dition.  Pickering  proved  to  be  acceptable  as  an 
executive,  and  Evans  was  well  qualified  for  the  secre- 
taryship; so  that  peace  reigned  in  the  executive  office 
for  a  longer  term  than  usual,  and  the  legislature  me- 
morialized congress  against  the  removal  of  Pickering 
ill  1866-7,  but  a  commission  having  already  issued, 
he  was  forced  to  give  way.  During  1865  Evans  was 
acting  governor,  filling  the  office  to  the  satisfaction  of 
the  territory  as  well  as  the  republican  party. 

Since  the  days  when  the  first  collector  of  customs, 
!Moses,  had  worried  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  and 
other  British  men,  ship-captains,  and  owners,  and  since 
Ebey  had  established  a  deputy  on  the  disputed  island 
of  San  Juan,  matters  had  proceeded  quietly  in  the 
customs  department.  Ebey  was  succeeded  by  Morris 
]£.  Frost^*  of  Steilacoom,  who  held  the  office  for  four 
years,  and  C.  C.  Phillips  of  Whidbey  Island  followed 
for  a  short  term  of  nine  months,  when,  in  August 
1861,  the  new  administration  sent  out  from  Ohio  an 

'*  Pickci'ing  was  a  Yorkshire  Englishman  who  camo  to  the  U.  S.  in  IS'21 
niul  settled  in  III.,  where  for  thirty  years  he  hail  known  Lincoln,  from  wiiom 
111'  received  liis  appointment.  He  was  (iO  years  of  age,  and  was  sonictinu's 
culled  William  tho  Headstrong.  Pac'ijic  '/'nhiiiic,  .rune  8,  187-.  On  tlie  a))- 
linintinent  of  a  successor  he  retired  to  a  farm  in  King  co,,  Itut  soon  after  re- 
turned to  111.,  where  ho  died  April  22,  187.1.  His  son,  William  Pickering, 
I'ciuaincdin  Wa-shington.  Seattle  Iiifi'ltinenrei;  April  27,  187.'1. 

'*Oc.  Sinteaman,  Dec.  29,  18(i2;  Wcush.  Scraps,  U(J;  Sm.  Jour.,  30th 
Cong.  'Jd  Bcsa. 

^"  M.  II.  Frost  later  resided  at  Mukiltoo.  lie  was  born  in  New  York  in 
1^)1),  removed  to  Mich,  in  IS.'t'J,  and  to  Chicago  in  184!(.  Ho  crossed  tho 
I'luius  in  lSr)2  and  settled  on  I'liget  Sound.  Morse's  Wiuih.  7'er.,  MS.,  xxi.  1. 


220 


THROUGH  FOUR  ADMINISTRATIONS. 


incumbent  named  Victor  Smith,  who  was  not  only 
clothed  with  the  powers  of  a  collector  of  United  States 
revenm*,  but  commissioned  to  inquire  into  the  manner 
in  which  the  government  moneys  were  disbursed  in 
other  departments — a  treasury  spy,  in  short,  who  en- 
joyed the  confidence  of  the  authorities  at  the  national 
capital,  but  who,  as  it  turned  out,  did  not  possess  the 
rocpiisite  discretion  for  so  dangerous  an  office,  the  con- 
sequence of  which  was  that  others,  through  jealousy 
perhaps,  were  spying  upon  him. 

The  first  offence  of  which  Victor  Smith  was  plainly 
shown  to  be  guilty  was  that  of  plotting  to  remove  the 
custom-iiouse  from  Port  Townsend  to  Port  Angtdes, 
upon  the  pretence  that  tlie  former  place  was  not  a 
good  harbor  in  all  weathers,  but  really,  as  it  was 
averred,  that  he  might  speculate  in  town  lots,  he  be- 
iiijjf  shown  to  be  the  owner  of  a  fifth  interest  in  the 
Port  Angeles  Company's  town  site.'*''  A  legislative 
memorial  was  forwarded  to  congress  in  December 
1801  in  favor  of  Port  Townsend,  and  askinuf  for  an 
ai)[)ropriation  to  erect  a  suitable  custom-house  at  tluit 
place. 

Another  offence  of  the  imported  custom-house  offi- 
cial was  that  he  was  an  abolitionist,  a  word  of  hatred 
and  contempt  to  the  democracy.  To  be  an  internn^d- 
dler  between  master  and  slave,  and  to  attempt  to  alter 
the  settled  order  of  thinj^s  in  the  district  of  Puutt 
Sound,  where  an  appointee  from  the  east  was  likely 
to  be  regarded  as  an  interloper,  were  serious  counts 
aixainst  the  new  collector.  It  was  not  lonii:,  therefore, 
before  an  apparent  defalcation  was  discovered,  and  an 
outcry  raised  which  made  it  necessary  for  him  to 
repair  to  Washington. 

In  the  interim,  and  before  ho  reached  the  capital, 
Secretary  Chase,  whose  confidence  Smith  seems  to 
have  enjoyed  to  a  singular  degree,  recommended  to 
conirress  the  removal  of  the  custom-house  from  Port 


"  Tlio  coiTiimiiy  consisted  ouly,  it  was  said,  of  H.  A,  QoldsborougU,  P.  M. 
O'Biicu,  aud  Smith. 


PORT  TOWNSEND  AXD  PORT  ANGELES. 


221 


offi- 

•uuhI- 
alti'r 

likoly 
jouuts 

,nd  ail 
liu  to 


Townscnd  to  Port  Angeloa,  and  a  bill  was  passed  re- 
moving it  in  June  1862.^  This  redoubled  the  ani- 
mosity with  which  the  Port  Townsend  faction  regarded 
the  Port  Angeles  faction.  Nor  was  the  feeling  les- 
sened  by  the  action  of  the  government  in  first  apply- 
ing to  Port  Angeles  the  operation  of  a  "bill  for  in- 
creasing revenue  by  reservation  and  sale  of  town 
sites."**  Under  this  act,  the  land  which  the  original 
town  company  had  claimed  and  surveyed  for  the  city 
of  Cherburg  was  reserved  by  the  government,  which 
resurveyed  it  and  sold  the  lots  at  auction  to  the 
highest  bidder,  the  company  not  neglecting  their 
opportunity  to  secure  a  perfect  title. 

When  Smith  departed  to  Washington  to  explain 
to  the  proper  authorities  the  condition  of  his  accounts, 
and  showed  that  the  alleged  deialcation  was  sini|)ly 
a  transfer  of  615,000  from  one  fund  to  another,*"  in 
wliich  action  he  was  borne  out  by  authority  vested 
in  him  by  the  treasury  department,  he  appointed 
J.  J.  H.  Van  Bokelin  deputy  insj)ector  and  collector 
for  the  period  of  his  absence.  Hardly  was  his  back 
turned  upon  Port  Townscnd  when  Captain  J.  S.  S. 
('haddock  of  the  revenue-cutter  Joe  Lane,  acting 
upon  information  received,  proceeded  to  take  ])osses- 
sion  of  the  custom-house,  where  he  left  installed  as 
collector  Lieutenant  J.  H.  Merryman  of  the  revenue 
service.  This  was  in  June  18G2.  In  August  Victor 
Smith  returned  to  Puget  Sound  in  the  steam  revenue- 
culter  Shuhriek,  commanded  by  Lieutenant  Wilson, 
and  demanded  of  Merryman  the  surrender  of  the 
keys  of  the  custom-house;  but  this  jMerryinan  refused 
unless  he  were  shown  Smith's  commission  i'rom  the 
department  at  Washington,  or  his  sjiecial  authority 
for  making  the  demand,  neither  of  which  were  pro- 
(hiced.  Ins{ead,  Smith  returned  to  the  cutter,  had 
lior   brought   into   the  harbor,  her  men  armed,  her 

'".Spn.  Minr.  Doc,  C7,  .17th  cong.  2(1  rcss.;   U.  S.  Artu,  IST-S.     Smitli  was 
rcputrd  to  bo  n  cousin  of  Secretary  Clmsc.   Marie's  Wash.  Ter..  MS.,  xvii.  43. 
="  AVw/.s'  Port  Toiniwnil,  MS.;  .'V-'-IJ;  S.  F.  Uulktin,  July  24,  lt>(>2. 


ii 


Olympia  SUmdard,  Aug.  23,  1S03. 


>ii 


.  i' 


r?; 


222 


THROUGH  FOUR  ADMINISTRATIONS. 


guns  shotted  and  brought  to  bear  upon  the  town. 
Two  officers  with  a  party  of  marines  then  landed 
and  demanded  of  Merry  man  to  dehver  up  to  them  the 
custom-house  keys,  but  were  refused.  Upon  this 
Wilson  himself  went  ashore  and  made  a  formal  requi- 
sition for  the  possession  of  the  custom-house  papers 
and  moneys,  when  the  government  property  was  sur- 
rendered, and  to  avoid  further  trouble,  taken  on  board 
the  Shuhrick,  where  the  business  of  the  office  was 
transacted  until  it  was  removed  to  Port  Angeles  in 
September." 

The  people  of  Washington  territory  had  never  yet 
been  granted  a  satisfactory  mail  communication,  but 
by  an  arrangement  of  the  postal  agent  with  the  Eliza 
Anderson,  a  passenger-steamer  running  between  Puget 
Sound  ports  and  Victoria,  had  for  some  time  enjoyed 
a  sombre  satisfaction  in  being  able  to  get  word  to  and 
from  Victoria  in  a  week.  13ut  on  the  arrival  of  the 
Shuhrick,  Smith,  who  was  authorized  to  introduce  re- 
trenchment into  the  public  service  wherever  it  could 
be  done,  assumed  charge  of  the  mail  service,  and  made 
the  SJiuhrick  carrier,  which  having  a  regular  route 
away  from  the  mail  route,  was  anything  but  a  proper 
mail  carrier.  This  disturbance  of  their  already  too 
limited  means  of  communication  roused  a  tornado  of 
invective  about  the  ears  of  the  self-constituted  postal 
agent. 

Immediately  after  the  belligerent  performances  of 
the  Shuhrick,  Governor  Pickering,  attended  by  United 
States  Marshal  Huntington,  Ex-governor  McGill, 
Major  Patten  of  the  regular  service,  and  a  number  of 
citizens  of  Olympia,  repaired  to  Port  Townsend  on  the 
Eliza  Anderson,  to  inquire  \ito  the  conduct  of  Col- 
lector Smith  in  threatening  to  bombard  that  town. 
But  the  witty  and  audacious  revenue  gatherer  ex- 
hibited his  correspondence  with  the  secretary  of  the 
treasury,  and  smiling  benigidy,  assured  liis  visitors  that 
whatever  they  might  think  of  liis  methods,  he  was  un- 

*^  Olympia  Standard,  Aug.  0,  1802;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Aug.  11,  18G2. 


'\pL. 


AP.nEST  OP  SMITIT. 

<loubte£llvafi„oriteoffl,„  ^'^ 

-ell  as  him,  of  M,e\ZZT  7^'f  ""'•do  thorn,  aa 
evjdc-nce.     Although    his  could  no^  f""'^''  '''"""-'^"t 
st.ll  remamed  the  s'uspic  on  tW  ?    '^'^  S»'"«i<l,  there 
government  miglit  b»  rnhn  ,.    i       ",  ''°"fi''ence  of  the 
»  h"..  the  Shub^ici  stoZttfSi  "  '^'^^  days  later! 
»'"!  take  the  mail,  MaSal  H^f-  ^r""""^ '» 'e«-o 
l»ard  her  with  a  warrant  bnt"°'™  ""'^'"Pted  to 
;<■   ^°:     On   the    13th   She  "4  7'  T'  P'^-'-'itted  to 
]•  raneisco,  to  which  nl-oJi  ^'"''^'^  sailed  for  San 

''''jotofore.tothegreattvrfn^i'^':''^  "x'  mails  as 
I"  good  time  Smith  £J  *''° ''f "'«««  community 
-rest  of  Merry  man  for  cam"™1;  ''"'""^  ^""^^'I  - 
•■""I  the  custom-house  wa  w' I?  T7  ""'*'>''  '"oneys 
«:''ere  two  hundred  neo,  le  t  "''!f  "'  ^"'^  ^ngelL 
<:»"  of  soon  buildinl  X  a  '  ^"^^""''^'^  "'  ""t'cipa.' 
lovv-nsend  being  thrown  ?nf  7""'"»'c,al  city,  p„rt 

'■".'oanddespairatbdnVb  ;e;?,»'/f™»te  parox^;™;;^ 
;-■     At  the  meeting^  the  :r^-\P':°^l''^*ef great. 

^^•^ve  bail  for  his  a^^^  voluntarily,  and 

'VVoavs  to  have  been  m  T  ^    •^"^'^^  ^^^^^^^e  no  case 

Hcli  appointed  him  saw  fit  7n  §^«vernnient 

;?^'.t^ar»^~--^^ri!:t 

;7^'t:rr^e:!;;trV''fP<'H  Angeles  to  be 
<  l-H"n,  when  survevL       !  ^7  "  eust^m-liouse,  Mc' 
'■^'f'ted  favorably  ^pof     '"/''T  °1^"S'-^t  Sound 
:","■"  on  tl  is  coit  t'Tform  a  IT  ,'^T  ""^'Pt  c 
'-  ^"  Protectad  from  the  north  ,^?1  '',"'';,""■"    ^'  >™'' 
'"  '■-■  *•  A  ftp,,  xu.  2-s  ^y  ""^  ^""d  "Pit 


224 


THROUGH  FOUR  ADMIXISTRATIONS. 


!'      1 


I! 


of  Ediz  Hook,  three  miles  in  length,  running  out  cast- 
ward,  and  from  the  south-east  gales  by  the  mainland, 
and  had  a  good  depth  of  water,  besides  lying  more 
directly  in  the  path  of  commerce  than  its  rival.  The 
town  site  was  also  called  superior  to  Port  Townsend, 
although  it  had  the  same  high  bluif  back  of  the  nar- 
row  strip  of  land  bordering  the  harbor.  Three  small 
streams  ran  down  from  the  hiijhlands  back  of  it  and 
furnished  abundance  of  water,  the  custom-house,  a 
fine  large  structure,  being  built  at  the  mouth  of  the 
canon  through  which  one  of  these  rivulets  ran.  Smith's 
residence  adjoining  it,  and  the  other  buildings  being 
near  these  central  ones. 

In  the  winter  of  1863  a  catastrophe  occurred.  For 
several  days  the  stream  just  mentioned  was  dried  up, 
the  unknown  cause  being  a  landslide,  which  had  fallen 
into  the  narrow  gorge  about  five  miles  from  Port  An- 
geles, and  by  damming  up  the  water  formed  a  lake. 
On  the  afternoon  of  the  16th  of  December,  it  being 
almost  dark,  a  terrible  roaring  and  tearing  sound  was 
heard  in  the  canon,  and  in  a  tew  moments  a  frightful 
calamity  was  upon  the  until  now  prosperous  new 
town.  The  earth  which  formed  the  dam  had  at 
length  given  way,  freeing  a  body  of  water  fifteen  fei't 
in  height,  which  rushed  in  a  straight  volume,  carrying 
everything  before  it,  and  entirely  changing  the  face 
of  the  ground  swept  by  it.  Crushed  like  an  egg-shell, 
the  custom-house  fell  and  was  carried  out  into  the; 
harbor.  Deputy  Collector  J.  M.  Anderson,  formerly 
of  Ohio,  and  Inspector  William  B.  Goodell,  lately 
master  of  the  tug  General  Harney,  stood  at  the  front 
entrance  of  the  building  as  the  water  and  debris  it 
carried  struck  the  rear  side.  Their  bodies  were  found 
two  hundred  feet  away,  covered  four  feet  deep  with 
earth  and  fragments  of  buildings  and  furniture. 

Neitlier  Smith,  the  late,  nor  Gunn,  the  newly  ap- 
pointed, collector,  were  in  Port  Angeles.  Mrs  Smith, 
with  four  young  children,  and  Mrs  Randolph  were  in 
the  dwelling  adjoining  the  custom-house,  which,  be- 


A  TOWN  DESTROYED. 


the  vvreck,  with  the  water  un  t„  ,'"''''  .''"°Ping  ""dor 
f"»nd  ami  .saved  not  only  u^fht  ?  •n""'''  ^-^  S,„ith 

"■'tl;  fragments  of  thf  wall^  "f  "'^'tf  -  held  down 

flood  had  passed,  and  menin  bont     ^.''f'  *""«  «'• 

"■■O'ng  to  the  rescue  of  to«.fV/'*'i.'»"torn3  were 

he  watery  avalanehe.     Nrjil"  ""^ ''"■r' """■'^e  of 

those  of  the  two  eustom-houseoffl  "TJ"''  ^^^P* 
«a.s  m  rums,  and  altho™  h  an  3  7''  ''"*  ">«  to^"» 
s««i tote  it  by  removi  ",?that  re™  '""1  """''^  *°  >•«- 
*te  l„gher  up  the  coas  it  „"'""''  '"abetter 
tlie  calamity,  and  o-radntn '    >•  "•''Y'"'  ''ewvered  from 

"ig  community.  condition  of  a  small  farm- 

OS.S  of  the  furniture  of  fho  Sj  ^  '  T  "'"'^  ^"'^  ^'^« 
tlauiage  fell  upon  Smith  who  1,  ^i  ,  "^  '"««<^  seriou. 
eustom-houso  for  a  term  of  7"'^  ^"^  ^^"^  ^^^^^^^  the 

i^'s  msidence,  furniture  Lis  'r.^'""'--    T^"«'  ^ith 
^'f  "!ono.y,  was  snatched  aw. v^"^'  ^-^considerable  sum 

was  m  Washinirton  enr>«.  ^  "  ""  i"oment,  while  he 
-•tl^  the  govefr^e  f  rT8^,*^,,^^J-t  his  affair.* 
-as  returned  to  Port  Townsend  ?  ,"^^,^"«^««^-house 
tJ;^  Pnncipal  figure  in  thrio,;^"^'"  ^^^^^/^^r,  also, 
f  Por  Angele"  disappear^  f^  ^^^dsmguht  historj 
a«  .suddenly  as  his  town  Ind  !(  ^^V'""'^^''  '^^/^ 
previous,  when  the  steam    ,1     /I  "^'  ^'^g^^teen  months 

Citv,  and  went  down  w  th  to  '     ""''^'  ''''''  ^'^'^^^t 
^"^•"'g  whom  was  the    llnf    l Passengers  on  board 
feu)ith.«  '''^  tdJented  but  eccentric  Victor 


226 


THROUGH  FOUR  ADMINISTRATIONS. 


By  the  catastrophe  at  Port  Angeles  all  the  papers 
relating  to  the  statistics  of  commerce  were  destroyed, 
leaving  a  blank  in  this  chapter  of  early  history  which 
can  never  be  satisfactorily  filled.*" 


Two  of  his  sisters 
near  Wilmington. 


house  at  Tatoosh  Island  was  given  in  charge  of  his  father, 
long  had  in  charge  the  light  on  the  California  coast 
Another  married  Mr  Stork  of  Olympia. 

**  The  collectors  foKowing  Gunn  in  office  were  Frederick  A.  Wilson,  M. 
S.  Drew,  Salucius  Garfielde,  Henry  A.  Webster,  and  Bash.  Gunn  came  to 
Or.  in  1852,  and  was  associated  with  H.  L.  Pittock  in  the  publication  of  the 
Oregonian,  and  was  subsequently  for  many  years  editor  of  the  Olympia 
Transcript,    He  died  at  Olympia,  Aug.  23,  18S5. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


MIXING  AND  TOWN->LUvINGs 
1861-1863. 

v-^OAHrrZATTON    OF    THE    FiRST    WaSIIIXOTON    InPAITTRT— COMPANIES    FROM 

Califokxia  —  Gold  Discoveries — Military  Road  —  Fkaser  River 
Travel— CoLViLLE  Mines — The  Malheur  Country — The  Similka- 
MtEN  Mines — American  Miners  in  British  Columbia— Gold  Discuv- 
KuiEs  Kji>  riiE  Clearwater — On  Snake  River — Protest  of  the  Nkz 
Perci^:?  1  ierce  City — Oito  Fino— Lewiston — Very  Rich  DiciuiNcs — 
Californ  V  Eclipsed — SALMO>r  Riveb  Mines — Political  Effect — 
Winter  Sufferings — Powder  and  John  Day  Rivers — Florence  and 
Warren  Diggings — Boise  Mines— Organization  of  the  Territory 
OF  Idaho. 

I  HAVE  related  in  Oregon  II.  how  Colonel  Wright 
was  loft  in  command  of  the  department  of  Oregon 
will  11  General  Harney  was  invited  to  Washington 
upon  a  pretence  of  being  needed  to  testify  in  the 
Oiigon  and  Wasliington  Indian- war-debt  claims,  in 
order  to  pacify  the  JBritish  minister  and  Governor 
Dtiuglas  by  removing  him  from  proximity  to  the 
San  Juan  Island  boundary-war  ground;  and  also  that 
(itneral  Scott  recommended  merging  the  military 
department  of  Oregon  in  that  of  the  Pacific,  with 
headquarters  in  San  Francisco.  In  the  latter  part 
of  1 8G0  this  idea  was  carried  out,  and  General  E.  V. 
Sunnier  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Pacific  depart- 
niiMit,  relieving  General  Johnstone,  whom  the  people 
of  Oregon  and  Wasliington  feared  might  be  sent  to 
connnand  the  Columbia  district.  Fortunately  for 
them,  since  they  had  come  to  have  entire  coiitidence 
ill  Wright,  that  officer  was  retained  in  his  important 
position  during  the  critical  period  of  the  broakiiig-out 

(227) 


228 


MINING  AND  TOWN-MAKING. 


I 


iii 


of  the  rebellion.  The  depletion  of  his  command,  and 
the  measures  resorted  to  in  order  not  to  leave  the 
north-western  frontier  defenceless,  I  have  referred  to 
iu  my  History  of  Oregon. 

The  news  of  President  Lincoln's  proclamation  call- 
injj  for  volunteers  did  not  reach  Washinjjton  until 
about  the  1st  of  May,  and  on  the  10th  McGill,  who 
was  at  that  time  still  acting  governor,  issued  a  call 
for  the  organization  of  the  militia  of  the  territory 
under  the  existing  laws,  each  company  to  report  at 
once  to  headquarters  and  be  at  the  call  of  the  presi- 
dent should  their  services  be  required.^  Adjutant- 
general  Frank  Matthias  immediately  appointed  en- 
rolling officers  in  each  of  the  counties  of  the  territory, 
both  east  and  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  and 
required  all  men  subject  to  military  duty  to  report 
themselves  to  these  officers.  There  were  at  this  time 
twenty-two  organized  counties,  and  not  more  than  six 
thousand  men  between  the  ages  of  sixteen  and  sixty 
capable  of  bearing  arms.'  In  the  Puget  3ound  re- 
gion there  was  also  need  of  able-bodied  men  to  repair 
the  damages  sustained  by  several  years  of  Indian 
wars  and  mining  excitement. 

Late  in  the  summer  of  ]  861  Wright  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  department  of  the  Pacific,  and  Colo- 
nel Albermarle  Cady  of  the  7th  infantry  succeeded  to 
that  of  the  district  of  the  Columbia.  About  the  last 
of  the  year  Wright,  now  a  brigadier-general,  appointed 
Justin  Steinberger,  formerly  of  Pierce  county,  Wash- 
ington, but  then  in  California,  to  proceed  to  Puget 
Sound,  with  the  comm'ssion  of  colonel,  anu  endeavor 
to  raiso-a  regiment  to  be  mustered  into  the  regular 
service.     Steinberger  arrived  in  January ;  but  the  ut- 


^Steilacoom  Hertdd,  May  10^  1861;  Olympfa  Pioneer  and  Dem.,  May  17, 
1861. 

*  The  first  cotnmny  formed  appears  to  have  been  tho  Port  Madison  Union 
Gruards,  70  men;  William  Fowler  cant.;  H.  B.  Monchester  1st  lieut;  E.  1). 
ICromer  2d  lieut;  non-oom.  officers,  A.  J.  Tuttle,  Noah  Falk,  William  Clun- 
dcnin,  Edgar  Brown,  S.  F.  Coombs,  R.  J.  May,  J.  M.  Ouimlon,  John  Taylor. 
Tiiis  company  was  organized  in  May.  In  June  tlio  Lewis  County  Raiigtis, 
mounted,  were  organized  at  Cowlitz  landing;  Henry  Miles  capt.;  L.  L, 
Dubcau  1st  lieut;  8.  B.  Smith  2d  lieut.  Olympia  Standard,  July  20,  1801. 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION. 


229 


and 
I  the 
3d  to 

call- 
until 
,  who 
a  call 
ritory 
3rt  at 

presi- 
utant- 
sd  en- 
ritory, 
IS,  and 

report 
As  time 
han  six 
id  sixty 
and  re- 
)  repair 

Indian 

laced  in 
[d  Colo- 
]eded  to 
:lie  last 
Ipointcd 
|,WasU- 
Pugft 
ideavor 
regular 
the  ut- 
MayH, 

lison  Union 
lent;  E.  D 
tUam  Ck'ii- 
thn  Taylor. 
ly  Eaiigi-is, 
Int.;  L.  L- 
lo,  18U1. 


most  he  could  do  was  to  raise  four  infantry  conopanies, 
one  each  at  Whatcom,  Port  Tovvnsend,  Port  Mad- 
ison, and  Walla  Walla.*  In  California  he  raised  four 
more  companies,  with  which  he  returned  to  Vancouver 
in  May,  relieving  Colonel  Cady  of  the  command  of 
the  district.  As  three  others  were  then  organized  in 
California,  enlisting  was  ordered  discontinued  in  Wash- 
ington. In  July  General  Alvord  took  command  of 
the  district,  and  Steinberger  repaired  to  Fort  Walla 
Walla,  where  he  relieved  Colonel  Cornelius  of  the 
Oregon  cavalry.  The  regiment  was  not  filled,  how- 
ever, until  the  close  of  the  y  lar.  On  the  5th  of  Jan- 
uary, 1863,  Governor  Pickering  addressed  a  communi- 
cation to  the  speaker  of  thr  house  of  representatives, 
informing  him  that  the  First  Regiment  of  Washing- 
ton Infantry,  organized  pjrsuant  to  order  of  the  war 
department,  October  T  Ol,  was  full,  and  had  been  re- 
ceived into  the  service  of  the  United  States,  and  sug- 
gested to  the  legislature  to  give  some  expression, 
cither  by  memorial  or  joint  resolution,  of  the  confi- 
dc nice  of  that  body  in  this  regiment,  whether  it  re- 
mained where  it  then  was  or  should  be  called  out  of 
the  territory  in  the  service  of  the  United  States,  and 
invoking  for  it  the  favorable  notice  of  the  general 
government,  praying  that  in  the  event  of  a  reorgani- 
zation of  the  army  this  corps  might  be  retained  in 
service  in  Washington.*     It  was  so  ordered. 

A  portion  of  the  regiment  was  stationed  at  Fort 
Pickett,  another  portion  was  with  Steinberger  at 
Walla  Walla,  and  the  territory  had  at  length  and  for 
a  time  the  satisfaction  of  se(  ing  men  with  no  alien 
tendencies  in  its  places  of  tru.st. 

Althougl;  it  was  designed  that  the  Oregon  cavalry 
should  be  used  against  the  Shoshoncs,  who  for  eight 
years  had  grown  more  and  more  presumptuous  and 
hostile,  and  the  Washington  infantry  be  kept  to  gar- 

'Tlio  cnroUiug  officors  wero  R.  V.  Pcaboily,  H.  I..  Tibballs,  Egbert  H. 
I'm kur,  and  Moore  uud  t'uimuday  of  WuUa  Walli.  Sieilacooin  Herald,  March 
20.  I8C-2. 

'  ll'ash.  House  Jour.,  18G'2-3,  app.  xxiii.-xxir. 


iliil 


220 


MINING  AND  TOWN-MAKING. 


rison  the  several  posts  in  the  territory,  the  companies 
east  of  the  mountains  were  compelled  to  support  the 
cavalry  on  several  expeditions  against  the  Indians,  in 
which  long  and  exhausting  marches  were  performed, 
the  history  of  which  has  been  given  in  my  History  of 
Orcjjon,  but  to  which  some  reference  is  also  due  in 
this  place. 

On  the  opening  of  the  transmontane  country  east 
of  the  Cascades  in  October  1858,  there  was  a  sudden 
overiiow  of  population  into  its  sunny  vales,"  attracted 
thither  cliicfiy  by  the  reputed  gold  discoveries  both 
north  and  south  of  the  Columbia,  on  the  Malheur  and 
other  streams  of  eastern  Oregon,  as  well  as  on  tlio 
Wcnatchee  River,  in  the  latitude  of  the  Snoqualiniieh 
Pass,  and  about  Colville.  Many  were  discouraged 
miners,  who  found  the  soil  and  climate  of  eastern 
Washington  so  agreeable  and  productive  as  to  suggest 
settlement. 

The  construction  of  the  military  road  to  Fort  Ben- 
ton drew  a  considerable  number  in  the  direction  of 
the  Bitter  Boot  Valley,  forming  a  part  of  the  immense 
and  rather  indefinite  county  of  Spokane,  attached  for 
judicial  purposes  to  the  county  of  Walla  Walla,  and 
consequently  far  from  the  seat  of  any  court."  The 
stream  of  travel  toward  Eraser  River,  which  crossed 
the  Columbia  at  The  Dalles,  pursuing  a  north-east 
course  to  Priest  Rapids,  and  a  north  course  thence 
by  Okanagan  lake  and  river  to  the  Thompson  brancli, 
or  d  ;flecting  to  the  west,  reached  the  main  Fraser  200 
miles  above  Fort  Yale,  stood  in  need  of  military  pro- 
tection, as  did  also  the  boundary  commission,  rmepart 
of  which  was  at  Semiahmoo  Bay,  and  the  other  at 
Lake  Osogoos,  near  the  Rock  Creek  mines.' 

*Rul)io  &  Co.  orcctcil  a  stcr.iii  saw-mill  near  Walla  Walla  in  1859.  Or. 
yl r,7".>i,  .liui.  'JO,  hS,')!).  Noblo  &  Co.  erected  another  in  Oiistorn  Oregon  tlio 
siinio  j'Mi.  'I'ho  lirst  giist-niill  ei'ecteil  at  Walla  Walla,  in  1800,  wua  owntil 
by  11.  11.  Koyi")kl.i,  Siiiuns,  and  ('ai)t.  F.  T,  Ueut.  EUioWa  Jlid.  Idaho,  ViX-'y 

*  ]V<iKh.  .'lour.  House,  lS(iO-l,  3o-G. 

'Ca|(t.  D.  \\^JO(lrlltr,  witli  a  w.  of  the  0th  inf.,  was  at  Scminhmoo,  and 
two  ciiiniianit'H  of  tlio  Baino  icginicnt  under  (.'apt.  .1.  J.  AicluT  at  Lalw 
OsoijooH,  in  thtt  Bumnicr  of  ISOI).  Mes»,  and  JJocn,  IbJO-OO,  pt  ii.  111-1'2. 


STEAMBOATS  AND  GOLD  MINES. 


231 


[lies 
the 
i,  in 
ned, 

e  ill 


cast 
idJcu 
acted 

both 
ir  and 
n  the 
limicU 
iraged 
astern 
uggest 


1 1859.  Of. 

rcgon  tho 
as  ovviu  il 
iho,  Ol-"'' 


litnoo,  111!'' 
lit  Luli^ 
ll-l'2. 


For  the  safety  of  these  disconnected  groups  of  peo- 
ple, Fort  Colville  was  established  in  May  1859.  The 
Dalles,  being  the  one  entrepot  for  so  wide  a  region, 
rapidly  developed  into  a  commercial  town,  with  a 
journal  of  its  own,®  and  a  population  ever  increasing 
ill  numbers  if  not  in  worth;  horse- thieves,  gamblers, 
and  all  the  criminal  classes  which  follow  on  the  heels 
of  armies  and  miners  giving  frequent  employment  to 
the  civil  and  military  authorities. 

In  the  spring  of  1859,  also,  the  little  steamer  Colonel 
Wright  was  built  at  the  mouth  of  Des  Chutes  River, 
by  R.  R.  Thompson  and  Lawrence  W.  Coe.  She 
made  her  first  trip  to  old  Fort  Walla  Walla  on  the 
18th  of  April,  returning  on  the  20th,  and  taking  a 
cargo  of  goods  belonging  to  Joel  Palmer,  intended  for 
the  mines,  as  far  up  the  river  as  Priest  Rapids.  In 
J  une  she  ascended  Snake  River  to  Fort  Taylor,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tucannon.  A  steamboat  on  the  Upper 
Columbia  gave  trade  another  impetus,  and  Walla 
Walla,  first  called  Steptoe  City,  became  a  rival  of 
The  Dalles  in  a  short  time. 

The  passage  of  gold-hunters  though  the  Colville 
country  revived  an  interest  in  that  region.  Many 
unsuccessful  miners  returning  from  Fraser  River,  or, 
prevented  by  high  water  from  operating  there,  were 
led  to  explore  on  the  upper  Columbia  and  as  far  east 
as  the  Bitter  Root  Valley,  where  they  made  from  five 
to  eight  dollars  a  day,  and  Where  living  was  less 
costly  than  on  Fraser  River.  Even  the  military  offi- 
cers and  soldiers  became  gold-hunters,  adding  not  a 
little  information  concerning  tlie  mineral  resources  of 
the  country  to  that  furnished  by  mining  prospectors." 

*  The  Dalles  Journal,  edited  and  published  by  A.  J.  Price,  at  $5  per  year, 

vcfldy. 

'Captain  Wallcn's  expedition  discovered  gold  in  the  Malheur  country;  nnd 
Captain  Archer  reported  finding  the  color  of  gold  almost  cvcrywhcio  on  t.  j 
iiiiiivli  from  Priest  Rapids  to  the  SimilUamccn,  with  tho  best  prospects  in  tho 
\ii'inityof  the  Wenatcl.oo  and  Metliow  rivers.  An  extensive  cop]M.'r  mine 
v:is  discovered  on  tho  OkinaUano  River;  and  lead  was  found  on  Luke 
<  lii'lau  and  Pend  d'Orcillo,  Corr,  DalU.tJoiininl,  in S.  F.  Alia,  Aufr.  I'i,  1859. 
Major  Lugenbecl,  in  command  of  the  new  military  post  at  Colville,  iufornia 
the  Porlland  Advertiser  that  the  mines  at  tho  mouth  of  tlio  Pcnd  d'Orcillc, 


MINING  AND  TOWN-MAKING. 


The  soldiers  on  guard  at  the  commissioners*  camp 
in  October  discovered  gold  on  the  Similkameen,  where 
they  could  take  out  twenty  dollars  a  day  with  pans, 
besides  walking  five  miles  to  and  from  camp.  The 
discovery  was  as  much  as  possible  suppressed,  from 
a  fear  that  a  crowd  of  persons  would  be  attracted 
there  at  the  besjinninff  of  winter,  whom  there  was 
no  means  of  supplying  with  food  when  the  military 
stores  should  be  removed  for  the  season.  JNIiners 
were  warned  also  not  to  begin  preparations  too  early 
in  the  spring,  when  the  bars  of  the  river  would  be 
under  water;  but  the  fact  was  not  concealed  that 
the  quality  of  Similkameen  gold  was  superior,  being 
coarse,  and  equal  in  coin  to  seventeen  or  eighteen  dol- 
lars an  ounce.^" 

Nothing  could,  however,  overcome  the  eagerness  of 
men  to  be  first  upon  the  ground.  By  the  middle  of 
November  companies  were  organizing  in  Portland,  the 
mining  fever  threatening  to  reach  the  heiijht  of  1858: 
and  by  the  end  of  February  the  first  party  set  out, 
consisting  of  twenty  men,  led  by  J.  N.  Bell  of  Tho 
Dalles.  These,  with  fifty  others  who  had  wintered 
there,  were  the  earliest  at  the  new  diggings.  In 
March  all  the  floating  population  of  the  Walla  Walla 
Valley,  with  some  companies  from  Yreka,  California, 
were  on  their  way  to  Similkameen.  They  were  fol- 
lowed by  other  Oregon  companies,  one  of  whom,  l«,'d 
by  Palmer,  undertook  the  enterprise  of  opening  a 
wagon-road  from  Priest  Rapids  to  the  Similkameen. 
Fifty  or  sixty  tons  of  freight  were  shipped  to  the 
rapids  on  the  Colonel  Wright,  whence  it  was  taken  in 
wagons  tho  remainder  of  the  distance."  Several  par- 
ties left  the  Willamette  in  small  boats,  intending  to 

which  have  beeu  M'orked  several  times,  yield  very  well  to  every  Biicci'Sf-ivo 
working;  that  ooarso  gold  exists  on  tiio  Salmon  River,  a  northern  trilmtiiry 
of  tlio  I'ciul  d'Oreille;  uiul  tliat  minors  working  about  forty-fivo  miles  from  liia 

Scat  averaged  §5  to  ^10  per  day.  S.  F.  Alta,  Aug.  12,  18,J1);  S.  F.  BidUtiii, 
uly  '21  and  29,  and  Aug.  11,  ISoO. 
'^"Con:  Portlaml  ^■■lvs,mS.   F.  AUa,  Nov.  2  and  15,  ISoO.     Shuswap 
coarse  gold  was  worth  ^IS.oO.     Tend  d'Oreille  gold  w;i8  found  in  sealcs  17  or 
18  carats  fine.     Similkameen  gold  resembled  that  of  Yuba  liivcr,  CuU 
"  Or.  Argus,  March  24  and  31,  ISOO. 


MINING  EXCITEMENT. 


233 


amp 
here 
mns, 
The 
from 
icted 
1  was 
iitary 
[uiers 
early 
lid  be 
t  that 
being 
n  dol- 

ness  of 

Idle  of 

id,  the 

'1858; 

let  out, 
f  The 
ntergd 

s.      Ill 

Widla 
foriila, 
re  fol- 
m,  l'.'d 
Ining  ^ 
imeon. 
Ito  the 
Ikeu  in 
lal  par- 
ling  to 

kuccoist<ivo 

Itrilmtiiry 

,  from  Ilia 

BuUdin, 

Shuswnp 
lilcs  17  or 


make  the  journey  to  the  mines,  a  distance  of  500 
miles,  with  no  other  conveyance.  Similar  nerve  was 
exhibited  by  companies  from  Puget  Sound,  which,  as 
early  as  the  10th  of  March,  were  on  the  move  to  cross 
tlic  Cascade  Range  at  the  different  passes,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  doing  so.  Those  who  arrived  thus  early 
could  not  make  more  than  expenses,  the  best  mining 
ground  being  under  water.  Many  turned  back;  others 
pressed  on  to  Quesnelle  River;  and  others  occupied 
themselves  in  prospecting,  and  found  gold  on  Rock 
Creek,  one  of  the  head  waters  of  Kettle  River,  which 
entered  the  Columbia  near  Colville,  and  on  the  Pend 
d'Oreille.  During  the  summer  the  Similkameen 
mines  paid  well,  and  in  September  new  diggings  were 
discovered  on  the  south  fork  of  that  river.^^ 

The  Rock  Creek  and  Similkameen  mines  proved 
to  be  in  British  territory,  American  traders  being 
taxed  over  $100  for  the  privilege  of  selling  goods 
there." 

The  Cariboo  placers  w^re  discovered  in  August 
18G0,  but  their  fame  was  not  much  spread  before 
winter,  and  migration  thither  did  not  set  in  before 
the  spring  of  18G1.  When  it  did  begin,  it  equalled 
that  of  1858.  Claims  M'ere  taken  up  on  Harvey's  and 
Koethley's  creeks,  in  August,  that  yielded  all  the  way 
from  eight  to  fifty  dollars  per  day  to  the  man.  Five 
lucii  in  one  company  took  out  in  six  days  $2,400. 
Four  men  took  out  in  one  day  ovjr  eighteen  ounces, 
worth  over  $300,  and  so  on.  T.iere  was  sent  out  by 
express  the  first  month  $3f',000,  besides  what  re- 
jiuiined  in  the  hands  of  250  men  in  the  mines.  The 
rt'porfs  from  Cariboo  greatly  stimulated  mining  dis- 
covery in  the  region  lying  on  either  side  of  the  boun- 
dary line  of  United  States  territory. 

Tlicre  had  been  a  dia^'overy  made  in  the  spring  of 
18 GO  destined  to  work  a  rapid  and  important  change 

^'  i:h,;/s  JonnmJ,  ISfS.,  vi.  .?4S. 

'■'  Von:  PurUaiid  Adrcrtisn;  Oct.  20,  1800;  Or.  Arcjui*,  Dec.  29,  1800.  lu 
ISGl  tlnjio  wuio  )a)out  20,000  luiuurs,  uioatly  American,  in  li.  C. 


i  < 


! 


i^.ll 


11 


234 


MINING  AND  TO^VN-^LVKINO. 


ill  eastern  Wasliiiifjton,  althoucjli  overshadowed  for  a 
time  by  the  placers  which  I  have  here  named.  From 
a  letter  w^ritten  April  30,  18G0,  to  the  Oregon  Argus, 
tlie  discovery  appears  to  have  been  made  a  short  time 
before. 

E.  D.  Pierce,  a  trader  among  the  Indians,  had  long 
known  that  the  country  east  of  the  great  bend  of  the 
Snake  Tliver  was  a  gold-bearing  one,  but  owing  to  the 
hostility  of  the  Indians,  he  did  not  prospect  it,  ami 
for  .several }- ears  resided  in  California.  De  Smet  had 
known  of  it  at  an  earlier  period,  and  in  1854  a  Mr 
Ilobbins  of  Portland  had  purchased  some  gold  of  the 
Spokanes,  farther  north. 

In  1858  Pierce  again  visited  the  NezPercd  country 
but  found  no  opportunity  to  search  until  after  the 
ratification  of  the  Nez  Perce  treaty,  and  the  general 
cessation  of  hostilities.  Early  in  18G0  he  found  means 
to  verify  his  belief  in  the  auriferous  nature  of  the 
country  on  the  Clearwater  branch  of  Snake  Piver, 
reporting  his  discovery  in  April  at  Walla  Walla.  It 
does  not  appear  from  the  public  prints  that  the  story 
of  Pierce  received  nuich  credence,  though  the  corre- 
spomlent  spoken  of  above  reported  that  some  returned 
Similkamcen  miners,  and  others  from  Walla  Walla, 
had  gone  thither. 

Pierce  did  not  at  once  return  to  the  Clearwater,  on 
account  of  the  opposition  of  the  Indian  and  military 
departments,  who  dreaded  the  renewal  of  trouble  with 
the  Nez  Percds  and  Spokanes  should  a  mining  popu- 
lation overrun  their  reserved  territory.  About  the; 
first  of  August,  however,  Pierce,  with  a  party  of  only 
ten  men,^*  set  out  from  Walla  Walla  to  make  a  con- 
clusive examination  of  the  country  in  question ;  havini,^ 
d(jne  which  he  returned  with  his  party  to  Walla  Walhi 
in  November,  giving  all  the  information  which  lu! 

'*  The  names  of  tlio  tea  woro  lloraco  Dodge,  Joseph  L.  Davis,  J.  R.  Bciu - 
ficul,  ]>ethiiel  Fcrrcl,Jonathai\E.  Smith,  W.  V.  Bassott.  Frank 'ruriuM-,  DaviJ 


Di.u'giiigs,  Samuel  B.  llt'od,  and  John  W.  Park.  Ohjmma  Pioiurr  and  Ih  mo- 
rrn>,  April 'Jli,  1801.  Bassetb  is  said  to  liavo  discovered  the  first  gold  on  Oinal 
(iidoli,  where  I'icrcc  City  is  situated.  Lewis'  Coai DUcovents,  lilii.,  10-17;  Vic- 
tor's likir  vj'lhc  Wiiil,  540-1. 


PIERCE'S  DISCOVERIES. 


233 


I  for  a 
From 
drcjtts, 
t  time 

id  long 
of  the 
f  to  tlic 
it,  anil 
let  had 
4  a  ^Ii- 
.  of  the 

country 
:tcY  tlic 
U'cnenil 
d  means 

of  the 
)  River, 
dla.  It 
he  story 
c  corro- 
;eturned 

Wallu, 

[•ater,  on 
jinilitary 
Ible  with 
Iv  popu- 
lout  tbo 
of  only 
a  con- 
havinij; 
la  Walla 
liich  h'' 

\.  R.  Bon.  • 
jiuT,  Davi'l 

iO-lT;  V'^- 


liimsclf  possessed  coneerning  the  new  gold-field  lying 
150  miles  east  of  that  place,  and  believed  to  be  rich. 
The  diixu'iiii^s  were  dry,  and  vielded  eii^ht  to  fifteen 
cents  to  the  pan.  The  route  to  the  mines  was  directly 
tlu'ough  the  Nez  Perce  reservation.^^ 

Pierce  now  endeavored  to  organize  a  large  company 
to  return  with  him  and  winter  in  the  mines;  but  the 
representations  of  those  who  feared  to  provoke  another 
Indian  war  discouraged  most  of  those  who  would  have 
gone,  and  only  thirty-three  accompanied  him.  The 
jiarty  was  followed  as  far  as  Snake  Piver  by  a  de- 
iai-hment  of  dragoons,  whose  duty  it  was  to  prevent 
their  intrusion  on  the  reservation,  but  who  failed  to 
execute  it. 

Pierce's  party  of  less  than  forty  men  remained  in 
tlio  Nez  Perce  country  preparing  for  mining  when 
spring  should  open.  The  snow  in  December  was  six 
inches  deep,  and  during  a  portion  of  the  winter  three 
I'eet  in  depth.  The  men  occupied  themselves  building 
coinfortable  cabins,  sawing  out  planks  for  sluice-boxes, 
and  sinking  prospect  holes.  They  found  the  gold  of 
the  earth  to  be  vcrj''  fine,  requiring  quicksilver  to  col- 
lect it,  though  coarse  gold  was  also  discovered  in  the 
quartz  with  which  the  country  abounded.  The  dig- 
gings were  situated  in  gulches  and  caftons  of  streams 
of  too  general  a  level  to  make  it  convenient  washing 
the  dirt  and  disposing  of  the  debris.  The  gold  was 
I'ound  in  a  red,  and  sometimes  a  bluish,  earth  of  de- 
composed granite  mixed  with  gravel  of  pure  white 
(|uartz.  Much  black  sand  appeared  on  washing  it. 
Pierce  himself,  though  convinced  of  the  richness  of 
the  present  discovery,  freely  exposed  the  disadvan- 
tages, and  declared,  moreover,  his  belief  that  these 
mines  were  but  the  outskirts  of  atill  richer  mining 
tei-ritory. 

Pierce  had  hardly  reached  his  camp  on  the  Clear- 
water before  ho  received  a  visit  from  A.  J.  Cain,  the 

'■'Or.  ArrjuK,  IMay  12,  ISOO;  Pimwr  n  ml  Democrat,  Nov.  0,  ISOO;  Sa'-rn- 
innito  I'lilnu  Doo.  G,'  1S()0;  S.  F.  Ihdictin,  Au^.  'Jl,  1800,  uiul  MarclrJl,  1806; 
Air/^lo's  Idaho,  'J3. 


li 

i 

1  V 


m 


236 


iMINIXG  AND  TOWN-MAKING. 


Noz  Percd  Indian  agent,  who  did  not  find  it  necessary 
to  interfere  with  the  party,  but  on  the  contrary,  ex- 
pressed himself  pleased  with  their  behavior.  The 
agent  might  have  obtained  the  consent  of  the  Nez 
Forces  to  the  presence  of  a  single  party  of  miners  in 
their  country;  but  when  in  February  others  com- 
menced to  follow,  they  were  intercepted  and  turned 
back,  a  few  who  succeeded  in  passing  the  Indian  picket 
being  warned  that  they  vi^ould  be  required  to  return 
in  the  spring. 

Knowing  how  impossible  it  would  be,  when  spring 
opened,  to  prevent  a  migration  to  the  Clearwater 
gold-fields,  Superintendent  E.  R.  Geary,  held  a  con- 
ference with  Colonel  Wright  in  reference  to  the 
threatened  complication  in  Indian  matters.  The  re- 
sult of  the  consultation  was  that  the  superintendent 
repaired  to  the  upper  country,  held  a  council,  and 
made  a  treaty  with  the  Indians  to  meet  the  exigencies 
of  the  coming  mining  excitement,  promising  them 
military  protection,  and  the  enforcement  of  the  United 
States  laws — a  compact  of  necessity  rather  than  a 
matter  of  choice  with  the  natives. 

Some  weeks  before  the  treaty  was  negotiated, 
miners  were  en  route  from  Walla  Walla  and  Fortland, 
and  merchants  from  the  former  place  had  taken  goods 
to  Fierce  City,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Canal  Gulch, 
on  Oro  Fino  Creek,  to  be  in  readiness  for  the  coming 
demand.  At  the  time  the  treaty  with  the  Nez 
Ferct^s  was  concluded,  300  miners  were  already  in  the 
Oro  Fino  district.  A  month  later  there  were  1,000, 
with  immigration  coming  in  rapidly  from  California, 
overland.  As  the  spring  advanced  the  excitement 
increased,  and  a  line  of  steamers  was  put  upon  the 
Columbia  to  accommodate  the  thousands  that  rushed 
impetuously  to  this  richest  of  all  the  gold-fields  yet 
discovered  north  of  the  Columbia.^* 

The  route  travelled  was  by  steamer  to  old  Fort 
Walla  Walla,  thence  by  stage  to  Walla  Walla  to\Mi, 

^^Olympia  Pioneer  and  Democrat,  Feb.  '24,  March  15,  April  5  and  20, 18G1. 


TOWN  OF  SLATERVILLE. 


237 


3ssaiy 

y,  CX- 

The 
e  Noz 
lers  in 
,  com- 
turnod 
picket 
return 

spring 
irwater 
a  con- 
to   the 
The  rc- 
tendent 
cil,  and 
in-encies 
cT    them 
)  United 
than  a 

'otiated, 
fortland, 
;n  goods 
Gulch, 
comuii'' 
Ihe   Nez 
in  the 
1,000, 
llifornirt, 
itenieiit 
Ipon  the 
rushed 
}lds  yet 

id  Fort 
[a  town, 

Id  20, 18G1. 


cAu\  thence  by  pack-horses  or  teams  to  tlie  mines,  the 
wliole  distance  from  Portland,  where  the  traveller 
cnd^arked,  being  436  miles.  Horses,  saddles,  wagons, 
provisions,  clothing,  mining  tools,  and  camp  equipage 
wei'o  in  demand  at  Walla  Walla  in  18G1,  the  mer- 
chants, at  least,  having  found  a  bonanza. 

In  jMay  the  Colonel  Wright  made  the  first  trip  ever 
consummated  by  a  steamer  to  the  mouth  of  the  Clear- 
water, and  up  that  stream  to  within  twelve  miles  of  the 
forks,  or  within  less  than  forty  miles  of  Pierce  City. 
A  town  was  immediately  founded  at  this  landing, 
called  Slatervillc,  after  its  founder.  It  contained  in 
j\lay  five  houses  of  canvas,  two  of  which  were  ]»ro- 
vision  stores,  two  private  dwellings,  and  the  other  a 
ilrinking-saloon.  The  saloon  was  roofed  with  two 
blankets,  a  red  and  a  blue  one.  On  its  side  was  writ- 
ton  the  word  "whiskey"  in  charcoal,  and  inside,  a  bar- 
rel of  the  liquid  constituted  the  stock  in  trade.  Two 
bdttles  and  two  drinking-glasses  composed  the  furni- 
ture. Fifty  white  persons  w-ere  to  be  found  in  and 
aliout  Slaterville  at  this  time.  Following  the  Colonel 
Wright,  the  Tenino,  the  second  steamer  on  the  upper 
Columbia,  made  a  few  trips  to  this  place,  but  it 
was  soon  found  to  be  im})racticable  for  a  landing  on 
account  of  the  rapids  in  the  Clearwater,  which  could 
only  be  navigated  for  a  short  season  of  the  year. 
The  last  trip  of  the  Tenino  was  made  before  the 
close  of  the  month,  her  final  departure  taking  place 
June  1st, 

The  next  cargo  of  freight  and  load  of  passengers 
wc:'  landed,  by  necessity,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Cloai'water  and  Snake  rivers,  on  the  south  side,  which 
was  in  direct  contravention  of  the  terms  of  the  treaty 
made  in  April.  There  did  not  socm  to  be  any  alter- 
native, the  mountains  rising  abruptly  on  the  north 
side,  and  this  being  the  natural  head  of  navigation, 
n  hen  the  treaty  was  made,  the  head  of  navigation 
was  at  old  Fort  Walla  Walla,  or  in  rare  cases  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tucaunon  River.     Already  this  was  all 


Ill 


238 


MI^^NG  AXD  TOWN-MAKING. 


changed,  and  the  route  moi^t  travelled  was  up  Snake 
Itivoi-  to  the  Clearwater.  By  the  10th  of  June  the 
navij^ation  company  and  the  miners  had  settled  it  that 
a  town  must  be  built  at  this  point.  The  site  was 
most  favorable,  being  a  level  piece  of  ground  between 
the  two  rivers,  sloping  gently  back  a  mile  or  two  to 
the  high  prairies  beyond.  The  name  fixed  upon  was 
Lewiston,  in  compliment  to  Merriwether  Lewis,  the 
discoverer  of  the  Clearwater  and  Snake  rivers,  who 
had  been  entertained  by  the  father  of  the  head  chief 
of  the  Nez  Perccs,  Lawyer,  almost  at  the  very  spot 
where  Americans  were  now  mining  for  gold.  Two 
weeks  after  it  was  first  used  as  a  landing,  Lewiston 
had  a  population  and  business  of  considerable  impor- 
tance. Pack-trains  daily  departed  thence  to  tlie 
mines,  laden  with  the  goods  brought  up  by  the 
weekly  steamboat,  the  town  at  once  taking  on  an  air 
of  having  come  to  stay,  which  its  excellent  location 
fully  justified.  The  military  authorities,  however, 
who  were  pledged  to  protect  the  Indians  in  tlieh- 
riglits,  prohibited  the  erection  of  permanent  buildings, 
and  the  Nez  Perce  ascent  called  the  attention  of  tlio 
public  to  the  breach  of  treaty  committed  by  theui  in 
their  invasion  of  the  reservation  twice  reserved. 

But  remonstrances  were  unavailing  when  opposed 
to  the  determination  of  3,000  persons  already  occu[)y- 
ing  the  foot-hills  of  the  Blue  Mountains,  and  whoso 
number  was  daily  increasing.  Lawyer,  and  the  head- 
men generally,  perceived  the  difficulties  in  which  tlio 
M'hite  men  would  be  placed  if  denied  access  to  the 
mines,  or  a  landing  for  their  goods,  and  accepting 
some  compensation,  they  allowed  the  town  site  of 
Lewiston  to  be  laid  off  in  October.  That  the  Nez 
Perces  were  not  averse  to  the  coming  of  white  nioii 
among  them  was  evident  from  their  oblisj^inir  and 
friendly  conduct.  The  better  class  of  Indians  as  well 
as  white  men  I'eprobated  the  introduction  of  intoxicat- 
ing liquors;  but  otherwise,  expecting  the  treaty  to  \>c 
observed  in  regard  to  territory,  they  made  no  very 


THE  ORO  Fixo  MISES 

ffreat  protest  against  ih  '^^ 

reservation.        ^"'"'^  *^^  Presence  of  miners  on  the 

^.^/- ^nd\lkT^^^^^^^  ^^^  discoveries  were 

P  y,  a  rival  of  Pierce^'c  tT  in  T'^  ?^'     ^^«  S 
^'ad  sixty  houses,  built  nfj'       ^1"   "'''^^^  Part  of  Jnno 
^"^rehandise,  and  va    ous  of^^''  *1"  ^^"^^«  ^^  goner  ! 
tj^on  was  about  500    Zs^  nf''  f^^^^'     The  no  uh 
T  'ree  families  were  sewl  li  '''^'^'"  ^^'^'^^  in   tints 
-J-bitants   with    this    J:^^^^^^^^^  -hole  of    he 

;va^on-road  was  conmletedTo?"  ..^'^"»  ^"^^^'^«-  A 
Clearwater  to  Vicrjn-,  -^  ^^^  "^outh  of  tit 
-n|th^branehofthatHv^;'^  ^"  '^""^'^^  crossing   the 

-.^ion;;^;/ri'^;";S  the  minin. 

^uo  saw-mills  wer? in  proce "  of '  "^"^  ^"^"  ^'^'^^'-'^^t: 
^as  already  overdone  ITZ  ""^  ^'^'^^'«n.^' and  trade 
^ned  tl^ir  goods  into^he  oLtT'^'^f  ^^  ^^^^  ^^s- 
Cty  building  lots  sold  for  from  tfo.  ^"  ^^«  ^'"o 
MitJi  a  log-house  on  tl  1  T  ^  ?^'  *^  ^^00,  .nd 
Carpenters' wac.es  werp  n'  ,  "^  ^^^0  to  $1000 
--on  labor  Cul^ rnd^  iLTf  ^^^  f  %:  -ci 

As  to  what  the  miners  wol ,    7    ^^  '^'^  dollars. 
"Pon  the  locality.     The  W    r  ^^''"-  ^hat  depended 
^';  ^'^^^ness  to  later  ones      On  ^fe^?'^'  ^^^^^«  ^"^^^^^'r 
^!'Pt,od  into  the  Oro  Fhm  n       ^^^^^^'^^  ^^reek,  which 
f-'-o  City,  clain\;?Jj'7,2%^"d,a  half  mile;  abo^ 
'''^"^^^•^  a  daj  to  the  mai       T,  ''''^^"  ^o  twentj-/ive 
T^jn^S  a  claim,  however Xe.f I '/^'""^^  ^'^P^^^-  of 
;^or  costing  twent;e;fts  a'^.T^'"^^  ^he  profits; 
tnts  per   pound,  in   iuh;       .'  ^''"^  "ails  fortv 

^''^'^d  dollars  to  the  man  -  ^'  '"''"^"^y,  and  a 

'^^''K  '''t-uiko7:i%T,  '^^  '''•  ^^th«y  of  Oregon  r,      n 

;One  of  these  pioneer  n,ill«  ''*  ^'^^'^  '"'«  Oro 

J/o..,.,   V        „^  j^P  oneer  nails  waa  erected  by  A.  M.  and  L  M  «. 

Pruch     1^  •  .^°^'^i"s  of  Portion  I  "  ®*''*'''"-  ^'•«- 


.'(  i 


ii 


)140 


MIXING  AND  TOWN-XIAIilNO. 


With  the  usual  restlessness  of  miners,  a  party  of 
fifty-two  men  loft  the  Oro  Fino  district  in  ^lay  to  .ex- 
plore and  prospect  the  south  fork  of  the  Clearwater 
and  its  tributaries.  This  stream  was  almost  unknown, 
bein,<if  far  to  the  north  of  the  travelled  roads  between 
the  Kooky  and  Blue  mountains,  and  even  remote  from 
the  trails  made  by  the  fur-hunters.  Proceeding  seven- 
teen miles  above  the  north  branch  of  South  Fork, 
they  crossed  from  the  north  to  the  south  side  of  the 
stream,  keeping  up  the  river  to  the  junction  of  the 
south  branch  of  the  South  Fork,  up  which  they  con- 
tinued for  six  miles,  or  until  they  arrived  at  the  vil- 
lage of  the  chief  of  that  district  of  the  Nez  Percd 
country,  Coolcoolsneenee,  who  objected  to  this  infrac- 
tion of  treaty  agreements,  which  excluded  white  men 
from  the  south  side  of  the  Clearwater. 

After  a  prolonged  interview  with  the  chief,  who 
insisted  upon  an  observance  of  the  treaty,  thirty  of 
the  party  turned  back.  The  remaining  twenty-two 
crossed  the  South  Fork  to  the  north  side,  and  pr(»- 
ceeded  along  up  the  stream  by  the  southern  Nez 
Perce  trail  to  the  buft'alo-grounds,  going  about  twenty 
miles  from  the  crossing  in  an  easterly  course,  until 
they  came  to  where  three  branches  of  the  South  FoHc 
met.  Here  they  made  an  examination  of  the  earth, 
and  obtained  from  twelve  to  twenty-five  cents  to  the 
pan  of  shot  and  drift  gold. 

and  French  Creek,  and  that  4,000  or  5,000  men  were  making  a  living  in  other 
ways.  His  report  on  the  yield  of  the  mines  was  as  follows:  Jarvis  &  Co,, 
tour  men,  §10  per  day  to  the  man;  James  &  Co.,  five  men,  §10  per  day  to  the 
man;  McCarty  &  Co.,  four  men,  §10  each;  Vesay  &  Co.,  eiglit  men,  §7  to  §8; 
Hook  &  Co.,  six  men,  §10  to  §12;  Jones  &  Co.,  four  men,  §10  to§r2;  Diiiilxir 
&Asar,  §10  to  §1'2;  Shaffer  &  Co.,  fourteen  men,  $60;  Paine  &Co.,  twenty 
men,  §70;  Mortimer  &  Co.,  twenty-four  men,  §70  to  §80;  Hatch  &  Co.,  live 
men,  §IG  to  §20;  Thomas  &  Co.,  fourteen  men,  $18  to  §20;  Rillery  &  Co., 
seventeen  men,  §1(5  tc>§17;  Blakely  &  Co.,  nine  men,  §16  to  $20;  Smalloy  & 
Co.,  ten  men,  §16;  Boon  &  Co.,  eight  n.en,  §16;  California  Co.,  nine  men,  i<\G; 
NewLind  &  Co.,  six  men,  §16;  Hickox  <2:.  Co.,  five  men,  §16  to  §20;  Let  Kr 
Rip  &  Co.,  eleven  men,  §16  to .^20;  Hoyt&Co.,  eight  men,  §12;  Felton&Co., 
$16;  Sparks  &  Co.,  $1.');  Rossi  &  Co.,  §15;  Rhodes  &  Co.,  eleven  men,  .'iOO 
ounces  per  day  to  the  company.  On  French  Creek,  Antoine  Pillir,  T.  Lapoiiit, 
M.  (iunion,  John  Lesot,  Harkum,  and  Quirk  were  making  each  $10  to §12 
per  day.  Portland  Orcr/onian,  Aug.  26,  18G1;  S.  F.  Herald,  Nov.  14,  IStil; 
Yreka  Journal,  Dec.  4,  1861. 


ELK  CITY. 


•■    '.II  X, 

About  one  thml  nf  f  i  ^^ 

SCOVX'fV  on  «nMf K  T:,      ,    ,     . 


7        ••■•liJl 

"'';;,;'y"Ss."  -        -..  associates  i„  "the 

■^i.le  of  tl  e  ri  '^""-"'•''••Sffi'Ws  wore  fo  „",'  '■'''",™«'  bc- 
;".™.  «»  the  South  "fS%'"  "-i-trusJoTrf  „,   t" 

:;  ;-^.  popuh.tio„.  b^rt.S[  rep':';;:  rr--'^'^ ''" 

;  u>  erected  or  1,1  process  of  .      .  ^"''*-^  tlvvellino.. 
,    -^'^   valley,  or  nrai,.;"  ^^"•^^^"ction  ^i  "^ 

"'""  ">.'oa,  the  other  IZ^^^ff  ''^"So.,  Z 

-ss|5s.i««.s;;::;::: 


! 


242 


MINING  AND  TOWN-MAIvING. 


rated  by  Newsom  Creek."  On  every  side  in  this  local- 
ity rose  ledges  of  pale  red  or  rose  quartz.  Between 
the  mountains  were  intervals  of  beautiful  grassy 
prairies;  on  the  mountains  heavy  pine  forests.  Game 
abounded,  the  principal  being  the  elk,  of  which  there 
were  large  bands.  The  country  was,  in  fact,  very 
different  from  the  California  miner's  preconceived 
ideas  of  a  gold  country.  But  experience  had  proved 
that  gold  might  exist  either  under  barren  sands,  rich 
alluvium,  or  the  frozen  mosses  of  a  Cariboo;  and  cer- 
tainly this  was  a  pleasanter  country  to  live  and  mine 
in  than  Cariboo.  The  objection  to  it  was  that  the 
mining  season,  so  far  up  in  the  mountains,  must  be 
comparatively  short;  and  in  order  to  make  up  for  the 
expense  of  a  long  idle  winter,  it  was  important  to  se- 
cure a  considerable  sum  during  the  summer.  It  was 
also  necessary  to  lay  in  a  sufficient  stock  of  provisions 
to  last  while  the  heavy  snows  suspended  travel. 

Some  who  preferred  wintering  in  Walla  Walla  left 
the  mines  early  to  avoid  the  snow;  but  the  majority 
remained,  and  for  these  the  traders  provided  by  hurry- 
ing in  ample  stocks  of  goods  as  long  as  the  weather 
permitted.^^  Such  was  the  energy  and  enterprise  of 
the  latter  class,  that  by  the  first  week  in  September 
a  trail  six  feet  wide  was  cut  through  forty  miles  of 
timber  on  the  mountains  between  Elk  City  and  the 
St)uth  Fork,  obstructions  removed,  and  the  hills 
graded  where  required.  In  October,  in  spite  of  treaty 
(obligations,  a  white  man  had  taken  up  a  farm  on  tht! 
road,  and  erected  a  cabin  of  the  nature  of  a  waysicio 
inn,  called  the  Mountain  House. 

At  this  period  of  the  development  of  the  Clearwater 
mines,  there  were  comparatively  few  except  Oregon 
and  Washington  men  engaged  in  mining  or  trade  in 

*'  'The  gold  at  Newsom  Crerk  is  a  deep  red,  and  heavier  and  coarser  tli.'in 
that  found  at  Oro  Fine'  Corr.  J'orUoiid  Advertuer. 

"'i'lic  first  linn  to  t;.l(o  goods  to  EIli  City  was  John  Creightou  &  Ci. 
Flour  f.ol(I  from  $10  to  $2!)  pt  r  100  pounds,  and  groceries  in  proportion.  'I'lm 
only  cheap  article  of  food  was  beef,  ut  12  to  15  cents  per  pound,  and  vegetuliai 
sold  by  Indians, 


BALANCING  ACCOUNTS. 


213 


s  local- 
etwecn 
grassy 

Game 
ti  thero 
t,  very 
nceivccl 

proved 
ids,  rich 
and  cer- 
nd  mine 
ihat  the 
must  be 
3  for  the 
'nt  to  se- 
It  was 
revisions 

Valla  left 
majority 
3y  hurry- 
weather 
irprisc  of 
■ptembev 
miles  of 
and  the 
the   hill^5 
of  treaty 
m  on  tli<; 
wayside 

"learwatt  r 

Ore.sjjt'ii 
trade  in 

I  coarser  than 

lirhtou  &  <'"• 

Itrtion.    'n>o 

id  vcgetublci 


Q 


the  Ncz  Percd  country.  The  sale  of  whiske}'',  repro- 
bated by  the  majority,  was  carried  on,  notvvithstand- 
iiiL^  the  danger  tliat  it  might  involve  the  miners  and 
Indians  in  trouble.  Few  crimes,  however,  were  com- 
niited  this  season.  One  American  was  shot  in  a 
drunken  quarrel  with  a  Frenchman,  and  one  packer 
was  murdered  and  robbed  on  the  road.  Some  instances 
of  sluice-robbing  occurred  at  Oro  Fino;  and  horso- 
btealing  by  an  organized  band  of  thieves  began. 

By  the  end  of  sunnner,  wlien  the  mining  season 
was  expected  to  close,  the  profits  of  the  outlay  in 
opening  up  the  gold-fields  began  to  be  speculated  upon 
l)y  the  press;  and  although  no  doubt  was  entertained 
111"  the  riches  contained  in  the  gold  region,  or  that  it 
woidd  continue  to  yield  well  for  a  longer  period  than  the 
JM-aser  mines,  which  were  already  worked  out,^*  it  was 
asserted  that  tlie  Willamette  Valley  was  a  million  dol- 
lars worse  off  for  the  discovery.  And  yet  the  Willa- 
mette Valley  was,  as  far  as  cash  was  concerned,  already 
])()()r,  on  account  of  the  long  period  of  Indian  wars,  and 
the  non-payment  of  the  war  debt,  while  the  weekly 
iireipt  of  gold-dust  at  Portland  was  nearly  $100,000."' 
These  jealous  writers  admitted  that  this  money  was 
developing  in  various  ways  the  natural  resources  ot' 
an  innnense  region  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains, 
i)Ut  chiefly  on  "he  Washington  side  of  the  Columbia. 
]"^ven  The  Dalles,  which  had  received  a  great  impetus 
freni  tb>;  Colville  and  Fraser  Kiver  migrations,  was 
l)iit  little  benefited  by  this  one;  for  now  that  the  steam- 
ers carried  freight  and  passengers  directly  to  Lewis- 
ton,  the  business  of  sup[)lying  miners  was  transactetl 
either  at  that  place  or  at  Portland.""  Others  with 
more  comprehensive  views  remarked  that  the  gold 

'^.Uigelo'itlddho,  '2X 

"'I'lii.i  sUik'tiiont  in  tiikoti  from  tho  Oregon  Statesman,  tho  most  conservu- 
tivc  luipor  in  Orugon,  iiml  tho  ono  always  oppoaud  to  mining  vciitiiroH,  or  niiy 
iiiui piisiH  not  clireclly  bunulicial  to  tlio  Willamctto  Valley.  Sco  Statejunti.ii, 
N|'l.  itauil  Nov.  4,  ISUl. 

"Tho  Colvillo  and  Oro  Fino  minea  helped  Portland  crc.itly;  and  in  ISOl 
)''i!!i  up  ;hi!  OroL'on  Sicani  Navij'Dtion  Company.  I  uiidcd diayw  usi'd  to  stand 
iu  Imr  half  ii  mile  lon;^',  uiduuiling  at  niulit  freijjht  to  go  iu  tliu  moruiug,  that 
iu\  -Ivcd  a  foitmie.   Deaili/'s  Jlinl.  Or.,  M.S.,  37. 


"M 


MIXING  AND  TOWN-MAKINQ. 


discoveries  came  opportunely  for  Oregon,  the  dlsburse- 
inent  of*  money  in  the  country  by  the  army  pay-inasters 
and  quartermasters  having  ahnost  ceased  through  tlie 
withch'awal  ot*  tlie  regular  troops  to  participate  in 
the  civil  war.  It  was  also  remarked  that,  contrary 
to  the  ideas  generally  entertained  of  the  value  of  the 
country  cast  of  the  iiKnmtains  ft)r  agriculture,  those 
persons  who  Iiad  taken  up  farming  claims  on  the  route 
from  Tlie  Dalles  to  Lewiston  had  raised  fine  crops, 
and  were  getting  high  prices  for  them.  This  was  the 
beginning  of  a  better  understanding  of  the  capabilities 
of  the  soil  in  what  has  since  become  one  of  the  best 
wlieat-producing  couhtries  in  the  world,  but  which 
was  up  to  this  period  considered  as  a  grazing  country 
only. 

The  opinion  had  been  repeatedly  expressed  tha* 
the  Clearwater  mines  were  but  the  outskirts  of  some 
richer  central  deposit.  In  the  hope  of  verifying  this 
bc^lief,  prospecting  parties  had  been  traversing  the 
country  in  an  easterly  and  southerly  direction  during 
the  entire  sunmier  of  18G1.  The  party  which  success- 
fully proved  the  theory  consisted  of  twenty-three  men 
who  I'jft  Oro  Fino  in  the  early  part  of  July  to  pros- 
pe(;t  on  Salmon  Kiver.  After  testing  the  bars  on 
this  river  for  a  distance  of  100  miles,  with  encouraging 
results,  they  retraced  their  steps  to  a  point  about 
seventy-five  miles  south  of  Elk  City,  to  which  place 
they  desired  t(j  go  in  order  to  lay  in  a  stock  of  [)r(»- 
visions.  At  the  point  mentioned,  the  company 
divided,  nine  of  them  remaining  to  hunt,  and  tn 
examine  the  country  for  a  practicable  route  through 
the  great  masses  of  fallen  timber  which  obstructed 
travel  in  the  direction  of  the  (^learwater. 

In  their  recoimoissance,  while  travelling  over  a  wef, 
i'oggy  flat  on  the  top  of  a  high  mountain  twenty  mi!'-* 
north  of  Salmon  Kiver,  they  stop[)ed  to  rest  in  i 
temporary  camp,  when  one  of  the  explorers  laid  i 
wager  with  another  that  the  color  of  gold  could  ii"t 


I'   >■ 


SALMOX  RIVER  AND  MILLERSBURG. 


245 


)urse- 
asters 

rll  tllO 

lite  in 
ntrarv 
of  tlie 
,  those 
e  route 
!  crops, 
,vas  the 
ibilitios 
;lic  best 
b  wliieli 
country 


jecl   tba' 

of   SOUK 

tbis 
tbo 
n  duriuijj 
1  success- 
ibree  men 
to  pros- 
bars  en 
ouragiivj; 
lit  about 
icb  plat'*' 

v  of  pi'«'- 
coiui^any 

aud  t" 
tbrou-li 
struct*  d 


■sing 


'era  W''- 
luty  uiil''^ 
[rest  in    > 
Irs  b»iti  '^ 
IcouUl  U"t 


bo  found  in  that  country.  In  sport  the  waofcr  M'as 
;uce|)ted,  and  in  a  short  time  the  prospector  haviii;^ 
laken  a  pan  of  dirt  from  the  I'oots  of  an  upturned  tree, 
r.iuiid  it  to  contain  five  cents' worth  of  gold.  Upon 
this  wholly  unexpected  and  flattering  pros])ect  tlie 
party  ))roceeded  to  examine  the  creeks  and  gulches 
ill  the  immediate  vicinity,  obtaining  five,  ten,  twenty- 
five,  and  even  seventy-five  cents  to  every  pan  of  dirt 
washed.  They  then  followed  their  former  associates 
to  Elk  City,  where,  after  resting  for  a  few  days,  they 
puicljased  a  month's  supplies  and  returned  to  their 
disi-overy,  accompanied  by  a  few  otheis."' 

Tile  discovery  was  made  in  September,  and  in 
October  a  town  called  Millersburg  was  laid  off  on 
]Miller  Creek,  where  the  richest  diggings  were  fbuml. 
From  the  first  pan  of  dirt  taken  out  of  the  first  hole 
sunk  in  this  creek  $'25  was  obtained.  In  the  course 
oi  an  afternoon  Miller  washed  out  $100.  The  remain- 
(Itf  of  the  company  then  staked  off  claims  and  began 
operations  with  vigor.  Working  only  with  a  rockier, 
each  claim  averaged  from  $75  to  $100  daily  to  file 
man.  With  a  ])an  alone  $75  was  obtained  m  ten 
hours,  and  in  one  gulch  five  men  took  out  $700  in  the 
^anie  time. 

During  the  first  two  weeks  in  October  fifty  men 
woo  mining  at  ]\Iillersburg,  and  a  radius  of  five  miles 
had  been  prospected.  To  get  a  winter's  sup]»lies  to 
catiip  was  the  lirst  care  of  those  on  the  ground,  to 
\\\\\r\\  Olid  they  expended  much  labor  u|)on  a  pack- 
trail  to  KIk  City.     Till!  first  train  thai  left  l':ik  City 

uiidci'  the  "jfuidance  of  Leech  became  lost  in  a  snow- 
ed 

sL  iiiii,  and  after  wandering  about  f)r  two  weeks,  I'e- 
tiinicd  to  the  starting-point.  IJut  in  (he  mean  time 
tliieo  trains  belonging  to  Creighton  had  left  Elk  City 

"Tim  iLiiiios  of  a  few  only  of  tlio  discnvon-rs  of  tlio  Sulmoti  ]{i\'or  iiiimn 
li;ivc  lici'u  prcsiivi'd,  'J'lii'si'  im:  .loliii  II,  llnstwick,  !>.  B.  liottiis,  Niitliiui 
iih'l  S;iiini(l  Siiiitli,  Jolin  J.  Ilcalcy,  T.  II.  MilliT,  JiCirli,  Mure,  ami  H.ill. 
1  ln' SiiiitliH  wi'KMiJil  N'li'lvii  niiii'T.s,  ']  1\<'  iiK  k,v  ii.iii-lioUlci' lit  tliis  last,  dis- 
li.vi'iy  was  (I  I'lciu'liiiiaii  iiiiiiiril  Miolifl.  /Irisfiiir'n  J-Jncniiiili r",  MS.,  10; 
Uir.  Or.  auUmmaii,  Oct.  'JS,  IsOl;  J'orllniid  Uftyoiiiuii,  Oct.  'Jl,  1S(J1. 


lifl: 


11 


f:.. 


24a 


MIXING  AXD  TOWX-IIAKIXG. 


and  proceeded  as  far  as  Camas  prairie,  ten  miles  south 
of  the  Clearwater,  where  they  were  met  by  Eagle- 
from-the-light,  who  peremptorily  ordered  them  to  turn 
back,  and  observe  the  treaty  made  in  April.  Tiiey 
endeavored  to  pacify  the  justly  offended  chief,  and 
pushed  on.^*^ 

By  the  first  of  November  there  ^^*cre  1 ,000  m(;n  on 
the  creeks  and  gulches  of  the  new  district,  believed 
nt  that  time  to  be  limited  to  a  small  extent  of 
territory.  Elk  City  and  Oro  Fine  were  soon  almost 
deserted.  Although  a  large  amount  of  provisions 
was  hurried  into  Millersburg,  not  enough  could  be 
taken  there  before  the  snow  had  stopped  the  passage; 
of  trains  to  support  all  who  had  gone  there,  and  by 
the  middle  of  November  many  were  forced  to  return 
to  Oro  Fino  a  distance  of  100  miles,  to  winter,  lest 
starvation  should  attack  the  camp  before  spring. 
The  snow  was  already  over  two  feet  deep,  and  the  cold 
severe,  so  that  frozen  feet  very  frequently  disablctl 
the  travcHer  for  the  remainder  of  the  season. 

Tlie  excitement  which  hurried  men  to  the  Salmon 
River  mines  was  intense.  Nor  was  it  without  justi- 
fication; for  every  report  from  there  confirmed  and 
strengthened  the  accounts  given  by  the  first  exploreis, 
thouLi'h  some  who  had  o-one  there  re^u•ned  with- 
out  any  treasure."'     The  weight  of  eviwonce  was  to 

'"C.  W.  Berry  of  Scritt  Bar,  Cal.,  was  tlio  first  to  arrive  with  a  stock  of 
poods,  Oct.  IStli,  and  locate<l  himself  on  Xas-i'i's  (tuluh.  Or.  Sl.ntc^itKiii,  Ja:i. 
U,  1S(J± 

'■"•.V  Dalka  correspondent  of  tlio  Or.  Slafcsniauoi  Dec.  2d  wrote:  'One  of  div 
aeiniaintanceH  arrived  lu're  lai  Thursday  (Xov.  '22<])  with  m  ]iounds  of  ;;(ihl- 
(IuhI,  nearly  all  the  product  of  a  few  (hiys' hihor  on  Suniiiiit.  l''hit,  Sahuuii 
iviviT.'  Also,  ','{00  jiiiuiids  of  j,'(ihl-dust  was  taUi  u 'iii  llie  last  Ktcanier  to  I'uri- 
h'nd.'  'Tuo  mines  are  jiayiu;,'  from  .silO  to  6150  per  day  to  the  hand.'  <>r 
■"■■•■itrummi,  Xov.  4,  ISdl.  John  Crei^htoii,  wiiliuL;  to  J.  C.  Lsaaes  of  Walla 
Walla,  say.s:  'Onr  eeiiipany  of  eleven  men  made  .SHOO  in  one  ^^eeli.'  /'/i./i' 
SiiiiihI  //(rail!,  Xov.  7,  iMil.  'John  Munroe,  of  Yaudiill  county,  took  out 
Ij^lSOinau  al'tei'noou;  tiu!  next  day  2^  Ihs;  and  tluMie\t  d;iy  .'")  Ihs  (iMiiial  tn 
.'■lidO  and  Sl,2()0).  John  Malonc  panned  out!i?lOl)  the  lirst  day  on  his  claim, 
r.ostwickof  Cal.,  !i?S()  ill  a  il;iy.  Smith  (lhree-liu;.;i'rcd)  todk-jii^^  ounces  (.SlilT) 
(Hit  of  one  liundieil  buckets  <if  dirt,  ^hiroon  Seolt  ismakin,!,'  §100 a  day.  11 
S.  Case  writes  that  tlu^  mines  are  payiii,L,'  from  §2,")  to  .^400  a.  day  to  the  niaii. 
W'at^'es  are>*iilO  .'ind  ;?!'- a  day.' /'(')V/(r/i(/  Orrnonirtii.  Xov.  14,  ISIil.  'Two  nun 
took  out  y()  ounces  ill  one  day.  .Many  uine  making  S"iO  a  day  with  the  |iai., 
and  §100  to  iJ-JOO  with  rocker.s.'  /Ii'nl.,  Nov.  5.     'Weliave  heard  of  two  men 


R  south 

to  turn 

They 

of,  and 

men  on 
lohuvoil 
ctent  ol' 
1  fihnost 
ovisiotis 
;oul(l  l»o 
passago 
,  and  1)V 
;:>  return 
iter,  le>t 
I    sprinu'. 
the  c<ild 
disabled 

Sahnon 
»ut  jusli- 
ned  and 
ixplorei's, 
id  with- 
was  to 

th  a  stock  of 

'One  of  i:iy 
jlids  of  jiohl- 
l;it,  Siilinun 
lUT  to  I'ovi- 
han.l.'  Or 
L^a  of  \Vii;l.i 
U'k.'  7'","' 
Ity,  took  or.  I 
lbs  (eqnul  t" 
III  his  cUiiiii 
linc<.-i(§(i>.i;; 
inlay.     11- 
()  llu'  niiui. 

''rwoiiii'ii 

Ith  tin-  i>!ii.. 

llf    two  111' 


RICH  CLAIMS. 

the  effect  that  those  mines  cxcellotl  in  richness  the 
jilacer  mines  of  Cahfornia  in  their  best  days.  Of 
their  extent,  men  were  not  so  certain, 

A  hotter  to  the  Portland  Times  of  Xovi^mber  "2 5th 
stated  that  while  the  correspondent  was  at  the  SalnxMi 
Itiver  mines,  in  the  latter  part  of  October,  lie  had 
known  from  personal  observation  some  claims  to  yield 
from  thirty  to  eighty  dollars  to  the  })an.  One  panful 
of  dirt  from  Baboon  Gulch  contained  $151.50.  The 
same  claim  yielded  $1,800  in  throe  hours,  two  men 
workiiiGf  it  with  a  rocker.  Tliis  claim  belonged  to  a 
man  named  Weiser,  the  same  afte^r  whom  Weiser 
Kiver  in  Idaho  was  nonied.  John  ^lunsac  of  Yam- 
liill  county,  Oregon,  purchased  a  claim  for  $1,800, 
niul  from  two  })ans  of  tlie  dirt  took  lour  ounces  of 
gold.  In  two  weeks  he  had  taken  out  forty-five 
pounds  of  dust!  It  was  no  uncommon  thing  to  see, 
oil  entering  a  miner's  cabin,  agold-wasliing  jtan  meas- 
uring eight  quarts  full  to  the  brim,  or  half  filled,  with 
gold-dust  washed  out  in  one  or  two  '^eeks.  .VU 
manner  of  vessels,  such  as  oyster-cans  and  yeast-pow- 
der boxes,  or  pickle-bottles,  were  in  demand,  in  whitdi 
to  store  the  precious  dust.  A  claim  was  held  in  small 
esteem  that  yielded  only  $12  a  day,  as  some  claims 
(lid,  M'hile  hundreds  of  others  returned  from  one  to 
f  )ur  ounces  f)r  a  day's  labor. 

Owing  to  the  lateness  of  the  season  a'.id  the  Jiostil- 
ityof  the  Shoshones,  whoso  territory  b.irdored  on  the 
Salmon  River  basin,  the  cpiestioii  of  tlu^  extent  of 
these   ric;h  'jfold   mines  was   nec(>ssaril\'  left   undeter- 

*■' 

mined    until    «[)riiig    should    «)[)iMi     the    roads    and 

who  took  out  six  poniuls  of  1,'oltl  in  two  days.'  Or,  Aiyii^.  Nov.  10,  }^]. 
'William  ruiAiiUMjf  MossinaiT.s  i'xi>ivss  u  ri'os. .  .  Men  are  now  luakiii!,' p  ft. 
I'Kli)  ;,:';K)to  i<\'<0  per  il.iy  to  tlio  li.uni  wiili  tiio  oM-f.isliionc.l  rockor  of  IMM, 
aiul  I  virily  hcliovc  thai,  wlirii  water  ami  ordinary  improv  I'Uii'iit.'i  nrr  liron^iit 
to  Ileal',  that  ill  many  i>f  tlio  clilim.^  now  licing  worked  with  roi.kei  ■;  5>l,(KM>ii 
day  to  the  hand  will  lie  ivali/ed  a?;  readily  as  a  lialf-oimeo  is  at  ( ►••o  Kino  or 
South  Fork  di^'y:in.L;.s.  'I'licse  are  all  gulch  di;.%'in>;M,  ami  cii-ily  worked. 
Twenty  livc-ccut  dirt  iioro  is  worth  cs  much  as  §1  dirt  in  the  ul.l  iiiiiies  '  Or 
Si<if'-i,inii,Oi.'t.-2H.  istil;  Piiftland  Tiair-,  \ov.  -J,"!,  l.s(;i;  .s'.  /•'.  .(/'-,,  \,,v.  4 
aiil  Deo  'JT,  Isill;  /lainj  Clfi/  ('aitit  (I  t'/iroitk'lc,  Any.  -l,  iMJil;  iS'icrumttiUo 
i  '  '".,  Doc.  1,  lytiJ. 


248 


MINING  AND  TOWN-MAKING. 


m 


h     ^ 


ill 


stren<2^tlicn  the  hands  of  the  miners.  As  far  as  could 
be  judged  ironi  external  appearances,  there  ^vas  an 
extent  of  country  comprising  a  thousand  square  niilus 
hiiinilar  to  tluit  where  the  mines  were  being  worked. 
Tliis  ai'ea  was  included  in  a  basin  rinnned  with 
inountains  that  seemed,  when  viewed  from  a  distance, 
like  the  broken  walls  of  an  extinct  volcano,  while  the 
basin  itself  might  have  been  the  biu'nt-out  erater.  A 
dee[)  caiion  extended  around  inside  and  next  to  the 
mountain  walls,  and  thrown  up  in  the  centre  were 
countless  small  buttes,  overgr'own  with  small  ])ine  and 
tamarack  trees.  Fires  had  burned  off  the  growtli  on 
some  of  them;  othei's  were  covered  with  blackened 
stems,  wher<>  tlie  lire  had  onlv  iiartiallv  done  its  work, 
and  others  were  green.  When;  the  ground  was  bare 
of  trees,  bunch-grass  had  s})rung  up. 

J)('tween  these  buttes  were  the  gulches  in  which 
the  gold  was  found,  being  simply  strips  of  lowland, 
coveied  with  a  tough  sod  from  six  to  twelve  inches  in 
thickness.  The  lowest  parts  of  these  gulches  were 
marshy  or  bogjji'v.  All  of  them  had  numerous  rami- 
iiciitions.  Under  tlie  thick  turf  was  a  depth  of  from 
one  to  six  teet  of  loam,  and  under  the  loam  a  I'ed 
gravel,  in  which  was  the  gold,  in  smull  rovmd  particles 
and  of  a  red  color.  Underneath  this  was  a  solid  bed 
of  white  quartz  gravel,  or  hard-pan,  in  place  of  bed- 
i-ock,  of  from  six  to  eighteen  inches  in  thickness,  and 
under  all  another  bt'd  of  loose  «juartz  gravel  mixed 
with  water.  Very  little  clay  was  fouud  in  the  miin's. 
The  method  resoi'ted  to  f<-r  obtaining  water  for  min- 
ing purposes  was  to  dig  ]i(»i.'s  or  well>  of  a  convenient 
depth,  which  soon  tilled  from  the  uioist  gravel.  The 
nu'kers  were  placed  l)esid(^  these  holes,  and  the  watei' 
used  over  and  over  until  it  biscame  very  thick,  when 
the  well  was  emj)tied  and  allowed  to  till  again  o\ei 
night. 

The  early  part  of  the  winter  of  1801-2  wa-*  not 
si'Vcre.  New  diggings  were  discoven'<l  at  Florence, 
thirty  iuii»le>  north  oH  the  first  discovery,  before  j)ru5- 


])oct 


"1,?  ^vas  inter: 


GOLD  AXD  POLITICS. 
I'Ptod;  and  all  d 


J)^^on\bc.r  coznpaniJs  fronrtf 
'".'^'  ;>Ponnig  routes  to  f 


uring  til 
'^'  outside  w 


or  u 


"';'i  !Y»«  I'A-  ti,c.  oM  e , ! "  '.Z'!" ","«'  i>'-""' 


249 

^  month  of 
orino" 
ismo" 


^oiid  V.dle^,   thence   hy      fjl  '''''  '^\  '^^<^  ^^^and 


h'lve 

to  b( 


^  and   beyond,  aft 
ojioned  ovoi 


'y  ;"/   Indian   trail   t 


'!•  ^vhich  th 


o  Stial, 


■'••■'^fd  with   the  ] 


fi  On<'-e  of 


t-'ic  Were  fifty  mil 


"Jountains.     J) 


;ui.    (',.,i;f;.....:..       «  '>^^t   tJie  wlioj,.   ,„w.fi,  ... 


'e 


•"■"la,  sno 


'^■^''•y  direetioii. 
.'■"■""iiinicatio-i  tl 


\v  an( 


i  flood 


'"  the  Sal 


nion  I 


At  the  t 
»^'i'e  were  betw 


s  int 


noj'tl 


eenib. 
J^ncMvn  i 


es 
er 


n 


'-^vest  coast 


^■nMipting  travel 


m 


';;;:,"'■  ^'-,-'-"1.^™;: 


^•^-'i  500  and  HOO 


nien 


^""•^  ^v!',^  ^^'^rtluidoUarrnoa;  '      "^^'''^'.^^"'<J  "^provi 
v^.-';.^tdl  cheap.  ^^^^"^'J'  cxccptuig  beef,\v-hic 

I  lie  .si7d<l,.M  ,.,:..     ,. 


"'  ■'^adden 


'^^'■ij'mtiou  to  Salmon  1 


which 


*">•  ."H^ans  depopulate  the  PI    "''"  ^^'^"^^  '''^  '^"t  by 


'"any  to  wint 


111 


Ml 


who 


'■V  in 


)o  doi 


Oro  1. 


a«  at  hrst.™     Tl 
'"(),  whei 


\^'  ''<'turn  of 


r.i;''i'tbuM,,os„aii  ":;!:''!iv;''i''"';^-H,ici 


«'"i.i««oAit:ztn;M;::;;''';''^''^''-^-"Ti 


lose 


s,:;:j:'--'ri-':.uH:r;;""^™i-"''."^^ 


"^•^o  who  had  aeeuniul 


"^11,   was  a 


^"  "'^•'  ^^-^^'W  and  society 


to 


ited  L 


.^•i'owiii.^  tow 


ii'ge  sums  returned 


i'<>]itically,tl„.,,ff; 


^'"J"y  their  wealtJ 


'/•^■-^-•-narkable    'Wd      W 
NIK. 11."  ..if/-n,.i.  .  I     1     ,    ,  ♦''an, I   \v, 


-<t<.f  the  Clearwater  ..,,1 


Ml 


•n."  a 

-soul 


^ttaehed  electe.l  f 


M 


iseov'. 


*  a  joint  council 


;'^'i"i-<'pi'esontat 


ilia  county  with  81 


o- 


ives. 


!j':\L"^T"i'.2'^h  ':'   >N*U 


'^'an/'^^  more  votes'  b 


;in( 


orenfAVul];,  w 


with 
'«-'Jno-  cast 


1,1  — "  "1  1)  ill 


ilia  M- 


'f   th 


.■tad 


'W  ciiiincil 


''''■^;i'i:;nr7:;!;:.'fir'''i-..i:ic^., 


,    '   ""»  ciiiini'iMiaii      'n„,  „ 


it. I, 

li.lM. 


'  IDII.'ll 


<is  i.s  lif 


'■«  lit'l(.ui..((.,l.  or  tl 


"-'  n mil II 


i  not 


ViM-a 


'■^'y'^i'ii;  .111,1 


'■"•■''  111  JilU.   J 


if  1)11  n 


•isaidt 


■s.\s, 


'Ci.ird 


t'.nu  (,,  ^vliat 


ufl 


11- S 


A 


"•iiitic's  tl 


liwpuiL'  tl 


tlVOS  WiTO 


)  J'liir- 


flHltcst.    OV 


"■  iiHiulicrs  of 


LT/i  sent  I 


•f'V.'il.s 


'.   Of  1111 


il  of  a  I 


■"III   hhUv  1 


!\r''-''M:!.;:;i;;::;'^!!^:--'^'i--.,M 


'l";i-'il  flic  g.vate 


1  tli.^t 


.Stev 


!li:t 


"11  It.s  I 


il'SSfl- 


.« "^s;r'T£';:s:i''--ie;;,;;., 


•IIH  COUtltV. 


lOUII 


„  "II Hill ui ins      'n:„,,   ■  ,"       '"■"-'■  ir"i\'   )(>fu-..i'.. 

■■^•^"'"l  Kavo,ttl.o;:i!^,rc'«'^tui.uof  ISiH-i  1  ..^       " 


ilillR'S  v\  OIX! 


;:;^;-.jyii.,:;:^:;;^j-:;-^<'^.n;.ti 


«l'«k,'iii(..     At  tl„."f, 


it'i'st;ib- 


it'i'  with  t) 


aiii.d 


.S|)iil 


.lilt 
kill 


mil 


y  "t  .\  „i, 

IllltV 


'i>i.      JlioIe,.,.slatiifouf  1  - 


.iilimvi 
IIH  icstoiv,!  t 


!Ilg 


'^■■IIH',   MllicI 


t-'li  Wa 


S(i.i-.t  ,1 


'"^^'^u.ity«c<ttatvj>::i;;;"::',.";;^  '^'^^^^  i^om  at. 


^  y<'iniitea  tl)  Stev 


L'vciia  on  til 


ispciist-il 
•lis;  Ijiit 


t'  cast  siilo. 


I   .    ,       'h 


.J,i  I 


2.jO 


MINIXG  AND  TOWX-MAKING. 


I'M 


Si    >' 

if:  I 


ill  the  counties  of  W.-illa  Walla  and  Shoshone  than  in 
any  two  west  of  the  Cascades.  A  now  county  called 
Nez  Perce  w;is  orijfanized  hy  the  miners  in  the  Oro 
Fino  district  during  tlie  sunnneiv'^  which  was  legally 
crcjited  and  orijanized  by  the  legislature  the  following 
Avinter,  alon-jf  with  the  countv  of  Idalio,  and  the  terri- 
tory  was  redistricted  in  order  to  give  a  federal  judge 
to  this  region.  The  judicial  districts  as  newly  defined 
made  the  1st,  or  mining  district,  end)race  Waha  Walla 
and  tlie  c(nuities  east  of  that,  P.  01ii)hant  presiding; 
Chief  Justice  James  E.  Wyche  being  assigned  to  the 
2d,  or  ColunJjia  Piver  district,  and  C.  C.  Hewitt  to 
the  -id,  or  Pugct  Sound  district.*^ 

The  legislature  found  itself  much  en*barrassed  by  the 
situation.  Three  judges  had  no  more  than  sutficx'd 
wlien  the  business  <^f  the  courts  was  confined  to  the 
region  west  of  the  Cascades,  when  suddenly  the  popu- 
lation cast  of  the  mountains  became  sufficient  to  iv- 
(juire,  with  the  great  extent  of  territory,  two  if  not 
tliree  more.  One  of  the  expedients  proposed  was  to 
grant  tlie  probate  courts  of  the  several  counties  ci\il 
and  criminal  jurisdiction,  provided  the  supremo  court 
then  in  session  should  give  a  favorable  opinion  upon 

'^Tlic  shcrilT  was  Oillesi,ic,  the  clerk  Bradley,  the  justice  of  the  jioaco 
Stone.  Ivaljih  T]h.'(l.soe  was  tlio  (h'.st  coiiiicilniaii  elected  from  Xez  I'lTio 
rDiiiity.     Idaho  county  was  was  first  called  Kl  Dorado. 

"•*  iMcFaddeu,  who  was  associate  justice  until  1S.")S,  was  then  luado  cliicf 
justice  TMitil  lS(j-,  witli  William  SlrouL;  and  lOdnuiud  C.  Fitzlnigh  associate 
justices  for  the  same  period,  and  Charles  S.  Weed  U.  S.  marshal.  Fitzluii.di. 
whom  the  reader  will  remember  as  iileutilied  with  the  development  of  cual 
and  (ithor  interests  about  ISclliuLihain  Hay,  and  as  s]K:cial  Indian  aL,'ent  and 
aid  of  (tov.  Stevens  duriui,'  tlie  Indian  war,  was  indicteil  ami  tried  and  ac- 
(|uitted,  after  his  appoiutment,  fur  killing  a  man  uatued  Wilson  several  ytais 
before  in  a  (piarr'd.  He  was  one  of  the  seconds  in  the  lirodcriek-Terry  diu  1 
in  San  I'ranciseo,  .a  southerner,  and  having  the  convivial  habits  of  his  class, 
l)Ut  \\ithal  considered  a  good  man.  'i'he  republican  administration  appointed 
Wyche  chief  justice,  with  Oliphant  and  Hewitt  associates.  Wyche  \v,is  a 
Missi3si|ipian  by  birth,  and  a  union  deuiocrat.  He  was  appointed  from  iliciii- 
gau.  His  w  ife  was  a  dau'diter  of  W^  W.  IJancrof'^  of  Granville,  Ohio.  Vie 
clerk  of  the  court  in  WalliL  Walla  district  was  Bennett  Sexton,  whoso  wi:  • 
was  a  sister  of  Mr.s.  Wyche.  Sexton  died  in  IStJO.  AVycho  died  of  cousmin  ■ 
tion  Aug.  'JS,  bsTo,  on  the  ears,  while  eu  route  to  the  east.  AVliile  residii.,' 
at  Vancouver  he  lost  his  eldest,  daughter;  hn  wife  and  remaining  <laugli^  i' 
survived  him  but  a  short  liiM.j;  llius  all  tlie  family  jiassed  i-ai)idly  away,  .■;:;! 
the  old  Harney  Casil"  whii'h  tliey  inhabited  was  sohl.  Tho  United  Stai.  s 
district  attorney  ap[)i)inted  liy  tlie  reirublican  administration  was  Juliii  J. 
I\ie(Jilvra  of  Chicago. 


COURTS  AXD  ROADS. 


'"''«n,l  jLKl-jes.acfs  were   ,a  I  ;i  .7,";  '."'^■''■•«  "ftl..> 
;""rt  at  tI,o  county  .cat    fc^rf  :''"'""''"'"  ''^  '"«t>-ic-t 

'■■^'•;Tt  m  those  cases  wl  ™  '  ".'^.1'™''  l»"",lanc.s, 
l'"rt.v,  m  the  sa„,o  ..,„„:.'•„,  \V';""i  'States  was  a 
Iclorc  exercised  1,,-  t|,,,  i],   ,'.*''".'"'""«  <'rfei,t  as 

<  l.e  cou„t,es  to  pav  the'o        ,  e  '  ^f."  ,  -'-"I  J"'t-..r' 

lie  asscssc!  valuation  of    .?.  "'  "'«o  "'"rts. 
;;""^'y  of  Walla  Walla  i       S«    w    '"  '"■'.■'^'■^'•>'  "'  «■« 

-''  value  at  the  close  of  the  t"  '.  "'^?''  '^'^^^  "">"  "'o 
>n re  Mow  rumiiun-  uiwn  ti,      ''  "^  "'o  steamboats 

;■',  -«t,  of  800,000  'r^^  S"-  P"';";'i'ia,  huiitt 

*'"-""gl.  the  hitherto  i.Kac  OS  i  :     ""'    '^■^■"   "P""«l 
"agou-roa.ls  proiecte.l  f      '*•'  "'"""taiu  re-n'ous 

*» "-  n-ost  i,i,,, j^:  '   /;  -7V'-^'"'t  «-i°>w":i 

"".  •■'"  the  rivers  thev  to  '  *  *"■'''■''■"  cstaWi.!,,,,! 
i"-'vate  enterprise.'"  -A  CO  *;  ■'''  •■""  ='"  "'"'^■flv  I.7 
,  "'«.  r..  «,,  „„,  „  „  '      ^'  "'■■■'^  '"'■■"Pon.tJ.l  to 

«■■  I-.  Ca  Jt       ,  °;"'  '"'»■  "all*  "aila   .  a |vifc«"  •;"•"'«» «natc la   'r 

;■'■■ ■:!      ?.?,,^'';T°''«\'!"="'n;.  „ 

■  '"'■  Liwk  „„  s, /; ; , :;  -"■■'<■■  *•  »'•  i:a<«au  L"' ■  "  ;■  ""v""""  <-■'''•"■■ 


i 


i  »i 


1    »! 


2-2 


MIXING  AXD  TOWN'.MAIvlNTr. 


n\ 


coiistnict  a  i-ailroud  from  old  Fort  Walla  Walla  to  tlic 
town  ot"  that  iiaiue,  wliicli  was  rvciituallv  built  aiul 
operated.  Priiitiiig-presscs  had  been  taken  to  Wada 
WaUa,  and  public  journals  cstal)lislicd,^''  and  the  j>laco 
bfcaiuo  an  incorporated  city,  and  a  county  scat  by  act 
of  legislature  in  January, 

Tw'o  thirds  more  po[)ulati()n  was  contained  in  the 
counties  cast  of  the  mountains  in  December  than  in 
tlie  wliole  lower  Columbia  and  l*uget  Sound  I'cgion, 
settled  sixteen  years  before.  And  the  empii'e-makers, 
believing  that  they  had  no  interest  in  l*ugi't  Sound, 
but  that  Ol3'm}Ma  was  too  distant  a  ca[)ital,  instructed 
their  rc[)rcsentativcs  to  endeavor  to  get  a  memorial 
to  congi'ess  from  the  legislature,  asking  that  the  east- 
ern division  of  the  territory  miijjht  be  set  olfand  or-'an- 
i/,ed  as  an  in(le})c!ndent  ])olitical  entity.  The  council, 
liowever,  declari'd  that  no  i>-ood  I'eason  existed  for  a 
sepai'ation,  which  could  not  benefit  the  transmontane 
])ortion,  and  would  seriously  retard  the  growth  and 
im|»rovement  of  the  IViget  Sound  region,  in  which  all 
had  a  nnitual  interest  as  a  seaboard,"^  ami  refused  to 
sanction  the  })rayer  to  congress.  It  consented,  insteaib 
to  ask  that  body  to  establish  a  land-office  at  Walla 
Walla  f(.)r  the  convenience  of  those  desiring  to  take 
farms  in  either  of  the  new  counties  east  of  the  Cas- 
cades, which  in  due  time  was  granted. 

It  would  be  im})ossible  to  imagine  greater  hardships 
than  were  endured  by  a  certain  number  of  over-san- 
guine  persons  who  took  the  risk  of  remaining  in  the 
Salmon  liiver  j\Iountains  without  an  adequate  supplv 
of  food.  Men  continued  to  force  their  way  in  until 
February,     After  that  for  several  we(>ks  the  trails 

soutli  liniiu'li  (if  tlic  C'k'iinvatrr  on  the  road  from  Lcwiston  to  Elk  City.  Tli'' 
rules  for  f(i()t-piiss('iig(Ts  on  tliuse  fenie-s  were  gcnorally  .""O  ets,  loose  cattlo 
r).)ets,  twii-liorst'  \va;j;cin  .S'-.'iO,  foiii'-lior.sc  wagon  §;$..")0,  si\-lioi'se  wagon  St.  JU, 
liorso  iincl  l>uu'!.;v  S-.-"',  pack-nninial  7")  cts. 

3'^'riie  U'al'/d  U'itlia  JA  .sm /,./(/■,  by  U.  U.  Smith;  the  Xiirt!i<r»  Lhiht,\y 
Daniel  Dodge;  and  the  Wd^hi.KjImi  Slatcsnntii,  by  Xortliup,  lis;e;i  &.  Co.  Tli'j 
latter  aflcruard  breanie  the  Walla  W'u'ia  .StaU.finuii, 


'■"  Wa.-</(.  Jour.  Cuitiicil,  lSUl-'2,  ai2-13. 


S-VOW  AXD  STARVATloy. 


"vor  district,  havin-.  ^^^^  th   i/l   ^   "^""  ^^^^" '"^al.nou 

"^   '-;>  miles,  and  nvouM     ^^        T"-''''^tsadi.stan(v 
■•"";;  ^''oni  Indians  ^^'''^'  ^'^^^'^•^^^^"d  ^^ut  for  assilt- 

Jio  found  a  town  i-c<rnlo„K,  j  • , 
^•'^-•-onlod  and  fbn  ^d  t /^;  j^f  7*' ^ith  huildin.. 

-^t  couJd  be  purchased  exocnt il  ^^^'-^^  "^^^^"'"y"  to 
,^'""<^'  of  the  miners  earned  "f"^??"'''^*  '^^apound 
'">;';-  together  b,  Zu'LTJ!"  \'  ^'''P  ->"I  ad 
^-^-l<^  from  earth,  obtains  ulhf^^^,  *°  ^^'^^^^  out  the 
l-^ure  by  di<.ging  do^^^^^  I  ro,^  ""'^^  ^^^^^^^'^^  and  ev- 
''o  eonsequence^of  t  ds  a^f^"^  ^'''  ^'^-'o-- 
''"^"'"at.«ni,  scurvy  and'dr  '"/"thcent  food,  w,s 

-^  the  latter  part^i;":^  ~  "^  ^^^  ehest.^^     J^l^t 
to  ton  feet  deen-  vnf    '  "^^'  the  snow  was  from  sox--,.. 

;  .'  ."g  to  provide  ti,emselvc.,    fS  T,'"'""'  ''"S-v,  ii, 
•I"7  elai,us  in  order  t,™.:,  '""°""'  <"'  «»"«'  i''   „; 

';;;«-«-.-"'Wort.,edis?:.t-,::tdl!:i~ 

»»«.i»  i,,t„,"  ,i ' ^^y  'm  h,t  ai  tho  ?„;„;'  ;'J'"j  TT ""',"'  '"■■  •»>  »■ 


fu.  d,.i.£.  <"Hl  the  umo.  bark  uf  the  pi../ trio    iiH ''  '""  "'^^''^^ 

i-ti-t.,  Mitii  snow- water 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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/a 


1.0 


I.I 


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Ilia  i^ 

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14  0 


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2.0 


1.4    ill  1.6 


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V] 


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Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


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33  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WKASTiR.N.Y    MSIiVO 

(7»6)  175  ■; 503 


<» 


o 


■ 


c<p 


o^ 


254 


MINING  AND  TOWN-MAKING. 


m 


riecl  In  on  the  backs  of  men,  at  forty  cents  a  pound  trans- 
portation, and  the  starving  were  glad  to  perform  this 
labor  for  the  wages.*"  These  were  only  incidents  of 
mining  life,  and  did  not  affect  the  reputation  of  the 
mines,  which  in  the  spring  of  1862  drew  a  wild  crusadu 
of  gold  worshippers  toward  them  from  every  hand. 
Tlie  steamship  Cortes,  as  early  as  February  13th,  landed 
700  California  miners  at  Portland,  and  proceeded  to 
Bollingham  Bay  with  still  another  company,  destined 
for  Cariboo.  There  was  plenty  of  ground  from 
which  to  choose,  for  eastern  Oregon  as  well  as 
Washington  and  British  Columbia  was  now  known 
to  be  a  gold-field.  In  April  the  regular  line  carried 
GOO  or  700  on  each  trip,  and  on  the  5th  of  May  three 
ocean  steamers,  the  Panama,  Oregon,  and  Sierra 
Nevada,  were  at  Portland  together,  their  passengers 
crowding  up  the  Columbia  day  and  night  as  fast  as 
the  river  steamboats  could  carry  them,  and  on  the 
Cth  the  Brother  Jonathan  arrived  with  another  600. 

It  was  in  vain  that  the  newspapers  in  California 
and  Oregon  endeavored  to  check  the  rush,  at  least 
until  th;'  roads  in  the  upper  country  were  opened  to 
travel.  The  Portland  Advertiser  of  the  14th  of  March 
published  a  fair  warning,  that  th'  w  at  The  Dalles 
was  still  two  feet  deep,  and  from  >  >e  to  four  feet  be- 
tween there  and  Lewiston,  with  a  greater  amount  in 
the  mountains  east  of  Lewiston;  that  provisions  along 
the  whole  distance  were  exhausted,  and  no  entertain- 
ment could  be  had,  nor  any  transportation,  not  even 
on  riding  or  pack  animals,  the  cattle  being  all  either 
frozen  or  too  thin  to  travel ;  that  the  weather  was  still 
severe,  and  no  wood  along  the  route  from  The  Dalles 
to  Lewiston,  except  at  long  intervals  a  few  willow 
poles;  and  those  who  should  undertake  to  walk  would 
be  in  danger  of  perishing  with  cold.  But  miners  had 
been  pouring  into  Oregon  for  a  month  when  this  no- 
tice was  given,  and  they  were  not  likely  to  stop  then, 
when  spring  was  so  near.     Nor  did  they.     The  Dalles 

^''Or.  Ar,jm,  March  22,  April  12,  and  May  31,  1862. 


WAITING  FOR  SPRING. 


fi56 


was  at  one  time  so  crowded  with  people  unable  to  pay 
the  high  prices  of  provisions  that  a  aiob  was  raised, 
who  proceeded  to  help  themselves  at  the  stores.  In 
general,  however,  men  bore  their  privations  with 
dogged  endurance,  hoping  for  better  things. 

Nor  were  the  Oregonians  more  prudent  than 
strangers  who  knew  less  of  the  country,  the  climate, 
and  the  phenomenal  effects  of  the  floods  and  frosts  of 
tlie  winter  of  18G1-2.  Some  had  mining  claims  to 
which  tliey  were  anxious  to  return;  others,  farmers, 
liad  lost  heavily  by  the  floods  of  December,  and  were 
ill  haste  to  retrieve  their  fortunes.  Traders  were  de- 
sirous of  being  first  to  bring  their  goods  to  a  market 
where  gold-dust  was  more  plentiful  than  flour,  sugar, 
or  bacon;"  and  all  had  good  reasons  for  their  precipi- 
tancy in  the  matter  of  getting  to  the  mines.  Most 
of  those  crowded  into  The  Dalles  began  moving  for- 
ward about  the  17th  of  March,  when  a  saddle-train 
arrived  from  Walla  Walla,  bringing  the  first  passen- 
gers that  had  come  through  since  the  disasters  of 
January.*-  They  brought  400  pounds  of  gold-dust, 
sutlicient  apology  for  the  haste  of  the  crusaders.  By 
the  22d  a  change  in  the  weather  had  left  the  roads  in 
ail  almost  impassable  state,  and  the  streams  too  high 
to  be  forded.  Fortunately  for  those  not  already  upon 
the  way,  the  steamboat  Colonel  Wright  succeeded  about 
this  date  in  forcing  a  passage  from  Celilo  to  old  Fort 
Walla  Walla,  where  J.  M.  Vansyckle  had  laid  off  a 
town  called  Wallula,  and  was  making  improvements 
lit  the  landing,"  and  regular  no.vigation  to  this  point 
was  soon  resumed,  although  the  water  in  the  Snake 
Kiver  was  still  too  low  to  admit  of  a  passage  to  Lew- 
iston.  At  tliis  place  during  the  winter  the  suffering 
had  been  great  from  want  of  adequate  shelter,  most 
uf  the  population  living  in  tents.     Fuel  was  scarce, 

"Flour  Bold  at  Walla  Walla  on  the  3d  of  March  for  $24  per  pouud.  Or, 
Sttiti'.wian,  Maruh  24,  18G'2. 

*^  llitt.  Or.,  ii.,  ch.  xix.,  484,  this  series. 

"  'Mr  and  Mrs  Cliurlus  I'opo  recently  licld  a  "drawing-room"  entertain- 
ment iit  Wallula,  in  the  cabin  of  a  wharf-boat,  the  only  building  of  uny  uota 
iu  thut  city.'  Or.  Utateaman,  May  2G,  1802. 


I 


236 


MINING  AND  TOWX-MAKING. 


and  provisions  both  scarce  and  high.**  At  length, 
when  the  snow  melted  in  the  upper  country,  the  Co- 
lumbia rose  to  a  stage  which  in  May  inundated  Lew- 
iston,  The  Dalles,  and  the  lower  portions  of  Portland. 

The  first  trains  reached  Powder  River  about  the 
last  of  April;  the  first  that  arrived  at  Salmon  River 
not  before  the  middle  of  May,  the  goods  being  carried, 
as  I  have  said,  on  the  backs  of  starving  men  the  last 
twelve  or  fifteen  miles,  many  of  them  becoming  snow- 
blind  wdiile  performing  this  labor.  When  the  product 
of  the  winter's  work,  with  all  its  disadvantages,  began 
to  appear,  it  increased  the  mining  furore.  The  differ- 
ent gulches  in  the  Florence  district  were  found  to 
yield  per  day  to  the  rocker  from  $30  to  $250.  Some 
great  strikes  were  made,  as  when  Weiser  took  out  of 
Baboon  Gulch  $6, GOO  in  one  day,  and  half  that 
amount  in  another,  one  panful  of  dirt  yielding  $500. 
The  average  yield  of  these  placers  was  $75  per  diem. *^ 

Prospecting  began  by  the  middle  of  May.  In  the 
latter  part  of  June  there  were  thousands  of  men 
ranging  the  country  in  every  direction.  Some  put 
their  number  at  25,000.  It  is  more  probable  that  in 
the  autumn,  after  the  emigration  from  California  and 
the  east  was  all  in,  there  were  20,000  persons  in  the 

**l!}.F.  Bulldin,  March  31,  18Q2. 

•^  A  few  itcma  may  bo  worth  preserving  as  a  part  of  tho  country's  pliysical 
history.  Baboon  Gulch  was  named  after  an  old  Dutch  miner  known  as 
Baboon,  who  left  tlic  diggings  in  the  spring  with  75  lbs  of  gold-dust.  The 
claim  was  purchased  by  Gideon  Tibbits  while  it  was  still  yiulding  $1,000 
daily.  Miller  Gulch,  named  after  one  of  the  discoverers,  Josepii  Miller, 
yielded  iiim  $7,000  and  ho  sold  it  for  $4,000.  Claims  on  the  creek  were  held 
at  from  $15,000  to  $30,000.  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.  brought  down  from  tluso 
mines  on  tlio  20th  of  Jlay  120  lbs  of  gold-dust,  and  about  tho  same  amount 
from  the  Nez  Percd  mines,  besides  tiiat  in  tho  hands  of  eighty  paasengers.  It 
was  estimated  that  $500,000  passed  through  Tho  Dalles  every  week.  Or. 
Sltitcumaii,  Juno  2  and  July  7,  1802.  Tho  Julia  brought  down  from  Tho 
Dalles  1,000  pounds  of  tho  dust  on  tho  .30th  of  July.  Porlkind  Orcf/oitian, 
July  .31,  1802.  There  were  ISOclaiuis  on  Miller's  Creek,  worked  by  r),'»8  men, 
tho  yield  for  8  months  being  $2,785,5.30.  A  general  average  of  tho  product 
of  tho  Florence  mines  would  givo  3,000  miners  somctliing  over  $4,000  for  a 
season's  work.  But  there  really  was  no  general  average,  some  getting  little 
and  some  much,  as  in  every  other  business;  tho  newspapers  contained  storioji 
of  individual  success  that  would  fdl  a  volume.  Gold-dust  was  weighed  by 
the  pound  at  Florence.  Fartiham's  Floreiive  ami  IVarnii,  MS.,  i,  'I  saw  twa 
men  walk  out  of  Millersburg  with  50  pounds  of  gold-dust '  Mrs  Schultz,  la 
£urlj/  Anecilotes,  MS.,  3. 


s 


PO^VDER  RIVER  MINES. 


m 


the  Co- 
ed Lew- 
Portland. 
3out  the 
311  River 
T  carried, 
I  the  last 
ingsnow- 
0  product 
■es,  began 
'he  difter- 

found  to 
3.     Some 
ok  out  ot" 
half  that 
ling  $500. 
per  diem.*' 
r.     In  the 
of  men 
ome  put 
lie  that  in 

fornia  and 

us  in  the 


Itry^B  pliysioiil 
licv  known  lis 
Icl-dust,     Tho 
LvVrng  S  1,000 
paeph   MiUor, 
^ek  were  lu'l'^ 
In  from  tluso 
Isamo  amount 
laaenHcrs.    It 
ly  week,  '-'i: 
\n  from   Tlio 
id  Orcnouiau, 
by  .'J.W  men, 
tlio  product 
■.^4. 000  for  a 
jetting  little 
Eivineil  stories 
weighed  liy 
'I  Buw  two 
Schulti!,  m 


mines  of  Clearwater,  Salmon,  Powder,  and  John  Day 


rivers. 


13 


From  these  mines,  the  accounts  received  were  gen- 
crall}''  flattering,  though  occasionally  a  disappointed 
adventurer  expressed  his  disgust  at  adverse  fortune 
in  terms  more  forcible  than  elegant.  As  to  Powder 
lilver,  after  it  had  been  pretty  well  prospected  it  was 
set  down  as  rich,  but  not  of  the  extraordinary  richness 
of  Salmon  River.  Water  was  scarce,  and  until  ditches 
were  constructed  to  carry  water  from  Elk  Creek  to 
the  flat  below,  where  the  claims  were  located,  no 
sluicing  or  rapid  work  could  be  accomplished.  There 
were  about  1,000  persons  in  the  Powder  River  mines 
by  the  middle  of  June.  Among  them  were  many  from 
the  mines  of  Washoe  in  Nevada."  Others  followed 
during  the  summer,  and  a  considerable  proportion  of 
these  settled  in  eastern  Oregon,*^  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  mines.*'  They  found  a  beautiful  country  of 
rolling  plains,  and  long  sunny  slopes  partially  wooded 
with  stately  pines,  of  fertile  valleys,  and  free-flowing 
streams  of  excellent  water  at  frequent  intervals;  and 
ItiKt,  but  not  least,  unlimited  grazing,  making  this  the 
stock-raiser's  paradise.     Several  important  discoveries 

<"/;(.?.  Af.  Rept,  1SC2,  422-3;  Or.  Statesman,  June  2,  1SG2;  Bridow's 
lirncijinilnv,  MS.,  15. 

*'  The  most  famous  man  on  tho  Pacific  coast,  after  James  Marshall,  was 
]{.  M.  ('(linstock,  who  tried  ids  luck  in  Oregon,  which  had  failed  to  make  him 
rich  in  Nevada.  Ho  was  very  active  locating  both  placer  and  quartz  mines, 
coustiuutin<j  ditches,  and  making  other  improvements.  lie  surveyed  a  road 
IVoiii  I'dwdir  liiver  shorter  nnil  better  than  tho  old  one,  expending  $8,000 
upon  it,  and  petitioning  tho  Oregon  legislature  for  a  cliarter.  Tho  matter 
■Hin  pliued  in  tho  hands  of  J,  M.  Kirkpatrick,  elected  from  Baker  county, 
or^aiiix(.d  iiy  tho  ndning  population  in  1SG2,  who  was  not  admitted  to  a  seat, 
iiiiil  tlic  charier  was  lost.  C'omstock  and  Lytlo  opened  the  first  (piartz  vo'u 
ill  which  free  gold  was  visible,  on  Powder  itivcr.  Or,  iStnlcs.'nan,  Juno  IG, 
l^ij-',  On  tlie  ]  1th  of  August  ho  discovered  another  lode,  from  which  ho  took 
<jl"iO  *lio  same  day.  S.  F.  Jlullclhi,  Aug.  27,  1802.  It  dors  not  appear  that 
this  iiiino  niado  C'omstock  rich,  or  that  any  mine  ever  could. 

'  W.  S.  i'^bej',  who  spent  a  season  in  tho  Powder  River  and  John  Day 
mines,  romarka  upon  this  innnigration,  which  came  by  tho  way  of  Humboldt, 
QiKvii,  iiiid  Owyhee  rivers.  Journal,  MS.,  viii.  5,3. 

''•"Mrs  'J'lieodore  Schultz,  of  Valencia  Street,  San  Francisco,  in  a  manu- 
8cri|it  ciiUcd  Eurlji  AnecdutcK,  gives  a  graphic  picture  of  the  immigration  from 
t'al,  (iverhiiid.  NVith  her  husband  and  4  other  men,  with  17  pack-animals, 
slio  tiuvclliil  from  her  homo  in  that  state  to  Florence  mines,  encountering  all 
tlio  haidsiiips  of  tho  season,  tho  great  flood,  and  tho  danger  from  Indians, 
winch  they  luckily  escaped,  tiha  was  tlio  first  whito  woman  in  Milluraburg. 
UiflT.  Wash.— 17 


MINING  AND  TOWN-MAKING. 


were  made  in  the  region  both  east  and  west  of  the 
Blue  Mountains,  some  of  which  mining  ground  turned 
out  a  large  amount  of  bullion,*'^  and  some  of  which  is 
still  mined,  but  the  main  rusli  was  to  the  country  cast 
of  Snake  River. 


About  the  1st  of  August,  James  Warren,  a  "shift- 
less individual,  a  petty  gambler,  miner,  and  pros- 
pector," made  up  a  party  in  Lewiston  for  a  tour  through 
the  Salmon  River  basin,  and  returned  in  less  than  a 
month  with  the  report  of  new  and  rich  diggings.''^ 
Unlike  the  Florence  mines,  the  Warren  diggings  were 
deep  as  well  as  rich.  The  mining  ground  extended 
about  sixteen  miles  north  and  south  along  the  creek, 
and  the  gold  assayed  from  $12  to  $17  an  ounce.^^ 

This  proved  to  be  one  of  the  most  valuable  discov- 
eries made.  The  diggings  outlasted  the  Florence 
mines,  and  when  the  placers  were  exhausted  on  the 
creek  bottoms,  still  yielded  to  hydraulic  treatment 
returns  nearly  as  rich  as  the  placers. 

Notwithstanding  the  unsavory  reputation  of  the 
discoverer,  Warren's  diggings  were  worked  chiefly  by 
practical  miners  and  men  of  good  character,  many  of 
whom  long  remained  there  in  business.'^^  In  Novem- 
ber 400  men  were  mining  at  Warren's,  taking  out  an 
average  of  from  $14  to  $20  daily."^* 

Three  years  afterward  the  population  was  1,500, 
which  dwindled  two  years  later  to  500.     When  tho 

'"  The  John  Day  mines  began  to  be  worked  in  August.  About  1,000  men 
were  at  work  on  the  middle  branch  in  September,  and  500  on  tho  north 
branch.  Many  handsome  nuggets  were  found  in  the  Powder  and  John  Day 
mines.  Owcna'  Dk.,  1805,  143;  Walla  Walla  Statesman,  Aug.  27,  1802;  Port- 
land  Orerioman^  Sept.  29,  1802. 

^^  lloj'cr's  Hist,  Idaho  County,  MS.,  2-4;  Ilutton'a  Early  Events,  MS.,  0. 

'''  Fariiham's  Florence  and  Warren,  MS.,  1.  Edwin  Farnham  was  one  of 
thopionecrs  of  Florence,  where  lie  went  in  1802,  and  afterward  to  Wairen. 
His  manuscript  isprincipally  a  comparison  between  the  two  campa.  Faruhuin 
later  lived  in  S.  FT 

''J.  W.  Seaman,  Judge  Beatty,  Judge  Taliaferro,  and  D.  Mulford  were  of 
Calaveras  co.,  Cal.,  and  Mark  Evans  of  San  Joaquin.  J.  Bradford,  auollur 
pioneer,  antecedents  unknown,  Mrs  Shultz  was  again  the  lirst  white  woniuu 
in  these  diggings,  and  gives  a  good  account  of  their  law-abiding  population. 
Rico  was  one  o?  the  first  locators.  Ilutton's  Early  EueiUs,  MS.,  5. 

^*LewUtoH  Goklen  Age,  Nov.  13,  1802. 


ii  of  the 

[id  turned 

which  is 

intry  east 


a 


<i 


shift- 
and  pr.'s- 
ir  through 
3SS  than  a 
diggings/'^ 
o-ings  were 
L  extended 

the  creek, 
unce."'* 
bble  discov- 
3    Florence 
ted  on  the 

treatment 

;ion  of  the 

chiefly  by 

)r,  many  of 

|ln  Noveni- 

ing  out  an 

[was  1,500, 
When  the 

Lbout  1,000  men 
DO  on  tho  iiortli 
[r  and  Jolm  Day 
1 27, 1802;  Port- 
Events,  MS.,  0. 
[ham  was  one  of 
ard  to  Wairon. 
Imps.     Farulwni 

Mulford  were  of 
fadford,  anotlur 
Ist  white  woiiiiin 
ling  populatiu". 


PROSPECTING  ON  BOISfi  RIVER. 


259 


■  .y 


'I 


mines  had  been  worked  for  ten  years  they  were  sold 
to  Chinese  miners,  some  of  whom  became  wealthy. 

Late  in  the  summer  of  1862,  the  opinion  of  old 
miners  that  a  rich  deposit  would  be  found  farther  to 
tlio  south  than  any  yet  discovered  was  verified.  Many 
companies  were  searching  for  such  a  field,^^  but  the 
successful  party  was  one  which  left  Auburn,  Baker 
county,  Oregon,  about  the  middle  of  July,  proceeding 
cast  to  Snake  River  and  up  it  to  Sinker  Creek,  above 
the  mouth  of  the  Owyhee,  where,  the  company  divid- 
one  portion  returned  to  a  point  opposite  Boise 


111 


r:' 


liiver,  and  having  made  a  skiff  and  ferried  them- 
selves over  to  the  south  side  of  that  stream,  followed 
along  it  to  a  junction  with  the  immigrant  road,  where 
they  again  constructed  a  raft  and  crossed  to  the  north 
auk  of  the  Boise,  where  now  stands  the  city  of  that 


I); 


S6 


name. 

Proceeding  north,  but  being  interrupted  by  the  im- 
passable canons  of  the  country,  they  succeeded  in 
entering  the  basin  of  the  Boise  River  by  following  a 
divide  which  broucjht  them  to  a  stream  twelve  miles 
south-west  of  the  present  town  of  Idaho  City.  After 
prospecting  this  stream  for  three  miles  on  the  soutli 
side,  they  proceeded  the  next  day  down  tho  north  side 
into  the  basin  and  to  a  larger  stream.  Here  they 
obtained  excellent  indications,  and  spent  a  week  ex- 
amining the  ground  higher  up,  finding  it  to  be  rich 
for  fifteen  miles.  While  encamped  at  Grimes'  Pass. 
they  were  fired  upon  by  some  Shoshones  who  haa 
liung  upon  their  trail  for  several  days.  Grimes,  Wil- 
son, Splawn,  and  the  Portuguese  pursued  the  attack- 

^^  Sacramento  Union,  June  24,  1862. 

^'Tho  original  company  on  this  search  were  Joseph  H.  Bransetter,  Jacob 
Westcnfcldter,  David  Fogus  from  Indiana,  Moses  Splawn,  C.  Stanford,  Ser- 
geant Smith,  John  Reynolds  of  Walla  Walla,  Samuel  Jloorc  of  Calaveras 
L'>.,  Cal.,  John  Phillips  and  David  Rodgcra  of  Linn  co..  Or.,  Wilson  of 
I'ortliuul,  an  Englishman  name  unknown,  four  Portuguese  names  unknown, 
all  under  tho  leadership  of  George  Grimes  of  Or.  City.  Twelve  took  the 
ruuto  above  described.  What  became  of  tho  six  remaining  is  not  related. 
I'oriland  Orenonian,  March  30  and  31, 1803;  IJraiiatetter'a  Diacov.  Bois4  Basin, 
MS.,  4. 


260 


MINING  AND  TOWN-MAKINO. 


ing  party  into  the  mountains,  when  Grimes  was  shot 
and  instantly  killed,  having  at  the  same  moment  shot 
an  Indian/^ 

Being  too  few  in  numbers  to  remain  in  a  hostile 
country,  the  eleven  returned  to  Walla  Walla  by  the 
same  route  they  travelled  in  going  out,  arriving  about 
the  1st  of  September,  and  bringing  between  $4,000 
and  $5,000  in  gold-dust,  with  which  they  purchased 
supplies  for  another  season  in  the  mines.  A  company 
of  fifty-four  men  was  quickly  organized  and  armed  to 
return  to  Boisd  basin,  where  they  arrived  on  the  7th 
cf  October. '^^  After  a  fortnight  spent  in  determining 
the  value  of  the  new  mines,  all  of  the  company  but 
twenty  returned  to  Walla  Walla  to  obtain  provisions, 
while  those  left  behind  occupied  themselves  in  build- 
ing a  stockade  and  cabins  for  the  company.     In  spite 

"  Grimes  wna  hastily  buried  on  the  divide  between  Elk  Creek  and  the 
principal  stream,  which  bears  his  name.  The  body  was  reinterrcd  the  follow- 
ing suninicr  in  a  grove  of  hackmatack,  pine,  and  tamarack  trees  near  the  place 
of  his  deatli.  A  mining  claim  was  set  off  for  his  widow  by  his  associates,  and 
a  person  deputized  to  woi'k  it  for  her  in  order  to  hold  it.  This  individual 
sold  it  for  S'-'ijOOO  and  went  away  with  the  money.  The  widow,  unaware  of 
this  rascality,  in  the  summer  of  1S(J4  paid  a  visit  to  Kois6  to  look  after  her 
interests.  The  miners  raised §3,000 fur  her  by  subscription.  'That  amount,' 
said  the  Boi-<d Xcirn,  'the  citizens  of  this  basin  feel  they  owe  the  unfortunate 
lady,  and  they  will  pay  it— not  as  a  charitable  donation,  but  as  a  just  and 
C(|uitablc  debt.'  It  was  llist  proposed  that  the  legislature  should  legalize  a 
tax  on  the  Doisci  minors,  who  themselves  favored  this  method,  l)ut  it  was  not 
done,  rortldiid  Onyoiiian,  'Sow  i,  ISOU.  Tho  Indian  who  shot  Grimes  had 
acted  as  guide.  lie  was  killed  by  a  party  led  by  Standider  in  pursuit  of  the 
murilercrs  of  two  other  miners,  in  the  summer  of  1SG3.  lircinstettcr'.t  Jjincov. 
Bo'fd  Jlasiii,  MS.,  4. 

^^  As  they  were  passing  down  Burnt  Itiver  they  met  a  company  of  belated 
immigrants  from  Iowa  and  Wisconsin,  who  had  started  in  ^larch  for  the  .Sal- 
mon Jtivcr  mines.  'J'he  Indians  had  risen  all  along  the  route,  breaking  up  the 
Overland  Stage  Comjiany's  stations,  driving  oil' theii- horses  and  killing  whom- 
soever  1  liey  could.  'J'his  company  managed  to  keep  the  road  to  Fort  JJridger, 
and  taking  banders  cut-(jfl',  reached  Fort  Hall.  When  within  40  miles  of  that 
place  the  naiiiiacks  threatened  them,  but  finding  them  ready  to  fight,  finally 
withdrew,  only  to  attack  a  smaller  party,  nearly  every  one  of  which  tliey  killed. 
Forty  nuk'S  Mest  of  Fort  Hall  the  Iowa  company  came  upon  the  dead  ami 
wounded  of  the  Adams  jiarty.  See  /I inf.  Or,,  ii.  11),  400-70,  this  scries.  Wliilo 
burying  the  dead  they  weie  attacked,  and  had  some  of  their  company  wounded. 
On  arriving  at  t'atlierine  Creek,  they  were  met  by  the  Oregon  cavalry,  under 
Colonel  ^blury.  who  left  Fort  Walla  Walla  to  escort  the  immigration  soon 
after  (.Johinel  Steinbergcr  of  the  1st  Wasliington  infantry  arrived  at  that  post 
to  take  command.  One  of  the  innnigrant  company  mentioned  above  was 
Slierlock  Ihistol,  now  of  lUiena  Vist.x,  Idaho.  Uristol  was  born  in  Cheshire, 
Ci'uneeticut,  June  5,  1813.  lie  immigrated  from  Ripcra,  Wis.,  and  is  the 
author  of  an  interesting  nuinuscript  on  hit/io  Nomem'Uttvre.  After  first  go- 
ing to  Auburn,  Uristol  in  Dccondjcr  joined  thu  miners  at  Boisd, 


BOISE  MINES. 


2GI 


^^as  shot 
ent  shot 

I  hostile 
a  by  the 
ng  about 
1  $4,000 
urchased 
company 
an  nod  to 
1  the  7th 
icrmining 
paiiy  but 
rovisions, 
!  iu  build- 
in  spite 

>c(!k  and  the 
;-ccl  the  follow- 
iieiir  the  xilaco 
issociatcs,  anil 
;hi3  iiuUvidual 
\v,  unaware  of 
look  after  her 
That  amount,' 
:ie  unfortunate 
as  a  just  and 
luld  legalize  :i 
[but  it  was  lint 
bt  Grimes  had 
tiursuit  of  the 
\tcUcr\'<  JJixcov. 

Lny  of  belated 
th  for  the  Sal- 
leukiug  up  the 
Ikillin-  whom- 
1  Fort  J5rid;.;er, 
)  miles  of  that 
J  fight,  linally 
hi  they  killed. 
Itho  dead  and 
Icrics.    While 
Imy  ^voundcd. 
lav'alry,  under 
liigration  soon 
ll  at  that  post 
Vd  above  was 
I  in  Cheshire, 
Is.,  and  is  the 
Ivfter  first  go- 


of  an  effort  that  had  been  made  to  keep  the  discovery 
secret,  the  returning  party  met  on  the  road  another 
company  of  between  fifty  and  sixty  following  their 
former  trail;  and  it  was  not  many  days  before  a  rush 
to  the  Boisd  mines  succeeded. 

The   distance   of  the   new  discovery  from   Walla 
Walla  was  about  300  miles,  and  70  duo  east  from 
old  Fort   Boise.      The  basin  in  which  it  was  situ- 
ated is  a  picturesque  depression  among  the  mountains 
about  thirty  miles  square,  hitherto  unknown  to  the 
inhabitants  of  the  Pacific  coast.     The  face  of  the 
country  varied  from  grassy  meadows  to  timbered  hills 
and  abrupt  mountain  precipices.     The  climate,  so  far 
from  being  severe,  admitted  of  sleeping  in  the  open 
air  in  November.^"     The  camps  could  be  approached 
with   wagons    to  within   fifteen   miles,   with  a   pos- 
sibility of  ultimately  making  that  portion  of  the  road 
passable  for  wagons.     The  first  camp  of  the  pioneers 
of  this  region  was  on  Grimes'  Creek,  and  was  named 
Pioneer  City,  sometimes  called   Fort  Haynos;    but 
owing  to  the  selfishness  of  the  original  discoverers,  it 
received  from   those  who   arrived   subsequently  the 
euphonious  appellation  of  Hog'em.     There  are  several 
llog'ems  on  the  maps  of  mining  districts,  probably 
originating  in  the  same  cause.     Mutation  iu  the  con- 
dition of  eastern  Washington  such  as  had  occurred 
(luring  the  year  could  not  but  effect  some  political 
elianges.     The  county  of  Boise  was  created  January 
12,  18G3,  comprising  all  the  country  lying  south  of 
I'ayette   Biver  and  between    Snake    Biver  and  the 
Itoeky  Mountains,  with  the  county  seat  at  Bannack 
City.^"     A  large  imniber  of  charters  were  granted  for 
roads,  bridges,  ferries,  and  mining  ditches,  in  every 

'^'Wm  Purvine,  in  Or.  Statesman,  Dec.  22,  1802;  Boisi  News,  Sept.  29, 

18g;s. 

'''' A  county  called  Ferguson  was  also  established  out  of  that  portion  of 
Walla  Walla  bounded  by  Wcnatchee  River  on  the  north,  the  Siincoo  Moun- 
tiiiiis  oil  the  south,  tho  Cascade  Mountains  on  the  west,  and  the  I20tli  merid- 
ian uu  the  cast.  The  name  of  this  county  was  changed  iu  1805  to  Yakima. 
Ijrtiirrdj'i'.-t  lland-Book;  1S04;  Nein  Tacoma  N.  P,  t'oast,  Dec.  15,  1880,  10; 
U'cio/i.  Ter.  Stilt.,  1802-3;  Local  Laws,  4-5. 


262 


MINING  AND  TOWN-MAKING. 


part  of  the  territory  from  Yakima  to  Boisd  River, 
and  from  the  44th  to  the  49th  parallel.  The  city  of 
Lewiston  was  incorporated,  having  become,  in  the 
eyes  of  its  founders,*^  a  commercial  mart  of  greater 
promise  than  others,  for  the  reason  that  it  was  at  the 
terminus  of  river  navigation,  and  centrally  located 
with  regard  to  the  whole  Snake  River  country.  It 
had  already,  like  older  cities,  large  mercantile  estab- 
lishments, hotels,  mills,  gambling-houses,  churches,  a 
newspaper,  the  Golden  Age,  issued  first  on  the  2d  of 
August  by  A.  S.  Gould,"-  and  a  line  of  four-horse 
coaches  to  Walla  Walla  and  Wallula,  while  along  tlic 
line  of  the  road  farms  were  being  rapidly  improved. 

In  short,  eastern  Washington  had  outgrown  the 
Puget  Sound  region,  and  was  demanding  a  separate 
government.  Committees  were  appointed  in  every 
mining  district  to  procure  signers  to  a  petition  asking 
the  legislature  to  memorialize  congress  on  the  subject. 
But  the  legislature  refused  to  agree  to  such  a  memo- 
rial. A  bill  was  introduced,  and  passed  in  the  council, 
to  submit  for  ratification  by  the  people  the  constitu- 
uon  of  the  state  of  Idaho,  intended  to  eflfect  the 
desired  organization,  which  was  defeated  by  the  lower 
house  substituting  "state  of  Washington."*"  But 
congress,  to  which  the  petitioners  appealed  directly, 
regarded  the  matter  more  favorably  for  the  mining 
interest,  passing  an  act,  approved  March  3,  1863,  or- 
ganizing the  territory  of  Idaho  out  of  all  that  portion 
of  Washington  lying  east  of  Oregon  and  the  11 7th 
meridian  of  west  longitude. 

*'  The  land  was  still  owned  by  the  Nez  Percds.  Jagger  &  Co.,  Trevitt  & 
Co.,  and  Yaten  &  Lane  were  the  owners  of  all  the  wooden  buildings.  Or. 
Statesman,  May  VI,  18G2.  Its  first  mayor  after  incorporation  was^A.  M. 
Kelly;  recorder,  R.  H.  Johns;  councilmen,  Hill  Beachy,  D.  M.  Lessey,  F.  H. 
iSiniiuons,  William  Kaugbman,  and  James  McXeil;  marshal.  Scliwatka.  As 
early  as  Fob.  1802  its  citizens  had  adopted  rules  for  town  government,  and 
made  provisions  for  preempting  lauds  and  holding  town  lots.  The  first  coun- 
cilmen elected  under  these  rules  were  Joseph  Herring,  Robert  Dyson,  and 
James  Bowers.  Dyson  acted  as  president  of  the  board  and  justice  of  the  peace. 
Portland  OreQonian,  Feb.  20,  18l)2. 

''Gould  eamo  from  Cal.  to  Portland,  and  w.is  employed  on  the  PortJawl 
T/men  until  ho  went  to  Lewiston  with  a  press  of  his  owu.  Ho  wus  afterward 
in  Utah,  and  died  in  S.  F.  about  1879. 

*'  >KtwA.  Jour.  Council,  18G2-3,  157,  104. 


DIVISION  OF  THE  TERRITORY. 


f» 


)isd  River, 
rhe  city  of 
me,  in  the 
of  greater 
was  at  the 
lly  located 
luntry.  It 
utile  estab- 
shurches,  a 
I  the  2(1  of 

four-horse 
e  along  the 
mproved. 
:Sfrown  the 
;  a  separate 
d  in  every 
tion  asking 
the  subject. 
3h  a  menio- 
bhe  council, 
le  constitu- 

effect  the 
Y  the  lower 
!."«»  But 
id  directly, 

he  mining 

,  18G3,  or- 
lat  portion 

the  117th 


Co.,  Trevitt& 
I  buildings.  Or. 
Ion  viixa  A.  M. 

Lessoy,  F.  H. 
bcliwatka.  As 
Iveruiiieiit,  ainl 
iTholirKt  001111- 
[rt  Dyson,  and 
\e  of  the  peace. 

the  Portlnii'l 
Iwus  afterward 


Although  the  loss  of  a  large  extent  of  rich  mining 
territory  was  regarded  with  disapproval  by  the  re- 
mainder of  the  population,  the  benefit  to  the  whole  of 
the  more  rapid  development  of  all  the  resources  of 
the  country  was  cause  for  congratulation,  both  then 
and  later,  the  mines  having  given  an  impetus  to  the 
growth  of  the  territory  that  agriculture  alone  could 
not  have  done  in  a  long  period  of  time.  The  area 
left  comprised  71,300  square  miles,  with  a  populatio.i 
ill  18G3  of  12,510,  which,  although  small,  was  nearly 
double  that  of  18 GO. 

0\ring  to  delays,  I  am  compelled  to  make  room  for  one  of  the  pioneers  of 

Wash,  on  this  page. 

t'lKirles  Biles  was  born  in  AVarren  co.,  Tenn.,  in  Aug.  1809,  and  reared 
on  a  farm  in  N.  C,  removing  when  19  years  old  to  Christian  co.,  Ky.  In 
1S.'5'2  lie  married,  and  in  1835  removed  to  111.,  soon  returning  to  Hoiikins  co., 
Ky,  where  he  resided  until  185.3,  wlien  he  emigrated  to  VV.  T.  in  company 
wiJi  his  brother  James,  their  families,  and  C.  IJ.  Baker,  Elijah  Baker,  and 
Willi.ini  Downing,  and  their  famdies,  being  a  part  of  tlie  lirst  direct  immi- 
(rration  to  tlw  territory,  via  the  wagon  road  through  the  Nacliess  pass.  Mr 
Biles  settled  upon  Grand  Mound  Prairie  in  Thurston  co.,  farming,  and  sonie- 
ti:iHS  preaching  as  a  minister  of  the  Cumborlund  prcsbytcrian  church.  Ho 
(bed  Feb.  2<i,  1809,  leaving  two  sons  (one  having  died  after  emigrating)  and 
twii  daughters,  namely,  David  F.,  Charles  N.,  Mrs  M.  Z.  Goodell,  and  Mrs 
I.  B.  Ward. 

David  F.  Biles  was  born  in  Ky  in  18.33,  coming  with  bis  parents  to  ^V.  T. 
In  IWt  he  took  a  claim  in  Thurston  co.,  and  in  1855  became  a  deputy  U.  S. 
f;nrviyor,  but  the  Indian  war  coming  on  interrupted  work,  and  ho  took  to 
siildiering  in  defence  of  the  settlements,  resuming  his  surveying  when  peace 
was  restored.  From  1858  to  ISO'2  ho  resided  in  Cosniopolis,  Clieludis  co., 
Init  then  removed  to  a  homestead  claim  near  Elma,  on  tho  line  of  the  .Satsop 
raihoad  to  Gray  Harbor,  where  he  owns  400  acres  of  land.  He  served  many 
years  as  county  surveyor,  and  some  time  as  scluxd  superintendent.  Ho 
married  in  1854  Miss  Mary  J.  Hill,  who  was  a  member  of  the  immigration 
ot  ]H,y,),  and  had  5  sons  and  1  daughter. 

Charles  N.  Biles,  I)orn  in  1844  in  Ky,  was  educated  in  Portland,  Or.  In 
1870  ho  settled  in  Montesano,  Chehalis  co.,  and  engaged  in  surveying,  and 
was  county  auditoi-  and  treasurer  several  terms.  Ho  married  Miss  E.  J. 
Medcalf. 

Another  Chehalis  co.  pioneer  is  I.  L.  Scammon,  who  was  born  in  Me  in 
1S"2'2,  came  to  C'al.  in  1849-50,  making  tho  voyage  on  tlie  03- ton  schooner 
Lii/lc  Traveller.  In  the  autumn  of  18.")0  ho  took  passage  for  tho  (^oliind)ia 
river,  which  was  passed  by  mistake,  tho  vessel  makiiig  Slioalwater  bay. 
Making  his  way  overland  to  the  Columbia,  ho  went  to  .Salem,  Or.,  and  to 
the  southern  mines,  but  returning  to  W.  T.  took  a  donation  claim  on  tho 
Ciiuhalis  river,  where  tho  old  town  of  Montesano,  now  known  as  Wynooebee, 
grew  up  about  him.  He  married  Miss  Lorinda  Ho[)kins  in  1 844,  who  rejoined 
liiin  in  W.  T.  in  1859.  The  first  sermon  preached  in  the  region  of  Montesano 
was  delivered  by  Rev.  J.  W.  Goodell  at  Scannnou's  house,  and  the  second 
school  in  tlio  county  was  on  his  place,  in  1859.  The  children  of  this  pioneer 
are,  Harriot,  married  Edward  Campbell;  (rcorge,  m.  Clara  Nye;  Cornelia 
■lane,  who  died;  Eva,  who  m.  I.  R.  Edwards;  Edith,  who  m.  P.  B.  Briscoe; 
Mil  I,  who  m.  Charles  H.  Finmet,  county  surveyor;  Norman,  who  accident- 
ally shot  himself  when  about  17  years  of  ago. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT, 

18G3-1886. 

Effect  of  Territorial  Division — Election  of  Delegate — Neoro  Spf- 
FRAOE — Party  Politics — The  Legislature— Peace  and  Puogress — 
Steamboating — Navigation  Companies — Clearing  Rivers — Public 
BuiLiiiNGs — Insane  Asylum  and  Penitentiary— Legislative  Divorces 
— Government  Reservations— Judicial  Affairs — Another  Dele- 
gate— Governor  Flandkrs — Governor  Salomon — Govehnob  Ferry 
— Governor  Newell — Era  of  Railways — More  Elections — Political 
Platforms — Convention — Woman's  Rights — Llsislature. 


With  the  setting-off  of  the  territory  of  Idaho  from 
that  of  Washington  came  the  close  of  a  long  period 
of  exciting  events,  and  the  beginning  of  a  reign  of 
peace  and  constant,  gradual  growth.  Some  slight 
temporary  inconvenience  was  occasioned  by  the  ampu- 
tation from  the  body  politic  of  several  counties  be- 
tween two  sessions  of  the  legisla  ire,  when  no  provis- 
ion could  be  made  for  the  reapportionment  of  repre- 
sentatives, the  leijislature  of  18G3-4  consisting  of  but 
seven  councilmen  and  twenty-four  assemblymen.^ 

George  E.  Cole,  democrat,  was  elected  delegate  to 
congress  in  1863.^ 

'  Organization  was  delayed  from  Dec.  7th  to  22d  by  the  balloting  for  pres- 
ident of  council,  0.  B.  McFadden  being  at  length  chosen,  and  for  chief  clerk, 
L.  D.  Durgiu.  Or.  Statestnan,  Jan.  3,  1SU4.  Claniick  Crosby  was  elected 
speaker  by  the  house,  and  J.  L.  McDonald  clerk.  Wash.  Scraps,  149.  At 
tlic  session  of  1804-"),  Frank  Clark  was  president  of  the  council,  and  James 
Tilton  chief  clerk,  while  F.  P.  Dugan  was  chosen  clerk. 

*  Colo  Mas  postmaster  at  Corvallis  in  18.')8.  Ho  had  been  member  of  tlio 
Oregon  legislature  in  1851-3,  but  falling  out  with  his  party,  removed  east  of 
the  mountains  in  1801,  and  engaged  in  trade  and  steamboating,  residing  at 
Walla  Walla.  Deaily's  Scrap- Hook,  41.  In  1802  he  was  in  the  storage  and 
coinuiission  business  at  Lcwiston;  butiu  the  foUowuig  year  retuincd  to  Walla 

(204) 


POLITICS. 


968 


Neoko  Sut- 
phogkess — 

ERS— 'PnBHC 
IVE  DlVOHCKS 

iTUEB    Dele- 

SKNOB  FeKKY 

s— Political 

IE. 

lalio  from 

iig  period 

reign  of 

Ine  slight 

die  ampu- 

[nties  bc- 

10  provis- 

of  repre- 

hcf  of  but 

lien.* 

legate  to 


|mg  for  pres- 

•  chief  clerk, 

Iwaa  electcil 

ns,  149.     At 

and  James 

Imber  of  tlio 

l)vc(l  east  of 

.  residing  at 

ptorago  and 

fed  to  Walla 

) 


He  received  some  votes  of  union  men,  although 
repudiated  by  the  republican  party  as  a  peace  demo- 
crat in  war  times,  or  of  that  class  of  politicians  known 
as  copperheads,  who  were  amiably  willing  to  con- 
d(Mio  rebellion,  but  without  the  nerve  openly  to 
()pj)ose  the  government.  However  this  may  have 
hiMMi,  Cole  was  subsequently  appointed  governor  of 
Washington  by  a  republican  administration,  and  again 
postmaster  of  Portland  under  President  Grant. 

At  the  election  for  delegate  in  18G5  A.  A.  Denny 
of  Seattle,  republican,  was  elected  by  a  large  majority 
over  James  Tilton,  who,  like  Cole,  was  charged  M'l./t 
entertaining  sentiments  inimical  to  the  course  of  the 
government  in  suppressing  secession.' 

There  was  in  Washington  a  party  strongly  c,  ^  osed 
to  the  reconstruct  loll  ucts  of  congress,  which  favored 
the  readniissi'1'1  'f  representatives  to  congress  from  i  ho 
ten  excluded  states,  and  demanded  for  the  teiiitory 
a  vote  ii  congress,  and  the  exclusive  right  to  define  the 
elective  franchise,  or  in  other  words,  to  exclude  negroes 
from  the  polls.  Among  this  class  were  to  be  found 
many  of  Tilton's  supporters. 

Denny's  successor  ns  delegate  was  Alvan  Flanders, 
of  Wallula,  an  active  business  man,  who  left  the  deni- 
ociatic  party  before  the  date  of  the  civil  w^ar.*  Flan- 
dors  was  opposed  by  Frank  Clark  of  Steilacoom,  his 

W:illa,  aud  ran  against  L.  J.  S.  Tumey  and  Joseph  Raynor.  Colo  received 
1,07'J  votcH,  Raynor  1,387,  Turncy  1)8.  Wcush.  .SVrayjx,  CO.  llaynor  was  a  nicth- 
odi^t  preacher,  -who  was  stationed  at  Oregon  City  two  years  before.  Walla 
Walla  Stalcgmcui,  June  '20,  18G3.  Cole  was  appointed  governor  in  ISGO.  His 
wife  was  a  Miss  Card  well  of  Corvallia. 

Hiarliclile  and  Evans  labored  for  the  election  of  Denny,  who  had  been  a 
mpiiiljer  of  the  legislature  from  lSJ-1  to  ISUl,  anil  register  of  tho  land-oiricc  at 
Olympia  subsequently  until  elected  delegate.  Di^iiny  was  later  nioinbcr  of  a 
lj:iiildug  lum  at  Seattle.  McFadden,  A.  J.  Lawrence,  and  J.  II.  Lassater 
canvassed  tho  territory  for  Tilton.  Mas/i.  Scra/in,  loG-S;  S.  F.  Alia,  May  2, 
18G7. 

'Flanders  came  to  S.  F.  in  ISjI,  and  was  zealously  interested  with  Baker 
ill  finiiiing  the  first  republican  club  of  that  city.  In  lSo8,  in  connection  with 
t',  A.  Washburn,  he  started  the  S.  F.  Daily  Tinwn,  a  republicau  paper.  Ho 
iil-o  represented  S.  F.  in  the  Cal.  legislature,  being  reelected  once  or  more. 
Ho  was  appointed  by  President  Lincoln  to  a  position  in  tho  ^iiit,  and  after- 
wiutltotlie  land-ofiico  of  tho  Humboldt  district.  la  March  ISGU  lie  removed 
to  Wa^liington  and  entered  into  business  with  Feltoa  of  Wallula.  Oregonici, 
ia  (Jbjmpia  Pac.  Tribune,  April  '27,  1867. 


266 


GOVERN]SIENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


majority  over  ',lark°  being  153  out  of  5,000  votes,  so 
close  was  the  contest.^ 

The  last  two  elections  had  been  carried  by  un- 
doubted republicans,  and  a  republican  executive  and 
secretary  had  administered  affairs  for  four  years,  when 
President  Johnson  saw  fit  to  remove  Pickerinof,  and 
furnish  the  late  delegate  Cole  with  a  commission  as 
governor,  dated  November  21,  1SG6,  as  the  Oregonian 
declared,  with  "partisan  motives."  The  senate,  how- 
ever, declined  to  confirm  the  commission,  and  Cole,  who 
had  qualified  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  office 
without  waiting  to  hear  from  the  senate,  was  com- 
pelled to  abdicate  at  the  end  of  two  months,  and  after 
several  nominations  by  the  president,'  Marshall  F. 
Moore  was  confirmed  as  governor,  and  E.  L.  Smith 
as  secretary  of  the  territory.  Smith  arrived  on  the 
27th  of  June,  and  assumed  the  duties  of  acting  gov- 
ernor until  the  advent  of  Moore,^  late  in  the  summer. 

■''Frank  Clark  was  born  Feb.  10,  1S34,  atBinghanipton,  N.  Y.,anJ  stuilii'l 
law  at  Lowell,  Massaclnisutts.  Hu  came  to  \\'ashington  in  18,"'J,  settlin;,'  in 
yteilauoom,  where  he  resided  until  about  187"),  when  he  removed  to  New  'I'a- 
coma,  where  he  was  a  successful  lawyer.  \\'hcn  Chirk  first  came  to  I'umt 
Sound  be  took  work  in  a  saw-mill,  but  having  an  aptitude  for  politics,  was 
chosen  to  the  legislature,  after  which  ho  rose  in  public  life  to  a  candidacy  fur 
the  delegateahip.  lie  died  suddenly  of  paralysis  Jan.  8,  1883,  vhilcen  rmiti; 
to  Lewis  county  to  attend  court.  Clark  was  twice  married,  first  to  a 
daugliter  of  11.  Downey  of  the  early  immigration,  and  second  to  L.  Schu- 
field  of  Vancouver.  Olywpia  \\'a.ih.  SUindanl,  Jan.  12,  188IJ;  Aew  Taconia 
Lcd'jcr,  Jan.  12,  ISS:?. 

"  Ohjinpia  I'ac.  Tribune,  June  27  and  July  6,  1SG7.  In  the  union  terri- 
torial convention,  held  April  Kith  at  Vancouver,  10  votes  being  neccsi^ary  toa 
choice,  Holmes,  Wyche,  Oarfielde,  Abcructhy,  and  Flanders  first  roceived 
scattering  votes;  afterward  lilinnand  Denny  were  nauicd.  In  the  democratii; 
convention,  Clark,  Lancaster,  Dugan,  Laiigford,  Lawrence,  lIcFaddcn,  and 
Vansycklo  appeared  as  candidates,  their  platform  being  the  same  as  in  IsO."), 
with  tho  addition  of  disapproving  the  excniptiou  of  U.  S.  bonds  from  taxation. 
Olijmpia  Witsh.  Staiulnrd,  Mav  4,  18()7. 

'  Wash.  Jour,  l/oitxe,  1800-7,  DO. 

"  Marshall  F.  Moore  was  born  at  liinghamton,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  12,  1820.  Ho 
graduated  at  Yale  college,  studied  law,  and  began  practice  in  New  Orleans, 
■where  ho  remained  five  years,  removing  at  tiieend  of  that  time  to  Sioux  L'\iy, 
lown,  where  ho  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney,  and  subsequently  judge  of 
tho  court  of  common  pleas.  lie  again  changed  his  residence  to  Ohii>,  wliero 
he  married  tho  daughter  of  P.  Van  Trump  of  Lancaster.  lie  served  through 
tho  civil  war,  under  McClellan  in  Va,  and  in  the  department  of  the  Cumber- 
land, participating  in  tho  battles  of  liich  Mountain,  Siiiloh,  Cliicliymiiii  ;a, 
and  most  of  tho  battles  of  Sherman's  (ieorgia  campaign.  He  vas  prouiotcd 
to  tho  rank  of  brevet  Ijrigadier-gcneral  for  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Joueslioro'. 
While  leading  a  brigade  at  the  battle  of  Missionary  llidge  ho  received  scvi  ro 
■H'uuuds,  from  which  ho  was  unconscious  for  live  days.     Uia  health  was  much 


TERRITORIAL  OFFICIALS. 


267 


)0  votes,  SO 

iccl  by  un- 
ecutive  and 
S'^ears,  when 
kering,  and 
nmission  as 
e  OrcgonUiii 
cnate,  how- 
id  Cole,  who 
of  his  office 
0,  was  coni- 
is,  and  after 
Marshall  F. 
E.  L.  Smith 
•ived  on  tlie 
acting  gov- 
blio  sununer. 

f.  Y.,aiKl  stuilii'l 

1  18."'2,  sfttlin;-'  in 

lovcil  to  New  'l';i- 

at  caiuc  to  l'u_i  t 

for  politics,  w.o 

o  a caiuliihuy  t<'V 

,83,  while curouli; 

Ivrvicd,   first  to  a 

coiul  to  L.  Scliu- 

ii',1;  A'ew  Tacuina 

the  union  tcrri- 
[ng  lu't'cssai'V  to  a 
:r3  lirst  rccinveil 
In  thodcnioi'i'iitio 
McFiuhhii,  MU^i 
jfiuiic  as  in  IMi'i. 
Ida  from  taxation. 


12,  lS2t>.     Ho 

I  in  New  Oilenns, 

Inc  to  Sioux  City, 

Iquontly  jnil:-:e  of 

T)  to  Ohio,  where 

[-  served  thfo\iL'h 

of  the  Cunihi'i'- 

Chiekanuiu  ;a, 

was  pronioti'l 

llcof  Joncshovo'. 

received  i^cV'  ro 

liealth  was  much 


1 


-  Moore  made  a  good  impression  upon  the  legislature, 
which,  by  the  way,  was  the  first  elected  and  held  under 
an  amendment  of  the  organic  law  allowing  biennial 
instead  of  annual  sessions.  The  amendment  was  made 
in  consequence  of  a  memorial  to  congress  in  18G4-5, 
setting  forth  that  no  necessity  existed  for  annual  ses- 
sions, and  that  the  per  diem  was  inadequate  to  the 
expense.^ 

The  legislature  of  18G5-6  in  another  memorial  re- 
quested that  the  people  of  the  territory  might  be  per- 
mitted to  elect  tlieirown  governor,  judges,  and  other 
officers.  The  Oregonians  assigned  as  reasons  for  a 
similar  request  that  the  federal  judges  did  not  remain 
in  the  country,  and  asserted  that  they  had  men  among 
th(!inselves  competent  to  be  made  judges.  The  Wash- 
iii'i'tonians,  with  more  tact,  refrained  I'roni  referrin<>'  to 
this  thought  in  their  minds,  but  simply  complained  of 
absenteeism  and  its  evils. 

The  answer  to  their  first  memorial  was  the  amend- 
ment spoken  of  above,  which  enacted  that  after  the 
se>;sIon  of  18GG-7  the  legislature  should  meet  but  once 
in  two  years,  that  members  of  the  council  should  be 
chosen  for  four  years  and  assemblymen  for  two  years, 
and  that  they  .should  receive  six  dollars  a  day  instead 
of  three  as  formerly,  with  the  same  mileage  as  belbre; 
the  first  election  for  members  of  the  biennial  lei>i.sla- 
tare  to  take  jdace  in  18G7.  The  chief  elerk  was  nl- 
lowetl  six  dollars  a  day,  and  all  the  otlu/r  officers 
elected  by  the  legislature  five  dollars,  ineluduig  an 
additioiml  enrollinij  elerk.^" 

With  reference  to  the  ])etition  to  be  permitted  to 
elect  the  territorial  otBeers,  congress  sought  to  cure 
the  evil  complained  of  by  enacting  that  ncj  ollieer  ap- 

thattereil  liy  those  injuries,  but  ho  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  bievet  major- 
gi'iiiriii,  March  \'A,  IbliJ.  His  ni'xt  appointment  was  to  tiii^  executi.i'  iliair 
Ola  ui  lit  h-\vest  territory.  Ol:/i»j  hi  I'uc.  Trihuiii\  March  .'t,  INTO;  I'o't  Towns- 
end  Mi^si'iiij,  r,  JSlarch   4,  1S70.     K.  L.  Smilli  was  from  (.lalesburg,  111. 

"  ll«v/i.  silt.,  KS(Jl-r>,  l.V)-(l,  10;  LI.,  18G,")-(;,  '.MIVJO. 

''Oil  the  organization  of  the  legislature  at  its  lirst  biennial  Bossion,  C.  M. 
Bvadnliiiw  was  chosen  president  of  tlie  council,  and  liiehanl  Laiu^  chief  clerk. 
Later  on  in  the  session  J[.  (i.  Stnivo  was  made  president,  uud  Elwood  Hvaua 
curulliug  clerk.    Wa.^h.  Jour.  JIohm',  1807,  -07. 


S68 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


pointed  should  be  allowed  compensation  out  of  tlie 
public  funds  before  he  should  have  entered  upon  his 
duties  at  the  proper  place,  nor  should  he  receive  pay 
for  any  time  he  might  be  absent  without  authority 
from  the  president.  In  the  event  of  the  death  or  dis- 
ability of  any  judj^'c  of  the  federal  courts  at  the  time 
appointed  for  holding  a  session,  either  of  the  other 
judges  might  hold  his  court.  Should  the  governor  dio 
or  be  otherwise  incompetent,  the  secretary  should  act 
in  his  place,  and  receive  a  salary  equal  to  that  of  gov- 
ernor. These  laws  put  an  effectual  check  upon  the 
practice  of  governors  and  judges  of  spending  a  largo 
portion  of  their  time  journeying  to  and  from  Wash- 
ington city,  and  of  delegates  procuring  executive 
appointments  in  order  to  receive  double  mileage. 

It  is  not  my  intention  to  go  into  the  particulars 
of  the  political  contests  of  this  period,  when  the 
amendments  to  the  constitution  of  the  United  States 
provoked  the  same  criticism  and  opposition  from 
the  democratic  party  in  Washington  that  they  did 
elsewhere,  and  when  certain  territorial  politicians 
assumed  a  belliijcrent  air  because  conOTess  'interfered' 
m  the  concerns  of  'our  territory.'  I  have  alluded  ni 
my  lIi,sto)'i/  of  Oivr/on  to  the  great  influx  of  immigra- 
tion from  the  southern  and  border  states,  and  tiieir 
effect  upon  the  political  and  social  condition  of  the  Pa- 
cific coast,  during  the  period  of  the  civil  war  in  the  east 
and  the  mining  discoveries  ii  the  west.  It  is  greatly 
to  the  credit  of  the  original  pioneer  settlers,  many  of 
whom  were  southern  born  and  bred,  that  notwith- 
standing the  pressure  upon  society  of  a  large  disorgan- 
izing element,  they  maintained  tlie  balance  of  ])o\vor 
and  performed  their  duty  toward  the  government. 

IMoore's  administration  opened  auspiciously,  mucli 
pains  being  taken  by  hiin  to  place  himself  in  sympathy 
with  the  whole  people  by  studying  their  interests.  It 
was  said  that  his  first  message,  delivered  soon  after 


RULE  OF  GOVERNOR  MOORE. 


269 


liis  arrival,  was  a  surprise  to  the  legislature,  which 
had  not  expected  so  elaborate  a  document  from  a  new 
appointee.  From  it  might  bo  gathered  a  more  or 
less  complete  statement  of  the  condition  of  affairs  in 
the  territory  in  1867. 

After  a  long  series  of  interruptions,  it  was  once 
more  prosperous  and  progressive,  in  the  enjoyment  of 
liealth,  plenty,  and  peace,  with  a  rapidly  increasing 
population,  as  shown  by  the  vote  cast  at  the  election 
in  June,"  which  exceeded  the  vote  of  the  previous 
year  by  one  thousand.  The  agricultural,  commercial, 
and  mineral  resources  of  the  country  were  being  de- 
veloped, and  its  exports  increasing.  During  the  cur- 
rent year  steamboats  had  been  placed  on  thu  Chchalis 
and  Cowlitz  rivers,  opening  to  commerce  settlements 
hitherto  remote.^^ 

"The  annual  election  was  first  set  for  the  first  Monday  in  Sept.,  but  in 
18d.")  \v:i.s  changed  to  the  scconil  ^londay  in  July.  In  ISGti  tlio  day  of  cleo- 
tion  w.'is  changed  to  the  first  Mondaj'  in  June. 

'-  The  lirst  charter  granted  to  a  steaudwat  company  on  the  C!o\vlitz  River 
was  t')St'thCatlin,  John  11.  Jackson,  Fred.  A.  Clarke,  Henry  X.  Peers,  (Jeoigo 
IJ.  Ruherts,  and  their  successors,  by  the  legislature  of  lS.")l-5.  Wash.  Slul., 
ISJt,  4.")!).  This  company  failed  to  niaku  any  use  of  its  charter.  Tlic  legis- 
lature of  lS.")S-0  grtiuted  to  Royal  C.  Smith  and  Noyes  II.  Smith  and  their 
nssiioiates  permission  to  incorporate  the  Cowlitz  River  Steam  Xavigaliou 
t'oinpauy,  lor  the  purpose  of  iinprDving  the  bed  of  the  Cowlitz  River,  and 
keeping  U]ion  it  a  steamboat  or  boats  suitablo  for  carrying  freiglit  and  p:is- 
8eni;er.s  l)i.twecn  the  two  points  named,  upon  condition  that  a  steamer  should 
lie  put  U|)on  the  river  within  six  mouths,  and  the  obstructions  removed  in 
n  lie  luonllis,  failing  to  do  which  they  forfeited  their  charter.  Rut  this  com- 
pany ills,)  failed  to  accomplish  its  object.  Upon  condition  of  improving  iind 
liavi-atiug  the  river,  the  lc>gi.slaturo  of  18(i'2-.'J  granted  to  NatiianicI  Stone 
(i!bl  hi ^  associates,  under  the  name  of  the  Monticollo  and  Cowlitz  Landing 
■Sti.auib.iat  ('ompanj',  the  exclusive  right  to  navigate  the  Cowlitz.  Tiiis com- 
pany placed  a  l)oat  on  the  river  in  tho  spring  of  KS(J4,  when  the  Oregon  Steam 
Navi.'uljiin  Company  put  on  an  opposition  boat.  Tho  AV-r^c  and  Iintii'icr 
Mire  huilt  for  this  traile.  Tho  Moutioello  company  filed  a  bill  against  them, 
luiil  prayed  for  an  injunction.  The  ease  was  tried  before  Judge  Wy^dic,  who 
licld  (iiat  the  exclusive  grant  of  tlio  legislature  was  void,  iiecause  in  contliet 
with  the  powers  of  congress  to  regulate  commerce  amung  tho  several  states  of 
the  union,  and  tho  injunction  was  denied.  .S'.  F.  IJu'lrtiii,  June  2 J,  IStil; 
ll'c(-/i,  SrrapK,  13'J-H.  T'lio  river  was  found  to  bo  navigable  for  stc.imers  to 
C'liwlit,;  landing  only  in  tho  season  of  high  water  until  tlio  government  shi>uld 
liavc  made  largo  appropriations  for  its  improvement,  which  was  never  done, 
and  tlicie  remained  the  primitive  canoe,  or  tho  almost  eiiually  iiriniitivo 
'stai,'e,'  to  convoy  passengers  from  Cowditz  landing  to  Monticollo,  win  iico  they 
V  U'u  (onveyed  in  small  boats  across  the  Columbia  to  Rainier,  where  they  were 
picked  nil  jiy  a  passing  steamboat.  Rat  in  Sept.  1807  tiio  O.  S.  N.  Co.  began 
t>  run  a  boat  regularly  to  Monticollo  to  connect  with  Ilaillcy's  tri-weekly  lino 
of  stages,  which  was  tlio  improvement  to  which  Cov.  Moore  allude,;  in  his 
laesauj;!:.     Tiio  legislature  of  IbolMJO  passed  an  act  incorporating  tlio  Clie- 


270 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOrMENT. 


Within  the  year  just  ended,  Alaska  had  boon 
added  to  the  United  States  territory,  giving  Wash- 
hails  steamboat  Navigation  Company,  for  the  purpose  of  improving  that 
Btreain  and  rendering  it  navigable  from  Gray  Harbor  to  Davis'  landing,  or 
farther,  if  practicable,  conditioned  upon  Thomas  Wright  and  his  associates 
having  a  steamer  running  on  Gray  llarbor  and  Chehalis  River  within  six- 
months  after  the  passage  of  the  act.  Wash.  Stat.,  1859-60,  4r)9-C0.  Tlio 
same  Icgislatiirc  nioniorialized  congress  to  grant  $15,000  for  the  iinprovoment 
of  the  river,  which  was  not  appropriated;  but  in  June  18G0  $'20,000  was 
granted  to  erect  a  liglit-house  at  the  entrance  to  tlie  harbor,  and  buoy  out  the 
channel.  The  latter  service  was  performed  in  18G7  by  Cai)t.  Bloomfield.  The 
stL'Qiner  ^/i^cr/^W.ip,  which  had  Ijccn  running  on  Fraser  River  and  adjacent 
waters,  was  taken  to  Gray  Harbor  in  the  summer  of  1859.  S.  F.  Aha,  July 
l.'i,  1859.  The  legislature  of  18G1-2  passed  an  act  making  the  Chehalis  navi- 
gable from  its  mouth  to  Claquato,  at  the  crossing  of  the  territorial  road. 
Again,  in  Jan.  ISOG,  a  company  was  incorporated,  consisting  of  S.  S.  Ford, 
Courtland  Kthridge,  A.  J.  Miller,  J.  Boise,  0.  B.  McFadden,  S.  S.  Ford,  Jr, 
J.  Brady,  S.  Bonn,  Reuben  Redmond,  and  G.  W.  Biles,  and  others  resident 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  Chehalis,  with  the  'purpose  of  manufacturing  luinbcr 
and  flour,  developing  the  resources  of  the  Chehalis  Valley,  and  navigating 
the  waters  of  Gray  llarbor  and  its  tributaries  by  steam  or  other  vessels,'  etc. 
No  rc(juiromcnt  as  to  time  was  laid  upon  tliis  company,  but  in  the  autumn  of 
ISfiO  tliey  placed  a  small  steamer,  called  the  Safsill,  on  the  river,  and  in  Iho 
spring  of  1807  the  Carrie  Duris,  which  made  regular  trips.  In  the  autumn 
the  (ioir  brothers  of  Tumwater  put  on  a  stern-wheel  boat  of  light  draught, 
which  ascended  as  far  as  Claquato.  OJijmpia  Standard,  Jan.  18,  18G8.  'ilii; 
legislature  of  18G7-8  memorialized  congress  to  appropriate  §10,000  to  reniuvo 
obstructions  and  improve  navigation;  and  by  joint  resolution  inquired  why 
the  liglit-house  had  never  been  erected  for  which  money  had  been  aprropn- 
atcd.  The  Oregon  Steam  Navigation  Company  was  tirst  incorporated  by  tlie 
Washington  legislature  in  Dec.  1800,  the  incorporators  being  required  to 
register  all  t'  2\v  steamers  and  vessels  subject  to  taxation  in  Clarke  county. 
Wash.  Stat.,  18G0-1,  7'i;  I/isf.  Or.,  ii.  480-2,  this  series.  In  Jan.  18G2  there 
was  incorporated  the  Columbia  Transportation  Company  of  tho  Territory  of 
Washington,  with  headquarters  at  Vancouver,  T.  H.  Smith,  A.  D.  Sanders, 
Milton  Aldrieli,  E.  S.  Fowler,  Doxter  Horton,  William  W.  Miller,  Peter  J. 
Moorey,  A.  S.  Abernethy,  and  Charles  C.  Phillips  as  corporators.  This  or- 
ganization was  formed  to  run  in  opposition  to  tho  O.  S.  N.  Co.  It  built  sev- 
eral steamboats,  and  ran  on  tho  upper  as  well  as  lower  Columbia  for  a  season, 
but  (inally  sold  out  to  tho  monopoly.  Approved  at  tho  same  time  was  an  act 
incorporating  tho  Puget  Soimd  and  Columbia  River  Railroad  Company,  to 
build  and  operate  a  railroad  from  Steilacoom  to  Vancouver;  the  capital  stock 
§15,000,000,  which  might  bo  increased  to  $50,000,000;  tho  road  to  bo  com- 
menced witliin  three  years,  and  completed  within  ten.  The  movers  in  this 
enterprise  were  J.  B.  Webber,  P.  Keach,  Lafayette  Balch,  Thomas  Chambers, 
S.  McCaw,  J.  W.  Nye,  Lewis  Lord,  Richard  Covington,  John  Aird,  Lewis 
Sohns,  George  W.  Hart,  C.  Lancaster,  T.  J.  Demarco,  George  Woods,  Enoch 
S.  Fowler,  Paul  K.  Hubbs,  H.  Z.  Wheeler,  J.  P.  Keller,  A.  A.  Denny,  11. 
L.  Ycslcr,  Charles  Plummer,  W.  W.  Miller,  A.  J.  Chambers,  James  Jiilcs, 
H.  D.  Huntington,  Charles  Holman,  Cyrus  Walker,  l^Yank  Clark,  William 
W.  Morrow.  A  company  was  also  incorporated  in  Jan.  18G3  for  tho  purpose 
of  clearing  tho  Puvallup  River  of  obstructions  and  rendering  it  navigable  as 
far  as  tho  mouth  of  tho  Stuck,  consisting  of  Cyril  Ward,  William  Bilhngs,  A. 
J.  Perkins,  Israel  Wright,  John  Carson,  John  Walker,  Isaao  Woolcry,  Abra- 
ham Woolery,  J.  P.  Stewart,  Miller,  R.  S.  Mooro,  William  M.  Kincaid,  Jon- 
athan McCarty,  L.  F.  Thompson,  Archibald  McMillan,  Sherman,  J.  B.  Leach, 
W.  II.  Whitesell,  Aronomoua  Nix,  Isaac  Lemmon,  Van  Ogle,  Daniel  E.  Lane, 
Edward  Lane,  William  Lauo,  H.  W.  Berry,  James  H.  Downey,  R.  M.  Downey, 
F.  C.  Seaman,  aud  Willis  Boatmaa.    The  act  required  the  oompauy  to  begm 


STEAMBOATS. 


271 


inofton  a  comparatively  central  position  with  respect 
to   the    Northwest   Coast,   which   could  not  but  be 

clciiring  the  river  within  three  months,  and  each  yoai  to  clear  at  least  one 
mill!  of  tlio  clianncl  from  all  drifts,  jams,  sunken  logs,  or  other  obstructions 
to  the  passage  of  flat-boats  or  other  small  craft,  and  within  five  years  have 
cleared  the  whole  distance;  after  whicii  completion  of  tho  work,  certain  rates 
of  toll  might  be  collected.  The  act  was  amended  at  tho  next  session  to  allow 
ten  years  for  tho  completion  of  tho  work  of  clearing  tho  river  from  obstiuc- 
ti'ins  to  the  mouth  of  the  Stuck.  Whatever  work  was  accomplished  was  rca- 
dircd  valueless  by  tho  accumulations  of  drift.  In  1875  McFadden,  delegate, 
Bicuicd  an  appropriation  from  congress  for  the  survey  of  tho  Puyallup  River. 
J'ltC'Jic  Tribune,  March  20,  1875.  The  survey  was  made,  and  embraced  that 
piirtion  of  tho  river  from  the  mouth  to  tho  forks.  It  was  proposed  to  deepen 
the  clianncl  sufDcif.ntly  to  admit  of  tho  passage  of  boats  drawing  2.^  feet.  In 
1  SGI  much  interest  was  shown  in  tho  C'olunil)ia  River  pass  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  two  companies  being  incorporated  to  ])uild  a  railroad  at  tho  port- 
ai,'c  on  the  Washington  side;  one  by  Veter  Donahue,  William  Kohl,  and  Al- 
exander P.  Ankeny,  called  the  Washington  Railroad  Company,  and  another 
liy  William  C.  Parsons  and  Richard  Harris,  called  the  Middle  Cascade  Port- 
a;,'e  Company,  neither  of  which  ever  made  any  use  of  their  franchise.  Watih. 
SUil.,  1804-5,  108-20.  Subsequent  to  the  close  of  the  Eraser  River  mining 
excitement  and  the  opening  of  the  country  east  of  the  Cascades,  whicli  drew 
mining  travel  up  the  Columbia  instead  of  by  Puget  Sound,  tho  numerous 
lioats  employed  in  these  waters  had  been  withdrawn,  and  tho  only  craft  loft 
were  sailing-vessels,  a  steam  revenue-cutter,  and  the  mail  passenger-steamer 
Eliza  Anderi'on,  running  between  Olympia,  Victoria,  and  way-ports.  I  have 
mentioned  in  an  earlier  chapter  the  Major  Tompkins  as  tho  first  mail  and  pas- 
spn!,'er  steamer  employed  on  Paget  Sound,  in  1854.  Sho  was  lost  at  Victoria 
liurlior  after  running  about  one  year,  and  was  succeeded  by  tho  Trarcllcr, 
(."a[)t.  J.  G.  Parker,  which  ran  from  Olympia  to  Victoria  for  two  years  car- 
rying the  mail.  She  was  then  sold  to  Horton,  who  chartered  her  to  the  Ind- 
ian (Icpartuient,  which  needed  a  steamer  to  carry  their  officers  and  Roods  to 
tlio  various  reservations,  and  was  lost,  March  1858,  at  Foulweather  BlufF,  to- 
gether with  five  persons,  Thomas  Slater,  Truman  11.  Fuller,  special  Indian 
a^'ent,  John  Stevens,  Georgo  Haywey,  and  a  sailor,  namo  unknown.  Fuller 
vas  from  tho  state  of  New  York.  He  came  to  Puget  Sound  as  purser  of  the 
Major  Tompkins,  and  after  sho  was  lost  was  engaged  by  tho  Indian  depart- 
ment. Ohjmpia  Pioneer  and  Dem.,  March  19,  1858.  Sho  was  an  iron  steamer, 
built  at  Philadelphia,  and  brought  out  around  Cape  Horn  in  sections.  This 
was  the  fust  steamer  that  ran  upon  tho  Dwamish,  White,  Snohomish,  and 
Xuotsack  rivers.  She  rendered  important  services  carrying  men  and  supplies 
ti)  forts  and  camps.  In  18.53  was  incorporated  tho  Puget  Sound  Navigation 
•  'ompany,  consisting  of  William  H.  Wallace,  W^illiam  Cock,  H.  A.  Golds- 
borough,  II.  L.  Ycslcr,  Charles  C.  Terry,  James  M.  Hunt,  and  John  H. 
Scranton.  Scranton  went  to  S.  F.  as  agent  for  tho  company  and  purchased  a 
tug-boat,  tho  Campion,  which,  however,  docs  not  appear  to  have  reached 
tho  Sound.      J  rchasod  also  the  passenger  steamer  Youuff  America  at 

Portland;  but  sue  '.vas  burned  at  Crescent  City  while  on  her  way  from  S.  F. 
to  Vancouver  with  1,000  troops  under  Major  Prince.  Scranton  seems  to  have 
boon  unfortunate.  He  owned  tho  Major  Tompkins,  which  was  lost  this  year. 
In  18.')(J  ho  purchased  tho  screw-propeller  Constitution,  together  with  \V.  E. 
Moulthrop,  which  ran  from  Olympia  to  Victoria  with  tho  mails  for  about 
tliroe  years  before  and  during  tho  Eraser  River  times.  Tho  Constitution  was 
built  in  New  York  in  1850  by  Ward  &  Price,  who  sold  her  at  PanamA  in 
1S.")1  to  the  Pacifio  Mail  Steamship  Company,  and  afterward  sold  to  Scranton. 
Hor  engines  were  taken  out  in  1800,  and  she  became  a  lumber  carrier  about 
tho  Sound,  though  her  timbers  wore  still  good  in  187.*?.  Portland  Herald,  Feb. 
13,  187;t;  Ehey'a  Journal,  MS.,  v.  100,  105,  137.  Captains  A.  B.  Govo  and 
James  M.  Hunt  oommaoded  the  Conatitution  on  the  Sound  during  1867-9. 


272 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT, 


"tllpi 


beneficial  to  it,  with  the  stimulation  to  trade  which 
the  cliangc  in  the  nationality  of  the  Russian  posses- 
sions must  bring  with  it.^^ 

In  December  1859  the  EUza  Anderson  succeeded  the  Constitution  as  f.  mail 
carrii;!-.  Slio  was  built  on  tlic  Culuinbia  by  Farman  for  tJeorge  and  John 
Wriglit  of  Victoria,  -whose  father  owned  tlie  ill-fated  Brother  Jonathan.  Tiie 
Awlvrnoa  was  commanded  by  D.  li.  Finch,  an<l  /an  for  about  8  years  on  the 
same  route.  She  was  laid  up  in  1S80,  During  a  part  of  this  time  a  small 
Bteamer,  tlio  J.  li.  Libhei/,  built  at  Utsalady,  carried  the  mail  from  Seattle  to 
Penn  Cove,  Whidbey  Island,  and  from  there  through  the  Swuiomish  slough 
to  Whatcom,  IJellingham  Bay.  During  the  busy  times  of  Frascr  Itiver  min- 
ing rush,  the  Julia,  from  the  Columbia  River,  and  the  Wil/ion  G.  Hunt,  S<a 
Bird,  and  Sur/ifise  from  San  Francisco,  ran  on  the  Sound,  returning  to  otlur 
routes  on  the  subsidence  of  travel  and  increase  of  business  on  the  Columbia, 
and  one  stcam-vcssel  performed  the  carrying  on  the  Sound  between  Olympia 
and  Victoria.  I'urJ.er's  Puijel  Sound,  MS.,  5-9.  At  the  session  of  ISCo-Otiio 
I'uget  Sound  Steam  Navigation  Company  was  reincorporated  by  V^ .  T.  Say- 
ward,  Thomas  Deane,  K.  S.  Fowler,  H.  L.  Tibbals,  0.  F.  Gerrish,  V.  M. 
O'Brien,  C.  B.  Sweeny,  W.  \V.  Miller,  Isaac  Lightner,  S.  W.  Pcrcival.  S.  I), 
llowe,  U.  K.  Willui'd,  Sam.  Coulter,  T.  F.  McRIoy,  J.  L.  McDonald,  and 
their  associates,  to  navigate  the  waters  of  Washington,  V.  I.,  and  B.  C.  Wu.<li. 
Stat.,  ISO.l-O,  ll),S-4.  Nothing  was  ever  done  by  this  company  for  the  l)en(tit 
of  navigation.  Boats  continued  to  arrive  from  S.  F.  for  the  business  of  the 
Sound  for  several  seasons;  the  tug-boat  Jlesolute,  Capt.  Cuindon,  in  ]S.')1), 
which  blew  up  in  18U7;  the  small  side-wheel  steamer  Ranger  No.  ,],  Capt.  .1. 
S.  Hill;  the  Jilack  JJiainoud  in  ISCI;  the  CijruK  Walker,  a  tow-boat,  in  ISO.j; 
the  Josic  McScur,  Capt.  Crosbj',  in  1S08,  which  carried  the  mail  for  tliecou- 
tractois,  1  laillcy,  Crosby,  &  Windsor.  She  ran  on  the  Sound  for  less  than 
a  year,  when  she  was  traded  to  the  O.  S.  N.  Co.  for  the  A'ew  World,  Capt. 
Windsor,  which  had  been  a  Hudson  River  steamer,  but  ran  away  and  came 
to  the  I'acilic  coast.  Her  history  was  eventful,  having  carried  passengers  nu 
the  Hudson,  Sacramento,  and  Columbia  rivers,  ami  Puget  Sound.  She 
jtrovcd  too  huge  and  expensive,  and  was  sold  to  the  Wrights  of  Victoria. 
The  Ohpnjiia  was  the  next  mail  and  passenger  boat,  Capt.  Finch.  Tlie  next 
contractors  were  L.  ^I.  &  K.  A.  Starr,  who  ran  the  steamer  yl /«/'t,  Ca[it. 
Parker,  a  good  passenger  boat,  to  Victcjria,  sometimes  connecting  at  Pnrt 
Townsond  witii  the  iMiglisli  steamer  /iubrl.  The  Zi phijr,  Capt.  Thomas 
Wriglit,  ran  iit  the  same  time.  They  subsequently  built  at  S.  F.  the  Xor'li 
Pacijic,  whicli  was  Ijrouglit  up  to  take  the  Alida'.i  place  in  1871,  and  was 
cairyiug  tho  mail  in  1878.  I'arbr'ti  ]'u(jil  Sound,  MS.,  8-9.  In  tho  nuau 
time  small  jobbing  and  freight  steamers  have  multi[)lie(l,  owned  clueliy  l^y 
individuals,  as  the  J.  B.  lAhhii,  Chehali^,  Goliah,  Farorilc,  Phantom,  i  'olU- 
koj'shij,  Ituhii,  Surces.1,  Cello,  Mary  Woodruff,  Addie,  and  tho  A.  E.  Starr. 
In  l87d  tho  l'ugi:t  Sound  Transportation  Company  was  incorporated,  aiul 
built  two  boats,  the  Me.-'.'-rnner,  Capt.  J.  0-,  I'arker,  and  the  JJai.^i/,  ('apt.  ('. 
H.  Parker,  making  a  line  from  Olymiiia  to  Blount  Vernon  on  tlio  Skagit 
River.  The  company  has  since  bought  and  sold  several  other  boats.  in 
1881  a  spirited  competition  was  kept  up  for  a  season  between  the  boats  of  tiio 
Paget  Sound  'i'lauhportation  Company  and  Starr's  line,  tho  Ol/er  i\n<\  Auiiir 
Sli'u-Krf.  In  the  autumn  (jf  1881  the  O.  S.  N.  Co.  purchased  Starr's  line,  and 
added  some  of  their  old  boats,  the'  Wileo)ue,  Idaho,  and  Emma  Jlai/nard. 
In  the  following  year  another  company  was  formed,  called  the  Wasiiiugtou 
Steam  Navigation  Company,  whose  b(jats  were  the  ('ill/  of  Quinei/,  JJ  ii>;/, 
Washinjtoii,  and  Mercin.  J.  G.  Parker,  in  JJintorir(d  Corrcsjioudenee,  MS., 
18S4. 

'■'Message  of  Governor  Moore,  Wnshington  Jour.  House,  1867-8,30-1. 
The  policy  uf  the  Alaska  Company  was  not  to  encourage  trade,  but  rather  to 
oppose  it. 


VARIOUS  MEASURES 

"e>nadequaeyofthemnil"  ''^'' ?""2r  products." 
"''•'M  be  r..ade  the  suh;!/^      ^"""' ''  "as  su<»o„sterl 
f'^'  legislature  accordfetl'^"«"»™'  ^^"^^ 
n  -a  from  San  Fr^Sf^^A'^^  %  a  .nai?  route 
i"«i  from  the  Columbk    Ir    /    P""'  '"^t^ad  of  by 
«•-»  Olympia  and  SiS-  fo,  f '='•■'"*'?  «e"ioe  be"^ 
tona  by  the  way  of  1 1  e'  O  VT^^y  m""  to  As- 
Mioahvater  and  Baker  bays   ltd  f'  ^'■"^   ^arbo  , 
'"  other  routes,  and  for  incL?  Z'"'  ""P'-o^ements 
»rtam  cases,  which  have  sinn?t''  °<»°Pensation  in 
"ocessity  of  codifyina-  th?  U         ^'"'"  »'"'"'<*d.     The 
P».ntingcommissfone^*tth  ?  '™'  "S^'^'  ""^  of  an! 
An  act  was  according  '*t'r''r".^'*"«''elay. 
•"■""i-.to  appoint  "threo'^dl!      '•""""■'zing  the  jjov- 
cou„n,ssion'eis,  to  re4e  dilpT"/"'^™^     '^  eode 
ia>vs  of  ti,e  territory      fet:"<^  ^"'"'fy 'be  statute 
•^;  1  f.  Lassator,  ElLocJvl  Pf  ™"»  chosen  were 

«  -  n,ade  their  reZt  1  t"h'  T''  -^^  ^-  I>«««i»n'» 
»'"<^^''  met  in  October  in  .*t'  't^^'ature  of  1869, 
passfd  in  Januarv  isrs        ^ecordanco    with  an  art 

"«  the  »essio„s7tI        „*,:??-".  «■-  ,«.«o  ot' hold"? 
Airotlier  subiect  of  „,.  °  I-  '^"  ivssumbly. 

«"'e  of  the  insfne  Jt  ^T'  "^"'="  >™^  «'«  Proper 

-■t  with  the  lowit  b    d  'r"Tr''''"'  '°'  ''^-n 

«as  provided  where  tl,„  I         ,?"  territorial  asylum 

f^'l«red  <brthei;recept?o„7'""'  "'  Steilocoom  was 


274 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


For  several  sessions  previous  to  1862  the  legislature 
had  granted  divorces  indiscriminately.^**  When  Gt)\  - 
ernor  Pickering  came  to  observe  this,  he  made  a 
serious  appeal  to  the  legislature  to  cease  dissolving 
the  marriaije  bond  and  leave  this  matter  to  the  courts, 
where  the  impechments  wore  few  enough,  but  where, 
at  least,  some  examination  would  be  made  into  the 
merits  of  the  applicant's  case.  Notwithstanding,  six- 
teen unions  were  dissolved  by  the  legislatures  oi' 
18G2-3,  and  at  the  following  session  Pickering;'  a^'aiii 
called  attention  to  the  practice,  which  was  not  theic- 

contract  for  tlio  care  of  the  insane,  the  contract  being  let  to  the  St  John  hma 
tic  asylum  at  Vancouver,  in  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  A  fund  was  si  r 
asiilc  out  of  the  gener.il  fund  of  the  territory  to  pay  for  their  keeping,  nii'l 
they  were  kindly  cared  for  A  memorial  was  forwarded  to  congress,  askin. 
that  an  appropriation  migiit  be  made  to  erect  a  building  somewhere  ou  thi' 
JSound  which  should  servo  boi'i  for  a  marine  hospital,  which  was  needed,  aul 
an  asylum  for  the  insane.  But  congress  had  not  responded,  when  the  lc;,'is!;i 
tuie  of  lSGG-7  passed  an  act  again  authorizing  the  governor  and  auditor  to 
make  contracts  for  the  care  of  the  insane,  the  contractors  giving  bonds  for  tln' 
proper  performance  of  their  duties,  and  the  law  requiring  them  to  report  an- 
nually to  the  governor.  A  board  of  inspectors  was  appointed  to  visit  the 
asylum  quarterly,  and  to  audit  the  accounts  submitted  by  the  institutiou. 
Tlie  patients  were  removed  from  St  John's,  Vancouver,  to  a  private  asyhim 
iu  charge  'f  James  Huntington  and  sou,  located  in  the  Cowlitz  valley  op])o- 
site  MonticcUo,  where  the  accommodations  were  inadequate,  and  where  hy 
tlie  unusual  flood  of  Dec.  18G7  the  improvements  were  swept  away.  It  was 
iu  reference  to  these  facts  that  Gov.  Moore  called  for  a  radical  change  in  the 
system  adopted,  and  advised  the  purchase  of  a  farm  and  the  erection  of  an 
asylum  which  would  meet  the  requirements  of  those  suffering  from  mental 
diseases,  who,  with  intelligent  treatment,  might  bo  restored  to  society.  At 
the  session  of  1867-8,  however,  nothing  was  done  except  to  petition  eoni,'rej3 
for  a  grant  of  land,  the  proceeds  of  which  should  bo  expended  in  providing  a 
fund  for  the  erection  of  a  suitable  building  and  the  support  of  the  insane. 
But  at  the  following  term  an  act  was  passed  authorizing  the  purchase  of  the 
government  buildings  at  Fort  Steilacoom,  should  they  bo  offered  for  sale,  ami 
appointing  the  governor  and  auditor  commissioners  to  secure  the  piop- 
erty.  The  purchase  of  the  abandoned  military  quarters  was  effected  iu  Jan. 
1870,  by  James  Scott,  territorial  secretary,  and  other  commissionersappointoil 
by  the  legislature.  Delegate  Flanders  having  in  the  meantime  propose!  to 
congress  to  donate  them  to  the  territory.  //.  Ex.  Doc,  202,  42d  cong,  '2d  se^s.; 
/(/.  J)oc.,  175;  Coii'j.  Olobe,  18G8-9,  554;  Olympia  Transcript,  Feb.  27,  l^tJ'J 
The  price  paid  for  the  buildings  was  S850.  In  March  1873,  soon  after  tiie 
settlement  of  the  Puget  Sound  Company's  claims,  congress  did  donate  the 
militaiy  reservation  for  asylum  grounds,  giving  Washington  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  sites  on  the  Sound  for  the  use  of  the  insane.  The  patients  were  re- 
mo  ^ed  in  Aug.  1871.  The  number  of  patients  in  1870  was  23.  In  1877  it 
was  G7.  There  were  25  acres  of  ground  in  cultivation,  and  300  fruit-troe.s  set 
out.  Taconia  Herald,  April  14,  1877.  The  disbursements  for  the  insam'  in 
1879  were  $52,325.  Olympia  Standard,  Oct.  10,  1879. 

'"In  1860-1  there  were  granted  17  divorces,  in  1861-2  13,  and  in  ISd-'-S 
16.  There  seems  to  have  been  some  connection  between  the  gold-mining  ex- 
citement and  the  desire  for  freedom. 


MARRIAGE  AND  DIVORCE. 


i/u 


alter  renewed;  but  an  act  was  passed  in  January  1866 
(l(  daring  marriage  to  be  a  civil  contract,  and  doubt- 
]( ss  intended  to  prevent  legislative  divorces,  as  civil 
contracts  could  only  be  annulled  by  the  courts.^" 

Xevertheless,  a  bill  was  passed  in  January  1868 
dissolving  a  marriage,  which  on  presentation  to  Gov- 
einur  Moore  was  returned  without  approval,  and  the 
kL;i^>lature  declined  to  pass  it  over  the  veto,  by  a  vote 
ill  the  house  of  three  to  twenty-four.  Subsequent 
rtlnits  to  revive  the  practice  failed.  This  tendency 
to  dissolve  marriage  ties  was  the  more  remarkable 
when  it  is  remembered  that  the  male  population 
ureatly  exceeded  the  female,  many  men  having  taken 
wives  from  among  the  Indian  women. ^^  A.  S. 
Mi'iccr  of  Seattle  in  1865  made  a  movement  to 
.-•tahlish  asocial  equilibrium,  by  importing  a  ship-load 
ut'  unmarried  women  from  the  Atlantic  states,  widows 
.iikI  orphans  of  soldiers,  but  the  influence  of  a  single 
achenture  of  this  kind  was  hardly  perceptible. 

Vniong  the  public  institutions  of  which  the  terri- 
tory had  long  had  need  was  a  penitentiary,  the  only 
[iiison  in  use  for  felons  being  the  county  jail  of  Pierce 
iiiimty,  from  which  escapes  were  of  frequent  occur- 
iviice.  In  January  1867  congress  set  aside  for  the 
tuiipose  of  erecting  a  suitable  prison  the  net  proceeds 
it' the  internal  revenue  of  the  territory  from  the  30th 
'fJiuie,  1865,  to  the  same  date  of  1868,  provided  the 
aiiioimt  should  not  exceed  twenty  thousand  dollars. 
Tlic  legislature  appointed  a  committee  to  wait  upon 
tlir  collector  to  ascertain  the  amount  due  the  torri- 
tiiiy,-^  which  fell  far  beneath  the  appropriation,  the 

■^  IViixh.  ,'itat.,  18G5-6,  80-85;    Wash.  Jour.  House,  18G7-8,  400. 

■"Morse,  in  his  ]Vash.  Ter.,'M.fi.,  xv,  34-5,  speaks  of  this  condition  of 
society  in  the  Haro  archipelago  more  particularly.  Orcas  Island  was  settled 
liiietiy  by  returned  Fraser  River  miners,  who  nearly  all  took  Indian  wives. 
Ai  late  .-13  1879  there  were  but  1.3  white  women  on  that  island.  On  Lopez 
I^^laiul  the  first  white  woman  settled  in  1869,  Mrs  J.  L.  Davis.  There  were 
!uoio  i)iir(:ly  white  families  on  Lopez  than  Orcas;  San  Juan  liad  later  a  moi'o 
nearly  equal  division  of  the  sexes  than  the  smaller  islands  of  the  group,  but 
misce^'ciuition  prevailed  to  a  considerable  extent  in  all  the  northern  settle- 
ments. See  also  Oli/mpla  Wash.  Standard,  Sept.  30,  1865. 

"  Pliilip  D.  Moore  was  collector  of  internal  revenue  in  1867.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Edward  Giddings,  who  was  bom  in  Niagara  county,  New  York,  iu 


276 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


grant  of  $20,000  being  doubled  before  the  penitentiary 
buildings  proper  were  begun. ^^ 

No  event  could  better  illustrate  the  change  which 
ten  years  had  made  in  the  condition  of  Washington 
than  the  abandonment  in  the  spring  of  1868  of  Foit 
Steilacoom.  So  far  as  the  natives  of  the  Puget  Sound 
region  were  concerned,  their  millenium  had  come, 
their  eternity  begun,  and  they  would  learn  war  iki 
more.  Contentedly  they  digged  their  little  farms  i»ii 
the  reservations,  hired  themselves  out  as  farm-hands, 
fished,  raced  horses,  held  ^90^-?ac/ie5,^^  gathered  berries 
for  sale,  or  spent  their  trifling  earnings  in  whiskey, 
which  caused  many,  both  men  and  women,  to  adorn, 
in  the  picturesque  enjoyn  ■:;iit  of  dolce  far  niente,  the 
curb-stones  and  door-steps  of  the  various  towns  in  the 
vicinity  of  their  reserves,  day  after  day.  Whiskey, 
as  applied  to  the  noble  savage,  is  a  wonderful  civilizer. 
A  few  years  of  it  reduces  him  to  a  subjection  move 
complete  than  arms,  and  accomplishes  in  him  a  hu- 
mility which  religion  never  can  achieve.  Some  things 
some  men  will  do  for  Christ,  for  country,  for  wife  and 
children :  there  is  nothing  an  Indian  will  not  do  for 
whiskey.  I 

May  1822.  Ho  served  several  years  in  the  office  of  the  state  controllci-  at 
Albany,  under  Silas  Wright  and  Millard  Fillmore,  coming  to  the  Pacilic  coast 
iu  1840.  Ho  returned  in  1850,  married,  and  brought  out  his  wife,  residing;  in 
California  3  years,  when  he  removed  to  Puget  Sound,  having  his  lioine  at 
Olympia.  Ho  was  chief  clerk  in  the  surveyor-general's  office  from  ISO-  ti; 
1805,  and  afterward  depu*.y  surveyor  until  appointed  assessor  of  internal  ruve- 
nue.  He  was  succeeded  in  that  office  by  J.  R.  Haydcn,  but  in  1875displact(l 
Hayden  as  collector  of  internal  revenue,  which  position  he  held  at  the  ILiiil'  ot 
his  death  in  1870.  Olympia  Pac.  Tribune,  Feb.  26,  1875;  Olympia  Stauddpl. 
April  29,  1876. 

'^'  The  legislature  of  1809  appointed  John  McReavy,  Fred.  A.  Clarke,  ami 
L.  F.  Thompson  commissioners  to  select  a  site  for  a  penitentiary,  'at  or  laar 
Steilacoom.'  The  land  selected  was  donated  by  John  Swan  and  Jay  Eminuiis 
Smith,  a  free  gift  to  the  territory  of  twenty-seven  acres  on  the  south-east  shuie 
of  McNeil  Island,  about  five  miles  by  water  from  Steilacoom.  Its  situation 
was  all  tliat  could  be  desired,  being  healthful  and  beautiful.  The  secretary 
of  the  interior,  however,  who  had  the  matter  iu  hand,  would  take  no  stciia 
toward  building  until  the  land  was  deeded  to  the  United  States,  and  uioiiuy 
enough  placed  in  his  hands  by  appropriation  to  complete  some  portion  ot  tbe 
work.  Finding  that  $20,000  would  be  insufficient,  he  directed  a  susiicusiou 
of  the  work  until  congress  should  move  in  the  matter,  which  it  would  only 
do  by  being  memorialized  by  the  legislature  and  importuned  by  its  dekgate. 
The  further  appropriation  was  not  made  until  1S73. 

^  A  pot-lach  was  a  ceremonious  feast  held  on  certain  occasions,  when  pi  ea- 
eats  were  given. 


THE  NATIONS. 


277 


enitentiary 

mge  which 
Vashinjijtou 
168  of  Fort 
uget  Sound 
had    coiuf, 
irn   war  iii» 
:le  farms  ou 
farin-han<ls, 
ered  berrits 
in  whiskey, 
m,  to  adoni, 
•  niente,  the 
towns  in  the 
.     Whiskey, 
rful  civilizir. 
•jectioii  ni'iic 
ill  him  a  hu- 
Some  things 
I,  for  wife  and 
ill  not  do  for 


Istate  controller  at 
lo  the  Pacitic  coast 
is  wife,  resiiliii;^  in 
[viug  liis  lioiiw  at 
ice  from  ISO-J  lo 
^r  of  internal  ii;\ o- 
,ia  187r)displ'"''\ 
leld  at  the  tin^'  ot 
ttymyia  StandnM. 

_1.  A.  Clarke,  ami 
Kiary,  '  at  or  laar 
laudJayEmmuui 
le  south-east  shuie 
Im.     Its  situatiuu 
ll.     The  secretary 
liid  take  no  steps 
atea,  and  iimney 
,ne  portion  ot  tbe 
Ited'  a  susjieusiou 
1th  it  would  only 
by  its  dclo;4;ite. 

sions,  when  pies- 


]3ut  it  was  not  altogether,  nor  in  the  first  place,  the 
alUircment  of  strong  drink  which  reduced  the  red  men 
to  submission.  Troops  on  one  hand,  and  government 
agents  with  presents  on  the  other,  had  accomplished 
tiic  reduction;  and  now  in  1868  there  was  no  longer 
any  use  for  the  troops,  and  the  occupation  of  the 
Indian  agent  would  last  but  a  few  years  longer.  In 
the  interim,  teachers  and  preachers  contended  with 
the  other  civilizer,  rum,  to  the  salvation  of  some  and 
the  utter  reprobation  of  others.  In  the  haste  and 
exigency  of  the  times,  and  dreading  an  Indian  war, 
numerous  small  reservations  had  been  left  here  and 
there  about  the  Sound,  which  in  these  ten  years  had 
come  to  lie  at  the  doors  of  the  principal  towns,  the 
temptations  of  which  few  Indians  could  resist.  It 
would  have  been  better  to  have  banished  them  to  the 
sea-coast,  as  in  Oregon,  and  kept  up  a  military  guard 
to  liold  them  there,  than  that  they  should  mix  with 
the  foremost  civilization  of  the  day.^ 

"In  1868  the  war  department  ordered  to  be  sold  the  government  buildings 
at  Gray  Harbor  and  Fort  Chehalis,  erected  in  the  autumn  of  ISoO,  when  the 
(,'beliali.s  tribe  threatened  the  new  scti,.  mcnts  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  river  of 
that  name.  These  posts  were  abandoncdat  the  breaking-out  of  the  war  of  the 
rebellion.  Ind.  Aff.  Kept,  1860,  187;  Objmpia  Transcript,  Feb.  22  and  Dec. 
2ii,  1808.  The  only  military  stations  left  in  Washington  in  1868  were  Van- 
couver, T.  L.  Elliott  in  command;  Colville,  W.  C.  M.  Manning  in  command; 
Camp  Steele  (formerly  Pickett,  but  changed  on  account  of  Pickett's  secession), 
Tlionias  Grey  in  command;  and  Capo  Disappointment,  R.  G.  Howell  in  com- 
mand, lieptof  Sec.  War,  1868,  40th  cong.  3d  sess.,  742.  In  1866  the  head- 
Huarters  of  the  department  of  the  Columbia  was  removed  to  Portland,  followed 
soon  after  by  the  whole  staff  and  the  commissary  stores.  The  legislature  of 
Washington  remonstrated,  but  headquarters  remained  at  Portland  until  June 
1S7S,  w  hen  the  war  department  ordered  a  return  to  Vancouver.  The  terri- 
torial legislature  had  very  frequently  to  remind  the  general  government  of 
the  (Ictenccles"  condition  of  its  sea-coast,  as  well  as  of  danger  from  Indian  tribes 
in  it?  midst.  From  1854  to  1858  congress  was  annually  petitioned  to  place  a 
nian-of  war  on  the  Northwest  Coast.  During  the  Indian  wars  the  Decatur, 
Haii'-ock,  and  Massachusetts  did  good  service,  and  the  latter  was  left  on  the 
><oun(l  to  watch  the  Indians.  But  she  was  too  large  and  slow  for  that  service. 
In  ls.")9-G0  the  legislature  petitioned  to  have  tlie  Shiibrick,  which  first  visited 
the  Sound  in  July  1858,  put  in  place  of  the  Massachusetts,  which  was  not 
granted  until  Victor  Smith  became  collector  in  1801,  when  ho  secured  her 
services  as  revenue-cutter,  in  place  of  the  Jefffrson  Davis,  Capt.  W.  C.  Pease, 
a  sailing  vessel  which  had  answered  that  purpose  from  1854  to  1861.  In  Dec. 
ISCG,  :ill  war  vessels  having  been  withdrawnfrom  the  Sound,  while  there  was 
a  British  naval  station  at  Esquimault  harlwr,  V.  I.,  the  pride  if  not  the  fears 
of  the  representatives  of  the  people  became  alarmed,  and  congress  was  memo- 
nahzcd  to  '  station  such  a  number  of  vessels  of  war  upon  the  waters  of  Puget 
ijound  as  are  essential  to  our  security,  as  well  as  to  convince  foreign  powers 


278 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


The  political  quarrels  of  1867  culminated  in  an  act 
of  the  legislature,  passed  in  January  18G8,  redistrict- 
ing  the  territory,  and  assigning  the  federal  judges  in 
such  a  manner  that  Hewitt  was  given  the  county  ol' 
Stevens  for  his  district,  and  required  to  reside  there ; 
while  Wyche  was  given  Walla  Walla,  Yakima,  Kliki- 
tat,  Skamania,  Clarke,  Cowlitz,  Pacific,  Wahkiakum, 
Lewis,  Mason,  Thurston,  and  Chehalis;  and  the  latest 
appointee,  C.  B.  Darwin,  was  assigned  to  the  counties 
of  Pierce,  King,  Kitsap,  Clallam,  Whatcom,  Island, 
and  Jefferson,^^  but  in  order  to  relieve  Wyche,  was 
required  to  hold  court  at  Olympia  for  the  counties  nt 
Thurston,  Lewis,  Chehalis,  and  Mason.  The  old  war 
was  renewed  against  republican  measures,  which  had 
only  been  suppressed  while  the  integrity  of  the  union 
w^as  in  danger.  Whatever  the  ability  or  want  of  al)ii- 
ity  of  Hewitt,  who  had  held  the  judgeship  for  ei^lit 
years,  it  was  not  that  question  that  assigned  him  to 

that  the  general  government  has  the  interest  and  honor  of  her  most  rLiuote 
settlements  at  heart.'  Wash,  Stat,,  1866-7,  260.  At  the  following  session 
congress  was  memorialized  to  erect  fortifications  at  such  points  on  the  Souml 
as  the  war  department  might  deem  expedient. 

In  1871  the  following  reservations  were  made  by  the  government  for  the 
erection  of  fortifications  in  the  future:  at  New  Dungeness;  at  entrann.  tn 
Scpim  Bay,  Protection  Island;  on  each  side  of  t'.ie  entrance  to  Port  Discovn  \ ; 
at  Point  Wilson,  including  Point  Hudson  and  Point  Marrowstone  at  tlic  mi- 
trance  to  Port  Townsend  Bay ;  at  both  sides  of  the  entrance  of  Decciition 
Pass;  at  Admiralty  Head,  opposite  Point  Wilson;  at  Volcano  Point,  or  Duuiilo 
Blutf,  Whidbey  Island;  at  Port  Ludlow  Bluff,  Foulweather  Bluff,  and  \\  his- 
key  Pit,  at  the  entrance  to  Hood's  canal;  at  Point  Defiance  and  Point  E\ans, 
at  the  Narrows.  All  these  reservations  were  large  enough  for  extensive 
works.  Reservations  were  also  made  at  Neah  Bay,  which  was  in  couteni)i!:i- 
tion  for  a  port  of  refuge.  Gov.  mess.,  in  Olympia  Transcript,  March  11,  l."^71. 
With  half  these  fortifications  the  whole  of  Washington  would  be  safe  fium 
invasion  except  through  the  gulf  of  Georgia  and  B.  C.  The  above  points 
were  selected  by  generals  Halleck  and  Steele  in  1,66.  Portland  Oregoivui', 
July  25,  1866.  The  ma  ter  had  been  under  consideration  a  longer  time.  //. 
Ex.  Doc,  65,  vii.,  35th  ing.  2d  sess.  The  legislature  continued  to  pctiiii.n 
for  these  fortifications,  I  t  up  to  1884  none  have  been  erected  or  even  begun. 
In  1884  the  arsenal  f  Vancouver  was  closed,  and  the  territorial  arms,  47S 
Springfield  rifles,  turned      er  to  Gov.  Newell,  with  the  ammunition. 

tyte  was  organized  at  the  session  of  1867-8,  cjin- 
^oast  from  the  mouth  of  the  Wyatch  River  sonth- 
,e  to  where  the  124th  meridian  crosses  tlio  4stli 
the  meridian  to  the  north  boundary  of  ChclKilis 
t  to  the  ocean.  Wash.  Stat,,  1867-8,  80-1.  It 
was  later  included  in  Clallam,  Jefferson,  and  Mason;  Gideon  Brownfield,  Jilm 
C.  Brown,  .A.urelius  Colby,  John  Weir,  and  Smith  Troy  were  appointed  county 
officers,  showing  that  the  coast  country  was  becoming  settled. 


^*  The  county  of  QuilK 
prising  the  territory  on  th 
east  along  the  Olympia  ra 
parallel,  thence  south  alon 
county,  and  from  there  m 


FEDERAL  APPOINTMENTS. 


$0 


Stevens  county  to  hold  court  and  reside  at  Fort  Col- 
\  ille.  The  same  persons  who  made  war  upon  Hewitt 
openly  declared  that  Darwin  should  be  removed,  :s 
well  as  some  other  officials.^ 

Congress  did  not  look  with  favoring  eyes  upon  the 
act  of  the  legislature  heaping  contumely  upon  the 
appointments  of  the  president  and  senate,  refusing  to 
coufirni  it.^'  But  when  Grant  came  to  the  presidency 
a  sweeping  change  was  made,  which  saved  the  male- 
contents  the  trouble  of  scheming  against  the  old  bench 
of  judges,  by  the  appointment  of  B.  F.  Dennison 
chief  justice,  and  Orange  Jacobs  and  James  K.  Ken- 
nedy associates,-^  with  A.  W.  ^loore  chief  clerk,  and 
Philip  Ritz  marshal.'^  In  1871  Jacobs  was  appointed 
cliief  justice,  with  Rodger  S.  Greene  and  James  K. 
Kennedy  associate  justices,  and  E.  S.  Kearney  mar- 
shal.    In  1872  J.  R.  Lewis  succeeded  Kennedy.^ 

The  presidential  appointments  of  1869  included  a 
new  governor,  Flanders,  who,  it  was  said,  had  in- 
tended to  return  and  run  again  for  delegate,  but  was 
prevented  by  the  commission  of  executiv^e.  James 
Scott  was  appointed  secretary,  Colonel  Samuel 
Ross,  late  commander  of  Fort  Steilacoom,  Indian 
superintendent,^    Elisha  P.  Ferry  surveyor-general, 

^"Although  this  was  a  political  quarrel,  tlierc  was  another  good  reason  for 
the  removal  of  Darwin — the  seduction  of  the  wife  of  another  oflicial.  Darwin 
was  a  scholarly  judge,  which  Hewitt  was  not;  but  Hewitt  was  honest,  which 
Darwin  was  not. 

■'Cong.  Globe,  1867-S,  3709. 

-^Kennedy  had  been  prosecuting  attorney  of  the  3d  judicial  district. 
Ohjmpia  Pacific  Tribune,  March  12,  1869. 

■*Ritz  was  an  early  settler  of  the  AValla  Walla  Valley,  where  he  introduced 
fruit  culture,  writing  many  pamphlets  upon  the  resources  of  the  country,  and 
advocating  the  speedy  construction  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad.  He 
made  a  very  valuable  contribution  to  my  Library  in  the  form  of  a  manuscript 
monograph  upon  the  Walla  Walla  Valley.  A  town  in  the  Spokane  country 
is  named  after  him. 

'"Lewis  had  been  a  judge  in  Idano.  '  He  is  reputed, '  says  the  Olympia  Pac. 
Tribune,  May  14,  1872,  'to  have  been  one  of  the  ablest,  most  honorable,  and 
incorruptible  judges  that  have  ever  occupied  the  bench  of  Idaho.' 

'' Samuel  Ross  was  a  native  of  N.  Y. ;  enlisted  as  a  drummer-boy  in  the 
Sth  inf.  at  16  years  of  age  (1837),  and  was  brevetted  a  2d  lieut  in  1848.  Re- 
signing, he  studied  law  in  Ohio,  and  was  practising  in  Iowa  when  Sumter 
fell.  He  then  joined  the  army,  was  severely  wounded  at  Chancello«pville,  and 
«as  subsequently  brevetted  col  in  the  regular  and  brig. -gen.  in  the  volunteer 
service.    Finally  he  was  sent  to  Washington,  and  after  his  last  appointment 


280 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


Edward  Giddings^^  assessor  of  internal  revenue,  Haz- 
ard Stevens  collector,  and  United  States  district  at- 
torney Leander  Holmes. 

Salucius  Garfielde  and  Marshall  F.  Moore  then  be- 
came candidates  for  the  delegateship,  the  former  as 
the  choice  of  the  republicans,  the  latter  of  the  demo- 
cratic party.  Garfielde,  was  elected,  and  secured 
some  of  the  ends  for  which  he  was  nominated. ^^ 
Moore  died  in  February  of  the  following  year,  from 
the  effects  of  old  wounds  received  in  the  civil  war, 
sincerely  regretted  by  the  people  of  the  territory.^* 

The  republican  party,  which  had  been  in  the  ascend- 
ancy for  several  years,  elected  a  republican  majority 
to  the  legislature  in  1869,^^  but  it  was  losing  powei' 

as  Indian  agent,  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  as  a  brig. -gen.  in  1871  by  the 
solicitation  of  Delegate  Garfielde.  Olympia  Courier,  June  15,  1872;  Seattle 
despatch,  in  Pac.  Tnbunc,  May  17,  1872;  Seattle  Inti'llUieuctr,  July  31,  1880. 
In  1875  congress  r^  .uced  his  rank  to  a  colonelcy.  He  was  accidentally  drownoc! 
while  batliing  in  Osceola  Lake,  near  Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  July  10,  1880.  ^Vi  )(,• 
Haven  Palladium,  July  13,  1880. 

''^Edward  Giddings  was  born  in  Niagara  co.,  N.  Y.,  May  20,  1822.  His 
boyhood  was  spent  at  home,  and  a  portion  of  his  youth  in  the  ollice  of  tlio 
comptroller  at  Albany.  He  came  to  Cal,  in  1849,  and  to  Puget  Sound  in  IS.'rJ, 
residing  at  Olympia,  where  he  erected  the  lirst  wharf  for  the  discharge  of 
sea-going  vessels.  Ho  was  collector  of  internal  revenue  for  the  district  nf 
Olympia  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  April  1S7G.  Olympia  Traiiii. ,  April  20,  1  STii. 

^^  Garfielde,  if  the  testimony  of  both  parties  can  be  credited  amid  so  inmli 
detraction  of  public  men,  varied  his  politics  according  to  the  winds  of  tor- 
tune;  Ohjmpia  Standard,  May  8,  1800;  Olympia  Pac.  Tribune,  April  24, 
18G0.  George  IJ.  Itoberts,  in  his  I'ecoUeclions,  MS.,  91,  says  that  the  sctilci-.s 
on  the  lands  of  I'uget  Sound  Ag.  Co.  elected  Garlieldo  that  he  might  secuic 
them  the  patents  to  the  land  on  which  they  had  squatted.  In  a  meiuori;il  ti) 
congress,  passed  Jan.  9,  1807,  the  legislature  had  said  that  at  the  time  of 
settlement  of  Washington,  American  citizens  believed  that  the  treaty  v  itii 
Great  Britiau  in  1846  gave  the  foreign  companies  only  the  lauds  actually 
enclosed  and  occupied  at  that  date;  and  that  under  this  belief  they  had 
entered  upon,  claimed,  and  improved,  according  to  the  donation  act,  tlic 
unoccupied  land,  unjustly  claimed  by  those  companies,  and  now  asked  thai 
they  should  be  sccur  1  in  their  homes  and  property  by  proper  Icgialatioii, 
without  being  subjected  to  other  or  greater  expense  in  obtaining  patents  than 
settlers  on  other  parts  of  the  public  domain.  Wash.  Slat.,  1800-7,  2.")0-l. 
This  was  simply  asking  that  the  sovereignty  of  a  portion  of  the  territory  still 
in  dispute  should  bo  determined,  for  the  welfare  of  all  concerned;  and  iiia« 
much  as  Garfielde  contributed  to  this  result,  ho  was  of  service  to  the  couiitiy 
he  represented.     Garfielde  was  appointed  collector  of  customs  in  1873. 

'^  Sec  eulogy  in  Walla  Walla  Statesman,  April  30,  1870. 

^^  The  cliiccrs  of  the  council  were,  William  Mcljjine  president,  C.  U.  Biigl^y 
eliief-elerk,  Edwin  Eels  enrolling  clerk,  G.  11.  Blako  assistant  clerk,  8.  \\ . 
Beall  sei"geant-at-arms,  Daniel  House  door-keeper,  S.  II,  Mann  ciinplaiii. 
The  house  organized  with  George  II.  Stewart  speaker,  Elwood  Evans  chiif 
clerk,  Charles  B.  Curf'ia  assistant  clerk,  Elizabeth  Peebles  enrolling  clerk,  1. 
V.  Mossman  sergeantat-arms,  Edwin  A.  Stevens  door-keeper.  ;^n^7J.  Jour. 
Council,  1809,  15;   Wash.  Standard,  Oct.  9,  1869. 


■iM' 


I'J-  dissonsioiis  and  striKrr^ir.    c 

"t,»i'ich  the  reviving'It:  f"'- P'«<=«  ^"«"»  ''-If, 
^■dvantage.  Garfielcg,  who  te^  P?,"^^  ??"%  took 
nearly  three  years,  on  account  of  n  .1  '  ''P'^^'-'teship 
^  ^J-'c  .ons«  wa.  not  perSerf  t„  t  ?"^f  ■'"  *''<^  *'"'« 
December  1 8 "0.    He  ser«J  i,-  /    *'''''"'  '"«  seat  until 

l->  OB.  McPaddcn,  thLuiZLV  •^"V''"'^  ^^o 

■^".00  the  incoming  'of  ltZw.'1  ''•'^"''"'''te/'  who 

'-"  I'vmgin  the?etire,„on;rfn„     "l'"'*''*'°'>  ''"d 

Kv,  or  serving  in  the  logMatu/e      W    "'"'^  '»'"  P''''^- 

.'Ston   cty,   but  was    unfitted    f  ^^  r""" '^a^h- 

;'"«««.du.;ing  a  portion  o?his  term       ?'{■   ^^  ^"^^--^ 
"llow.ng  ins  ,  ctuni.     McSrlt     1,  'i''  f ""'  *e  year 

t'H'  v-rtnes  that  reconmlS:  t  'f  •*'''  ''™"'*  «"d 
"  ".an,,  heart  and  ready  adaot«b'ti"'  'Constituents, 
»'"«li  was   counted  to   hi,?  1  '"?  '"  ^u^undinsts 
;;  -kness      He  was  buried  withTn"'-'   ^"'  J"*-eia 
w"w'°,i!?,"^«  "f'-is  sonl  Kw  vT^"'^  «<->'-en,o„ios 
«•  W.  Miller.*  "'^'  ^"-surveyor-general 

l-oingsucoeeded  in  Apriftg^^;"  «■«  executive  office, 
«t  Clnc^o,  a  German  Jew  kw^     k"""''  ®-  «■*»"" 

oivii  war,  where  h<.  won".  '"'""'««'■«  during  the 
»'-'>  the  quiet  andre  ■  S'ltm''fr^''"^^'  »'■'- 
.••i...«os». ,,,„        .  "'>™P"«i.ic  must  have 


'•^"    Itft    hrtcS''  '''°"'^l'Jo  held  ou  tl  e  r  ..;  Ar  '  ,    ^'^^''*'-'  '°  the  42d  co,  ' 
J  lie  total  vote  for  rjn-n  II  "  """  t''c  existiiiL' 


282 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


i1 


seemed  a  summer  holiday.^"  James  Scott  still  re- 
mained secretary.  The  officers  elected  *°  in  the  terri- 
tory now  began  and  closed  their  terms  in  the  year 
intermediate  between  the  elections  for  delegate,  the 
congressional  and  executive  terms  corresponding,  and 
the  legislative  appointments  coming  between/^ 

On  the  expiration  of  Salomon's  term  he  WaS  suc- 
ceeded by  Elisha  Pyre  Ferry,  surveyor-general,  his 
appointment  making  way  for  a  new  officer  in  the  land 
department,  which  was  filled  by  Lewis  P.  Beach,  ,i 
pioneer  of  1849/'^  Ferry  held  the  office  of  governoi' 
from  April  1872  to  April  1880,  when  William  A. 
Newell  was  appointed.*^ 

Ferry's  administration  was  not  eventful  in  wars" 
or  political  changes,  but  covered  a  period  of  active 

^^  Salomon  and  his  German  regiment  were  much  commended  by  generals 
Schurz  and  O.  0.  Howard.  He  fougiit  at  Gettysburg  and  Chancellorsvillt. 
I'mjet  Sound  Express,  Jan.  14,  1875;  S.  F.  Alta,  ^pril2.'5,  1870. 

*"  The  territorial  officers  were  J.  G.  Sparks  auditor.  Hill  Harmon  treasiiiYi , 
lames  Rodgers  public  printer,  and  S.  H.  Mann  librarian.  Pacific  Dir.,  1870, 
\M. 

^'  The  president  of  the  council  in  1871  was  H.  A.  Smith  of  Snohomish, 
chiof  clerk  Elwood  Evans,  assistant  clerk  James  M.  Hayes,  sergeant-at-arms 
R.  L.  Doyle,  enrolling  clerk  Annie  F.  Tuck,  chaplain  J.  R.  Thompson.  In 
the  lower  branch  of  the  legislature  J.  J.  II.  Van  Bokkelen  was  chosen  speakir, 
\y.  S.  Baxter  chief  clerk,  VV.  Byron  Daniels  assistant  clerk,  A.  B.  Youul; 
t nroUing  clerk,  D.  P.  ''Vallace  sergeant-at-arms,  David  Helsler  door  kec'iHi . 
Wash.  Jour.  Council,  1871,  4-9. 

*'^Beach  was  from  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y,  He  came  to  the  Pacific  coast  in 
the  early  days  of  gold-mining,  and  to  Puget  Sound  in  1861,  where  he  had  fol- 
lowed logging,  printing,  farming,  and  surveying  at  different  times,  being  an 
industrious  and  able  man.  He  died  on  returning  from  a  visit  to  Washington 
city  in  the  spring  of  1873,  of  pleuro-pneumonia.  Olympia  Wash.  Stauilarl, 
May  S,  1873. 

'^  \V.  A.  Newell  was  a  native  of  Franklin,  Ohio,  whose  family  remo\  ed  u> 
that  state  from  New  Jersey.  Ho  returned  there  and  entered  Rutgcr's  colKui , 
graiUiating  in  the  class  with  U.  S.  Judge  Bradley  and  Senator  Frolinghuy.--cii, 
aftur  whicli  he  studied  medicine  at  the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  becoming 
accomplished  in  surgery.  He  was  elected  to  congi-ess  in  1846,  and  again  m 
1848,  and  was  chosen  governor  of  New  Jersey  in  1856.  In  1864  he  was  again 
leturned  to  congress.  He  ran  against  George  B.  McClellan  in  1877  for  gov 
urnor,  but  was  beaten,  and  in  ISSO  President  Hayes  tendered  him  the  ollicc  ot 
governor  of  Washington,  which  he  accepted.  It  is  said  of  him  that  wliilc  in 
congress  he  originated  the  life-saving  system  now  in  use  on  the  coasts  of  tin' 
U.  S.,  by  which  many  thousands  of  lives  have  been  saved;  and  also  thiit  in 
made  the  first  movement  to  establish  an  agricultural  bureau.  He  was  ovii- 
60  years  of  age  when  appointed  to  Washington,  but  liale  and  vigorous.  Trui- 
Ion  ( Is'.  J.)  Gazette,  in  Olympia  Wash.  Stawlard,  May  21,  1880;  Pugct  Sound 
Mail,  Maj;  29,  1880;  Xew  Tacomn  X.  l\  Coast,  May  15,  1880. 

**It  witnessed  one  Indian  war  of  brief  duration  in  which  Idaho  was  tlio 
BulTerer.     Of  this  I  shall  Kpeak  later. 


RULE  OF  GOVERNOR  FERRY. 


283 


;  still  rc- 
the  terri- 
the  year 
L'gate,  tho 
iding,  and 


n 


41 


3  WttS  sue- 
3neral,  his 
n  the  land 
.  Beach,  ;i 
governs f 
'illiam    A. 

in  wars" 

i   of  active 

led  by  generals 
Ihancellorsvillu. 

ro. 

rmon  treasurer, 
oiJicDir.,  1S70, 

of  Snohomish, 
irgeant-at-arins 
"'hompbon.  In 
ihosen  speaker, 
A.  B,  Youul; 
sr  door-keeper. 

Pacific  coast  in 
lere  he  had  I"!- 
times,  being  an 
to  Washington 
Wsh.  Standar'l, 

lily  rcmo\'ei.l  to 
litgcr'scclU'gi', 
I'rcUnghuysen, 
^nia,  becoming 
I  and  again  in 
\  ho  was  again 
1877  for  gov- 
Im  tho  olUce  of 
1  that  wliile  in 
coasts  of  the 
Id  also  that  ho 
He  was  over 
tjorous.  TriH- 
Piiijet  Sound 

;dalio  was  tlie 


icrowth.  He  reestablished  civil  government  over 
the  Haro  archipelago  in  October  1872,  by  making  it 
temporarily  a  part  of  tho  county  of  Whatcom,  until 
reorganized  by  the  legislature,''^  and  was  a  witness  of 
the  closing  scenes  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company's 
occupation  of  the  territory  through  the  claims  of  the 
Puget  So'md  Agricultural  Company. 

It  was  during  Ferry's  administration,  also,  that 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railway  constructed  the  Puget 
Sound  division  from  Kalama  to  New  Tacoma,  })assing 
Olympia  eighteen  miles  to  the  east,  in  resentment  for 
which  slight  put  upon  the  capital  the  citizens  (jf 
Thurston  county  constructed  with  their  own  money 
and  labor,  the  women  of  the  county  assisting,*"  a 
narrow-gauge  railway  from  Olympia  to  Tenino,  a  dis- 
tance of  fifteen  miles,  which  was  completed  and  opened 
tor  travel  in  July  1878. 

The  territorial  secretaries  during  Perry's  adminis- 
tration were  J.  C.  Clements,  1872  to  1875,  Henry  G. 
Struve*'  from  1875  to  1877,  and  N.  H.  Owings^^  from 
1877  to  1884.     Ferry's  administration  extended  over 

''  An  'act  to  create  and  organize  the  connty  of  San  Juan'  out  of  the  islands 
forming  the  Haro  archipelago  was  passed  October  ,31,  1873,  the  county 
seat  being  temporarily  located  at  the  'old  landing  of  tho  Hudson's  15ay  Com- 
pany.' Charles  McCoy,  Samuel  Trueworthy,  and  Joseph  A.  Merrill  were  ap- 
pointed county  commissioners.    Wash.  Stat.,  1873,  461-3. 

"The  building  of  this  railroad  was  made  a  labor  of  lovo  by  the  volunteer 
«  ork  accorded  to  it.  The  governor  and  territorial  officers,  and  all  the  most 
prominent  citizens,  worked  at  clearing  and  grading  on  regular  days,  called 
ticUl-days,  when  their  wives  and  daughters  accompanied  them  to  the  place 
indicated  by  the  superintendent  of  construction,  and  carried  with  them  ample 
stores  of  provisions,  which,  being  prepared  and  served  by  them  witli  mucli 
mirth  and  amiability,  converted  tho  day  of  labor  into  general  holiday. 

*'  Struvc  had  been  in  the  regular  army  as  a  soldier,  having  enlisted  in  tho 
1st  regiment  of  dragoons  in  1854.  Tho  N'civ  York  Sun  of  April  2S,  187;"),  ac- 
cuscil  him  of  desertion  for  having  failed  to  report  himself  to  a  provost-marshal 
vitliin  GO  days  after  tho  issuance  of  Lincoln's  proclamation  of  March  11,  1SG5 
—which  failure,  according  to  law,  made  him  forever  incajiable  of  holding 
olliee.  But  this  stigma  was  explained  away  subsequently,  tho  president 
having,  owing  to  somo  peculiar  circumstances,  cancelled  his  enlistment 
and  ordered  his  discharge.  Olympia  Waa/i.  Standard,  Oct.  3,  187').  Struvo 
married  a  daughter  of  H.  M.  Knighton,  mentioned  in  my  History  of  Orc'wv. 
He  was  prosecuting  attorney  of  the  2d  jud.  dist  for  18(18-9,  anil  for  a  time 
was  editor  of  tho  Vancouver  Re<ji8ter. 

^''N.  H.  Owings  was  born  in  Indiana.  Ho  served  in  the  union  army  dur- 
ing ilio  rebellion.  At  its  close  ho  was  appointed  register  of  the  land-oflico  in 
Colorado,  and  subsequently  held  tho  office  of  speciin  agent  of  the  postal  rail- 
way acrvicc.  Olympia  Wash.  Standard,  March  31,  1877. 


264 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


Bii-ii' 


i\-  i 


four  biennial  sessions  of  the  legislature,*''  during  which 
time  the  laws  were  frequently  amended  and  improved, 
the  legislation  of  Washington  being  from  the  first 
liberal  and  progressive.  The  revised  statutes  of 
the  United  States,  approved  June  1874,  made  some 
changes  in  the  mode  of  filling  territorial  offices.  Jus- 
tices of  the  peace  and  all  general  oflficers  of  militia 
were  required  to  be  elected  by  the  people,  in  such  a 
manner  as  the  legislature  might  prescribe;  but  all 
other  officers  not  provided  for  in  the  revised  statutes 
should  be  appointed  by  the  governor  and  confirmed 
by  the  council.  This  new  system  of  appointment  re- 
moved from  the  governor  the  opportunity  of  exercis- 
ing any  arbitrary  power,  and  affected  all  territories 
alike. 

The  democratic  convention  of  1874  renominated 
McFadden,  who,  being  at  that  time  ill  in  Pennsylva- 
nia, telegraphed  the  withdrawal  of  his  name.  B.  L. 
Sharpstein  of  Walla  Walla  was  then  made  the  nomi- 
nee of  the  party  for  delegate  to  congress.  Sharpsteiii 
was  a  lawyer  of  good  abilities  who  had  represented 
Ills  county  in  the  territorial  council  in  1866-7.  J. 
!M.  Murphy  of  the  Olympia  Standard  was  chairman 
of  this  convention,  which  met  at  Vancouver. 

The  republican  convention,  which  met  at  the  same 
l)lacc,  chose   Thomas   H.   Brents'^"  of  Walla  Walla 

*"  The  officers  of  the  legislature  ia  1873  were  William  McLane  president 
of  t'iic  council,  Bcriah  Browoi  chief  clerk,  J.  N.  Gale  assistant  clerk,  Ltvi 
Miclton  sergeaiit-at-arms,  William  Fowler  door-keeper,  C.  A.  Huntington 
tliaplain.  lu  tho  lower  house  N.  T.  Caton  was  speaker,  Charles  W.  Fiiisli 
thief  clerk,  Jason  E.  Ebey  assistant  clerk,  W.  Gness  engrossing  clerk,  Mary 
(/"Neil  enrolling  clerk,  Jacob  Isaac  sergeant-at-arms,  ana  Rev.  P.  E.  Uylaiul 
iliaplain.    Wash.  Jour.  Council,  1873,  5-7. 

^"Says  W.  C.  Johnson  of  Oregon  City,  in  an  address  before  the  Oregon 
i'ionccr  Association  in  1S81:  'Brcuta  got  liis  start  in  tho  "brush  end"  of 
Clackamas  county.  His  father  in  early  days  was  county  commissioner. 
^  oung  Brents  learned  something  in  district  school,  was  for  a  short  time  in 
<iillogc  at  McMinuville,  Yamhill  county,  read  law,  practised  in  San  Fran 
(.isco  several  years,  and  then  settled  at  Walla  Walla,  where  ho  acquired  a 
j^ood  practice  and  is  highly  esteemed.  Ho  is  exceedingly  industrious,  book- 
ish in  his  tactes,  and  is  one  of  God's  noblemen — an  honest  man.'  Portland 
tJreijoiiiaii,  June  21,  1881.  Brents  was  at  one  time  expressman  in  tho  upper 
country,  about  1801-2,  during  tho  excitement  about  the  Nez  Perc^and  Salmon 
River  mines. 


MCTION  OF  DELEGATE 

■t'b?,^:i:^d  "a?:^"ttt^.?o  Jaeobs  for  dele^atT 
-'■■oh  was  conferred  upofjl  J^'r  "'"•^''  J"«««esh  1 ! 

gard  United  State.,  prosccutii"^,?'"'  by  S,  C.  Win" 
"«  taken  by  John  B.  Allen  ^.fo,™''^'- '"'''"''  P'^^e 

;a.^  elected  by  a  large  ma^oritv  ,1  ^"P'"-"  '^^"'^^ 
"■e  mountains  for  the  Ct  t' m^e'  *'"',™'">t'os  east  of 

""'I'or  of  votes  fo..  a  renufe n  ""?  "'^  Jf«»t«^- 
ili'legateship,  showing  that  th?  nommcc"  for  thi; 
'SC2-4    overflowed  Von,     he    r.f™*'''^  "'"'=1'  ' 

e  tied  on  Commencemert  IW  ,/"f  °'''  T"»r.  »ho 
lacoma  now  stands."  Ho  wnf  '^'^^  "'here  Now 
f.atern.ty  of  tho  territory  of  -  '""'''"'•  "'" ""-" '"-"' 
■'^■■■■g  address;  but  leTasuS  /"'""'^  •■"«'  "''■^«- 
.'"■y  against  Jacobs,  who  was  "i'''  '",?'''-y  tho  torri- 
"can  party.     Af  tlL  <■   i      ■    '^'^B'ected  by  tho  rooni, 

"•  '8^8  TL,„as  H^B^rw?  ''"""---"■■'I  eW?"t 

party    and  served  two  termTi;;''"™"''  "'y«"=  «■>■■■' 
nr«t  election   h^  ,  ^^uns   in   cono-res^       a^  i- 

,;'Tho  position  was  first  off     ^  "^  '  ^'^PP^'OVal   of   state 

"TI.0  0/,y,«p;«' J;,„,^;^[P;t^m  l^d  3,500,  Jacobs  4  <m 

^««  employed  as  school  ea°h"'°  ""  ,  ''epreaentltives  il^l  s?l  *°'T''°"'»l  libra- 
waa  tt  partner  in  . ,"°7-teaclicr  unti  ho  finiahpr)  h;   i      ^^*''*'  "^tcr  wJiich  \m 

Oct.  7.^876"  "  *"«  '^^  office  of  ^"4  Mctto^lStV'^i'C^^^^^ 


286 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


, 


I  ':,i: 


government;  2d,  extension  of  time  to  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad;  3d,  improvement  of  the  Snake  and 
other  rivers  by  the  general  government.  The  6th 
resolution  declared  the  Indi?  n-reservation  system  a 
failure,  and  called  for  the  breaking-up  of  the  tribal 
relation,  or  the  consolidation  of  reservations  into  one, 
which  should  be  under  military  control.  The  5th  res- 
olution charged  upon  the  republican  party  a  wide- 
spread commercial  distress. 

The  platform  of  the  republicans  protested  against 
an  irredeemable  currency;  favored  extension  of  time 
to  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway,  provided  it  should 
construct  twenty-live  miles  of  road  annually;  approved 
the  restoration  to  the  public  domain  of  the  lands  oF 
the  branch  line  originally  located  over  the  Skagit 
pass  of  the  Cascades;  besought  government  aid  in 
the  construction  of  the  Seattle  and  Walla  Walla  rail- 
road i^''  opposed  the  dismemberment  of  the  territory; 
urged  the  passage  of  an  enabling  act  for  state  pui- 
])oses  by  congress;  denounced  Chinese  immigration 
and  the  existing  manasfement  of  the  Indians.'^*'  From 
these  two  schedules  of  party  principles  and  aims  the 
general  drift  of  territorial  affairs  at  this  period  may 
bo  gathered. 

Ever  since  1867-8  a  movement  had  been  on  foot  to 
annex  to  Washington  that  strip  of  country  forming  a 
handle  to  Idaho  on  the  north,  comprising  the  counties 
of  Nez  Perce,  Shoshone,  and  Idaho.'^'  These  counties 
did  not  all  lie  in  the  "long  narrow  strip"  described  in 
a  legislative  memorial  to  bo  only  fifty  miles  wide,  bii! 
congress  was  asked  to  assume  that  they  did.  And 
these  voracious  memorialists  did  "further  show"  thai 

^•■Thc  Seattle  and  Walla  Walla  railroad  was  built  iu  the  same  manner  a- 
the  Olynipia  and  Tcnino  I'oad,  by  the  exertions  of  the  people  of  Seattle.  Tin' 
lirst  ground  was  broken  in  1874,  when  on  the  1st  of  May  the  citizens,  nion. 
wouKJu,  and  children,  turned  out  and  graded  a  mile  of  road  before  niglitfali. 
Un  the  14th  they  repeated  this  action  and  graded  another  mile.  Haviii.' 
made  this  beginning,  the  work  was  carried  forward,  and  20  miles  of  ro.ii 
intended  to  be  the  Cascade  division  of  the  Northern  Pacific  was  coinplett'.i 
Sealtle  Post-Iiitetligencer,  Sept.  15,  1883. 

'"'^Olympia  'Iranscript,  Oct.  19,  1878;  Olympia Standard,  Sept.  14,  187S 
"'See  petition  of  Washington  legislature,  in  Wanh.  Slat.,  1807-8, 170-7. 


VIEWS  OF  THE  PARTIES. 


287 


tho  representatives  of  the  said  counties  in  order  to 
rvach  Boise  City  were  compelled  to  travel  through  a 
lai'^o  portion  of  Washington  and  Oregon,  a  distance 
(if  over  500  miles,  at  a  great  expense  to  their  territory; 
to  cure  which  evil,  it  was  claimed  that  they  desired  to 
tnivol  125  miles  farther,  at  the  expense  of  Washing- 
ton, to  reach  Olympia! 

There  was,  indeed,  a  wish  on  the  part  of  those 
iuliabitants  of  Idaho  north  of  the  Salmon  Range  to 
be  ]eunited  to  Washington.  In  1873  another  memo- 
rial was  passed  in  the  legislature  of  Washington,  setting 
I'ortli  the  benefits  to  be  derived  to  the  north  of  Idaho 
from  annexation,''^  which  received  as  little  attention 
ill  congress  as  the  former  one.  Not  long  after,  a 
xhonie  was  found  to  be  on  foot  to  create  a  new  terri- 
tuiy  out  of  eastern  Washington  and  northern  Idaho, 
this  being  the  dismemberment  to  which  both  repub- 
licans and  democrats  were  opposed  in  the  laying-down 
I 't' their  principles. 

iJoth  parties  were  agreed  in  disapproving  of  the 
reservation  system,  which  had  brought  on  another 
Indian  war,  in  which  that  portion  of  the  Nez  Perces 
which  acknowledged  Joseph  as  chief  had  massacred 
all  entire  settlement  in  Idaho  and  alarmed  tho  whole 
country.^''  Both  parties  wished  for  the  completion  of 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  and  favored  extension 
nf  time  as  a  means  to  that  end.  Both  believed  the 
time  had  come  for  a  state  constitution,  being  satis- 
led  that  as  a  territory  congress  would  ignore  their 
demands  for  internal  improvements,  harbors,  and 
cnast  defences,  with  an  unjust  degree  of  parsimony  on 
iiMe  hand  and  favoritism  on  the  other."'' 


'  lla.s/t.  Slat.,  1S7:I,  COS. 
"Soc  J I  {"fori/  of  I(lahi),  this  vulunie. 

''"  From  the  ivjiort  of  tho  secretury  of  war  for  1883  it  appears  that  tlu' 
\Uinlc' amount  expcnilcd  on  river  and  harbor  improvements  in  tho  Uuitnl 
>tatis  between  178!)  and  188'2  was  $105,790,501,  the  most  of  it  subsequent  to 
isiil,  Tho  whole  share  of  tho  Pacific  coast  in  these  appropriations  amounts 
tMS2,l.-,7,-233,  of  which  California  lias  had  $1,492,428,  Oregon  §049,305,  Idaho 
J^IO,(K>0,  and  Wasliington  territoiy  §5,0001  S.  F.  Chronicle,  Jan  25,  1884, 
Population  and  apportionment  of  representatives  aside,  such  parsimony, 
whtru  a  proper  degree  of  expenditure  would  produce  more  magnificent  results 


288 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


m  ii 


! 


The  legislature  of  1867-8  passed  an  act  to  submit 
the  question  of  calling  a  constitutional  convention  to 
the  people  at  the  next  general  election,  but  the  meagre 
vote  polled  in  1869  showed  them  to  be  indifferent  oi' 
undecided.  The  legislature  of  that  year  passed  an- 
other act  calling  for  a  vote  in  1870,  and  making  it 
the  duty  of  the  next  legislature,  should  there  bo  ;i 
majority  in  favor  of  a  convention,  to  provide  for  the 
holding  of  it.*^^     Again  the  people  were  indifferent. 

The  legislature  of  1871  repeated  the  enactment  of 
1809,  with  the  addition  that  the  governor  should  give 
notice  in  his  proclamation  that  the  legp.1  voters  of  the 
territory  were  required  to  vote  for  or  against  a  state 
convention,  but  with  the  same  result  as  before.  In 
1873  another  act  was  passed  of  a  similar  nature,  in 
the  hope,  by  mere  iteration,  to  bring  the  voters  up  to 
the  mark  of  taking  an  interest  in  the  matter.  The 
whole  vote  cast  "against  convention"  was  less  than  ;i 
fourth  of  the  popular  vote  for  delegate,  but  enough  to 
defeat  the  movement. 

In  its  turn,  the  legislature  of  1875  took  up  the  sub- 
ject, passing  another  act  similar  to  the  last,"^  which 
called  out  in  1876  a  vote  of  over  7,000,  and  a  majority 
for  convention  of  4,168.  Accordingly  the  succeediuij;- 
legislature^  appointed  a  state  constitutional  convention 
to  be  held  at  Walla  Walla  in  June  1878,  the  delegates 
being  elected  in  April. 

tban  in  almost  any  portion  of  the  union,  is  a  short-sighted  policy  in  the  fed- 
eral government,  which  every  year  renders  more  distasteful  to  the  people  on 
the  Paciflc  coast. 

«» Seattle  Intelligencer,  May  23,  1870. 

""The  president  of  the  council  in  1875  was  B.  F.  Shaw,  chief  clerk  A.  J. 
Cain,  assistant  clerk  C.  C.  Perkins,  sergeant-at-arms  Chark-s  Stockton,  door- 
kec'i'''.  i< rank  Lampson,  enrolling  clerk  Emma  Nichols,  engrossing  clerk  Cla'.a 
Gove.  Speaker  of  the  house  Elwood  Evans,  cliief  clerk  R.  G.  O'Brien,  assist- 
ant clerk  S.  L.  Crawford,  sergeant-at-arms  Luke  Aloore,  door-keeper  F.  M. 
Jones,  enrolling  clerk  James  A.  Hughes,  engrossing  clerk  Estella  Gallihi  i-. 
JKasA.  Jour.  Home,  1875,  (5-10. 

"T.  M.  Reed  was  chosen  president  of  tlie  council  in  1877,  and  T.  B.  Mur- 
ray chief  clerk.  In  the  house,  R.  G.  Newland  was  elected  speaker,  and  11.  *  '<. 
O'Brien  chief  clerk.  Olpmpia  Wash.  Standard,  Oct.  6,  1877.  Miss  C.  K. 
Myers  was  chosen  enrolling  olerk,  and  Miss  S.  Galliher  engrossing  clerk,  fur 
the  house;  Fannie  Baldwin  enrolling,  and  Anna  Knighton  engrossing,  clcik 
for  the  council.  Wash.  Jmir.  House,  1877,  7-8.  In  the  council  were  5  repub- 
licans and  4  democrats;  in  the  house  Iti  republicans  and  13  democrats. 


SHALL  WASBINGTO.V  BE  A  STATE! 


placo  aa  ordered  bfprocla'r""  f  <''-*'^S«t««   took 
■'o-spapers  complii^eTof  £'"  "\f''  governor,  the 
accounting  for  it  by  savin  J  th  '  /""T  "^  "><=  P"l'lo 
"UW  fail  in  congLTVtlLlTf  ""^  ■"°™n'«.'" 
a  ".ajonty  of  the%oti„g  rf^'j'^ Jl"'  ':?»^''»  »-as,  that 
K.«s  .should  continue  to  pav  th!       '""'"^  ">^'  <='"'- 
i.cpal  government  nntif  th!         ^f "?''"  °^  «'°  '"«- 
'■an  40,000,  reached  the  „un.bsr''f''o'""'  ""»  '«^=' 
I'y  the  general  apportionment   mi  ?*''°''*'  '•«'l'">o<l 
■"'■"!  'or  of  eongreis.     Out  Td Ir  w'",  -S'™  «'<=".  a 
admitted  tliat  if  any  terri^orv  if  ^^f'-''^*™  ''  "as 
from  the  law  it  was  this  on?  n 5  '  '  "'"'  ««™Ptio„ 
area  and  great  resources  and  li^r'''""^  "">  """  onse 
«'"<^h  would  rapidly  be  drawn  trl?^  ""'x Population! 
l*"Mne  a  state,  with  all  t'^      i"""""  "'''«'  it  should 

""I' the  other'Paerfic    tate:«^T/r^  °'  '^^ 
'"ciits  put  forward  t„  ^t  Jionie  the  ir,»„ 

Fopio  it  larg;:^,  tV rrred"'^  »P»*>  0?  «: 
'''^^■Jy  to  resu  t  from  nrU   -    •       ?^^  ^''*^^"c  of  nronorf^r 
""•"'I  "-re  than Xt    hr"  """  '"^  "»iorvh  ci^ 
'"«»';  the  appronrSti,    '      >■'?""*'  "^  ^'^'to  govern 
?'''M««iti„n  >■  north  TM  "''"?'?  '™"'''  l^c  dSe    a 

J"i"«l  to  Washi"°ton   bn  ";  '"','"''  "'^^  «-^"-ti.4  io    0 
-■^'-■i<i  be  admit  tedlS  1""'  '^''- """''  *'"•■'"- 

»''"';  its  present  boundary  i  -'^''"tory  included 

;-ti"s  t  rresXf «  'f  ="^*''  '■"  -"?--  Jacob, 

"   Washmgton  as  a  .state  of  Jlf,,  "'  *''°  "d'n^sion 

W.  After  it  was  sett  edthirtl?""'"'  '"  ^^"^"'bor 
"•""stitutional  convent  on  t  f  i"'"  "•''■"  '■«'">'  t"  bo 
""'  '".turo  state  wJd  'eusU  '"'■''•'"'  °''''  "»"'«  for 
"•■r« 'mportant  is.sue,  ,  "'°''°  *'''■'"  any  „rt'. 

;"'-'i"»--ngtoth:rm:!?^:,r;'."'«; "'  «-■'  '•"''''• 

"'»'  presented  to  congress  for  terr^"''^'  ^'■'"^■'' ''  »a,s 


i  - 


290 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


The  convention  met  at  Walla  Walla  Juno  1 1 , 
1878,  a  delegate  from  northern  Idaho  being  also 
present,  but  without  a  vote.  A  new  boundary  v\;w 
fixed  for  the  eastern  portion  of  the  state,  includincj 
the  panhandle  of  Idaho,  In  the  declaration  of  rights 
it  was  said  that  "no  person  on  account  of  sex  should 
be  disqualified  to  enter  upon  and  pursue  any  lawful 
business,  avocation,  or  profession,"®^  but  all  attempts 
to  have  stricken  out  the  word  'male'  as  a  qualifi- 
cation for  voters  failed.  The  instrument  gave  the 
legislature  power  to  amend  itself,  made  the  sessions 
biennial,  gave  that  body  authority  to  adopt  the  sys- 
tem known  as  the  preferential  system  in  dealing 
representatives,  and  limited  its  sessions  to  forty  day^'. 
Special  legislation  was  forbidden;  no  lotteries  could 
be  authorized,  or  divorces  granted.  The  courts  wuc 
reorganized;  taxes  made  uniform  under  general  laws; 
the  power  to  tax  corporate  property  could  never  bo 
suspended;  the  public  school  fund  could  never  be 
reduced;  educational  and  penal  institutions  should 
be  provided;  the  legislature  should  have  power  to 
change  the  location  of  the  seat  of  government,  which 

•"  This  declaration  of  the  rights  of  women  was  the  outcome  of  several 
years  of  ofFort  oa  the  part  of  the  advocates  of  woman  suffrage,  the  apostk'  cf 
which  was  Mrs  Abigail  Scott  Duniway  of  Oregon,  proprietor  of  the  Km) 
Northircut,  a  journal  devoted  to  the  enfranchisement  of  women.  Slie  hcgaii 
the  canvass  of  Oregon  and  Washington  ia  1870,  making  at  first  ratlitr 
awkward  attempts  at  oratory,  but  rapidly  improving,  until  her  spooilics 
on  the  suIJVago  (juestion  commanded  attention  everywhere.  Mrs  Duuiuay 
attended  the  Walla  Walla  convention  as  a  reporter.  An  act  was  passed 
in  1871  with  tlio  evident  design  of  putting  an  end  to  Mrs  Duniway's 
eeiges  of  the  legislatures.  It  declared  that  'hereafter  no  female  sluiU 
have  the  riglit  of  ballot  or  vote  at  any  poll  or  election  precinct  in  tliis 
territory,  until  the  congress  of  the  United  States  of  America  lihall,  liy 
direct  legislation  upon  the  same,  declare  the  same  to  bo  the  supreme  l:i\v 
of  the  laud.'  Wmh.  Stnt.  1871,  175.  However,  in  1879  an  act  was  passcl 
entitled  'An  act  to  establish  and  protect  the  rights  of  married  women,' as 
follows:  'Sec.  1.  All  laws  which  impose  or  recognize  civd  disabilities  upon 
a  wife,  which  are  not  imposed  or  recognized  as  existing  as  to  the  liusliaml, 
are  hereby  abolished.  Sec.  2.  Henceforth  the  rights  and  responsiljilities 
of  the  parents,  in  the  absence  of  misconduct,  shallue  equal.'  The  traimis 
of  this  absurd  law  did  not  perceive  that  they  were  merely  heaping  responsi- 
bilities upon  women  without  allowing  them  the  means  of  adequately  dis- 
charging them.  Nor  did  the  Olympia  newspaper  editor  see  more  clearly 
when  he  called  this  '  the  first  married  woman's  emancipation  bill  on  this 
continent.'  The  bill,  such  as  it  was,  passed  without  a  dissenting  vuicc, 
Olympia  Standard,  Nov.  21  and  Dec.  6,  1879. 


THE  COXliTTTUTIOX. 


f'houU  1)0  submitterl  f  ±  "^' 

K-.oral  election  next  foUo™^:l*''^P™.PIo  at  the 
constitution;  the  qualificatb'? nf  f  "P'""'  »''  tl'o 
oit.zcns  of  the  United  S        "^  ""^rs  who  were 

a..d  ahens  must  have  d«;S^H    ■>''■ '1'  *'"=  "^"""tv, 
•■"""ng  citizens  six    mo^  hs   k'*""'  ""^ti™  of  bo- 
aiticles  were  left  to  hn  ,    *  i     ^'"'"'^  vot  uff.     Thrrr. 
'"™l  option,  a  ten*"    ;a^,  '1"'^"  ^^P""*^''^.  ""'"o 
J^2^-..-tio^nT?h~hlnr-^^^^^^^^ 

".'l'5o5:fV:^,;tr^^^^^^^^^    ^^'''<=1>  occupied 

'«<' ,  passed  'no  oXll  ft"  the""'^''-"^     ^ong^s 
iry  voluntary,  and  therefore         '^""^ntion "was 
rf'«'tual  until  ratified        '"'■*°"'  «>e  constitution  i„- 
iJclogate  Thonna  w  r. 

■>«-o>l  Ihe  state  of  vVaswf'  t^i" '"  ^"^■""'er 
•""0"  immediately  on  tat  "f*,""  '^^'^  f ^option  into  the 

<l."a„didate  for  {he  honorf  o    .fTV"  ?"'^'"'''  l">t 
«'"'!«1  in  the  national  le"S,f     *''''?'=,hood  was  not  re- 

i'  '-I"'   growth    had     ef  t'"Sr'"  I  '^™^'  ^1"'°"=^^^' 
'"■"light  about  bynavif^t;       "',"'   *''«  'lovclopmcnt 

-;  the  territory^,;Stru:;ft  fi"""' .""'"p'"'- 
fl  0  members  of  the  lo.Ts kt         f  "''"'  condition 

■"•S>'ly  of  the  pioneer  dasfai*?  T^i^"''  ™>-o  stiil 
^■"■Mg  resided  in  the  t^w  f,     '''"  '''"^  '"cn'I'crs 
Tl'c  other  half  were  yoim'm  :„    /  '''"^"'y-fivo  years 
K^t'ons,-  the  newer  elem™t  nm^  •  "'"'"  '''"'^  '"""i- 

••Ti,on,    .  ""  P"^"""""'?  soon  to  be  the 

''"'^  S.f'„?„^°;  "■»?.  from  c»ncilottS"'^-  Pri'"  "  Sum? 


:i 


I 


•;. 


292 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


founders,  and  to  become  themselves  builders  of  em- 
pire.    In  the  judiciary  there  had  occurred  a  change 

in  Ohio;  ago  28;  came  to  the  territory  in  1871;  publisher  of  the  HcdhL 
Elliot  Clinc,  born  in  Pa;  age  (10;  iminigratud  in  18o"J;  f.irnicr  by  ocuupatimi; 
resiilcuco  New  Dun^^cncsa.  J.  II.  Day,  born  in  Va;  ago  GO;  inimi;4ratc'il  in 
1802;  druggist;  rcsiilcnco  Walla  Walla.  S.  Ct.  DiuUey,  lidrn  in  N.  Y.;  ai,'ii 
45;  iminigratuil  in  1874;  fanner;  residence  Seattle.  R.  O.  l)ui\1)ar,  horn  in 
111.;  ago  4o;  imnu^'ratcd  in  1840;  lawyer;  residenco  (iDldeuilalu. 
J.  IJ.  La  Pu,  l)oru  in  N.  Y.;  age  4.");  immigrated  in  1S.").1;  farmer;  re.sidciico 
Mount  Cotlin.  John  McCUynn,  born  in  Ireland;  ago  34;  camo  in  1872;  liotd- 
kcepcr;  reiidenco  La  Conner.  L.  JI.  Ringer,  l)orn  in  Va;  ;igo41;  eaim!  in 
1873;  merchant;  residence  Almota.  A.  F.  Tulli.s,  born  in  Ind. ;  ago  4!>;  im- 
migrated in  1852;  farmer;  rcaideiico  Chehalis.  Allen  Weir,  chief  clerk, 
born  in  Cal. ;  age  25;  camo  in  1800;  publisher;  residence  Port  TDwriscnd. 
Hanmel  (!rcene,  assi.-Jtant  clerk,  born  in  Ma-ss. ;  ago42;  camo  in  1S74;  fariiicr; 
residence  Seattle.  W.  R.  Andrew^  'enrolling  clerk,  born  in  Mich. ;  age 'JS; 
camo  ni  1801;  lawyer;  residence  Li  Connor.  Emma  Kiiigliton,  bum  iu(1:-, ; 
ago21;camcin  1800;  residence  Olympia.  J.  H.  Wilt,  sergeant-at-ann-, 
born  in  Oliio;  ago  20;  camo  in  1870;  teaclier;  residence  Walla  \Valla.  <l. 
W.  Brant,  iloordiceper,  born  in  ^lo. ;  ago  25;  camo  in  1852;  wheelwright; 
residence  Vancouver.  Ruth  Bigclow,  messeiitrcr,  born  in  the  territory';  a^'n 
10;  residence  Olympia.  Robert  Wilson,  watchman,  born  in  N.  Y.;  ag"  47; 
immigrated  in  1855;  hatter;  residence  Walla  Walla.  J.  R.  Thomp-di, 
chaplain,  borninEng.;  ago  38;  came  in  1870;  presbytcrian  preacher;  re.d- 
denct;  Olyinpia. 

In  t!io  lower  house,  George  H.  Stewart,  speaker,  born  in  Ind.;  ag(?  ■!'*; 
immigrated  in  1850;  lawyer;  residence  Vancouver.  J.  N.  Baker,  born  in 
Ky;  iiL'c  ;;2;  iinuiigratcd  in  185.'!;  farmer;  residence  Oal:ville,  Chelialis  c  >. 
II.  iUackmau,  born  in  Maine;  ago  o2;  caiiio  in  1872;  Inmborman;  re^idciicj 
Siioliomidi  City.  C.  (,'atlin,  born  in  111. ;  age  35;  camo  in  1850;  tanner;  res- 
idoiKv  Freeport,  Cowlitz  co.  M.  F.  Cdlt,  born  in  N.  Y. ;  age  42;  came  in 
1805;  mereliant;  residence  Walla  Walla.  P.  D.  Jorup,  born  in  l)eniiKiil;: 
ago  34;  camo  in  1800;  hotcFkccper;  residence  Ut.ralady.  J.  M.  Dowai/, 
born  in  Scotland;  ago  55;  camo  in  1850;  farmer;  resid'ii-.'o  Walla  W,d!:i. 
Levi  Farnsworth,  born  in  Maine;  ago  70;  immigrated  in  1850;  shipwriiht; 
re.ndcncu  Y'akima.  J.  J.  Foster,  born  in  South  Carcdiua;  ago  55;  came  in 
18(J4;  farmer;  residenco  Waldiiakum  co.  T.  C.  Frary,  ago  30;  came  in 
1870;  pliysician;  residenco  Ponieroy.  J.  E.  Gandy,  born  in  Wis.;  age  .'"2; 
camo  in  1S05;  physician;  residenco  I'nyallup.  D.  C  <!uernscy,  horn  iiL 
Wis.;  ag(!  34;  came  in  1871;  mereliant:  residence  r)ayton.  M.  V.  Hai'ii  :■, 
born  in  Tenn. ;  age  40;  immigrated  in  1853;  surveyor;  residence  ( 'colilcml  d  •. 
S.  W.  llovey,  burn  in  Maine;  age40;  camo  in  1857;  cashier  of  Port  (.'auiMij 
Mill  Co. ;  residenco  Port  Gamble.  D.  F.  Percival,  born  in  Maine;  age  ."',1; 
camo  in  1S72;  farmer;  residenco  Rock  Creek.  J.  A.  Perkins,  born  i;i  ill; 
ago  3S;  came  in  ISlil;  farmer  and  land  speculator.  F.  C.  Purdy,  born  ia 
Tcun. ;  ago  .52;  settled  in  1854;  farnrjr,  rcsii'enco  Skokoinish.  F.  M. 
Rhoade.:,  born  in  Ohio;  ago  47;  inmiigr.TLOu  i  :  1817;  farmer;  residence  Iv  y, 
Tlmr.jton  co.  llcnry  Roder,  boiii  in  Gcruiaiiy;  ago  54;  came  in  l^'d; 
farmer;  rc-ideneo  W'hatcom  co.  B.  F.  SI  iw,  born  in  Mo.;  ag<'  51;  iniini- 
gratod  in  1814;  farmer;  residence  n^ .ii  \  ancouvcr.  L.  P.  Smith,  buni  iu 
Slai;ic;  ago  01;  canie  m  1800;  watciunaker;  residence  Seattle.  Allied 
Snyder,  born  in  X.  J.;  ago  51;  came  in  187();  salesman  at  Port  Bhi'ccliy. 
1).  J.  Storms,  born  in  (Jhio;  age  05;  came  in  1872;  farmer;  residence  A'ait;- 
l)Ui-g.  J.  A.  Taylor,  1)0111  in  N.  Y.;  age;  51;  immigrated  in  1815;  fariiier 
and  agent  for  farm  machinery;  residence  Walla  AValla  co.  ^L  R.  Till  v, 
born  in  Ind. ;  age  45;  immigrated  in  1852;  livery-stable;  residence  Olymli:'- 
S.    Troy,  born  in  Pa;  age  40;  came  in  1873;  farmer;  residenco  Now  I'l'i- 


roy, 
genesa.     A.    II.    Tucker,    ba 


N.     H.;   age   40; 


grated  iu    I'i'o'l; 


APPOINTMENTS. 


293 


of  om- 
cliango 

10   ITeriil't. 
(ccupation; 
iiii;r;itCMl  iii 
N.  Y.;  ivu'. 
lar,  born  in 
lol(U!ii'lali^ 
;  ri-'si'lfiK^*' 
187-2;  li')t.  1- 
,{;  canio  ill 
ago  4',>;  im- 
cliief  cUrk, 

Towu-iii'L 
i74;  farnu'i-; 
.(•h.;  age  -JS; 
boni  ill  Or. ; 
ant-at-avm-, 
,  Walla.  <;. 
\lietlwriglit; 
irritoiv;  ago 
.  Y.;  ag-47; 

TllOllilt-;o'.i, 
•eachcr;  rerfi- 


in  1878,  R.  S.  Greene  being  appointed  chief  justice, 
the  place  he  vacated  being  tilled  by  John  P.  Hoyt,''' 
of  Michigan.  Judge  Wingard  was  reappointed.  The 
other  federal  officers  of  this  administration  were 
N".  H.  Owings,  secretary;  C.  B.  Hopkins,  marshal; 
J.  B.  Allen,  United  States  attorney;  William 
McMicken,  collector  of  internal  revenue;  J.  R.  Hay- 
den,  deputy  collector;  Robert  G.  Stuart,  receiver  of 
public  moneys  at  Olympia;  Josiah  T.  Brown,  register 
of  the  general  land-office;  and  C.  B.  Baglcy,  deputy. 

By  an  act  of  congress,  approved  June  19,  1878,  a 
change  of  apportionment  was  made,  to  take  oflPect  in 
1881,  which  reduced  the  maximum  of  members  of  the 
lower  house  of  the  legislature  to  twenty-four  from 
thirty,  and  increased  the  council  from  nine  to  twelve. 

In  1884,  William  A.  Newell  was  succeeded  in  the 
executive  office  by  Watson  C.  Squire/*  a  veteran  of 

mecbanic;  residence  Port  Townsend.  C.  P.  Twias,  born  in  N.  H.;  ago  50; 
came  in  1870;  farmer;  residence  Napavine.  D.  B.  Ward,  born  in  Ky;  ago 
41;  came  in  1859;  teacher;  residenco  Seattle.  W.  H.  White,  born  in  Va; 
ago  37;  came  in  1871;  lawyer;  residence  Seattle.  W.  C.  Porter,  chief  clerk, 
born  in  N.  Y. ;  age  45;  came  in  187C;  lawyer;  residenco  Pomeroy.  William 
lluylies,  assistant  clerk,  born  in  Wales;  ago  31;  came  in  1875;  printer;  res- 
iileuce  .Seattle.  Louia  B.  Noble,  enrolling  clerk,  born  in  Wis.;  ago  20; 
came  in  1878;  lawyer;  residence  Walla  W^alla.  Emma  Harmon,  assistant 
enrolling  clerk,  born  in  Wash.;  age  23;  residence  Stcilacoom.  L.  P.  Berry, 
Bcrgcaut-at-arms,  born  in  Ind. ;  age  30;  immigrated  in  1853;  commission 
merchant;  residenco  Colfax.  G.  D.  Keller,  door-keeper,  born  in  Maine; 
age  71;  came  in  1858;  farmer;  residence  on  White  River.  F.  Seidel,  watch- 
man, born  in  Germany;  age  32;  came  in  1879;  carpenter;  residence  Seattle. 
\V.  !j.  Hayes,  messenger,  born  in  Ky;  age  G8;  farmer;  residence  near  Olym- 
l)i;i.  1).  N.  Utter,  ch.aplain,  born  in  Ind.;  ago  35;  camo  in  1875;  unitarian 
(ireacber;  residenco  Olympia.  The  republicans  had  a  small  majority  in  either 
house,  and  7  on  a  joint  ballot.  The  religion  of  the  asseml)ly  was  repre- 
sented by  5  Presbyterians,  4  methodists,  4  congregationalists,  2  baptists,  2 
catholics,  2  unitarians,  2  episcopalians,  and  1  lutheran.  Olympia  U'a.ih. 
Sumlanl,  Oct.  24,  1878. 

•' lloyt  had  been  appointed  governor  of  Arizona,  but  resigned.  Olympia 
Tivii-snipt,  Dec.  28,  1878. 

'  (Jovurnor  Squire  was  born  at  Capo  Vincent,  N.  Y.,  May  18,  18.^8.  lie 
gi'iulnntcil  from  tlic  Wcsleyan  university  of  Middlcton,  Conn.,  in  1859,  and 
(omnieneed  the  study  of  the  law,  but  the  war  of  tlie  rebellion  calling  him  to 
tlio  .service  of  his  country,  he  enlisted  in  1801  as  a  private,  being  promoted 
to  bo  first  lieutenant  of  co.  P.,  19th  N.  Y.  infantry.  When  the  three  mouthy' 
men  were  discharge  I  he  resumed  hi.a  studies  in  Cleveland,  O.,  and  graduated 
from  the  Cleveland  law  school  in  18G2,  after  which  he  raised  a  company  of 
sliari)-.slinotcrs,  and  was  given  the  command  of  a  battalion  of  the  same,  serv- 
ing in  tbii  army  of  the  Cumberland.  .Subsequently  he  was  judge  advocate 
oi  the  district  of  Tennesse- ,  serving  on  the  staffs  of  Maj.-Gcn.  Rousseau  and 


294 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


the  civil  war  and  a  man  of  rare  administrative  ability. 
During  his  term,  and  for  several  preceding  years,  the 
history  of  Washington,  apart  from  the  anti-chinese 
riots  of  1885-6,  was  one  rather  of  material  develop- 
ment than  of  political  significance.  Up  to  that  date, 
the  employment  of  Chinese  in  large  numbers  had 
been  almost  a  necessity,  since  for  the  construction  of 
the  transcontinental  and  other  railroads  no  adequate 
supply  of  white  labor  was  available.  But  now  the 
herding  in  cities  and  towns  of  hordes  of  chinamen 
was  becoming  a  serious  menace  to  society,  and  to  the 
working  classes  an  ever-present  source  of  uneasiness. 
Thus  in  1885,  an  attempt  was  made  by  the  Knights 
of  Labor,  an  organization  mainly  composed  of  foreign- 
ers, to  expel  them  from  the  territory.  At  Taconia 
they  were  compelled  to  leave  at  a  month's  warning; 
at  Squak  two  were  killed ;  but  it  was  at  Seattle  and 
among  the  coal-miners  that  the  agitation  assumed 
its  most  aggravated  form,  resulting  in  bloodshed 
and  general  disorder.  Fortunate  it  was  that  at  tliis 
juncture  a  ruler  was  at  the  helm  of  state  whose 
soundness  of  judgment  and  promptness  of  action  were 
equal  to  the  emergency. 

On  the  5th  of  November  Governor  Squire  issued 
a  proclamation  calling  on  the  citizens  to  presei^ve  the 
peace;  but  the  very  next  day  a  number  of  Chinese 
houses  were  set  on  fire  by  an  infuriated  mob.  Tiiere- 
upon  troops  were  ordered  from  Vancouver,  and  a 
statement  of  the  situation  forwarded  to  the  secretary 
of  the  interior,  resulting  in  a  proclamation  by  the 

Maj.-Gen.  Thoinaa.  On  the  close  of  the  war,  he  became  agent  for  tlio  Ixciii- 
ington  Arms  co.,  and  managed  their  operations  to  the  amount  of  Sir),0(K),(l(lO. 
In  187(5  he  became  interested  in  Washington,  removing  in  1879  to  Seattle, 
where  he  engaged  in  a  numl)er  of  enterijriaes  tending  to  build  up  tlie  city  of 
his  adoption,  also  becoming  the  owner  of  one  of  tlie  largest  d.iiry  farms  iu 
the  territory.  In  recognition  of  his  efforts  to  secure  for  Wasliington  tliu 
long-coveted  boon  of  statehood,  he  was  elected  president  of  the  statchoiMl 
committee  held  at  EUenaburg  in  January  1889,  and  iis  president  also  of  tliu 
permanent  committee  labored  assiduously  in  framing  tlie  memorials  aftti'- 
ward  presented  to  congress,  until  tiually  his  eflforts  and  those  of  his  colluiigiu's 
were  crowned  with  success.  As  a  soldier,  a  statesman,  and  a  politician  lii.s 
reputation  is  stainless,  and  there  are  none  wliose  career  has  bi'cii  more 
oloaely  ideutitied  with  the  prosperity  and  development  of  VVosiiingtuu. 


THE  CHINESE  RIOTS. 


295 


ative  ability, 
ig  years,  the 

anti-chinese 
rial  develop- 
to  that  date, 
lumbers  had 
instruction  of 
1  no  adequate 
But  now  the 

of  chinamen 
y,  and  to  the 
►f  uneasiness. 

the  Knights 
ed  of  foreign- 

At  Taconia 
th's  warning; 
t  Seattle  and 
tion  assumed 
in  bloodshed 
J  that  at  this 
state  whose 
if  action  were 

jquire  issued 
I  presei"ve  the 
\r  of  Chinese 
nob.  There- 
mver,  and  a 
jihe  secretary 
ition  by  the 

;;ent  for  tlm  Ixtiii- 
[ntof  §ir»,0(M),()(l(). 
Ii  1879  to  Si'attli', 
^iUl  up  the  city  of 
8t  (l;iiry  fiiriiis  in 
Washington  tlic 
I  of  the  statohcioil 
}ii(lent  also  of  tiio 
[nioinoriala  after- 
\  of  his  coUuagiu'n 
[l  a  politician  liis 
has  houii  more 
i^ashiugtou. 


president,  which  was  duly  published  and  promulgated. 
For  a  time  the  disturbance  subsided,  only  to  break 
out  again  in  more  violent  phase  in  February  of  the 
following  year,  when  lives  were  lost  in  the  effort  to 
])rotect  the  Chinese,  and  overt  rebellion  existed 
against  the  constituted  authorities.  The  governor 
tlien  adopted  the  extreme  measure  of  declaring  mar- 
tial law,  and  thus  with  the  aid  of  the  citizens  and  troops 
at  length  succeeded  in  restoring  order.  Though  such 
a  course  subjected  him  to  the  abuse  of  the  proletariat 
and  to  the  hostile  criticisms  of  a  portion  of  the  press, 
his  action  was  approved  by  all  the  more  conservative 
and  law-abiding  people  of  the  community.  By  the 
Cleveland  cabinet  he  was  warmly  commended,  and 
as  a  token  of  its  approval  his  resignation  was  not  ac- 
cepted until  long  after  the  democrats  succeeded  to 
power.  His  conduct  also  received  the  approbation  of 
the  legislature,  and  of  such  representative  associations 
as  the  Seattle  chamber  of  commerce  and  the  bar  as- 
sociation of  King  county.^^ 

During  the  regime  of  Governor  Squire,  and  at  his 
recommendation,  several  long-deferred  public  needs 
were  supplied,  among  them  the  building  of  the  peni- 
tentiary at  Walla  Walla,  the  addition  of  a  manufac- 
turing department  to  the  penitentiary  at  Seatco,  and 
the  erection  of  a  new  insane  asylum  at  Sleilacoom. 
The  finances  of  the  territory  were  carefully  adminis- 
tered, and  at  the  close  of  1885  it  was  free  from  debt, 
and  with  an  available  surplus  of  nearly  $100,000. 
His  reports  to  the  secretary  of  the  interior  arc  de- 
serving of  more  than  passiiig  notice,  as  models  of 
political  literature,  on  the  })re[)aration  of  which  no 
money  or  pains  was  spared,  'J'lie  one  for  1884  was 
declared  by  that  official  to  be  "the  best  that  had  ever 
boon  given  by  any  governor  of  any  territory."  So 
great  was  the  demand  for  it  throughout  the  east,  that, 

"*  T1\L'  entire  ■'■  ..tl  correspMidence  relatini?  to  the  Seattle  riots,  touether 
witli  ;i  wiroful  i)reHentation  of  the  matter,  will  bo  .''uuukl  iu  (juvcruur  JSiiuiro's 
report  tu  tliu  secretary  uf  the  interior  for  liiiHi, 


11 


II 


296 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


the  jrovernment  edition  being  exhausted,  the  North- 
ern Pacific  railroad  company  ordered  at  its  own  ex- 
pense a  special  edition  of  five  thousand  copies  with 
accompanying  maps.  In  the  oper  ng  paragraph  the 
governor  states  that  as  no  report  had  been  forwarded 
since  1879,  while  those  issued  before  that  date  were 
somewhat  meagre  in  their  treatment,  he  has  thought 
it  best  to  make  a  full  representation  of  the  more  im- 
portant facts  connected  with  the  resources  and  devel- 
opment of  the  territor3^  **For  this  purpose,"  ho 
says,  "I  have  diligently  corresponded  with  the  audi- 
tors and  assessors  of  all  the  counties  of  the  territorv, 
furnishing  them  printed  blanks  to  be  returned,  and 
with  all  the  manay-ers  of  its  various  educational  and 
business  institutions.  Besides  drawing  on  my  own 
knowledge  of  the  territory,  gleaned  during  a  residence 
here  during  the  past  five  or  six  years,  I  have  gath- 
ered and  compiled  a  variety  of  important  facts  from 
leading  specialists  in  reference  to  the  geographical, 
geologic,  and  climatic  characteristics,  the  coal  and 
iron  mining,  horticultural,  agricultural,  and  manufac- 
turing interests,  the  fisheries,  and  the  llora  and  fauna 
of  tlie  territory. 

"The  data  thus  offered,  together  with  the  sunnnary 
reports  of  our  charitable  and  penal  institutions,  and 
an  exhibit  of  the  financial  condition  of  the  territory, 
if  published,  will  not  only  be  of  great  service  in  en- 
couraging and  stimulating  our  people,  but  will  fur- 
nish reliable  informatioi:  to  the  intending  immigrant, 
and  will  indicate  to  congress  the  rightful  basis  of  our 
claim  for  admission  into  the  union  of  states." 

In  the  report  for  1885  we  have  a  careful  revision 
of  tlie  previous  document,  including  more  recent  data. 
Again  the  government  edition  was  speedily  exhaiisti d. 
whereupon  a  special  edition  of  ten  thousand  copies  was 
issued  by  authority  of  the  legislature,  and  inchidcd 
the  u'overnor's  biennial  messasxe  for  1885-0.  Uinl'i' 
the  title  of  the  Resources  ami  DcvdopmcKl  of  II  (^'t- 
iiKjton  Tcnitonj,  it  was  scattered  broadcast  tiirough- 


INCREASE  IN  POPULATION. 


m 


e  Nortb- 
3  own  ex- 
)pies  with 
^jrapli  the 
tbrwarded 
date  were 
IS  thought 
;  more  im- 
and  devel- 
rpose,"  ho 
I  the  audi- 
3  territory, 
urned,  and 
itional  and 
(u  my  own 
a  residence 
have  gatli- 
faets  from 
^otTTai^hical, 
.e  coal   and 
id  mauufac- 
aud  fauna 

le  summary 
hutions,  and 
ie  territory, 
[•vice  in  en- 
it  will  fur- 
liuimigvant, 
basis  of  our 

ful  revision 
rc(;ent  data, 
icxhaustrtl. 
copies  was 
Id  UichuKd 
K).     Under 
of  Wn^h- 
It  tliiough- 


out  the  United  States  and  Europe,  not  only  by  the 
Northern  Pacific  railroad,  but  by  real  estate  firms  and 
by  the  citizens  of  Washington.  To  the  representa- 
tions of  the  two  reports  is  largely  due  the  inmiense 
volume  of  immigration  within  the  last  half-decade, 
and  more  than  anything  else  that  has  been  written 
they  have  aided  in  securing  admission  to  statehood. 

Tlie  population  of  Washington  increased  from 
75,000  in  1880  to  210,000  in  1880,  owing  chiefly  to 
tlic  rapid  construction  of  railroad  lines.  The  North- 
ern Pacific  company  operated  at  the  beginning  of 
this  year  455  miles  of  railway  within  its  limits;  the 
Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  company,  295  miles; 
tlio  Columbia  and  Puget  Sound  railroad  company, 
t  miles;  the  Puget  Sound  Shore  railroad  company, 
miles;  and  the  Olympia  and  Chehalis  railroad, 
1  ■")  miles — making,  with  some  newly  completed  por- 
tions of  roads,  8GG  miles  of  railroad,  where  a  few 
years  previous  only  a  few  miles  of  local  railway  ex- 
isted. The  effect  was  magical,  all  kinds  of  business 
yiowtli  keeping  an  even  pace  with  transportation. 
Leaving  out  the  lumber  and  coal  trade  of  western 
Washington,  and  the  cattle  trade  of  eastern  Wash- 
ington, each  of  which  was  very  considerable,  the 
Xorth.ern  Pacific  shipped  to  the  east  4,1  Gl  tons  of 
wheat  and  1,G00  tons  of  other  grains,  while  the  Ore- 
ii'o!.  comjtatiV  carried  out  of  southeastern  Washington 
•JJO,000  \-mH  of  wheat,  Hour,  and  barlov.  The  ton- 
iia;'e  n\'  Pugot  Sound  vessels,  foi'oign  and  domestic, 
anidiii;  c.l  i<j  1,240,499  tons,  and  the  business  of  shi[)- 
Itiiildln;;^  \vn    acVH'G. 

'The  fedeval  and  territorial  officers,  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  Governor  Sipiire,  were  N.  H.  Owings, 
Sicretary;  K.  S.  Greene,  chief  justice;  J.  P.  Jloyt, 
S.  ('.  Wingard,  and  (jeorge  Turner,  associate  justices; 
•b  sse  (Jcorgo,  United  States  marshal;  John  B.  Allen, 
I'liited  States  district  attorney;  William  ^[cMicken, 
survi;  "-general;  C  Bash,  customs  collector;  C.  11 
Bag'.  J    I  J  E.  L.  Hcritf,  internal  revenue  collectors; 


298 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


I  ':  ! 


li  I 


John  F.  Gowey,  registrar,  and  J.  R.  Hayden,  receiver 
of  the  United  States  land-office  at  0-ympia;  F.  W. 
Sparhnof,  registrar,  and  A.  G.  Marsh,  receiver  at 
Vancouver;  Joseph  Jorgensen,  registrar,  and  James 
Braden,  receiver  at  Walla  Walla;  J.  M.  Armstrong, 
registrar,  and  J.  L.  Wilson,  receiver  at  Spokane;  and 
R.  R.  Kinne,  registrar,  and  J.  M.  Adams,  receiver  at 
Yakima.  Thomas  H.  Brents  was  delegate  to  con- 
gress. 

In  1887,  Eugene  Semple  of  Oregon,  democrat,  was 
appointed  governor  of  Washington,  Semple  had 
been  a  news[»*iper  editor,  and  possessed  fair  talents, 
with  industr.  H<>  found  public  affairs  somewhat 
disquieted  on  i  lestions  of  statehood  and  woman 
sufl'rage.  After  s  j  defeat  of  equal  suffrage  by  the 
popular  male  vote  of  1878,  the  legislature  had,  in 
1883-4,  passed  an  act  conferring  upon  women  the 
privilege  of  voting  at  all  elections.  La';er,  this  aot 
was  pronounced  unconstitutional,  and  t  fter  votiiiij^ 
at  two  elections,  serving  upon  juries,  and  holdiuif 
various  offices,  the  women  of  the  commonwealth  wen; 
disfranchised.  But  there  was  a  sufficiently  stroiii^ 
sentiment  in  favor  of  the  political  equality  of  the 
sexes  to  make  it  a  party  question  in  1886,  the  repul)- 
licans  having  incorporated  equal  suffrnTe  in  tluir 
platform,  while  a  respectable  majority  in  both  houses 
of  the  legislature  were  pledged  to  vote  for  a  bill  re- 
storing the  woman  suH'rajxe  law. 

Another  matter  upon  which  the  legislature  was 
divided  >vas  the  proposition  revived  to  remove  tlit^ 
capital  from  Olympia  to  some  more  central  location. 
favorable  mention  being  made  of  North  Yakima'^aiul 

"  Yakima  City  was  incorporated  Dec.  1 ,  1 883.  Twelve  months  later,  wlicn 
it  had  40()  •nlml>itant8,  tlie  surveyors  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  laid  out 
the  town  of  Nortli  Yakima,  4  miles  distant  from  the  old  town,  upon  a  limi'l 
and  liberal  scale,  and  proposed  to  the  people  of  the  latter  that  if  tiiey  v>wi,ld 
cuusent  to  he  removed  to  the  new  town  they  should  bo  given  as  many  lut-- 
there  as  they  possessed  in  the  old,  and  have  besides  their  buildings  iiici>\'l 
upon  tiiem  without  cost  to  the  owners.  Such  an  agreement  in  wri  inn  w;ii 
signed  by  a  majority  of  tlie  citizens,  and  in  the  winter  and  spring  of  b'^M  •'> 
over  100  buildings  were  moved  uu  trucks  and  rollers,  hotels,  a  bank,  and 


THE  CORPORATION  LAW. 


299 


1,  receiver 
ia;  F.  W. 
3ceiver  at 
,nd  James 
.rmstrono^, 
>kane;  and 
receiver  at 
te  to  cou- 


iiocrat,  was 
3inple    had 
air  talents, 
somewhat 
a,nd  woman 
age  by  the 
ire   had,  in 
women  tlie 
,er,  this  act 
ifter   votinjT 
d  holding 
ealth  wore 
tly  strong' 
ity  of  the 
the  rej^ub- 
in   tht'ir 
oth  houses 
r  a  bill  ro- 

lature  was 
emove  the 
il  location. 


(I 


Ikima'^  ani 


lithslatur,  wlii'ii 
liulroad  laiil  mit 
1,  upim  11  liriiii'l 

.  if  they  \>....l'l 
tn  as  many  lot- 
lulilings  inc»'."l 
liii  wri  in-'  «;is 

Iring  ..f  If^"^'  •'; 

U,  tt  bank,  ami 


Ellensburg.  Those  who  were  laboring  for  this  end 
expected  that  the  long-coveted  panhandle  of  Idaho 
uould  be  joined  to  Washington,  and  intended  to  use 
that  accession  of  territory  as  a  lever  to  effect  the  re- 
moval of  the  capital  east  of  the  mountains.  But  the 
people  of  western  Washington  strenuously  opposed 
the  transference  of  the  government  offices  to  the  Ya- 
kima valley,  and  succeeded  in  preventing  it. 

The  legislature  of  1887  appointed  a  commission  to 
codify  the  laws  of  Washington,  consisting  of  W.  H. 
Doolittle  of  Tacoma,  J.  H.  Snively  of  Yakima,  Thomas 
H.  Came  of  Seattle,  and  A.  E.  Isham  of  Walla  Walla. 
As  the  passage  of  the  enabling  act  rendered  it  un- 
doubted that  the  s.^te  constitution  would  differ 
materially  from  the  organic  law  of  the  territory,  the 
commission  suspended  its  labors  until  the  state  con- 
stitution had  assumed  definite  form,  when  it  reviewed 
its  work. 

The  corporation  law  received  particular  attention, 
making  provision  for  freights,  for  the  rights  of  differ- 
ent roads  to  the  use  of  each  other's  tracks,  and  the 
riglits  and  duties  of  stockholders.  All  telegraph  and 
telephone  companies  were  given  the  right  of  way  on 
tlie  Hues  of  railroad  companies  on  equal  conditions. 
Kailroadd  might  pass  along  streams,  streets,  or  high- 
ways where  life  and  property  were  not  endangered, 
but  tlie  companies  must  restore  either  of  these  to  its 
former  condition  of  usefulness.  Every  railroad  must 
construct  not  less  than  five  miles  of  road  each  year 
until  completed,  or  forfeit  its  charter.  Foreign  rail- 
roads could  not  enjoy  greater  privileges  than  domestic 
roads.  An  annual  report  was  to  be  made  by  each 
railroad  to  the  stockholders,  subject  to  the  inspection 
of  the  secretary  of  state;  besides  which  a  sworn  an- 
nual statement  was  required  of  the  officers  of  each 
company. 

ctlior  Imsiiicas  honsos  doing  their  usual  Imsiness  while  en  route.  This  was  a 
giio  I  Htniku  of  policy  on  the  part  of  the  railroad,  gunerul  land  conuiiiiisioiiur, 
ai\il  tilt!  ciiMipany,  as  it  definitely  settled  opposition,  both  to  the  now  town  and 
till!  iiirpiiration,  which  also  secured  a  year's  growth  for  North  Yiikiina  iu 
Qiuuty  days'  time.     Subaeijuoutly  tho  town  had  almost  a  phenomenal  growth. 


i  rt' 


^■%i 


300 


GOVERNMENT  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 


The  federal  officers  during  Semple's  second  term 
were  N.  H.  Owings,  secretary  ;  R.  A.  Jones,  chief  jus- 
tice; W.  G.  Langford,  George  Turner,  and  Frank 
Allyn,  associate  justices.  Charles  S.  Voorhees  suc- 
ceeded Brents  as  delegate  to  congress.'*  James 
Shields  succeeded  Hayden  in  the  receiver's  office  of 
the  land  department,  and  John  Y.  Ostrander  was 
appointed  registrar  in  1886. 

'*  John  B.  Allon,  rcpn1)lican,  was  chosen  for  congressman  by  a  majority  in 
1887  of  7,371,  over  Voorhees,  democrat,  but.  was  preveuteii  talcing  his  suat  in 
congress  by  the  prospect  of  the  x>as3age  of  an  enabling  act. 

Among  the  leading  citizens  of  Washington,  in  addition  to  those  mentioned 
elsewhere  in  this  volume,  the  following  residents  of  Spokane  Falls  are  worthy 
of  note: 

J.  N.  Glover,  a  Missourian  by  birth,  and,  it  m-j  be  said,  the  founder  of 
the  city,  settling  there,  or  rather  on  its  site,  in  1873,  and  purchasing  fi'om  two 
squatters  named  Downing  and  Scrantou  the  tract  of  land  on  which  tiieir 
shanties  were  tliLi  il:«  otdy  buililings.  First  as  the  owner  of  a  saw-mill, 
next  as  a  contractor,  then  as  the  leading  organizer  and  president  of  the  First 
National  Bank,  and  finally  as  mayor  of  Spokane,  he  lias  won  for  himself  his 
well-earned  weiiUh  and  reputation. 

In  connection  n-ith  tiie  First  National  Bank  should  be  mentioned  Horauo 
L.  Cutter,  wlio  was  als<)  one  of  its  organizers.  A  native  of  Cleveland,  0., 
in  1871  he  removed  to  Colo,  on  account  of  his  health,  and  in  the  tollowiiii,' 
year  to  Cal.,  where  for  eight  years  he  was  secretary  of  the  Sau  Jose  Siivinus 
Bank.  Settling  at  Spokane  Falls  in  1882,  he  was  appointed  cashier  and 
manager  of  the  First  National,  and  has  since  been  a  promoter  of  several  loiul- 
ing  enterprises,  as  the  electric  light  and  cal)le-roa<l  companies.  He  was  also 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  board  of  trade,  of  which  he  is  treasurer,  and  of 
the  i)ublic  library,  of  which  lie  is  president. 

The  president  and  manager  of  the  Traders'  National  Bank  is  E.  J.  Brickcll, 
s,  native  of  liid.,  but  mos^  if  whose  lifetime  has  been  passed  in  111.  aixl  Niv., 
where  he  engaged  in  merchandising  and  luniliering.  In  1884  Ik;  settled  at 
Spokane,  where  he  is  now  the  owner  of  one  of  the  largest  hardware  stores. 
Among  the  directors  of  this  bank,  and  its  former  vice-president,  is  li.  W. 
Forrest,  a  I'ennsylvanian  Iiy  birth,  and  now  one  of  the  capitalists  of  Spiikaiie, 
where  his  residence  dates  from  1879. 

Others  deserving  of  notice  are  Col  D.  P.  Jenkins,  a  native  of  O.,  and  a  law- 
yer by  profession,  who,  afterservingalmost  throughout  the  civil  war,  resumed 
practice,  lirstinTeim.  and  Ind.,  and  later  in  Colo  and  W.  T.,  whither  he  if- 
moved  for  his  healtli's  sake,  settling  ivt  Spokane  in  1870;  J.  U.  Slierwodil,  a 
son  of  the  late  H.  F.  Sherwood  of  San  Francisco,  and  who,  as  one  of  tlmsu 
who  established  the  electric-light  works,  as  presiilent  of  the  cable  i.-oinpany, 
and  in  connection  with  other  enterprises,  has  bellied  to  build  up  his  ailo|it('d 
city;  W.  I'ettet,  an  Englishman,  who  visited  California  in  184tl,  and  iu  l!SS() 
nuule  his  permanent  home  at  Spokane,  where  he  purchased  the  tirst  ckctiii'- 
liglit  plant  and  oru'ani/t'd  the  company  by  which  it  was  operated;  K.  I!. 
Hyde,  a  native  of  Wisconsin,  who  came  to  Spokane  in  1881,  two  years  later 
building,  in  conjunction  with  others,  the  Union  block,  and  since  that  date  aiM- 
in^i  a  number  of  liandstnne  editices  to  the  improvements  of  the  city;  \V.  M. 
Wolverton,  a  native  of  la,  who,  in  1881,  the  year  after  his  arrival,  tiiocted 
the  tirst  brick  building  in  Spokane,  wiiere,  until  retiring  front  business  lu 
1880,  he  was  the  owner  of  u  nourishing  hardware  store. 


nd  term 
;hief  jus- 
d  Frank 
lees  suc- 
Jamcs 
3  office  of 
Qder  was 


a  majoritj'  in 
i\('  his  scat  in 


nsc  mentioned 
ills  are  wortliy 

the  founder  of 
ising  from  two 
lU  which  thfir 
of  a  saw-niill, 
nt  of  the  Fir.st 
for  hiii>self  his 

itioncd  Horace 
,  Clevulanil,  0., 
I  the  t'oUowiiit; 
Jose  Savin;is 
cashier  and 
several  lead- 
He  was  also 
sasurer,  and  of 

K.  J.  BrickcU, 
HI.  and  Niv., 
ho  settled  at 
rdwarc  stores. 
lent,  is  U.  W. 
is  of  SpokaiiL', 

O.,  and  a  law- 
war,  resinned 
w  liitlier  he  re- 
Sherwood,  a 
is  one  of  those 
iihlo  comimny, 
ip  his  a.lo|ited 
l(i,  anil  in  ISStJ 
I)  lirst  ..■leeti'ie- 
lerated;    K.  U. 
Ivo  years  later 
1  that  date  aild- 
^  eity;  W.  M. 
Irrival,  ereotoil 
liu  business  iu 


CHAPTER  IX. 

PROGRESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 

Remarkable  Growth  of  the  Territory — Demand  fou  Statehood — En- 
AiiLiNO  Act — State  Convention — Chakactek  of  thf,  Dkleoaies — 
Constitution  Ratified — Waiting  for  a  Proci.amation— MnKrisii  of 
FiH-ST    State    Legislatuhe— CuARAcrER  of  Members— Umxpeoted 

DeLAV  of  the  pRESilDENTIAL  PROCLAMATION — ELECTION  OF  SeNATOU.S. 

From  1880  to  1888  the  progress  made  in  Washing- 
ton was  phenomenal,  and  was  felt  in  every  direction 
— ill  commerce,  manufacture,  banks,  corporations, 
scliools,  growth  of  towns,  improved  styles  of  huilding, 
ooiistruction  of  railroads,  mining,  agriculture,  and 
society.  New  towns  had  sprung  up  among  the  firs 
and  cedars,  the  Puij-ot  Sound  countrv,  and  out  of  the 
tivolo.ss  prairies  almost  in  a  night;  and  hitherto  un- 
im[)ortant  villages  had  become  cities  with  corporate 
govt'rnments,  grand  hotels,  churches,  colh^ges,  and 
opera-houses. 

The  board  of  trade  of  Tacoma  in  188r»  declared  that 
"tlio  commercial  independence  of  Washington  tcn-ri- 
tnry  acrom]mnying  the  completion  of  the  direct  lino 
(if  tlie  Northei'ii  Pacific  railroad  to  tide-water  should 
1)0  .^supplemented  by  its  political  independence  as  a 
static  of  the  American  union.  Admission  caimot  in 
decency  1)0  dela3'ed  many  years  long(*r,  wliatever 
party  influences  may  sway  congress.  Tlie  census  of 
1800  will  show  a  population  within  iXxQ  present  limits 
of  the  territory  exceeding  200,000,  and  a  pro])erty 
valuation     of     at     least   "$200,000,000."'     GovernoV 

'Tlie  state  auditor  in  November  ISSO  rciwrted  the  resources  of  the  com- 
moiiwealth  from  taxes,  licenses,  prisoi.  lahor,  etc.,  at  §37-, Slili, ;!.'». 

(801) 


302 


PROGRESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


if 


Squire  had  said  in  a  report  to  the  secretary  of  the 
interior  tliat  among  the  reasons  for  the  admission  of 
the  territory  were  the  "sterUng-,  patriotic,  and  enter- 
prising character  of  its  citizens ;  its  present  and  pro- 
spective maritime  relations  witii  the  world ;  its  position 
as  a  border  state  on  the  confines  of  the  dominion  of 
Canada,  the  most  powerful  province  of  Great  Britain ; 
its  wealth  of  natural  resources  and  growing  wealth  of 
its  people;  the  efficiency  of  its  educational  system,  re- 
quiring that  its  school  lands  should  be  allotted  and 
utilized ;  its  riparian  rights  should  be  settled,  capital 
and  immigration  encouraged,  and  the  full  manage- 
ment  and  control  of  municipal  and  county  affairs 
should  be  assumed  by  the  legislature,  which  is  not 
allowed  during  the  territorial  condition." 

Governor  Semple,  in  his  report  for  1888,  gave  the 
population  as  107,982,  showing  that  the  prophecy  uf 
the  board  of  trade  was  not  an  over-estimate  of  the 
probabilities.  The  taxable  property  was  given  at 
$84,021,182,  or  a  gain  of  $05,01)8,200  in  ten  years, 
wliich  being  taken  from  the  assessment  roll  was  con- 
sidered conservative  enough  for  the  minimum :  for  as 
the  governor  quaintly  remarked:  "Whatever  else  an 
average  American  citizen  may  neglect,  he  never  for- 
gets to  beat  down  the  assessor."  The  revenue  pro- 
duced by  a  tax  of  two  and  a  half  mills  was  $212,734.1)2, 
showing  the  ability  to  erect  and  maintain  the  necessary 
public  works  as  they  should  be  required.  There  were 
in  the  territory  in  operation  702.2  miles  of  standard 
gauge  railroads  belonging  to  the  North  Pacific  railroad 
company;  and  282.0  miles  of  the  same  gauge  belong- 
ing to  the  Oregon  railway  and  navigation  company; 
the  Seattle,  Lake  Shore,  and  Eastern  railroad  com- 
pany operated  58  miles  of  standard  gauge  road;  tlio 
Columbia  and  Puget  Sound  railroad  44.5  miles;  and 
the  Puget  Sound  and  Gray's  Harbor  railroad  10  miles 
— making  in  all  1,157.3  miles  of  broad-gauge  railways. 
In  addition,  there  were  40  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road, 
divided  between  the  Olympia  and  Chehalis  valley,  the 


PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS. 


303 


j\rill  Creek  F.  and  M.  company,  and  the  Cascade  rail- 
road— making  in  all  1,197.7  miles,  and  the  increase  of 
mileage  was  augmenting  yearly.  The  amount  of  coal 
luiued  in  the  territory  in  1888  was  1,138,801  tons. 
The  output  in  lumber  of  the  Washington  mills  in  four 
looalities  only  for  the  year  was  320,848,203  feet,  their 
capacity  being  a  million  feet  greater,  shingles  and 
lath  in  proportion.  The  amount  consumed  within  the 
territory  was  105,940,225  feet  of  lumber;  14,474,000 
lath,  and  12,921,250  shingles;  the  remainder  was  ex- 
1)01  ted.  The  estimated  capacity  of  all  the  mills  was 
1,043,596,000  feet. 

An  insane  asylum,  costing  $100,000,  was  completed 
at  Steilacoom  in  1888,  in  which  were  treated  200  pa- 
tients ;  and  $G0,000  was  appropriated  for  the  erection 
of  a  hospital  for  the  insane  at  Medical  lake  in  eastern 
Washington,  which  was  being  expended  on  the  work. 
Up  to  1887  the  territorial  prisoners  were  confined  in 
a  i>iivate  prison,  under  the  control  of  contractors,  but 
in  1887  a  penitentiary  was  completed  at  Walla  Walla, 
(M)sting  $153,000.  At  Vancouver  a  school  for  dcfect- 
ivi'  youth  was  erected,  partly  by  the  citizens  of  that 
place  donating  land,  and  the  rest  by  the  legislature, 
making  at  two  sessions  appropriations  for  that  pur- 
])ose.  The  national  guard  had  completed  its  organiza- 
tion, the  legislature  having  levied  a  tax  of  one  fifth  of 
a  mill  for  military  purposes,  and  consisted  of  two  regi- 
ments of  infantry  and  a  troop  of  cavalry — in  all  750 
otiicors  and  men.  These  and  various  other  matters, 
including  the  question  of  who  should  pick  the  hop 
crop  in  Puyallup  valley,  were  reported  to  the  secre- 
tary, and  Governor  Semple  put  it:  "We  are  rich  and 
re|)utable,  and  do  not  require  anybody  to  settle  our 
l)ills.  Give  us  the  right  to  regulate  our  local  affairs, 
and  we  will  not  only  pay  our  own  officers,  but  we  will 
render  much  service  to  the  union." 

In  1888  Miles  C.  Moore  of  Walla  Walla,  republi- 
can, was  appointed  governor  to  succeed  Semple, 
democrat,  but   only  in  time  to  be  immersed  in  the 


m 


PROGRESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


!  ■■ 


excitement  of  a  change  of  government  forms,  for  con- 
gress, on  the  22d  of  February,  1889  (very  appropri- 
ately), passed  an  enabling  act,  proposing  the  terms  on 
which  the  state  of  Washinjjton  mitjht  be  admittt'd  to 
the  union.  It  commanded  the  governor  to  issiu;  a 
proclamation  on  the  loth  of  Aprd  for  an  election  of 
seventy-five  delegates  to  a  constitutional  convention, 
the  election  to  be  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  after  tlio 
second  Monday  in  May  of  that  year.  The  delegate's 
were  directed  to  meet  at  the  capital  on  the  4th  of 
July  for  organization,  and  to  declare,  on  behalf  of  the 
people,  their  adoption  of  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  whereupon  they  should  be  authorized  to  form 
a  constitution  for  the  proposed  state.  The  constitu- 
tion should  be  republican  in  form,  make  no  distinc- 
tion in  civil  or  political  rights  on  account  of  race  or 
color,  except  as  to  Indians  not  taxed,  and  not  ho 
repugnant  to  tJie  constitution  of  the  United  Statrs 
and  the  principles  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
It  should  provide,  by  ordinances  irrevocable  without 
the  consent  of  the  United  States  and  the  people  of 
said  states,  that  perfect  toleration  of  religious  senti- 
ment shall  be  secured,  and  no  inhabitant  of  the  stati! 
ever  molested  on  account  of  his  mode  of  worship;  that 
the  people  of  the  state  should  forever  disclaim  all 
light  to  the  unappropriated  public  lands  lying  within 
the  boundaries  thereof,  or  to  the  Indian  reservations, 
which  should  remain  under  the  absolute  jurisdiction 
and  control  of  compress;  that  the  lands  of  non-residont 
citizens  of  tlie  United  States  should  never  be  taxcil 
at  a  hiohor  rate  than  tlie  lands  belonsjinii"  to  residents 
that  no  taxes  should  be  imposed  by  tlie  state  on  lanw-i 
or  property  therein  belonging  to,  or  which  miglit  \") 
thereafter  purchased  or  reserved  by,  the  Unitc>l 
States;  but  nothing  in  the  ordinances  should  precluil ' 
taxing  the  lands  owned  or  held  l)y  Indians  who  ha,  I 
severed  their  tribal  relations  and  obtained  a  titlo 
thereto  by  patent  or  grant,  except  those  lands  wliich 
congress  might  have  exempted  from  taxation,  wliicli 


'^''fC-mom  CONSIDERATION.  ^ 

ami  paid  ,.3,  t,,„  stato  "prt™ L?"  f'^''/', '«'  -^•■»'  ^ 

"f  sections  l;ad  been  dsnold    ?'"';''  ''"'^'°»^  <"■  I»rts 
^.-ranted   to   the  .state  C  the' '"''""'"''y ''"'*  v'^rc 
«l.o..].,  except  whore  .ueh  sert.V '"''P'"''  "^  """""on 
|,'i-ants  or  reservations  by  the  Z'  "'"'■'^  <"°''«'^««J  in 
they  wore  restored  to  tZ  ""?  ,-?°™''n'nont.  and  until 
panted  for  odueatio„"a  '  ^"^  '^  '^TT;     ^'''^  l-^' 
f '••  less  tl,a„  ten  dollar   'per'^ero  f  ?'''  ,"°*  ''"  «°W 
«'!'-.    he  proceeds  to  co,  s«t*r'    "'"  ""'•>'  "*  P"Wic 
!'""  -  the  interest  onJv  of  S  •  1    ",  P<'™""iont  icliool 
"'  tlioir  support.     Zt  til         '  ,*™'''  •>«  «Pcn  led 
|»«'-Tibe  term,  on  wh  c     the-'f"","'?  '"''''  P"»-or   o 
'  ■•■'«'':l,  for  periods  on,„t        "■"''""'  '""^'-^  "  i-ht  be 
'l«^'"tftiesofn„t,'  °'  ;;°'  ™<"-o  «>an  five  .ycSrs    i„ 

"V»'»Pany;  and  s",ch  landsTr  If'""  *°  "'^  pS.on 

™p-  under  any  of  the  land  aS,""'.  r''^  ^"*<"  '» 

I'ifty  sections  of  seleetod  n?,l  r    T  ^,""'^^'' «tato»- 

slafc  should  bo  (rranted  f     J!     ""  '*"''  ^itliin  the 

1;;  ;'-,  """Wings^arthe  t^  F"T'.  "^  -«'S 
.imlcal  purposes.     Five  ,S '      /"  'Pgi^^'ativo   and 
"'  tlio  sales  of  nublicT,  ' T      •"*""'  "^  «'«  proceeds 
*">'U  be  sold  bX  S'/'i'""  «'°  «'4  wh  el 
«»",  doduetin<.  all   ev,^       ''  •®'?''''  =»ft«''  its  ad  nis 
f"i<i  be  paid'to   he  S"7  ,""'='''«"*  »»  the  sa    , 
™«    the  i'nterest  of  with  onl"  T\"r  P^""^""  t 

"■-'«--A ''Thtcrora^di-^^^^^^^ 


306 


PROGRESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


S  ' 


t  J!!' 


provided  for  in  the  act  should  forever  remain  undor 
the  exclusive  control  of  the  state,  and  no  part  of  tlie 
proceeds  arising  from  the  sale  of  the  granted  lands 
should  be  applied  to  denominational  schools,  colleges, 
or  universities.  Ninety  thousand  acres  should  l)c 
also  granted  for  the  use  and  support  of  an  agricul- 
tural college.  In  lieu  of  the  grant  of  land  for  pur- 
poses of  internal  improvement  made  to  new  states  by 
the  act  of  September  4,  1841,  and  in  lieu  of  any  claim 
or  demand  by  the  state  under  the  act  of  September 
28,  1850,  and  section  2479  of  the  Revised  Statutes, 
granting  swamp  and  overflowed  lands  to  certain 
states,  and  in  lieu  of  any  grant  of  saline  lands,  there 
was  granted  to  the  p^ate  of  Washington,  for  the 
establishment  and  maintenance  of  a  scientific  school, 
one  hundred  thousand  acres,  the  same  amount  for 
state  normal  schools;  for  public  buildings  at  the 
state  capital,  in  addition  to  the  previous  grant  for 
that  purpose;  and  for  state  charitable,  educational, 
penal,  and  reformatory  institutions,  two  hundred 
thousand  each;  and  the  state  should  be  entitled  to 
no  other  grants  of  land  for  any  purposes.  Mineral 
lands  were  exempted  from  all  the  grants,  but  lieu 
lands  were  allowed  in  their  stead,  where  mineral 
should  be  found  on  .the  school  sections.  But  there 
should  be  deducted  from  the  amounts  granted  for  any 
S|)eoific  object,  the  number  of  acres  before  donated  by 
congress  to  the  territory  for  similar  objects.^ 

The  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars,  or  as  much 
as  might  be  necessary,  was  appropriated  for  defray- 
ing the  expenses  of  the  state  constitutional  conven- 
tion. The  state  should  constitute  one  judicial  district, 
to  be  attached  to  the  ninth  judicial  circuit.  There 
should  be  appointed  one  district  judge,  United  States 
attorney,  and  United  States  marshal,  the  judge  to 
receive  a  salary  of  $3,500,  and  to  reside  in  his  dis- 
trict, and  the  clerks  of  the  court  to  keep  their  offices 
at  the  state  capital;  the  regular  terms  of  court  to 

*  See  p.  216,  note,  oa  the  misapplication  of  the  university  lands. 


THE  REPRESENTATIVES. 


m 


,ui  untlor 
rt  of  tlic 
ed  lands 
colleges, 
lould   1)0 
)  agricul- 
for  pur- 
states  ])y 
any  claim 
epteraber 
Statutes, 
o   certain 
lids,  there 
I,  for   the 
fie  school, 
nount  ior 
rs   at    the 
grant  for 
lucational, 
hundred 
ntitlcd  to 
Mineral 
but  lieu 
mineral 
ut  there 
;d  for  any 
•natod  by 

as  much 


ronimcnce  in  April  and  November.  The  courts  of 
the  state  were  made  the  successors  of  the  territorial 
courts,  whose  business  should  be  transferred  to  them 
without  prejudice. 

The  constitutional  convention  might,  by  ordinance, 
provide  for  the  election  of  officers  for  full  state  gov- 
ern inent,  including  members  of  the  legislature,  and 
representatives  in  congress;  but  the  state  govern- 
niont  should  remain  in  abeyance  until  the  admission 
of  the  state  into  the  union.  Should  the  constitution 
be  ratified  by  the  people,  the  legislature  might  as- 
semble, organize,  and  elect  two  senators  of  the  United 
States,  whose  election  being  certified  by  the  governor 
aikl  secretary  of  state,  they  should  be  admitted  to  seats 
ill  congress  on  the  admission  of  the  state  into  the  union; 
and  the  officers  elected  to  fill  state  offices  should  in 
the  same  mannci'  proceed  to  exercise  their  functions. 
The  election  for  the  ratification  of  the  con -.titution 
sliould  take  place  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  October. 
Sucli,  in  brief,  was  the  compact  to  be  accepted  and 
ratified. 

The  delegates  mot  on  the  3d  of  July,  at  Olympia, 
and  proceeded  to  business  on  the  4th.^     They  were 

'  The  several  counties  were  represented  as  follows  in  the  convention: 
Stcvoiis,  S.  H.  Manly,  J.  J.  Travis;  Spokane,  C.  P.  Coey,  Geo.  Turner, 
J.  Z.  Moore,  J.  J.  Browne,  T.  C.  Griffitts,  H.  F.  Suksdorf,  Hiram  E.  Allen; 
Lincoln,  H.  W.  Fairweather,  B.  B.  Glascock,  Frank  M.  Dallam;  Kittetass, 
J.  A.  Shouily,  A.  Mires,  J.  T.  McDonald;  Whitman,  J.  P.  T.  McCloskey, 
('.  II.  Warner,  E.  H.  Sullivan,  J.  M.  Reed,  James  Hungate,  Geo.  Comegys; 
Ailains,  D.  Buchanan;  Garfield,  S.  G.  Cosgrove;  Franklin,  W.  B.  Gray; 
t'lihiiiibia,  M.  M.  Goodman,  R.  F.  Sturvedant;  Walla  Walia,  Lewis  Neace, 
D.  J.  Crowley,  B.  L.  Sharpstein,  N.  G.  Blalock;  Yakima,  W.  F.  Prosser; 
Clarke,  Louis  Johns,  A.  A.  Lindsley;  Skamania,  G.  H.  Stevenson;  Pacific, 
J.  A.  Burk;  Wahkiakum,  O.  A.  Bowen;  Cowlitz,  Jesse  Van  Name;  Mason, 
llt'iiry  Winsor,  John  Mclleavy;  Chehalis,  A.  J.  West;  JeflFerson,  Allen  Weir, 
George  H.  Jones,  H.  C.  Willison;  Skagit,  James  Power,  Thomas  Hayton,  H. 
Clotliier;  Whatcom,  J.  J.  Weisenberger,  E.  Eldridge;  Snohomish,  A. 
Sdiooley;  Island,  J.  C.  Kellogg;  Kitsap,  S.  A.  Dickey;  King,  R.  JcflFs, 
T.  T.  Minor,  T.  P.  Dyer,  D.  E.  Durie,  John  R.  Kinnear,  John  P.  Hoyt,  M.  J. 
McEIroy,  Morgan  Morgans,  George  W.  Tibbetts,  W.  L.  Newton;  Pierce,  T.  L. 
Stiles,  P.  C.  Sullivan,  Gwin  Hicks,  H.  M.  Lillis,  C.  T.  Fay,  R.  S.  Moore, 
Roliert  Jamison;  Thurston,  John  F.  Gowey,  T.  M.  Roed,  Francis  Henry; 
Lewis,  O.  H.  Joy,  S.  H.  Berry.      • 

From  the  Oregoniaii  of  July  4,  1889,  I  make  the  following  excerpts: 
Gwiu  Uicka  was  the  youngest  member  of  thu  convention.     He  was  born  at 


f  f 


■ili     :'l 


jj|lp:> 

lliff 


:.,'^!i' 


;!08 


TROGRESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


n  J 


a  conservative  bodv  of  men,  chosen  from  the  various 

Olympia,  Oct.  28,  IS,".  lie  reaideil  in  Portlaiul,  Orui^on,  from  iO  to  IS 
ycar.-i  (if  age;  took  a  coiusc  in  the  iiiiivcr.sity  of  California,  su^portiny;  liiiu- 
8clf  by  liis  trailo  of  piinting,  which  lie  iiftcrwanl  followed  in  Portland; 
removed  to  Taconia  in  ISS.'l,  and  way  engaged  on  the  A'cvs  as  editor,  and 
afterward  was  appointed  deputy  collector  of  internal  revenue  for  Wasli., 
serving  4  year.s.  lie  was,  at  the  time  of  his  election,  manager  of  the  Tacomii 
Real  Estate  and  Stock  Exchange. 

Hiram  E.  Allen,  born  Aug.  1,  1857,  at  Crawfordsvillc,  Ind.,  removed  (o 
Wash,  in  1872,  practised  law  at  Spokai.e  Falls  in  partnership  with  his 
brother,  Joseph  S.  Allen.     He  was  also  a  brother  of  Hon.  J.  B.  Allen. 

Jacob  T.  Eshelman,  born  near  Memphis,  Mo.,  in  1852,  came  to  (^al.  in 
1870,  taught  school  in  Napa  co.,  came  to  Wash,  in  1878,  resided  in  Klickitat 
CO.  imtil  18S7,  removed  to  North  Yakima  wiicre  he  was  appointed  clerk  of 
the  U.  S.  land-office.  He  was  nominated  by  the  Klickitat  democratic  rein- 
vention for  services  rendered  to  the  party  in  that  co.  His  profession  wus 
that  of  a  Christian  minister. 

John  R.  Kinnear,  of  King  co.,  was  born  in  Indiana,  but  removed  to 
Woodford  CO.,  Illinois,  at  the  ago  of  7  years.  Ho  was  reared  on  a  farm,  iind 
educated  at  Washington  high  school,  Eureka  college,  and  Knox  college,  wlicr  • 
he  took  a  regular  course.  He  enlisted  in  the  army  during  the  war,  and 
served  three  years  as  a  private,  being  in  20  great  battles.  Alter  the  close  oi 
the  war  he  took  a  cour;e  at  the  Chicago  law  school,  ami  practised  in  Paxlcin, 
111.,  for  1.)  years.  In  188;j,  ho  removed  to  Seattle,  and  in  188-1  was  tlerted 
representative  from  King  co.  In  1888  he  was  elected  to  the  council,  but 
the  passage  of  the  enabling  .-icb  provcnted  his  taking  his  scat.  In  June  IS.S'J 
he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention,  and  took  an  a^- 
tive  part  in  framing  that  important  instrument.  He  was  chairman  of  tlie 
conunitteo  on  corporation,  and  secured  the  insertion  of  the  clause  in  the  enu- 
stitution  prohibiting  trusts,  and  anotlier  prohibiting  persona  or  corporations 
supporting  armeil  bodies  of  men  in  the  state,  for  any  purpose.  He  received 
i;{0  votes  in  the  republican  state  convention  foi"  governor. 

(fcorgo  Comegys,  born  in  St  Cliarles  ci).,  ^lo.,  in  18;{9,  came  to  Or.  in 
1850  with  his  father,  cducateil  at  tiio  Willamette  university,  admitted  to 
practise  law  in  the  supreme  court  of  Or.  in  1S77,  removed  to  Whitman  jh., 
Wash.,  in  1878,  engaged  in  law  practice,  stock-raising,  and  mining,  repre- 
senti.'d  Whitman  co.  in  the  legislature  of  1881,  and  was  speaker  of  the  lioiis.', 

William  E.  Pi.isser,  born  in  18U4  near  Williamsport,  Penn.,  had  an  ar,i- 
demic  education,  taught  school,  studied  law,  emigrated  to  Cal.  in  \S'>1,  en- 
gaged in  mining;  was  the  lirst  republican  candidate  for  tiie  legislature  in 
Trinity  CO.  in  18(i0;  went  east  to  enlist  in  the  union  army  in  1801,  .servol 
in  the  army  of  the  <'undierland,  was  commissioned  major,  and  lieut-cel  mikI 
col  in  the  Tennessee  cavalry  regt;  located  after  the  war  on  a  farm  near  N'lisli- 
ville,  was  elected  to  the  legislature  of  Tenn.  in  1807,  and  to  congress  in  IS(iS; 
was  postmaster  at  Nashville  for  3  years,  was  a  commissioner  to  the  centen- 
nial exliibition  at  Phila  in  1870;  was  appointed  special  agent  of  the  geiui  li 
land-oliieo  for  Or.  and  Wasli.  in  187!',  served  0  years,  and  was  removed  liy  a 
change  of  administration;  located  a  land  claim  where  the  town  of  Pni-s.r 
was  laid  out  in  Yakima  co.,  elected  auditor  of  that  co.  in  1880,  and  iiieiuli'T 
of  the  eonvention  in  1881).     Ho  married  Miss  Flora  Thornton  of  Seattle. 

■Jesso  1''.  Van  Name  was  born  in  Earlsville,  l^a  Salle  co..  111.,  in  \ST>1, 
edueateil  in  the  j)ul)lie  schools,  taught  school,  went  to  the  IJlaek  lulls,  tn 
Kansas  and  Colorado,  read  law  with  Judge  McAnnelly  of  I'Virt  Collins,  went 
to  New  .Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  in  I8S2  came  to  Wash.  Taught  sclionl  in 
Cowlitz  valley,  and  resumed  law  studies,  was  aiipointed  clerk  of  tiie  'Jd 
judicial  di  .1,  and  was  a  liuitted  (o  the  bar,  lo'iating  in  Kalama  in  18Si». 

It.  O.  Dunbar,  born  in  111.  in  184.",  came  to  Or.  in  1840,  was  educated  at 
Willairnato  univttrsity,  studieil  law  with  Hon.  Elwood  Evans  in  Olympia,  and 
began  practice  in  1S70;  removed  to  Klickitat  co.  in  1877;  was  elected  iikiii- 


BIOGlUrniCAL. 


309 


classes.     The  constitution  which  they  framed  for  ac- 

lier  of  tho  territorial  council  in  1879,  prosecuting  attorney  of  the  district  in 
IMS'J,  breaker  of  the  house  in  ISiio,  ami  probate  judge  of  Klickitat  co.  in 
1888. 

15.  13.  Glascock,  born  in  Ralls  co.,  Mo.,  in  184H,  came  to  Yolo  co.,  Cal., 
i;i  1S,")'_',  removed  to  \Vasli.  in  1883,  locating'  at  .S|ira;^uu  and  enga^^iny  in 
farnlill,^'  and  stock-raising.  Was  a  niember  of  the  C'alii'ornia  constitutional 
couvLiitiun  in  1878,  and  nieniber  of  the  senate  for  the  two  sessions  iuiiiie- 
diatily  following  the  adoption  of  the  new  constitution. 

.\.  .J.  West  was  born  in  county  Roscommon,  Irelanil,  in  1839,  emigrated 
to  Oatario,  Canada,  received  a  conimon-sehool  education,  taughi  school,  and 
wurlicd  ill  a  luinber-inill.  Wiien  the  war  of  the  rebellion  broke  out  he  wc  t 
(ii  Mich.,  eulisteil,  was  cominissioned  1st  lieut,  volunteer  infantry,  foiiglit 
ill  hi  buttles,  was  wounded  while  charging  Fort  Wluaton,  was  in  cominanil 
(if  hi  i  company  at  the  .surrender  of  Crfii.  hee,  and  was  cominissioned  ca[itain 
ill  May  181)."),  a  few  days  before  his  discharge.  Engaged  in  lumbeiiiig  in 
Mich,  for  It  years  at  8agiuaw,  and  hlled  several  tow;;  and  county  othces. 
Ill  1884  rciiio\cd  to  Aberdeen,  Chehalis  eo.,  and  went  again  into  tiio  nuiiiu- 
factiire  of  lumber. 

N.  <i.  Dlaluck  was  born  in  North  Carolina  in  183(5  on  a  farm,  was  educated 
ill  the  eoniiiioii  schools,  ex'cept  one  year  in  Tusculum  college,  Tcnn.,  piiying 
by  laljoi'iiig  nights  and  mornings  for  his  tuition;  entered  Jetl'crson  iiieiiical 
t>illi  i^e  ill  ISt'i!),  graduating  in  18G1,  ami  being  comniissioned  asst  surgroii  of 
tlie  liritli  ill.  vols  in  18U'_',  and  was  discharged  on  account  of  ill  health  in 
]8»i4.  Came  to  Wash,  in  1873,  invested  in  dry  foot-hill  laiuls  reputed  woitli- 
lusi  for  agriculture!,  but  which  proved  most  productive.  In  1881  he  raised 
nil  •.',-_'0()  acres  90,000  bushels  of  wheat.  In  1878  and  1879,  built  a  llumo 
Irom  tlie  mountains  down  into  tho  valley,  'J8  miles,  costing  ;ir 3(3,000,  for  the 
purpose  of  conveying  lumber,  wood,  and  rails.  His  improvements  greatly 
stiiiiulated  farming  in  Walla  Walla  valley. 

11.  W.  I'airwcather,  Ijorn  in  St  Johns,  N.  B.,  in  18o'2,  came  to  the  U.  S, 
ill  ISii,'),  He  was  in  railroad  employ  in  Wyoming  for  3  years,  came  to  Wash. 
ill  ISTI,  wa.s  again  in  tho  service  of  transportation  companies,  and  relieved 
li.  L.  Uaivcr  of  the  nianagcment  of  the  Walla  Walla  and  Columbia  River 
1  liliM.id.  In  1879,  became  auperintendent  of  the  Idaho  division  of  the  X.  I'. 
lur  3  )e:irs;  in  1883,  passenger  agent  of  i-he  N.  1*.  and  O.  R.  &  N.  companies, 
liUiiig  tliis  [losition  for  (i  years.  He  was  president  of  the  1st  National  Rank 
of  Spiagiii',  and  director  of  the  1st  National  Rank  of  iS[iokane  I'alls;  was 
iiiiiNor  (if  spiMgne,  ami  chief  vi  ordnance  with  the  rank  of  colonel  on  tho 
bt.ili  (it  (lov.  .Moore.     He  married  Miss  )Iatilda  Curtis  in  188."). 

I'lancis  Hi'nry  was  born  in  Galena,  111.,  in  I8"J7,  was  a  lawyer  by  profes- 
.siiiii,  served  as  a  lieutenant  in  tlie  Mexican  war,  came  to  Cal.  in  18ol,  and 
tn  W'lisii.  in  18i)"J,  residing  permanently  in  Olympia;  served  three  terms  in 
tlif  territorial  assembly;  was  delegate  to  the  constitutional  convention  of 
|,S7S;  served  t  terms  as  jirobate  judgt!  of  Thurston  co. ;  was  president  of  tho 
hniid  of  trustees  of  ()lymi)ia;  chief  clerk  of  the  legislative  council  of  1887-8, 
cliiii  iif  the  supreme  court,  and  treasurer  of  the  city  of  Olympia. 

II.  < '.  \Vilhson  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Tipii.  canoe  co.,  1ml.,  in  181."), 
>;riiiii;iled  from  the  university  of  tlie  city  nf  New  York,  sirved  on  liie 
iiiciliial  stall' of  imblic  charities  and  correction  of  New  Yor!;,  came  to  \N'ash. 
in  l>)73,  .settled  at  Tacoiiia,  was  aiipoiiitcd  physician  to  the  territorial  as\luin 
and  penitentiary  at  Steilacoom  in  1874,  ainl  Win-.  instrumental  in  securing 
til.'  )i i^sige  of  a  bill  establishing  the  ho.^iiital  lor  tln^  'll^am•  on  more  sanitary 
aiiil  hmiiaiie  principles  tli  in  the  I'unncr  contract  syitem.  lie  removed  to 
I'nil    TdWnseml  in  188,"),  where  he  miitiiiued  to  pr.iclee  medicine. 

M.  .\l.  (ioidman,  born  in  .Mo.  ia  i8,")i),  ciiiie  to  I'al.  i:i  187(),  attended  tho 
I'll  iiie  university,  giaduating  in  1.^77,  studied  law,  and  wa.-,  ;'.'!Miitted  in  tho 
lur.  Ill  1880  he  rtHiioved  to  Wasii.,  hieatiiig  at  llayli.n.  lie  wis  the  only 
iliiiKi  iMt  elected  to  the  territorial  council  in  18."i8. 


810 


PROGRESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


IK  ■  ^ 


ceptancc  or  rejection  by  the  people  was  an  instrument 

C.  H.  Warner  waa  born  in  the  state  of  N.  Y.  in  1836,  migrated  in  1S47 
to  Wis.,  anil  iu  1854  to  111.;  Wiu  educated  .it  Mt  Morris,  111.,  college,  taught 
school,  and  studied  law.  In  1802  he  came  to  Cal.,  engaging  in  cattle-raising 
iu  Sierra  CO. ;  iu  1807  went  into  flour  milling  in  Oakland;  in  1879  cauiu  to 
Wash.,  and  engaged  iu  milling  at  Colfax.  Ho  was  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture in  1883;  appointed  register  of  the  land-office  at  Walla  Walla  in  188,"); 
was  chairman  of  the  democratic  convention  which  met  at  Walla  Walla  in 
1884,  and  also  of  the  territorial  democratic  committee. 

J.  r.  T.  McCroskcy  was  born  iu  East  Tonnesseo  in  1828,  came  to  Cal.  ia 
1852,  via  Panama,  settled  on  Santa  Clara  valley,  made  some  money  ia 
wheat-raising  and  lumber-making,  returned  to  Tenn.,  purchased  a  i)lant;i- 
tion,  and  set  up  a  cotton-gin  aud  largo  flouring-mill;  but  the  civil  war 
caused  serious  reverses,  from  which  he  had  not  recovered,  when  in  1870  hu 
removed  to  Wash,  with  his  family  of  ten  children,  and  located  on  640  acrua 
0  miles  north  of  Colfax. 

Saumel  H.  Berry,  born  in  Osage  co.,  Mo.,  in  1849,  received  a  libnral 
education,  was  principal  of  the  Linn  high  school,  and  county  survej'ur,  mi- 
grated to  Wash,  iu  1881,  aud  located  ia  Lewis  co.,  where  ho  pursued  teach- 
ing and  surveying,  and  was  county  auditor  for  four  years. 

James  Z.  Moore,  born  in  Jefferson  co.,  Ky,  in  1845,  reraovcil  to  Mo. 
iu  1850,  wa.s  educated  at  Miami  imiversity,  Oxford,  O.,  graduating  iu  1887, 
aud  attending  Harvard  law  school  at  Cambridge,  Mass.  In  1808  he  Ma.s 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  Owensboro,  Ky,  and  had  a  very  successful  prac- 
tice. In  1884  ho  was  a  delegate  to  the  Chicago  republican  convention,  and 
was  elected  the  Ky  member  of  the  republican  national  committee.  Ia  18!S0 
he  removed  to  Spokane  Falls,  Wash.,  and  was  member  of  a  prominent  law 
tirm. 

Edward  Eldridge  was  born  at  St  Andrew,  Scotland,  in  1828,  wont  to  aca 
in  1841,  to  Cal.  iu  1849,  aud  to  Wiish.  iu  1853,  aa  mentioned  in  this  history. 
Ho  made  himself  ono  of  the  tinest  homes  iu  the  country,  at  BoUiughamBay; 
has  held  various  offices,  was  speaker  of  the  house  in  18(j6,  president  of  tin; 
conveutious  which  nomimated  Denny,  Flanders,  and  Garliehl  for  cougies.s, 
one  of  tlie  tlireo  delegates  at  largo  in  the  constitutional  convention  at  Walla 
Walla  in  1878. 

R.  S.  Moore  was  born  in  Scotland  iu  1828,  immigrated  to  Conn,  in  ISHI, 
to  Iowa  in  1848,  to  111.  in  1850,  and  to  The  Dalles  iu  1852,  removing  iu  1S."ili 
to  Steilacoom.  Ho  was  county  commissioner  of  the  first  territorial  elections 
for  territorial  and  county  officers  iu  1854,  aud  twice  re-elected;  was  fii'.st 
licut  of  CO.  D,  lat  regt  of  Wash,  vols  during  the  Ind.  war  of  1855;  and  was 
one  of  the  company  that  cut  a  wagon-road  through  tho  Nachess  pass  iu  1S,")H. 

George  Turner  waa  born  iu  Medina,  Knox  co..  Mo.,  in  1850,  and  bred  a 
lawyer.  He  held  the  office  of  U.  S.  marshal  for  tho  southern  aud  niiihllu 
district  of  Alabama,  aud  was  appointed  associate  justice  of  Wash,  iu  l.ss.t  by 
Arthur.  He  was  cliairmau  of  tlie  repul)licau  state  conunittee  in  Ala.  frma 
1870  to  1884;  member  of  the  national  convention  from  Ala.  in  1870-SO-M, 
and  iu  tlie  latter  two,  member  at  large  aud  chairman  of  the  delcgiution;  and 
was  ono  of  tlio  SWi  in  tho  convention  for  Grant. 

Theodore  L.  Stiles,  born  at  Medway,  Ohio,  educated  iu  tho  public  bcIi  )oU, 
at  tho  Ohio  university,  and  at  Amherst,  Mass.,  college,  studied  law  at 
Columbia  college  law  scliool,  aud  entered  a  law  office  iu  New  York  as  a 
clerk  for  one  year,  after  which  he  began  practice.  In  1877  he  went  to  India- 
napolis, thence  to  Arizona  iu  1878,  remaming  in  Tucson  until  1887,  when  ho 
came  to  Wash,  and  .settled  iu  Tacoma. 

•James  Power,  born  iu  Ireland  in  1849,  but  reared  in  Ohio,  was  by  oiiu- 
pation  a  printer,  and  worked  on  the  Ohio  Sditc  Joiirmil.  In  1870  lie  rcnioM'd 
to  Washington  City,  when;  ho  worked  in  ilio  goveriuncut  priutiiig-dlhi'o 
until  1873,  when  ho  came  to  Wasli.  and  started  the  JM// at  \Vbatcoiii,  i''- 
moving  it  iu  1879  to  La  Conner.     He  served  us  inspector  of  the  Puget  Soiuul 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


8tl 


v.'c  il  adapted  to  their  needs.    It  dealt  with  corporations 

district  for  some  time,  and  represented  Wliatcom,  Snohomish,  and  Island 
(MUiitie-s  in  the  upper  house  of  the  legishiturc  in  1883. 

John  F.  tiowey,  born  in  North  Lewisburg,  Ohio,  in  1846,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  iu  18(59,  member  oS  the  Ohio  legislature  in  1873-4-5,  and  pros- 
ci'utiiig  attorney  of  his  county  two  terms,  1870-9.  Ho  was  appointed 
rt'ciiver  of  the  U.  S.  land-oHicc  at  Olympia  in  1882,  serving  four  years,  ami 
w.is  a  member  of  the  territorial  council  at  the  session  of  1887-8.  Leaving 
till!  i>raoticc  of  the  law,  he  became  president  of  the  First  National  bank  of 
Olympia,  and  mayor  of  that  city. 

Austin  Mires,  born  in  Des  Moines  co.,  la,  iu  1852,  came  to  Or.  with  his 
jianiits  in  1853,  who  settled  on  a  farm  in  Umpqua  valley,  where  he  resided 
until  he  was  21  years  of  ago,  being  educated  at  the  different  academies  iu 
Douglas  and  Polk  counties,  and  in  his  turn  teaching  and  learning  the  print- 
ing,' trade.  He  was  appointed  mail  agent  iu  1887,  resigned  in  1880,  and  went 
to  Anil  Arbor,  Mich.,  where  ho  took  a  hiw  course  at  the  university,  gradu- 
atini;  in  1882.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Or.  in  1882,  and  elected  cliief 
cl(  ri;  of  the  senate  of  the  Or.  legislature.  In  1883  ho  removed  to  Wash., 
locating  at  Ellensburg.  When  the  town  was  incorporated,  Feb.  2G,  1885, 
he  was  elected  mayor,  serving  two  terms;  was  sub.seciuently  city  attorney 
and  city  treasurer;  and  was  elected  vice-president  of  the  Ellensburg  National 
haidv  on  its  organization. 

Addison  A.  Lindsley,  born  in  Wis.  in  1848,  and  reared  in  N.  Y.,  came  to 
I'drtiaud  in  18G8;  occupation,  surveyor  and  civil  engineer;  removed  to  (.'al. 
in  IS74;  was  elected  surveyor  of  the  city  and  county  of  San  Francisco  iu  1879; 
riMiDVc'd  to  Wash,  in  1881;  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  from  Clarke  co. 
in  1ISS.VC;  and  Wivs  engaged  in  dairying  and  stock-raising  on  Lewis  river. 

Lewis  Johns,  born  in  (iermany  in  1827,  came  to  the  Pacific  coast  iu  1852, 
and  worked  at  the  trade  of  a  painter  until  1800.  when  he  began  merchandis- 
ing at  Vancouver,  and  was  engaged  in  manufacturing  business  on  I'uget 
iSonnd  and  Columbia  river.  Ho  built  the  first  barrel  factory  in  the  territory, 
at  ruyallu]>,  in  1883,  and  in  connection  with  others  established  the  First 
National  bank  at  Vancouver,  of  which  he  was  elected  president.  He  repre- 
sonti'd  Clarke  co.  in  the  council;  held  the  otiice  of  mayor  for  G  years,  and 
was  aiipointed  by  Gov.  Squire  a  trustee  of  the  School  f(jr  Defective  Youth  at 
Vancouver. 

J.  J.  Wcisenburger,  born  in  Bureau  co..  111.,  in  1855,  came  with  his  pa- 
rents to  the  raeilio  coast  in  18G2,  settling  in  Nevada  City.  Ho  wan  lucd  a 
lawyer,  admitted  to  practice  in  1870,  and  removed  to  Wash,  in  1883,  locating 
at  VVii.'tcom,  wiiere  he  was  city  attorney  and  justice  of  the  peace. 

I>.  iiuchauan,  born  in  (iiasgow,  Scotland,  in  1820,  immigrated  to  Wis.  in 
lb.")(),  and  to  Uitzville,  Wash.,  in  1885.     Occupation,  farmer. 

Fi.  11.  Sullivan,  born  in  Eaton  co.,  Mich.,  iu  1850,  migrated  to  Neb.  in 
18.V),  and  to  Or.  in  1802,  removing  to  Wash,  in  1877.  Ho  was  admitted  to 
the  practice  of  the  law  at  Colfax  in  1880,  where  he  continued  to  reside,  and 
was  elected  itrosecuting  attorney  in  1884, 

l>.  .1.  <.'rowley,  born  in  Hanger,  Mo,  in  1854,  of  Irish  parentage,  came  to 
Wash,  iu  1880,  and  pn.ctiscd  4a.v»  at  Walla  Walla,  as  a  partner  of  John  B. 
Allen,  delc};ato  in  eouj^ress. 

U.  .letl's,  born  in  New  York  in  1827,  came  to  King  co,.  Wash.,  in  1857, 
and  was  justice  of  the  peace  for  15  years. 

Hr  .1.  C.  Kellogg,  born  in  Yates  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1821,  came  to  Wash,  when 
it  was  a  |)art  of  Oregon,  settling  at  South  Hay,  Whidbey  Island,  where  ho 
eentiiiiied  to  reside,  and  served  several  terms  in  the  legislature. 

.hilm  Hoyt,  l)orii  in  Ohio  in  1842,  came  to  Wash,  in  1879;  for  vigUt  years 
was  jnilge  of  the  supreme  court;  had  been  a  iiuMnher  of  the  Mich,  legislature 
'J  terms,  iiiul  .speaker  of  the  house,  antl  was  apjMiuited  governor  of  Arizona. 
Ill'  «a:-.  a  nuiiniMT  of  the  banking  lirni  of  Uexti  r,  llorton,  &  Co.  of  Seattle, 

Frank  M.  Dallam,  born  iu  Mo.  iu  1849,  but  raised  iu  111.,  uumu  to  Wash. 


312 


PROCxRESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


Ill 


If' 


especially,  as  required  by  the  public,  and  settled  the 

ill  1882,  settling  at  Spokane  Falls;  was  printer,  publisher,  and  editor  (,f 
several  journals  in  III.  and  Cal.,  and  established  the  Sjinhiw^  Falls  Ilcriar. 

John  M.  Ueed,  born  in  Mo.  iu  184'2,  removed  to  Or.  iii  ISOl),  and  to  W'asli. 
ill  1871);  had  been  a  member  of  the  Or.  legislature  from  Claekamas  co.,  and 
county  commissioner  of  Whitman  eo.,  W.  T. ;  by  occuj)ation  a  farmer. 

O.  H.  Joy,  born  in  N.  H.  in  1830,  came  to  Cal.  in  1849,  where  ho  as.sisted 
in  forming  the  mining  hiws;  removed  to  Wash,  in  1878,  and  settled  at  IJri.,- 
fort  in  Lewis  co.,  as  a  farmer  and  mill-owner. 

Trustcn  P.  Dyer,  I)orn  in  Warren  co.,  Mo.,  in  1850,  graduated  from  tin; 
Central  Weslcyan  College  of  Warrenton  in  1874,  taught  school  for  8  ycais 
was  admitted  to  law  practice  in  1875,  was  chief  clerk  of  the  re;^istry  depart- 
mcnt  of  the  St  Louis  post-oflice,  city  attorney  of  St  Louis  in  18)55-0,  proscciil- 
iiig  attorney  for  St  Louis  co.,  twice  elected  to  the  legislature,  colonel  nt  the 
National  (Juard  of  Mo.,  and  member  of  tlie  national  convention  of  Chicago. 
Ho  settled  in  Seattle  1888,  was  first  president  of  the  Harrison  legion  of 
that  city,  and  niiirried  Miss  Mary  A.  Pontius,  oX.m  of  Seattle. 

Tliomas  Milburne  Reed,  born  iu  Sharpsburg,  Ky,  in  IS'Jo,  attended  laich 
schools  as  the  country  then  aflbrded  during  the  winter  terms,  at  the  age  ol  Is 
began  teaching  and  studying  at  tlie  same  time,  and  was  clerk  in  a  coiiiitiy 
store.  When  gold  was  discovered  in  Cal.  he  came  by  sea  from  N.  0.  to  tlic 
I'acilic  coast,  mined  'i  years,  formed  a  partnership  with  John  Coniiess,  afttr- 
ward  U.  S,  senator  from  Cal.,  in  a  store  at  Georgetown;  went  to  Fra.scr  i  ivi  r 
in  1858,  and  thence  to  Olyinpia,  W.  T.,  where  he  continued  to  reside,  witli  tin- 
exception  of  12  years  in  Idalio  during  the  Salmon  river  gold  rash.  He  wa; 
retui'ned  to  the  Wash,  legislature  from  Lewiston  in  18(»2-.'},  and  to  th(!  Mahn 
legislative  body  in  1804;  was  admitted  to  practice  law  in  Idaho,  luit  retuiind 
to  Olympia  in  1805,  and  rpialified  himself  as  practical  surveyor  and  civil  'ii- 
giiieer,  becoming  chief  clerk  in  the  office  of  the  U.  S.  surveyor-general  Inr 
7  years,  after  wliich  ho  resumed  surveying.  In  1870  he  was  elected  a  inciii- 
ber  of  the  Wash,  council,  was  chosen  president  at  the  session  of  1877,  ami 
appointed  by  the  governor  auditor-general  the  same  year. 

H.  F.  Siiksdorf,  born  in  Schleswig  Holstein,  Germany,  iu  184.'?,  came  t.i 
the  U^.  S.  in  1858,  settling  upon  a  farm  in  Scott  co.,  Iowa,  where  lu'  workid 
until  'JO  years  of  age,  when  he  began  his  stutlies  at  the  Quincy,  111.,  acail- 
eniy  and  Iowa  state  university,  graduating  from  the  law  departmciit  iu 
18T0.  Was  appointed  deputy  U.  S.  marshal  to  take  the  census  of  Daveiiiinr!, 
1870;  elected  ilelegato  to  tlie  liberal  republican  national  eonventiuii  at  Cin- 
cinnati in  1872,  which  nominated  Horace  Greeley  for  president;  reniovcd  ta 
Or.  in  1872,  was  deputy  county  clerk  under  J.  A.  Smith;  wa.s  appointed 
U.  S.  supervisor  of  census  for  Or.  in  18S0,  and  removed  to  Spokane  I'alls, 
Wash.,  in  1881,  engaging  in  farming. 

T.  T.  Minor,  l)orn  in  Conn.,  in  1844,  was  educated  in  the  public  school  j, 
and  studied  medicine.  At  the  ago  of  17  years  lie  volunteered  a^,  a  piiviitu 
soldier  in  the  7th  Conn,  regt,  was  made  hospital  stewaril,  and  afterward  asst 

;t.  In  18(')4  he  resumed  his  iiiediial  studies,  and 
Yilo  in  1807.  The  foUowin;,'  year  he  eainr  t.i 
Wash,  for  the  Smithsonian  institution,  and  deciiled  to  maki^  hi  i  home  on  I'li^c  t 
Sound.  He  was  chietty  instrumental  in  establishing  the  luaritie  hospital  at 
Port  Towtisend,  but  subsefpicutly  removed  to  Srattle,  of  wliieh  city  he  \\:i>. 
mayor,  ami  a  most  inlluciitial  and  helpful  ciliz'  n.  His  death  ociurml  I'V 
drowning  in  the  Sound,  together  with  CoHi.  M.  Haller,  son  of  Col  <l.  (). 
Haller.  and  Lewis  Cox,  while  hunting  in  canoes,  in  Dee.  18,S!t. 

S.  H.  Marly,  born  in  Norwalk,  ().,  in  1847,  eaiiie  to  Wash,  in  INS-J. 
He  was  ai)hysician,  and  had  represented  Whatcom,  San  .luan,  and  Slvi;it 
counties  in  the  territorial  legislature,  where  he  was  inatruinental  in  pliuin.; 
the  insane  asylum  in  Pierce  co. 

Lewis  Xeaci ,  born  in  Germany  in  18,'15,  migrated  to  the  U.  S.  in  |SIT, 
was  brought  up  in  Peiin.,  and  came  to  Wash,  in  1S5H,  locating  in  Walla  W.H.i 
CO.,  where  he  coiitiiiueil  to  reside,  farming  and  stock-raising. 


jiurgeon  of  the  1st  S.  (,'.  rcj 
received  his  diploma  from 


■ri 


llN  i  '  i. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


313 


;ttlecl  tho 

ud   editor  i.f 

ill-<  I'cr/dc. 

;md  ti)  W'iisli. 

imaa  co.,  uiid 

farinor. 

re  he  assists  I 

;ttled  at  Bria- 

ted  from  tliu 
il  for  li  yiiiis, 
:;istry  depart- 
5-0,  i>ro.sc!CUt- 
L'oloiiel  of  tlio 
m  of  Chioami. 
sou  legion  of 

ittendcd  nueh 
b  the  aye  of  !•> 
:  iu  a  coiiatiy 
1  N.  0.  to  tliV 
Jouness,  afU'- 
;o  Fraser  ii\  c  r 
^side,  witli  tin- 
■ash.  Ho  "a; 
d  to  th(!  Mahn 
>,  l>ut  ri'tviiuc'l 
r  and  civil  ■  ii- 
or-gi'iiend  inr 
lected  a  iiiciii- 
u  of  1877,  aiil 

LS43,  caiiie  t.i 
ore  lio  worko'l 
loy,  111,  ^loail- 
lopartiiu'iit  ill 
i<il'  Davi'Uiinrt, 
utiiiii  at  Cin- 
;    romnVfil   ta 

i-as  a|iiioiiito.l 
Ipokaiio  rail.-, 

imhlic  sctioni-, 
]l  a^,  a  iiriviiio 
iflorward  as-t 
Il  studios,  ami 
Ir  lie  oaiiu-  i'< 
Xouw  on  I'li'^'  t 
lie  hospital  at 
|h  city  111'  w  1-. 
(K'ourn  d  I'V 

lof  Col  <;.<». 

Lh.  in  iss-j. 
],  and  Sk:i  :it 
|tal  iu  itlaoiii;5 

S.  in  ISIT, 
hVallaW.!!; 


vexed  question  of  tide-lands,*  which  it  claimed  for  the 
state,  except  such  as  had  been  patented  by  the  United 
Status,  thus  setthng  disputed  titles.  It  provided  for 
iivc  supreiiio  judges,  and  ordained  superior  courts  in 
all  the  counties.  It  fixed  the  number  of  representa- 
tives at  not  less  than  G3,  nor  more  than  1)9,  and 
tho  senate  at  not  more  than  half  nor  less  than  a 
tliiid  of  that  number,  the  first  legislature  to  have  70 
incuibers  in  the  house  and  35  in  the  senate.  The 
salaries  fixed  upon  for  state  officers  were  liberal  with- 
out being  extravagant,  and  left  tho  question  of  the 
seat  of  government  to  the  choice  of  the  peo})le  at 
the  election  for  the  constitution;  or  if  not  decided 

.laiiicn  A.  Ilingato,  boru  in  McDonough  cc,  III.,  in  1844.  llo  first  set- 
tlcil  ill  I'liiatilla  CO.,  Or.,  thou  in  Walla  Walla,  but  removed  to  Pullman  in 
IVM).  Ho  had  .served  as  deputy  circuit  clerk  iu  111.,  and  had  been  county 
ooiiinii.-sionor  iu  Or. 

I'.  C.  Sullivan,  born  iu  Nebraska  iu  ISoO,  came  to  Wash,  iu  1883,  settling 
iuCciliax  with  his  brother  E.  11.  Sullivan  iu  legal  business,  but  removed  to 
Taodirii  ill  I.SS8. 

.1.  .1.  Travis,  born  in  Tcnn.  in  18r)S.  He  was  appointed  to  tho  Colvillo 
liid  ,i.,'oiu  y  during  tho  administration  of  President  Cleveland. 

J.  .1.  llrowue.  boru  in  Ohio  iu  1844,  Mas  brought  up  iu  lud.,  and  bceaino 
II  Invyor  by  prolossion.  He  roino''ed  to  Kansas  anil  theuoo  to  Or.,  finally 
IcuMtiiii,'  at  Spokane  Falls,  iu  Wash.,  where  he  wan  presideat  of  tho  Browne 
N.itioaiil  bank,  and  ranked  as  the  lirst  capitalist  of  the  city. 

(Iciiryo  If.  Stevonsoii,  born  iu  Iro'.i  eo.,  Mo.,  came  to  Wash,  in  1S8L', 
aiiil  IiK-atod  at  the  Cascades,  where  be  engaged  in  salmon  lishing.  Ho  was 
auilitor  of  .Skamania  co.,  and  a  meniberof  the  legislature  of  18S7-8. 

Tliomai  Hay  ton,  57  years  of  age,  came  to  Wash,  in  1870,  and  settled  on  a 
fiinn  ill  S!;a;^it  oo.,  near  La  Conner. 

S.  A.  Diilioy,  liorn  iu  Penn.  in  1858,  wa3  a  teacher,  and  superintendent 
ul  M  hcMils  ill  Kitsap  eo.,  near  Silvordalo. 

11.  .M.  LiUis  was  a  teacher  iu  the  public  schools  of  Tacoma,  and  inembor 
(if  tlio  city  oouneil. 

C.  1'.  I'ay  was  (iO  years  of  ngo,  and  liad  for  a  number  of  years  resided  iu 
tlic  toiiitory,  and  was  one  of  the  counuissioners  of  Pieire  eo. 

'  'I'lic  voxod  (luestion  of  tide  lands  was  settled  only  as  to  the  future;  but 
tlio  tiuulilo  ot  Si.'attle  and  Tacoma  was  that  Valentine  and  MoKee  held  tide- 
l.uhl  iu  t'ldiit  of  those  towns  whiih  bad  bet'ii  taken  up  with  scrip  anthorizod 
liy  (niigiess,  to  be  issued  iu  payment  f(U' certain  lands  ao()uiied  by  N'aloii- 
tiiu',  known  a.)  tlj  .\liranile  .Xloxiean  grant,  in  Sonoma  co.,  Cal.,  and  whioh 
111'  iIimIoiI  to  the  U.  iS. ;  the  terms  of  the  eertilioatos  boiiii,'  that  looations 
I  ■■,'.1  '"'  iiiaijeouauy  'nnoooupiod,  una|)propriaU'd  piiblio  lands  of  tlio  I'.  S., 
iiiit  laiiiord.' otc.  The  oases  to  be  settle  I  in  tlio  oourti  will  involve  tlo.  ipios- 
timi  ol'  llie  right  of  the  U.  S.  to  give  or  soil  tho  1  iinl  properly  bolonging  to  the 
futiiie  state.  The  Soattlo  and  Walla  Walla  K.  oo.  had  reooivod  a  dona- 
tiiiii  of  those  lands  from  the  oity  of  Soattlo,  and  hold  them  poaeoalily  for 
yours;  liiit  alter  outside  lauds  bogai.  to  b.,' valiiablo,  tliore  aro--ii  troiiblo  with 
Mliialiois,  who  disputed  the  right  of  tho  oity  to  tlieso  land.i  bolougiiig  to  tho 
,i"\' I'liiuoiit.  The  same  trouble  existed  at  Taooiua,  and  even  at  Walla 
W;;l|;i. 


814 


PROGRESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


w 

■  fc  i 

"i'' 
i  }iWl 

Hi 

mi 

J  h  ^  :t 


1*'l 


then  by  a  majority  of  all  the  votes,  to  another  elec- 
tion between  the  two  places  having  the  highest  num- 
ber of  votes;  and  when  it  should  be  located,  it  ccnild 
not  be  changed  except  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  all 
the  electors  of  the  state.  Three  articles  were  to  bo 
voted  upon  separately,  namely,  woman  suffrage,  pro- 
hibition, and  the  seat  of  government.^ 

Conventions  were  held,  and  party  forces  marshalled 
for  the  election  of  state  officers  and  representatives, 
to  be  held  at  the  same  time  that  the  election  for  tlio 
constitution  was  commanded  to  be  had;  namely,  (jii 
tiic  Ist  of  October.  The  returns  showed  that  tlieie 
were  40,152  votes  for  the  constitution,  and  11,87!) 
against  it.  For  woman  suffrage,  10,527,  and  34,0  1;) 
against.*  For  prohibition,  19,540,  and  31,487  against. 
For  the  capital  at  Olympia,  25,490  votes;  for  North 
Yakima,  14,718;  for  Ellensburg,  12,833;  for  Centralia, 
607;  Yakima,  314;  Pasco,  120;  scattering,  1,08S-^ 
leaving  the  seat  of  government  to  be  decided  in  tlio 
future. 

The  state  officers  elected  were  John  L.  Wilson, 
congressman;  Elisha  Pyre  Ferry ,^  governor;  Charles 
E.  Laughton,  formerly  lieutenant-governor  of  Ne- 
vada, lieutenant-governor;  Allen  Weir,  secretary  of 
state;  A.  A.  Lindsley,  treasurer;  T.  M.  Reed,  auditor; 
William  C.  Jones,  attorney-general;  Robert  B.  Bryan, 
superintendent  of  public  instruction;  W.  T.  Forrest, 
commissioner  of  public  lands.  The  supreme  jud'j;es 
elected  were  Ralph  O.  Dunbar,  Theodore  L.  Stiles, 
John  P.  Hoyt,  Thomas  J.  Anders,  and  Elman  Scott. 
Every  candidate  elected  was  republican. 


*  I  am  awaro  tliat  thin  summary  of  tlio  constitution  is  too  brief  to  i\n  jus- 
tice to  tli;it  iusti'umuiit,  but  Bpiico  does  not  permit  nio  to  make  an  extciiiii  il 
review.  Fortunately,  tiio  instrument  itself  is  open  to  all  in  tlio  lawsul  tlie 
new  state. 

•*  The  suffragists  laiil  the  defeat  of  their  cause  to  the  proliibitionists,  wlin 
were  iiated  by  tlio  uaioon  men,  who  huuped  the  two  together  and  loiiiilit 
both.  A  gooil  many  women  voteil  under  the  law  of  18<S;{,  but  tluir  votes 
were  not  counted,  and  some  suits  at  law  were  threatened  to  grow  out  d  it. 

'  K.  1'.  Ferry  was  a  popular  man  with  all  parties,  altliough  he  polio. I  Huly 
the  regular  majority  of  his  party,  S.OT'J,  and  I  regret  that  Ilia  modesty  Um 
left  his  antucodeuts  unknown  to  me. 


DELAY  OF  ADMISSION". 


315 


The  election  for  state  senators  and  representatives 
vas  an  overwhelming  triumph  for  the  republicans, 
there  being  but  one  democratic  senator  and  six  dem- 
ocratic representatives  elected,  making  the  republican 
iiiaiority  on  joint  ballot  90.**  The  choice  of  republican 
senators  was  therefore  assured.  Owing  to  a  delay  in 
the  issuance  of  the  presidential  proclamation,''  the 
state  was  not  admitted  until  after  the  legislature  had 
assembled.  Considerable  confusion  and  agitation  fol- 
lowed, the  several  senatorial  candidates  improving  the 
tiint'  in  labors  to  increase  their  following. '°     The  state 


"  Tlicsc  iire  the  names  of  the  first  state  senators,  with  their  counties:  F. 
1[.  Lino,  Ailains,  Franklin,  and  Okanagan;  C  (i.  Austin,  Asotin  anil  (tar- 
licKl;  V.  T.  Wooding,  Chelialis;  Henry  Landes,  Clallam,  Jeii'crson,  and  San 
.liiaii;  L.  B.  Clongh,  Clarke;  H.  H.  Wolfe,  Colnnibia;  C.  E.  F.-r.sythe, 
L'iiwlitz;  J.  M.  Snow,  Douglas  and  Yakima;  Thomas  Paine,  Inland  and 
Sliiigit;  W.  1).  Wood,  J.  H.  Jones,  O.  D.  Gilfoil,  John  11.  Kiiinear,  W.  V. 
lliiiiliart,  King;  W.  H.  Kneeland,  Kitsap  and  Mason;  E.  T.  Wilson,  Kitti- 
t;is.s;  .lacoh  Hunsaker,  Klickitat  and  Skamania;  J.  II.  Long,  Lewis;  If.  W. 
I'.iirwrathcr,  Lincoln;  B.  A.  Seahorg,  racitic  and  Wahkiakum;  John  S. 
Bilker,  L.  F.  Thompson,  Henry  Drum,  Pierce  (Drum  was  the  one  democrat 
iiiilio  .senate);  Henry  Vestal,  Snohomish;  Alexander  Watt,  E.  B.  Hytle,  B. 
C.  V.iii  lliiuton,  Spokane;  H.  E.  Houghton,  Spokane  and  Stevens;  N.  H. 
i/wiiigs,  Thurston;  Piatt  A.  Preston,  (ieo.  T.  Thompson,  Walla  Walla;  W. 
.1.  raikinsou,  Whatcom;  John  C.  Lawrence,  J.  T.  Whaley,  A.  T.  Farris, 
Wliitiiiau. 

T!i(^  representatives  were  W.  K.  Kennedy,  Adams;  William  Farrish, 
.\s(itui;  L.  B.  Nims,  J.  D.  Medcalf,  Chehalis;  Amos  F.  Sliaw,  John  D. 
I'liigliL'gan,  S.  S.  Cook,  Clarke;  A.  B.  Luce,  Clallam;  A.  H.  Weatherford, 
11  15.  Day,  Columbia;  Chandler  Huntington,  Jr,  Cowlitz;  E.  D.  Nasli, 
ji.iuglas;  ('.  H.  Flummerfell,  Franklin;  W.  S.  Oliphant,  Garfield;  Georgo 
W.  .Miirse,  Island;  Joseph  Kuhn,  .lefferson;  J.  T.Blackburn,  W.  C.  Ilutter, 
W.  il.  Uuglies,  Alex.  Allen,  W.  J.  Shinn,  George  Bothwell,  F.  W.  Bail,  F. 
I!,  (haiit,  King;  M.  S.  Drew,  Kitsap;  J.  N.  Power,  J.  P.  Sharp,  Kittitass; 
iiniee  I".  Purdy,  R.  H.  Blair,  Klickitat;  S.  C.  Herren,  Charles  Gilchrist, 
i.iwis;  1'.  ).i.  Spencer,  T.  C.  Blackfan,  Lincoln;  John  McUeavy,  Mason; 
lluiiy  Hamilton,  Okanagan;  Cliarles  Foster,  Pacific;  George  Browne,  A. 
Hewitt,  George  B.  Kandle,  Oliflf  Peterson,  James  Kuo.x,  Stephen  Judson, 
I'li'iuc;  .1.  E.  Tucker,  San  Juan;  J.  E.  Edens,  B.  D.  M inkier,  Skagit; Georgo 
II,  Stovt'iisou,  Skamania;  Alexander  R«)bert.son,  A.  H.  Eddy,  Snohomish; 
•I  W.  I'eij^iian,  J.  E.  Gandy,  S.  G.  Grubb,  J.  S.  Brown,  A.  K.  Clarke,  E. 
1!  iit'iiii,  Spokane;  M.  A.  Randall,  Stevens;  W.  (J.  Bush,  Francis  Rotcli, 
Tliurstciu;  .io.seph  G.  Meglcr,  Wahkiakum;  juseph  Painter,  Z.  K.  Straight, 
■laiML's  Cornwall,  Walla  Walla;  II.  W.  Montray,  George  .hidson,  Whatcom; 
.1.  •'.  Turner,  E.  R.  I'ickerell,  J.  T.  l'eter.s;)n,  R.  H.  Hutchinson,  B.  R. 
nstrainkr,  Wiiitnian;  Joiin  Clenian,  YaUima.  The  democrats  in  the  houao 
\urii  Wcatlierford,  Nash,  Fluminerfeli,   McReavy,  Judson,  and  Stephenson. 

"  Tlic  ili'l.iy  was  occasioned  by  the  omission  of  the  signature  of  ( tav.  Mooro 
titliti  I'crtilicate  attached  to  the  copy  of  the  constitution  forwarded,  lIiu  en- 
:ii'liiiH  act  reipiiriiig  it  to  bo  signed  by  both  tlio  governor  and  secretary. 

''I'lie  caiiilidates  were,  in  eastern  Washington,  .John  B.  Allen,  Thomas 
11.  liiiiits  of  Walla  Walla,  and  S.  B.  Hyde  and  Ex-judge  Geoi-ge  Turner  of 
■^iwlv  iiie.     Tacoma  furnished  (.icn.  J.  W.  Sprague  and  Walter  J.  Thonipsou, 


316 


PROGRESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


!l.-- 


was  admitted  on  the  lltli  of  November.  Altliouuli 
the  leLjisluture  had  convened  on  the  (Jth  of  Noveinli.  r 
as  rcquh'ed  by  the  constitution,  votmg  for  sen;itni.s 
could  not  take  place,  as  the  lieutenant-governor  Cdiild 
not  take  his  seat  as  president  of  the  senate  until  t\\v 
Monday  following,  which  was  the  18th,  and  to  tluit 
day  the  inauguration  ceremonies  were  j)ostpuiu  d. 
(xovcrnor  Ferry  was  sworn  in  by  Justice  John  J*. 
Ho3't,  and  very  great  enthusiasni  prevaik-d  at  tln' 
capital.  On  the  following  day  the  legislature  bcinn' 
fully  organized,  balloting  for  senators  took  ))lac(!  im- 
mediately, J.  B.  Allen"  being  chosen  on  the  first  ballut 
in  both  houses,  the  vote  being  25  in  the  senate  ami 
46  in  the  house — total  71.  On  the  second  ballot 
Watson  C.  Squire  was  chosen  by  a  vote  of  30  in  tho 
senate,  and  40  in  the  house — total  7G,  the  remainder 
scattering. 

The  justices  of  the  supreme  court  had  already  diawn 
their  terms,  Scott  and  Anders  drawing  the  two  slips 
marked  three,  and  Stiles  and  Dunbar  those  mark,  d 
five,  which  left  lloyt  the  seven  year  term.     Scott  rc- 

aiid  Soiittlo,  Ex-gov.  Wiitsoix  C.  Squire.     These  wcro  the  priiici]i;il  asiiiraiits, 
.•ilthougli  Ex-coiigiussiuau  Voorhees  of  Colfax  was  in  tlio  liehl,  witli  Ci  'i    i  ry 
W.  (Ii'iggs  of  Taconia.     S.  C.  HyJo  of  Spokano  Falls  withdrew  before    li 
cleciioii. 

Thoiiipsou  was  tlio  youngest  man  in  the  race.  Ho  waa  born  in  Wis.  i'l 
1S5;$,  wascilucatcd  in  the  common  schools  of  Hurlington,  and  learned  tlu'  tr.i  'i 
of  c:iipuntry.  At  bS  years  of  age  ho  Ijegan  to  go  west,  living  a  few  iii<iiitl;s 
in  Iowa,  in  lIel)ron,  Nebrasiia,  '2  years,  where  lie  was  dcimty  county  treas- 
urer. On  attiuning  his  majority  in  187!5,  he  formed  a  hiw  purtiicrsliiis  aiiil 
in  ISTo  was  admitted  to  practice.  He  also  orgainzed  a  bank,  and  cii'^agoil 
in  stiK'lv-raisiiig  an  I  various  umlcrtakings,  in  wliich  lie  was  KUC(i'-i>fid.  lu 
18S;t  he  removed  to  Wash.,  locating  in  Tacoma,  where  ho  punlia"' I  tin; 
bank  of  A.  J.  11  dicr,  oi'ganizing  tlie  nioreliants'  national  bank,  of  wlii  •li  1 1' 
became  president.  From  a  capital  of  .'^oO, ()()()  it  has  increased  to  ■'r^'J.'iit.Odd. 
Out  of  ills  wealth  hi!  donated  !ir'_'(),()t)0  to  establish  atraiidng  school  of  iiiaiiii;il 
nkill  at  Taconia.  He  served  in  the  legislature  in  1880,  and  was  dcctcil  in 
the  senate  in  18H7-8. 

"  John  Heard  Allen  M'aa  born  in  Crawfordsville,  Montgomery  en.,  Im' . 
May  18,  ISI,"{,  received  .a  common  school  education,  and  in  18(11  enlistrd  in 
the  i:i8lh  Ind.  inf.mtry,  serving  in  Tenn.  and  Ala.  until  imi-^tenil  «M, 
when  he  went  to  Rochester,  Minn.,  as  agent  for  a  grain  lirni.  He  rcnl  law, 
and  attended  the  law  school  at  .\nn  Arbor,  Mich.,  being  admitted  tn  piii'- 
tice  in  ISiiO,  and  coining  to  Wash,  in  1870,  and  opening  an  otlice  in  Ol.Miil'ii' 
His  t.ilents  weri' soon  recogni..ed.  imkI  he  was  ap[)ointe''  U.  S.  att(iiiir\  I'^r 
W.  T.,  which  position  ho  held  for  ten  years,  lit;  removed  toWalll^ValU 
in  bSS|,  and  wa.-i,  as  elsewhere  mentioned,  elected  to  congress,  tlinuJi  In 
did  not  laku  liis  seat. 


THE  NEW  STATE. 


3i: 


Altliou-li 

f  Noveliilni' 
i'or  sciKildis 
ronior  ctiulil 
ito  until  tlu' 
and  to  that 
postpnutd. 
CO  Jolm  V. 
iiiletl  at  till' 
laturc  l»riii;4 
ik  |)lac'(!  iui- 
ic  first  ha  lint 
c  senate  aiiil 
econd  ballut 
;it'  ^50  in  ihv 
ic  reniaindoi' 

[ready  drawn 

the  two  sli[)s 

lose  niarkiil 

I.      Scott  IV- 

iiiciiml  asiiiraiit.-*, 
il,  witli  (.'i-'i  tiy 
Ihdrew  l)efiirL    '. 

bora  ill  ^Vis.  in 
Iciinii'iltluUni't' 
ling  a  ti;\v  inoii!!,'' 
|uty  county  tic.is- 
partiicisliii.,  all! 
[nU,  iiinl  euuajiil 
|s  t;ucci'->fiil.     I'l 

10  imrcliavi'  I  tho 
ink,  of  wlii'h  !>■ 
Iisc.l  to  )r'-'.V.t,<"«i. 

school  of  iiiaiiii;il 
id  Wilrt  cli'clt'il  til 

i^oniory  rn.,  Ind., 
ISOt  I'lilistid  ill 

11  miHtorcil  o.it, 
li.  llo  ri'ail  law, 
IlinitU'il  to  piMi- 
^llicoiiiOlyinpii. 

S.   attortii'V  for 

to  Walla  W.iUi 

IresM,  tlioii-li  lit! 


nut-stcd  that  Anders,  who  was  his  elder,  should  bo 
elected  chief  justice,  which  was  so  done.  Solomon 
Smith  of  Goldeudale  was  elected  clerk,  and  the  rules 
of  the  territorial  supreme  court  were  adopted  for  the 
time,  the  court  adjournin<j  to  the  first  Monday  in 
Jaiuiary.'" 

Although  the  new-made  state  had  been  thirty-six 
vrars  in  the  condition  of  a  territory,  few  of  its  niem- 
iicrs  were  born  on  its  soil.  Yet  the  averay,'e  ag'c 
(if  its  first  senators  was  not  far  from  forty  years, 
altlionL,''h  the  young  majority  had  mingled  witli  them 
a  <li,-;nifying  proportion  of  pioneers,  as  a  few  threads 
nf  silver  on  the  brow  of  a  mature  man  add  dignity  to 
Lis  still  evident  youthfulness.  Only  about  half  a 
(luz(  11  nieinbers  of  both  houses  had  resided  in  the 
territory  from  the  year  of  its  organization;  several 
were  Oregonians  or  Californians  by  birth,  and  a  few 
wrw  of  foreign  birth.  Almost  enough  to  constitute 
a  company  had  fought  in  the  battles  of  the  civil 
war;  some  had  in  other  states  gained  experience  as 
K'nslators,  and  in  both  bodies  there  was  a  hi'>h  order 
of ]ii;utical  intclligonce.'^ 

'-  Cliii'f  .lustir-e  Andprs  was  horn  in  Seneca  co.,  Ohio,  in  18??8,  and  adiiiit- 
ti'il  to  tho  bar  at  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  in  IStilJ.  Ho  cainii  to  Wash,  in  1871, 
wii  associated  with  Thomas  H.  Brents  of  WalLi  Walla  in  law  practice,  and 
WIS  ino-icciitiiiL,'  attorney  of  that  district  for  live  tcriiis. 

'"  ('.  O.  Aii.stin  was  born  in  Avon,  Ohio,  March  18,  1840.  Served  in  tlio 
wirnf  rcI)ellioii,  was  twice  clerk  of  the  7th  judicial  district  of  Minnesota, 
aiiii  alter  removing  to  Wash,  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  district  court  for 
(Firlicld  and  Asotin  counties.  His  business  was  that  of  a  dealer  in  grain  and 
UjiniMiltiiral  miciiiiiery. 

I'lliii  S,  liaker  was  born  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Nov.  21,  1801,  and  removed 
til  Tacdiiia  in  1881. 

L  1).  ('l(iui;h  was  born  in  Watcrbury,  Vt,  May  12,  18r>0.  He  removed  to 
Vaiirimvrr,  W.  T.,  in  1877,  and  engaged  in  friiit-raisiiif;.  He  was  elected 
slu'iitl  ill  |SS4,  and  served  two  years.  In  1888  he  was  elected  rcin'i-seiilativo 
iioiii  (Taike  CO.,  but  the  legislature  not  assembling,  he  was  elected  state 
seiiitiir. 

ir  ill  V  Drum  was  born  inGirard,  Macoupin  co.,  HI.,  in  18.")7.  and  educated 
It  tilt'  1  Hindis  state  university.  Ho  removed  to  Hebron,  Nebraska,  where 
ll'' wa-- a  hanker,  and  also  engaged  in  stock-raising  until  ls,s:i,  when  In-  le- 
iiii.viil  to  Tacoma,  where  he,  with  Walter  J.  Tlioinpson,  j  nrcliascd  the  bank 
"I  Ni'w 'racoina,  which  was  reorganized  as  the  Merchants'  National  bank,  of 
whh'li  \v  was,  when  elected  to  the  senate,  vice-president.  He  was  president 
I't  the  siliiiiil  board  of  Tacoma,  and  was  elected  mayor  in  188S,  serving  one 
yi'ir;  aiiil  was  director  in  several  commercial  I'literprises. 

A.  T.  Fan  is  was  born  in  Mount  I'leasant,  Iowa,  which  he  left  in  ISO",  and 


318 


PROGRESS  AND  STATEHOOD, 


The  machinery  of  the  new  state  was  now  in  motion, 

removed  to  Wash,  in  18S3,  where  he  engaged  in  hardware  business  at  Pull- 
man.    Flo  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1888,  and  state  senator  in  ISS!). 

C.  E.  Forsythe  was  born  in  Penn.,  in  1850,  and  received  a  common  sdiool 
education,  with  an  apprenticeship  at  carpentering.  In  1873  he  removed  to 
Hood  river.  Or.,  but  settled  in  Kelso,  Wash.,  wliore  he  taught  school.  Ho 
was  elected  county  auditor  in  1880,  on  the  republican  ticket,  serving  four 
years;  was  also  clerk  and  deputy  clerk  of  the  district  court.  Subse»iuuiitly 
engaged  in  real  estate  and  acquired  a  comfortable  fortune. 

O.  D.  Gilfoil  was  born  at  Rhinebeck,  N.  Y.,  July  8,  18G3.  He  was  brought 
up  on  a  farm,  but  worked  himself  up  to  a  railroad  contractor.  la  W;ish.  ho 
built  bridges  and  constructed  other  works  on  the  Lake  Shore,  yoattle, 
and  Eastern  R.  R.     He  was  the  youngest  man  in  the  senate. 

H.  E.  Houghton,  who  migrate<l  from  Wisconsin  to  Wa.sh.,  was  about  fifty 
years  of  ago,  and  had  been  a  state  senator  in  Wis.  Ho  was  several  times 
city  attorney  of  Spokane  Falls,  where  ho  was  member  of  the  law  iirm  (if 
Houghton,  Graves,  and  Jones. 

Jacob  Hunuaker  was  a  native  of  Illinois,  about  forty-four  years  of  aije. 
In  1S46  his  parents  emigrated  to  Or.,  and  ho  obtained  his  education  ;it 
Pacitic  university,  after  which  he  taught  school  in  Or.  and  Wash.  Ho 
wont  to  Peru  anil  spent  a  year  on  the  Cliallas,  Lima,  and  Oroya  R.  R.,  in  the 
employ  of  Kcitli  &  co.,  returning  in  1873  to  Thurston  co.,  where  he  m.iiTioil 
a  daughter  of  Hon.  A.  J.  Chambers  of  01ym[)ia,  and  finally  settle. I  in 
Klickitat  co.,  as  a  merchant  and  farmer.  He  was  county  commissioner  fur 
four  years. 

E.  B.  Hyde  was  born  in  Utica,  Winnebago  co.,  Wis.,  Jan.  13,  1840,  and 
resided  on  a  farm  imtil  he  was  thirty  years  of  age.  Ho  removed  to  W'asii. 
in  May,  1881,  settling  at  Spokako  Falls.  He  was  the  first  marshal  of  tliat 
city,  holding  the  otHce  four  terms;  was  a  member  of  the  city  council  two 
years,  and  held  other  minor  offices.  His  business  was  real  estate  and  hank- 
ing. Ho  was  a  delegate  from  Wajh.  to  the  Ciiicago  republican  convention, 
which  nominated  Benjamin  Harrison  for  president. 

J.  H.  Jones  of  King  co.  was  born  in  England  in  1857,  soon  after  which 
his  parents  removed  to  the  U.  S.,  settling  in  Penn.  Ho  was  a  coal-miner  in 
Penn.,  and  on  removing  to  Wash.,  in  1885,  again  engaged  in  coal  niinini;. 
He  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1888,  and  the  state  senate  in  188'.). 

W.  H.  Kneeland  was  born  in  Lincoln,  Me,  Dec.  11,  1848.  Ho  seenreil 
an  education  by  alternate  study  and  teaching.  In  18GD  he  engaged  in  hiin- 
bering  in  Penn.,  and  in  1870  became  interested  in  the  oil  regions.  A'loiit 
1880  gas-wells  were  discovered  in  the  northern  end  of  the  petroleum  belt  in 
the  state  of  N.  Y.,  and  he  conceived  the  idea  of  converting  the  gas  to  piaeti- 
cal  use.  To  this  end  he  organized  a  company  with  half  a  million  capital  ^U»-k, 
and  constructed  tlie  Empire  gas  line,  with  over  100  miles  of  pipe,  ami  with 
about  8,000  patrons.  In  1882  ho  sold  o'lt  all  his  property,  and  reinov'il  to 
Wash.,  engaging  in  luml)er  business  in  Mason  co.  Ho  was  unfortunate,  los- 
ing all  his  capital,  l)ut  afrerwards  partially  recovering  from  his  losses. 

Henry  Laudes  was  born  in  (rcrmany  in  1843,  but  emigrated  theiiee  wiUi 
his  parents  in  1847.  In  1801  lie  enlisted  in  a  union  regiment,  serving  tlinm^h 
tiio  war.  At  its  close  he  removed  to  Wash.,  went  to  the  mines  of  B.  ('.,  was 
api>oiiited  Indian  trader  at  Neah  Bay  reservation  for  six  years,  alter  which 
lie  established  himself  in  business  at  Port  Townsend.  Ho  held  vai  ions  eity 
olfices,  and  was  member  of  the  board  of  commissioners  to  locate  the  ^oveni- 
nieiit  buildings,  the  territorial  penitentiary,  and  the  site  of  deaf,  mute,  lilunl, 
and  feeble-minded  schools.  Ho  founded  the  First  National  bank  of  I'oi't 
Townsend  in  1883,  of  which  he  was  president;  was  a  proj-jctor  of  and  Awar- 
tor  in  the  Port  Townsend  Southern  R.  ii.  company,  and  president  ol  tho 
Olympus  water  company,  besides  being  colonel  of  tho  national  guard  of 
Wasnington. 

John  C.  Lawrence  was  born  at  Mount  Gilead,  Morrow  co.,  Ohio,  in  ISOl. 


I;ii 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


319 


and  running   without  any  perceptible  jar.     It   was 

His  father  dying  when  ho  was  young,  ho  removed  with  his  mother  to  eastern 
Wasliington  in  1878.  He  waa  county  Huperinten<k'nt  of  schools,  and  inein- 
licr  of  the  territorial  board  of  education;  also  for  one  term  superintendent  of 
iiulilic;  instruction.     Later  ho  engaged  in  real  estate  business. 

,1.  J[.  Long  was  born  near  Columbus,  Oliio,  Nov.  27,  1845,  and  removed 
to  Io\v:i  with  his  parents  in  18G0.  In  18154  ho  drove  an  ox-team  to  Boisd 
City.  I'laho,  as  payment  for  his  board  en  route,  and  in  ISO')  made  a  furthor 
rt'iiiovo  to  Lewi.4  co.,  Wash.  Ho  was  elected  county  assessor  in  ISGO,  treas- 
urer in  I87.H,  member  of  the  legislature  in  1877,  and  joint  councilman  of 
Lowis  and  Thurston  counties  in  1881.  Ho  began  life  in  Wash,  as  a  farm 
li.iinl,  but  became  a  proprietor,  and  engaged  in  cheese-making  in  several 
placL's,  also  in  milling,  being  president  of  the  Chehalis  Jlouring  mill  coni- 
jaiiy,  and  in  stock-raising.  He  married  in  1808  a  daughter  of  Stepiien  Hodg- 
(1.  II,  a  pioneer  of  1849.  His  daughter  married  Wm  B.  Allen,  a  banker  of 
Tacoiiia. 

1'.  II.  Luce  was  born  in  Wisconsin,  May  23,  1859.  Ho  studied  medicine, 
lint  niiiovcd  to  Wash,  in  1887,  and  engaged  in  real  estate  and  banking  at 
Davfii[iort,  Lincoln  co. 

Tlioiuas  Payno  of  Skagit  co.  was  born  in  New  York  City  in  185,5,  and 
rctiioved  to  Wash,  in  1882.  He  was  a  telegraph  operator,  having  charge  of 
Muiiiit  Vernon  station. 

,).  .M.  Snow  was  a  civil  engineer  at  Waterville,  and  about  35  years  of  age. 

N.  II.  Owings  was  born  in  Indianapolis,  Dee.  21,  18.30,  and  educated  at 
a  stiniiiary  in  that  city.  Ho  graduated  from  the  law  school  of  the  Nortli- 
wtsttru  Christian  university,  and  commenced  practice  in  Indianapolis. 
Wiioii  tlie  rebellion  occurred,  he  enlisted  in  tho  Clay  Guards  in  Washington 
City  til  guard  the  white  house,  and  serveil  GO  days,  when  bo  was  honorably 
(liscliargi'.l.  Ho  was  appointed  by  Lincoln  a  general  staflF-otficer,  with  the 
rank  of  captain,  and  served  on  tho  staff  of  Grant  and  Sherman,  receiving  one 
jiroiiiotiou  and  two  brevets,  resigning  in  18G5  with  the  rank  of  lieut-col.  He 
\v,is  appointed  special  agent  of  the  post-office  department,  and  subsequently 
asst  suiicrintendent.  On  the  5th  of  Feb.,  1877,  he  was  appointed  secretary 
01  Wasliinyton  territory,  and  held  tlie  office  four  terms. 

W.  .T.  Parkinson  was  born  in  Ireland,  May  10,  1844,  removing  with  hispa- 
ntits  to  Xcw  York  in  1845.  He  prepared  for  college  at  Wilbraham  academy, 
M  iss.,  and  later  attended  tho  Wesleyan  university  at  Middleton,  Conn.,  and 
Cnluiiiliia  law  school  in  New  York  City.  Ho  was  a  member  of  the  famous  44th 
Lllsttdith  regiment  of  N.  Y.  volunteers  in  1861,  after  which  ho  was  clerk  in 
t!ii'  private  office  of  the  secretary  of  war.  In  180(5  he  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tiio  i'.t  tlio  bar  in  New  York.  Removing  to  Kansas,  ho  was  elected  attorney 
lit  Liliutto  CO.  in  1807.  Subsequently  he  became  i)rincipal  of  a  seminary  in 
N.  I'.,  but  returned  to  Saratogi*  co.,  N.  Y.,  and  was  vice-president  of  tho 
comity  agricultural  society  in  1887-8,  and  stumped  the  state  of  N.  Y.  for 
IbrriMiu  and  Morton  in  1888, 

Piatt  A.  Preston  of  Walla  Walla  co.  was  born  in  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  in 
IS:!7.  He  removed  to  Omaha,  Neb.,  in  1853-4,  where  he  was  employed  by 
the  Onvilia  and  Nebraska  ferry  company.  In  18(50-1  lie  went  to  Colorado, 
Mniitaii;i,  and  Idaho,  and  in  18(56  settled  at  Waitslmrg,  Wash.,  where  ho 
iiyauf'l  ill  milling  and  niorchandisiiig  with  his  brother,  W.  <r.  Preston,  and 
S.  .\I.  W.iit,  and  also  in  farming  and  stock-raising.  Ho  was  elcettd  to  tho 
tciTit(M'i,il  legislature,  and  was  mayor  of  Waitsburg  for  several  years. 

\V.  V.  Kinehart  of  King  co.  was  born  in  Clinton  co.,  Indiana,  in  1S36. 
He  .-i^itli'il  in  Oregon  for  many  years,  and  served  in  the  1st  Oregon  cavalry, 
bii'J-.'),  being  commissioned  captain  and  nuijor.  In  1883  ho  removed  to 
SuattU'. 

15.  .\.  Seaborg,  from  Pacific  ?o.,  was  born  of  Swedish  parents,  at  Wasa, 
oitlio  coast  of  Finland,  July  29,  1841,  removing  to  the  U.  S.  in  1807,  and 
to.Vituna,  Or.,  in  1873,  whence  he  again  romoved  to  Ilwaco,  on  tho  north 


Ill-::  ' 


320 


niOGIlESS   AND  STATEHOOD. 


riclily  cndowod  by  nature  and  by  the  general  jrovfrn- 

siilo  of  tlio  ('(ihiiiibia  in  hSSO.     Jlcro  liu  formed  tlio  Abcrdeoii  pac!dn'^  lom- 

ii:iny,  an  I  uiitalilinlu-'il  :i  M.ilincin  caiiuory,  as  will  as  oiiu  at  (ii'.iy  Uailmr  luul 
{ay  Centre.  He  was  iiiti'rested  in  transportation  and  other  <riteri)rii(;H  fcir 
tliu  imlilii^  liLiu'lil.  In  liSiSH  lio  was  elected  coniuiissioner  of  I'.ieilii;  eo.  He 
Ma.<  aiiiiointe'l  jiilot  e(innnis:sioner  by  three  succesoivu  governors,  and  ilcoted 
Bcliooi  direcior  of  )iis  district. 

(leorge  F.  'l'lioni[)son  of  Walla  Walla  was  about  40  years  of  a;.,'c,  and  a 
lawyer  l>y  lirofe.s.sion.  He  had  resided  in  the  territory  for  ll!  years,  an  I  Ind 
lield  th(!  otli'M's  of  prosecuting  attorney,  probate  judge,  and  mayor  of  tliu 
city  of  Walla  Walla. 

L.  P.  Thoin[)'on  was  born  in  Jamestown,  Ciiatauqua  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  IS'JT, 
and  receivid  a 'JifUiinon  seliool  education.  In  1S48  lie  migrated  to  ChiiMgd, 
whence  in  \^l'j  lie  went  to  Sacramento,  Cal.  Observing  that  Ori'gon  liiinljfr 
was  in  j.'rc.it  demand,  ho  went  to  Mihvau'ieo,  Or.,  .spendinir  two  yi  iii  in 
alternate  luiuliirini^  and  mining.  In  IS.'j'J  he  removed  to  Steilacooin  aiKl 
biult  a  mill  nt  ar  Fort  Ni.squally,  whieli  he  operated  until  the  Indian  warijf 
IS.'),"),  will  II  he  lield  a  commission  in  the  rei,'ular  army  and  later  in  tlie  vo'iiti- 
teer  tiervice  in  tlie  (piartermaster's  deiiirtinent.  He  was  a  membiT  of  the 
lir.st  li'gislative  asseinl)ly  of  Wasji.  territory;  served  in  the  Indian  drinrt- 
ment  several  years;  introduced  hop-growin;.;  north  of  tiie  CoUimli'i;  was  an 
incorporator  anil  director  of  the  .Merciiants'  National  bank  of  Tacoiua;  ii 
director  of  the  Wasiiington  National  bank  and  president  of  the  Farmi'i-,-,'aiid 
Merchants'  bank  of  King  co.,  and  was  an  extensive  hop-grower  at  Suiiiner. 

B.  C  Van  Hoiiton  was  about  3S  years  of  age  .tiid  a  .successful  busiiKs.s 
man  of  Spokane  Falls,  lieing  i)residcnt  of  Citizens'  National  bank,  an  1  aiuli- 
tor  of  .sp:ikano  co.  for  two  years. 

Samuel  Vestal  was  born  in  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  in  184.'t,  anil  removed  to 
Wash,  in  IST'J.  lie  taught  school  in  Cowlitz  co.  until  ISTli,  when  he  eii;.;ii,'eil 
in  merchandising  at  Kalama,  being  elected  county  treasurer  the  .sanu'  year, 
and  re-i'Ucted  in  1S78  and  1880.  In  1879,  his  store  being  consumed  by  (irtj, 
lie  formed  a  mercantile  partnership  with  H.  C.  CV  legy.s,  and  togotiui-  tiny 
removed  to  Snoiiomish,  wiiero  he  wiis  elected  to  the  state  senate. 

II.  II.  Wolt'c  of  Columbia  co.  was  a  native  of  Ohio,  engaged  in  menliaii- 
dising  and  farming  at  Dayton,  Wash.  Ho  had  been  a  long  time  in  the  terri- 
tory. 

Alexander  Watt  was  born  in  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  in  18114,  immigrating  to 
Cal.  with  his  parents  in  1840.  He  mined  and  prospected  for  gold  in  every 
territory  of  the  northwest  and  ,n  B.  C,  finally  settling  in  Yamhill  co..  Or., 
where  lie  married  and  followed  farming.  In  1870  he  removed  to  Spokuiio 
(Ml.,  Wash.,  and  was  elected  county  assessor  in  1888,  and  state  scnalur  in 
1880. 

John  T.  Whalley  was  born  norir  Manchester,  Eng.,  in  ISoti,  and  canio  to 
the  U.  S.  in  1871,  settling  in  Illinois  wiiero  ho  had  relatives.  In  IS7.'!  lio 
again  migrated,  this  time  to  Or.,  where  he  was  employed  on  farms  in  Vaiii- 
hill  and  Washington  counties  for  one  year,  when  ho  began  a  cnur.-i'  of 
study,  graduating  at  Forest  (irove  in  1881.  During  this  time  ho  sa[ip'iitLHl 
himself  by  laboring  during  vacaticms,  or  teaching.  At  tho  end  of  the  ciuirse 
he  Went  cast  and  studied  two  years  at  Yale  divinity  school,  and  one  year  at 
Andover  theological  seminary,  after  which  he  was  settled  at  Lawrence,  Mass., 
for  three  years.  He  tiien  returned  to  tho  west  and  resided  at  Coli'ax,  Wash., 
with  tlio  intention  of  engaging  in  raising  blooded  cattle  and  horses. 

Eugene  T.  Wilson  was  born  at  Mailison,  Wis.,  Dee.  11,  18.V2.  At  the 
age  of  i;j  years  his  parents  removed  with  him  to  Montana.  In  1870  he  eaiiie 
to  Columbia  co.,  Wasii.,  and  served  in  tho  Indian  war  of  1877  as  1st  lieiil  of 
Idaiio  volunteers.  In  1881  ho  established  tho  Pomoroy  llepnhUmn,  at'ter- 
wards  tho  Etut  fVn»hiiiijtoiiinii,  which  ho  sold  out,  and  in  1883,  in  »'oim|> my 
with  F.  M.  McCuUy,  purchased  tho  Columhia  Chronicle  of  Dayton.  Tiii<  aUo 
Mas  disposed  of  iu  1887  *o  O.  C  White,  its  original  proprietor.     In  ISSJ-O 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


321 


orovcrn- 

ac'.tins  ii>!ii- 
ll;irl>iir  ;iikI 
tcri)risert  for 
L'ilic  CO,  lie 
,  ami  cl'itccl 

if  ii.;t',  iiii'l  a 
■•irs,  ;iU'l  linl 
luiyiir  iif  tliu 

.  Y.,  ill  1S-J7, 
^\  to  (.'lii'MJI'S 
ri^gDii  liiuiljor 
two  yt-iis  ill 
x'ilacooiii  iiiul 
liuli;iu  \v:ir  nE 
'  ill  till!  voliin- 
iciiiluT  of  the 
luliiui  lU'i'irt- 
iml)'.:i;  w:h  an 
(if  Ta(.'oni;i;  a 
L!  raniu'r-.'  auil 
;r  at  Smiiiifi'. 

2Min\    llUSUll-ViH 

lank,  aii'l  audi- 

11(1  reiiioviMl  ti) 
ion  ho  oik;  riC'l 
the  saiin'  yi.';ir, 
lisiiiiioil  I'y  li^'. 
togotlior  iliiy 
lite. 

il  in  iiionhiiu- 
ino  in  tlu'  tui-ri- 

Liinigr.itiiii^  to 

I  gold  in  ovcry 

uiliiU  oo.,  ()i'., 

;(l  to  Sii'.U.uie 

[ate  soiialor  m 

I),  and  c^i"!''  t" 

In  IST-i  Iw 

tarms  in  Vaiii- 

|u  a  odiir-''  i>t' 

he  smin'ortcd 

of  tlu!  I'ourse 

[id  Olio  yo  a-  '.it 

;rcnco,  Mass., 

I'ollax.  Wa.h., 

|)l-.S03, 

18.V2.  At  tlie 
[l87G  lu'  '''ii'"-' 
ha  1st  li''Mtof 
{tblirnn,  altcr- 
\  ill  I'omii  luy 
Im.  Thi-»1'" 
lu  lSSJ-0 


mcnt.     Its  legislature  would  require  several  months, 

111'  .sorved  as  clerk  of  the  legislative  council;  and  in  1887  removed  to  Ellens- 
Imi'.',  where  ■;o  took  charge  of  a  mercantile  tistablishinetit,  which  was  oon- 
liiiiiiid  hy  tire  in  18.S'J.     li(!  was  a  nieniher  of  th    city  council  of  Ellenshurg. 

William  D.  Wood  was  horn  in  Marin  co.,  Cal.,  Dec.  1,  ISjS.  Ho  resided 
tlii'ic  on  a  farm,  and  hy  labor  earned  tiio  moans  to  ednoato  liinisolf  at  the 
N:i|ii  collogiato  institute,  and  hy  t(!aehing  paid  his  expenses  at  the  Hastings 
law  s.'iiool  of  iS.  F.  Ho  also  hi-camo  a  skilled  stenographer.  In  1S82  he 
lemosod  to  Seattle,  and  the  .saiiic  year  he  was  oleotcl  ,)rohato  judge  of  King 
o'.  Ill'  was  president  of  the  Wood  brothers'  land  and  trust  company,  and 
iiiailr  real  estate  investments  and  improvements  at  Green  lake  near  .Seattle. 

( '.  K.  Wooding  was  a  native  of  Michigan,  about  forty  years  of  ago,  and 
u  liiiikcr  at  Aberdeen.  He  was  also  engaged  in  improveuieuts  at  (.iray 
Hirlxir. 

Tlie  iiiomlx;r.i  of  the  hous(!  of  repre.sentatives  wore  known  as  follows: 

Alosandcr  Allen,  born  in  Scotland  in  184'J,  oniigratod  thence  with  hid 
piircnts  in  184!),  settling  in  Wis.  He  .served  in  the  24th  Wisconsin  reg't 
(luring  tlie  war.  In  1875  he  came  to  Wash.,  lirst  residing  in  Port  .Madison, 
I  ut  removing  to  iSeattle.  By  occupatiim  a  ship-buildor,  he  was  made  super- 
iiiti'iidont  of  the  Seattle  dry   'ook  company. 

F.  W.  Bird,  aged  about  forty  years,  was  a  locomotive  engineer,  who  had 
iiillewed  his  calling  in  King  to.  for  15  years;  but  had  seen  the  want  of  build- 
1111,'  material  in  Seattle,  and  turned  his  attention  to  the  manufacture  of 
l.rick. 

,h>lin  T.  Blackburn  was  born  in  Vi.,;.!  ''•(',  Eng.,  Aug.  14,  1844,  and  was 
apiircnticod  to  a  horticulturist.  He  emi"t  ited  to  111.  in  1807.  In  187.'{  ho 
iiuiii'cd  Miss  J.  P.  Giddings,  nieoo  of  ok  diua  11.  Giddings  of  Oiiio,  and  in 
lS.Si  removed  to  Vashon  island,  Puget  Sou..d,  where  he  engaged  in  farming. 
Ho  was  a[ipointed  postmaster  at  Vashon  in  1885,  and  notary  public  in  1887. 
hi  ISNS  li(!  was  elected  to  the  legislature  which  did  not  assemble. 

I  ,  i'.  Hlackfan  was  born  in  111.  and  served  in  the  union  army,  where  he 
was  k  iwn  as  the  baby  of  Gen.  Harrison's  brigade.  In  187'.)  he  removisd  to 
la;  I  I  HI  Wash. 

11.  IJlair  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Polk  co.,  Mo.,  Sept.  I'J,  1855,  where  he 
resided  until  he  came  to  his  majority,  when  he  voted  for  a  republican  presi- 
dent. In  1877  he  removed  to  Vancouver,  teaching  school  in  Clarke  co.,  and 
>tiiilyiiiij  medicine.  He  gr.iduated  from  the  medical  department  of  the 
Willamette  university  in  188,'5,  after  which  ho  iiiigaii  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
lessiim  idid  settled  in  Bickleton,  1880. 

(loorgo  Bothell  of  King  co.  was  born  in  Clarion  oo.,  Penn.,  in  1844,  and 
served  during  the  war  of  the  rebellion  in  the  135th  I'eiin.  infantry  and  14tli 
i'liiti.  cavalry,  being  captured  by  Early's  forces,  July  4,  18(i4.  He  came  t(» 
Wash,  ill  187'.).  and  engaged  with  his  brother  in  logging  and  shingle-making 
at  HdtlioU,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Washington. 

.rdsiali  S.  Brown  was  born  March  0,  1845,  in  the  parish  of  Burton,  iSun- 
liury  CO.,  in  New  Brunswick.  When  9  years  of  age  he  removed  to  Aroostook 
111.,  .Me,  wiiere  he  lived  on  a  farm,  and  attended  the  district  school.  Ho 
served  tlirough  the  civil  war,  being  in  almost  all  the  famous  battles  of  the 
rebellion,  was  wounded,  and  was  l)ut  twenty  years  of  ago  when  mustered 
wilt  iu  I8G5.  In  1807  he  joined  the  engineer  battalion  of  the  U.  S.  army, 
and  eaiiie  to  the  Pacific  coast  in  1808,  serving  in  five  states  and  territories, 
and  heiiig  wounded  in  the  Modoc  war,  and  specially  mentioned  for  gallantry. 
After  this  last  service  he  came  to  reside  in  Spokane  co.,  Wash.,  on  a  farm. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  republican  territorial  convention  at  EUensburg  in 
1S88,  and  to  the  repubMcau  state  convention  at  Walla  Walla  iu  1889. 

(leorge  Browne  was  born  in  Boston  in  1839,  and  was  an  employee  of  a  bank 
in  Wall  street,  New  York,  before  the  war  broke  out.  During  the  war  he 
was  a  staff  officer;  after  ita  close,  be  began  making  investuieuts  in  ditfureut 
Ui8T.  Wash.— 21 


PROGRESS  iVND  STATEHOOD. 


i  ;f 


with  the  assistance  of   the  code  commissioners,    to 

lotMlitics,  and  in  1887  settled  in  Tacoma,  ■where  ho  became  one  of  thi!  incor- 
imrators  of  the  Tacoin.ianil  St  Paul  lumber  company,  and  one  of  the  ownKTs 
of  the  Fern  llill  Motor  railway. 

\V.  O.  Bu.sli,  nun  of  Guorgo  W.  Bu.sh,  tlio  colored  pioneer  of  VVuHh.,  was 
born  in  Mo.  in  JS.t'2.  IIo  wa.s  a  Hucces.sful  a^M•iL•ldtll^i.^t,  Ills  exliiliit'i  nf 
wlifat  at  the  'jcntennial  o.vpo.sition  in  187(i  taking  tht;  pri'niiuni  over  .ill 
olhir  wiic;it  m  the  world.  Hid  cortilioatc  was  deposited  in  the  state  lihrnry 
at  ( »lyi''.pia. 

A.  K.  Clarke  was  born  in  Wind.sor  co.,  Vt,  in  1>im'.  1.S4'.).  In  Isti-J  lio 
joined  a  Vermont  regiment,  and  was  in  tlio  l)attlo  ol  (Jetly-sljiirg  ln'foro  lir 
was  11  yoar.s  old.  lie  .served  throughout  the  war,  and  after  the  war  bc;,'au 
attendance  at  a  military  univer.sity;  but  the  lial)it  of  active  liio  -v.im  ton 
strong,  and  he  entered  the  regular  irniy  in  18t3(),  serving  in  Indan  w.irs  for 
'JO  years,  liis  la.st  figliting  being  in  the  Xez  Perce  war  of  1877.  He  was  iii<. 
charge  I  iu  187'J  from  F>)rt  C'u3ur  d'  Aleue,  and  Bettieil  at  Kockford,  in  ."^[m- 
kaue  CO. 

John  Cleman  was  born  in  Lane  eo..  Or.,  in  ISo"),  and  removed  to  a  .stock 
farm  in  Yakima  co..  Wash.,  in  1805.  There  ho  .spent  his  life;  niarrie<i,  inel 
ehildien,  improved  his  land,  and  never  engaged  iu  politics.  His  friends  .scut 
him  to  the  lir.st  state  legislature. 

S.  S.  Cook,  also  born  in  Or.,  in  1854,  represented  Clarke  co.,  whei'(!  Iiu 
had  resided  10  years.     He  was  a  stone-mason,  and  had  contracts  in  Si'ittle. 

James  M.  Cornwall  was  I)orn  in  Orange  co.,  Ind.,  ^-Sug.  7,  18;M,  and  reiircil 
on  a  f.irm,  in  Edgar  co..  111.  .\t  tliu  .ige  of  18  he  started  witli  an  elder  brntlai' 
to  cross  the  |)lain3.  James  settled  on  a  land  elai'n  a  hnv  miles  wi'st  of  Port- 
land, autl  farme(l  it  for  tciU  years,  having  in  the  mean  time  married  Miss  .Xbiry 
A.  Stott.  In  18ti0  he  visited  Oro  Fino  mines,  and  e.xaniinetl  the  Wall  i  W'.ilLi 
valley  with  reference  to  settlement,  taking  up  land  near  Dry  creek  for  a  e  it- 
tic  ranelio.  That  winter,  the  severest  in  the  history  of  the  counti'y,  killed 
otV  all  his  stock.  In  18(18  ho  purchased  a  farm  0  miles  frt)m  Walla  W.dli, 
wlicre  ho  niailo  his  home.  lie  was  olecti^l  juint  representative  of  Whit- 
man and  Walla  Walla  counties  in  18S1. 

llenrv  B.  Day  was  born  in  Tazewell  co.,'V'a,  in  ISIJO.  He  removed  toWi--. 
in  1847,  and  to  Or.  iu  1851.  In  1850  he  tixik  cattle  into  the  Walla  Wall,, 
country,  .afterwards  mining  in  Montana,  trading  and  packing  until  IS70, 
when  he  turned  his  attention  to  sheep-raising  and  H'::.ck  business  general!), 
settling  at  Dayton. 

K.  1$.  Dean  was  born  in  Iroiiuois  co..  III.,  in  1842,  and  reared  on  a  firm. 
He  served  in  the  IStli  low.i  infantry  during  the  rebellion.  His  occupatiea 
is  that  of  a  brick-mason. 

M.  S.  I  Mew  was  born  iu  Machias,  Washington  eo.,  Me,  iu  18'_'7.  He  mi- 
grated t.i  .\liiin.  whi.'U  18  years  of  age,  anil  iu  18.52  came  to  tho  Pacific  coa.st, 
via  I'an.ima  istlimus.  Two  years  later  ho  settled  at  Port  Gamlile  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  Pugot  mill  company,  where  he  remained,  e.xcc  pt  when  sci»iii>( 
two  years  as  collector  of  cnstoius  for  Paget  Sound  district,  i.nder  ("rr.iut'-i 
ailniinistratiou. 

.\.  II.  Ivldy  was  born  at  San  Jose,  Cal.,  iu  185H.  Reversing  tho  usual 
rule,  ho  moved  eastward  to  Illinois,  Texas,  CoIv)rado,  returning  to  Cal.  .'iml 
practising  as  a  physician.  In  1881  he  camo  to  Wash.,  ar.d  engageil  in  cmi- 
tracting  and  buihling. 

Johu  J.  Kuens.  from  Skagit  co.,  was  boru  iu  Marshall  co.,  Ky,  iu  ISV.l, 
ami  removed  to  Knox  co.,  .Mo.,  at  the  age  of  12  years,  llo  joined  the  stiti; 
militia  in  18lil,  and  in  IStVi  enliwleil  iu  tho  iOth  >lis.-,ouri  cavalry  at  St  I.oui'i, 
being  in  14  battles.  In  ISl!7  lie  wi^lt  to  Denver,  and  in  (uigaged  in  eontiacl- 
ing  and  freightii-g.  In  1871  settled  at  (lUemes  iu  Skagit  co.;  has  lieM  s.'v 
oral  county  ollices,  and  was  once  electijcl  joint  representative  of  Skagil  ml 
Snohomish  counties. 

Williuiu  Furristo  wiu  bora  in  Riohibuuto,  New  Uruuawiuk,  iu  1835,  ni 


nssioners,   to 

o  ono  of  tli(^  iiicdr- 
Olio  of  tlio  OW-ll-M 

eer  of  Wa.sli.,  was 
<t,  his  cxliiliits  of 
l>i'i'iniiiiu  ovci-  -ill 
II  till!  state  lilirai'v 


umovud  to  ;i  stock 

life;  marriod,  hmi 

ilia  friends  sunt 


I  removed  to  Wn. 
the  Walla  \\all.. 
;kiug  until  \S'(), 
iisiiiess  Heuerall\ , 


ill  1S'J7.  Ill-  Mii- 
tho  racitio  eoiist, 
aiiililu  ill  the  (in- 
jlt  when  sen  liii! 
;t,  i;iider  (Tram  < 

i'r.>iiig  the  usu.il 

iiiiig  to  <'al.  Mii'l 

ongagei!  in  con 

eo.,  Ky,  ill  ISHI, 
joined  till)  stlti' 
airy  at  St  I.oiii-. 
iged  ill  eonlii'  I 
o. ;  has  held  scv- 
I'o  of  Skaj^iL  .111'! 

rick,  ill  183."),  m' 


WOJllAPJiJCAL. 


iiiak-0  and  revise  the  ] 


3-^3 


.Vottisii  ii.ironts,  ,i,„i 


••t^vs,  which  1 


"try.     JT, 


ongatiod  ia  j,,^, 


'^'%  is  in  sessi 


on  as 


ing.  and  was  no 


o-,„oyedtT\v^;r,;'?!^-"'^a,ul,n..^^ 


He 

I'iiieiiinati  J 


^'fr  in  an\ 
«''«'iaii  uMs  l„ 


J.  \V.  !• 

r.idiMtecfat  M 


'>1«78,  where] 


M TViie  (if  li 
"■.•IS 


nv  sch,l,.| 


'•mil  iiiii 


political  office'. 


'"^'  •■'gain  0 


■  I'ur.Miii.s  ill  I 
"g'lged  in  Inini 


iiac 
)er- 


«'-adii,it 


ver.sity  i„  Ql, 


'"  J'<44,  l.ut 


"^.'•""^iHy  (run,  !>,;._. 


V'  1*^70,  and 


lirosenuiu'r  jitt 


T?  '■'  '^'^-     He  h.d 


'•eiiioved  to  K\ 


■;^tiidiiil  law 


ti.  til 


!..  S 


,.••,,..  uiii]''  artnio,.>'  ,11-        .  "^  "o 

''''^•'•o,  ti,at^i;;;;;.;,',:!..::'^^;"?'i»co.,jv, 

iK'-'sson  the  n  [Ml  1,1 


endot-  flieM-alof 


P'-evi.iii.sly  1 


Partiiienf  of  t 


10  grand 


( '.  11.  ]. 
X     ).      ffe 


0  F.ill 


;•:'»  f  i<  ket  in  the  -M 


Laps 


■■"■my  of  t 


for 


tl 


lie  re 


III  tin 
''een  in   till 


bell 


■'^'^'  .Vf^ars,  aiKl 


ion.     JK 


'"  J^>7,  an. I 


10  )■ 


Avas 


"iiiiii,  rfcll  w;,,s    I 


•a>:  f 


••^'I'.'il'liej  and  ran  f 


"i"  a  ,sh,i,.t  ( 


■iiler  th. 
,111.  i 


St  11 


tel 


r.l[.l,y 


""•»    •'"'.>•  31,   J,s,;;i 


;^|';';tofKy,nJ^7s:     H 


eoiii- 
iV>r 


■'■'.»  e'ity  utt 


aii(( 


'ookk 


■iiey. 


e  earn  I . 


ill   Delaware,  \\ 


M>  .    uie.i^o,.     j<).  ...,,■   I   'Y   "■'"    "ooKlveep  nc    Iw.I.i;,.  '■   '"" 

'"■'  i"  '>«■' locate,  t  IN        '  v«;''  *  "f  the  N   V     V'"  "-^^-anows  j 


anon 


years. 

Ill    tllO   .s.illl: 

"IHmtor  for  th 


]{ 


•eeoming  ii,t..;v,ted 


'■*'Im  ill  thcsiun 


at  JLuvley,  M 


['■  f"l'aeity,  wl;  ,,.„  ] 


(■ 


"•'''■-<  i:.  Post, 

nitiiefim.iit,  of   th 


i;:s,r!v-'n.:s\'-;;"t;-;i:s;;.;- 


''"■■ 

'Ositil;||s 

inn.. 
'ureinaiiH,,! 


st-'i'veu  (lin)ii<di  t 


'■.lilro.id 
'  «as 
w.ir  I 


<'omi) 


any. 


■'i"<l  ;ietod.  as  tel 


't'd  Altai 


»in  in  Rri 


•Me 


)ia 
'egrajih 


■^e])t. 


Ill    U  \»llil 


10  wiu: 


n 


tilln 

"I ill  F.iircfiifc 


'I'ld  t'oll,nv,.,|  (1 


J"i>S<UlVosidenU       '    ^^ 


ifi4i. 


tl 


"^".V-     Foster  1 


lie  sea,  and  sy] 


iiieoli 


iio  com- 


'ei's. 


ill  lS(i.-|.     After   tl 


"»  the  U.  S.  Tl 


r^"^--^'-.gk;m;ied 


'''.^•■"i"  the  army,  t,; 


«uli 


•  ,-*"f''.tl'ishof„ll„„-^,     , 
ills  family  ,„  1877.  .s,.f  I, ...     .^' 


•'>i'r'-u-;?;:^:::7^i?i.^'-^'rr-i;":nd 


tl 


■I'ted  a  hot 
•'•  K.  (iand 
i>'  War  as  a 


ttl 


"•'  «ea  fur  ]•> 
i"g  at  .South  Jkmd. 


:!^*>eliusetisvoIuntiv,. 
It'"'''' !"■'!''" '■'•'•  Il.',<»()(» 
"'e  transferr.'d 
'..  ■Hid  t\as 
i.seliar;;..,! 


"';^'"(.  and  horn  rahly  d 


^^ir.;:.'!?''"/'^^''"''<li.L: 


■Hll'i;i.|)ri    ii,     (j 


l"'i'.ile  in  the  I 


Wi 


-moving  to  \\ , 
"'ilwater  hay,  „.| 


asli. 


lie  ivo,.| 


""';j;'^'';«;:ts,,„kanei.-air 


''/'army.      f{ 


'"•"' ;"-'"y-  and  at  it.s 


[n  J.S47.     II 


«  came  to  Wa^i 


cl 


0  served  t 


•jse  w.i.s  coinii 


iroi|.r|, 


"f  ^i^^'  landeirr'^X,!' '  v'  '';"'"  '»  '•'''^V'.y.  I,.,.i.,„ ,,    , 


1.  Ill  i,s 


'•>.  .1111, 


iissi.iiicii  a 
(iraetisid 


about  |,S4;t,  and 


at  ;t 


tile  V 
Miiiili 


I  W,IS 

ici/ii 


eoinmi 
eo.i.vt, 


'-l';"'-."!  in  the  regul 


|i«  enlisted,  served  ( 


years 


^r'-'-H-^ehnoi.  i„  •;;;:, 


and 


ir  ar 


;;:'[;;  ""'-^•■'-ided  at  V 


rvcd  in  the  .M„d 


•"ly.     lie  1, 


'•"Ugh  the 


At   L'O 

lllllICi 

w 


'■"•les  (;ilchrist 


aneonvor,  xrhero  1 


'doe  and  I',./  j 


'Sl"li, 


w.ir,  ami 


'10   i- 


Iiid 


'!'.  '"^'i!*.  <"lll.e  t.) 


'■'»t  Was    I 


I"  pii>visi( 


iiliaii  \\t,:.i 


III  and 


^•■--'f  ag;ii;miJ:::;;:./l'  ^-tland,   in   JS, 


I.  since 
grocorv 


in  V         1    "       '^   " 
'"  -Xi'vada  ami  Cal 


inigrated  to  (■■„,, 


■liii 


f""".  all er  which  I 
'  I'llivhascd 


lie 


■'"•■';  and  / 


'll|:i 


■"'a,  ami  b 


n. 


■■"I'l   •■ducated   (I 


■'■«'i"-'iiillat< 


-XS:f'!,- :::=.:» 


'•^'turned  (o  s,.„fl 


."y 


ni.'ii 


'g'"i  larming;  aftc 
■1  loriiiii(>  ii,  I 


lleri 


'w.ird 


iitr.ili 


■     '"  ''^"^   bei.aine  to  Wasl 


»!ivM.;at,.,l   ,,(.  j       , 

"■""".  and  w.Mf,' 
1  iiioin' 


rant 


w.is  I 


Zr-  "•''^■'■"  '"^  '"-l^^l  the  I 


.ewis 


'"'■II   at  .7, 


\I 


■S.  (; 


ayetto  colloir,,     i 

'I'orofthcw'; '^ ;;'.'•■!.'■''"".■  of  tl 


«.'nil 


tbe  W;d\:l  Wall 


He.    Ol, 
■''.""■•    in    |.S.s;i. 


'I. 
eoiintv 


aiiesvi 


'o  H-.i.. 


rr'V"-  >^"niial 


I  Ntat 


le  /'■,.,(./„,,./; 


when    111) 


"g.     17.   ISd! 


am 


;/i/i,;r. 


Hi 


leiiioved    ti 


'orn  I 


Mill.   I 


'1''  H.ls  ,1  I 


' 1  and   .All 


^;;-i'v-'<i"nofN,:,„..,;,si: 


",  ^Me.-ldvillc,    1 


o  w.'ls  eloeted 


'"■""""I'd  to  LM  l' 
w,is  cirihiai 


",■■'-""■   " ih,i 


i' 


enil. 


lany  n 
.IS  a 


W 


'■IIM" 


•olii 


r't-'ant  at  riiielcama:, 'a'"';;;  ^'/'^'^  « 


"'    bS;t-|.   educated 
;""i  langht  school 


at    th 


II 


■'I.,  wii 


'    ;7;-Mortlieartili:V;yth  «i',,,'''  "'"  "^^"■'l'   t" 
'   '"   'iinilicnii.r  , .,'*"'""    '■♦fh  armv,.,,...,.       »,/ 


I,  ,      'Mill. 

''■'•"  he  took  a  1 


'"'g  in  nortl 


'■'ii'i  mil 


'"■'y  Haniilt, 


liern  Mic 


■hZ;"':;:?:,'-';':»-..A'fTti 


^""..•stoa.i,^::i,;"'^"'«'"'-  '""li.MS84 


•\^  "ar,  and  m;,'s 

lie  sea    h,. 
le  w.ir 


removed    tl 


<Iock- 


iM'll 

r.ii; 


c"..  ^^ash„  as  n,ii,«  f.„...''  'I>""  •'  traetof  land  i»  . 


ing, 


"»io8  from  Coiiconully,  au.J 


oil 


111  Wh.lt 


Ollgttgo.l 


3-24 


PROGRESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


I  write,  and  there  I  leave    them,  confident    in  ilu^ 

L.  C.  Hen-en  was  liorn  in  North  Carcilina,  in  1850,  cducatod  at  Finniii 
university  ami  Wakcforcst  collej^c,  ami  grailuateil  at  (rreonsljuro  law  s<  Ik  ml 
in  1880.  Ho  was  colleotnr  of  internal  revenuti  of  the  llth  division  of  N.  ('. 
in  188'J;  came  to  Wash,  in  1884,  and  was  eloctud  to  the  legislature  in  Isss. 

A.  S.  Hewitt  was  horn  in  ilio  state  of  N.  Y.,  in  1S."):J.  Ho  came  from 
Oliio  to  W.'isli.  in  1877,  and  Mas  for  many  years  a  locomotive  en^ineiT,  In  Iji- 
ing  to  organize  tlio  oriler  of  hrothcrliooil  of  locomotive  enginnrs.  Hi-  en- 
gaged ill  real  estate  Imsiiiess  upon  tho  rapid  rise  of  Taeoiiia,  in  which  hi-  w.is 
extremely  fortunate. 

W.  H.  Hughes  was  .T)  yi;ars  of  age,  and  a  native  of  N.  Y.,  who  ciuic  tn 
Wash,  ill  1S74.     UcMdenee  Seattle 

Chandler  Huntington  was  born  in  .Multnomah  eo.,  Or.,  Feh.  '2i.  l>iJ!l. 
His  parents  removed  within  vhe  same  year  to  Monticello,  on  the  C'owht/ 
river,  whore  he  has  resided  oi,  a  stock-farm  ever  since.  Ho  was  sou  .if 
II.  !►.  Huntington,  inemher  of  ti.e  first  territorial  legislature. 

11.  H.  Hutchinson  was  liorn  at  Dixon,  Lee  co.,  HI.,  in  IfSr)',),  where  he  n - 
sided  until 'Jl  years  of  ago,  re<;e'.ving  a  good  edacatioii.  He  taught  schoi.l, 
;nid  studied  law,  huiii),  admitti'd  to  practice  in  18S7,  when  he  removal  to 
Wash. 

(it'orge  H.  Judson  was  Ivorn  in  Thurston  eo..  Wash.,  in  18')'.),  and  n- 
moved  to  Whatcom  eo.,  which  he  represented  in  1870.  Ho  graduateil  finru 
the  Seattle  university  in  188'J,  with  the  degree  of  B.  S.,  and  engagi.d  iii 
surveying  and  engineering. 

Steplieu  .fuilson  was  horn  in  Prussia,  in  18,'17,  his  parents  emigr.itin- 
with  him  to  llie  U.  S.  in  1S4.">,  and  settling  at  (Jalcna,  III.  In  IS.*i;t  llicy 
crossed  the  plains  with  an  ox-team,  and  entered  Wasli.  hy  the  Nachcss  [ni-is, 
residing  since  that  time  continuously  in  Pierce  eo.  He  w;i.s  sherill'  of  the 
eo.  from  ISiil  to  I8()'.);  wasclci'ted  to  tiie  lower  house  of  the  territorial  hgis- 
lature  in  IS71,  187;{,  and  ISSI;  was  eo.  treasurer  one  year,  and  truster  of 
the  Steilacoom  asylum  for  tiie  insane. 

( teorgc  Kandle  was  born  in  Savannah,  Mo.,  in  1851,  and  iinii>igrat<'il 
with  his  parents  to  Portland,  Or.,  the  same  year.  In  1852  they  removal  i.i 
VV'ash.,  and  finally  Nettled  15  miles  south  of  Steilacoom,  in  18(i5.  In  1^71 
lie  riiUioved  to  Taeoma,  and  took  charge  of  a  general  merchandise  >Uivi\ 
He  was  four  times  elected  county  auditor,  aiul  in  1878  began  real  tst  ite 
and  insuraiii'o  business.  He  was  a  nieml)er  of  the  board  of  trus(;!osi>t  tlir 
Stcilac  "'m  asylum  for  the  insane,  ami  a  member  of  the  city  council. 

William  K.  Kennedy  was  born  in  Chicago,  in  1851,  of  Si;oteh-[risli  pii- 
outage,  ami  educated  there.  Ho  removed  from  Iowa  to  Wash.,  ami  settled 
near  Ritzvillt^ 

.1.  A.  Kuhm  was  born  in  Pi'iin.,  in  1841,  was  a  lawyer  by  profes-iiuii, 
camo  to  Wash,  about  I8('»l),  and  had  si'rved  several  terms  in  the  territmi  d 
legislature. 

A.  H.  Lull  Was  a  physician,  residing  at  Port  Angeles, 

Jolm  McReavy  was  born  in  the  state  of  Maine,  in  1840.  He  had  rcsniid 
for  several  years  in  the  territory,  ami  Wiis  a  nien^liant  tit  Skokomisli.  II' 
was  a  member  ot  tho  constitutional  eon. 

WiKiain  .1.  .Meade  -.as  born  in  Husti,  Chautaunuii,  \.  Y.,  in  .Sept.  In.iIi. 
brought  up  on  a  farm,  edueatisd  at  ifainpatown  eollogiato  iimtituto  and  cl 
lege,  taiight  school,  studied  law,  and  was  ailmitted  to  the  bar  in  I8SI.  In 
IH.S;i  he  came  to  Wash.,  and  practised  law  in  Taeoma.  In  1884  was  elocii  1 
town  clerk,  ami  held  the  ollice  until  LSBO,  He  wa«  also  a  member  oi  ili' 
Fidelity  title  insurance  and  abstriict  iduipany,  and  clerk  of  the  T.i.niiu 
school  district  for  '.\  years,  ami  ii  mond'or  of  tho  Tacouia  board  of  health 

(}.  Medcalf  was  ii  native  of  Caiiadit,  thirty-seven  years  of  age,  a  biilclK  i- 
by  occupation,  at  Montesauo,  and  had  resided  many  yoars  in  tho  territory 

1>.  U.  Minklor  was  born  in  Wis.  in  1840,  and  bro<f  n  farme-.  In  1874  In' 
eiime  to  Wash.,  sottliug  iii  !^kagi^  in  luuil>eriug  busiuuss,  in  1877. 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


■lopo  that  iheir  work  will  1>„  „    <■         .  ^ 

,  '■  w,Aw„„.,^„^„^  '""  ^"  P^'fo^ed  with  ac„„. 

Im..i.css  for  a  year   u^w  ,.  i     V""'"'''*'"'*  cro«.si„„   an,    L         ^''"■'-      ""  t'"^" 

■)l"  fn.m  ISoS  to  ]8s/    Vf        "^''i"-'"^  '-'»•.  N.  V    ,,,  ,^.,.   , 

,,  '  ;  • ,  ^I^aler  ,L  horn  ia  f-  ^^  ^"''  '"  """'«« 

,,  ;'--■{'''  <;■  Painter  -a,,,,.  t„  .y    ,  ''•  '""'  ''"'"«">«  '-, 

"'I'lU'    h    1.....^      .        " "n..  (..»■, J,     I       .    '■'""'  "a-.  ii.Iiriin..,!  . 


III'      '   'A         I 


320 


PROGllESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


scientious  desire  to  Jay  strong  and  broad  and  d(c)i 

delegate  to  the  convention  of  1888,  and  cliairinan  of  the  committee  on  \»n- 
manoiit  urgaiiizaciou. 

Allrod  A.  Plummer  was  boru  in  Port  Towuseud,  Sept.  7,  1850,  lioiiig  t!ii; 
aou  of  A.  A.  riuiiiiiier,  tlio  pioneer  settler  of  that  place.  IIo  was  county 
^oiiiiiiissioiier  for  four  years,  and  \va.j  l:usiuess  manager  of  the  I'ort  Towiim.iiu 
t'lmiidry  ami  inacliiiK;  company  when  elected  to  the  legislature. 

Isaac  N.  I'owor  was  horn  in  Olympia,  Marclj  10,  185'_>,  luid  removed  to 
W'hidljiy  island  when  one  year  okl,  residiiij^  there  until  1870,  whin  he  <.:i- 
tered  tlie  nii'ilical  de[)artment  of  tlio  Willamette  university  at  Salem,  Ov.. 
from  wliieii  he  graduated  in  1877.  He  hecaniu  a.ssociated  with  l)v  Minor  ,,t 
l'(  rt  Town.send  in  the  marine  hospital,  hui  removeil  in  1878  to  La  Cohuit, 
and  later  to  Neah  hay.  After  five  year.s  of  practice  ho  took  a  cour  e  of  \,\'. 
tures  in  tlie  Pacilic  inedicid  college  of  San  Francisco,  and  in  186;J  located  in 
Ell.'U.shurg. 

Utuce  I'.  Purdy  was  horn  in  Salem,  Or.,  in  1S51,  and  removeil  to  W.isli. 
in  I87.">,  where  he  engagetl  in  farming  and  stock-raising.  Ilis  parents  wiit^ 
fro  n  Oliio. 

Marcy  H.  Randall  was  born  at  Ames,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  l^}'.'. 
migrated  to  Wis.  with  his  father  in  184'.).  was  educated  at  Cai'roll  coUcl,!.:, 
Waukislia,  and  was  for  somo  years  domiciled  with  his  elder  hrother,  Alr\. 
W.  llandall,  wlio  was  governor  of  Wis.,  and  P.  M.  i;encral  under  Presi>ii'nt, 
Lincoln.  In  INiil  enlisted  in  Chicago  in  the  iL'th  111.  infantry,  was  coumii" 
sioned  as  captain  in  eo.  A,  U.  S.  colored  troops,  rcsi^'ncd  in  IrSOo  on  account 
of  ill  health,  and  removed  to  Montana,  where  he  followed  ndning  and  stn  1. 
raising  nidil  1880,  when  he  came  to  Wash.,  locating  on  a  stock  farm  in  ir 
Kettle  Falls. 

.Mexandcr  I'ohertson  was  born  in  Hamilton,  Canada,  in  1844,  and  c.iiin; 
to  Wash,  ill  \S~',),  settling  near  Stanwood,  and  engaging  in  farming  and  stock- 
raising.  He  served  through  the  war  of  the  rebellion  in  the  union  army,  luu  - 
in;j:  his  eyes  .seriously  inju-ed  in  the  service. 

Francis  J.  Kolch  was  horn  in  All)anj',  N.  Y.,  Feb.  15,  180;i,  was  eduiatoil 
at  the  .iohim  Hopkins  university,  Baltimore,  and  at  the  Dresden  polyti-rli- 
nic  school  in  Ihirope.  On  returning  home  he  went  into  the  lumber  trade  m 
Wis.,  and  removed  in  1888  to  Wash.,  where  he  was  st'cretary  of  the  Seiittli; 
lumber  manufacliiriiiy  comi>any  on  the  Portland  branch  of  the  N.  P.  1'.  II. 

W.  C.  Ituttcr  was  born  in  Westmoreland  eo.,  I'eiiu.,  in  1S54.  was  broU;,'ht 
lip  on  a  farm,  received  a  liberal  eduiNition,  Iieing  specially  devoted  to  tiiin- 
cralogy  and  mining  scii  nee.     He  came  to  W'asli.  in  1.S.S7. 

.John  P.  Sliarp  w.is  born  in  Harrison  eo.,  Oliio,  in  1S4'J,  removed  with  Ins 
parents  to  Mo.  in  I84S,  and  to  Or.  in  185'J,  settling  in  Lane  i  o,  Afterwii'l; 
spent  souu:  years  in  eastern  Or.  and  Itlalio,  and  marriv>d  Miss  Kowlainl  ei 
\amhill  eo.,  (►r.,  in  1805,  nniov  ing  to  and  settling  on  a  farm  in  Yakima  i".. 
Wash.  He  WIS  electeil  county  I'ommissioncr  in  bs70,  and  again  appoiitiil 
to  the  olliee  to  (ill  a  vacancy,  and  was  a  school  director  and  road  supcrvi-or 

Amos  F.  Shaw  nas  \>  irn  in  Franklin,  N.  H.,  in  l8.'tV(,  and  liveil  on  a  f  iiiu 
until  185'.*,  when  he  went  to  tin;  then  unorganized  territory  of  Dakota,  ni! 
w.is  elected  a  meiiiher  of  the  provisional  legislatiiri'  that  met  at  .Sioux  l';il!< 
in  the  wititer  of  lS5'J-0().  Kniisted  in  the  union  army  in  180'J,  and  set.et 
thrive  and  a  lialf  years;  was  sherill'  of  Clay  co.,  |)a,  from  IStiO  to  1801),  v  i- 
secretary  of  the  territorial  council  in  ISO!),  member  of  the  house  of  reiire^iii- 
tatives  in  1.S71  and  1875,  and  of  the  council  in  1881.  He  came  to  Viiucoiiv.  i 
in  the  autumn  of  that  y»!ar,  bought  and  ileared  land,  ami  planted  a  pniic 
orchard.  lU'turniiig  to  Dakota  in  1884,  was  aptioiiited  warden  of  the  p' in- 
tentii'ry,  and  served  two  years.  Returned  to  VVash.  in  1887,  and  fonueil  i 
company  to  raise  and  pack  ])runes. 

\V.  .v.  Shinn  came  to  Wash,  from  tho  eastern  stJites  in  1884,  was  a  dm. 
gist,  and  abiuit  .'<5  years   ,1  age. 

P.  K.  Spencer  was  born  in  Warren  eo.,  Ind.,  in  1849,  rcceiveil  a  hiijli 


fe 


BIOORAI'HICAL. 


887 


liu    foundations  of  a  commonwealth  destined  to  un- 

iiuai,'ined  jj^reatness. 

scliool  eilucation,  and  grailuated  m  1873  from  the  Indianapolis  business  col- 
leyi'.  He  Wv-nt  to  Kansas  t!ie  same  j'ear,  enj^aging  in  mercantile  pursuits, 
;iiid  from  there  came  to  Wash,  in  1880,  being  employed  as  a  clerk  in  a  store 
t(ir  lour  years.  He  was  appointed  auditor  for  Lincoln  co.,  and  elected  lor 
two  succeeding  terms.  Was  elected  joint  representative  Inr  Lincoln,  Douglas, 
.■\ilains.  and  Franklin  counties  in  1888. 

<  Icorge  H,  iStevenson  was  born  in  Iron  co.,  Mo.,  in  1857.  He  ciriic  to 
\V,\~!i  in  188'2,  settling  at  the  Cascades.  Ho  was  elected  county  auditor  in 
ISh'J  and  1884;  joint  representative  from  Skamania,  Clarke,  and  r'owlitz 
•■uuutics  in  ISSii;  was  appointed  inspector  of  customs  to  succeed  A.  L.  Sharp- 
stciii.  l)ut  declined  to  qualify,  fearing  to  jeopardize  his  scat  in  the  legisla- 
ture.    He  was  in  tha  lisliery  business. 

Zeliulon  K.  Straight  was  born  in  W'ayne  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1840,  removed  to 
\Vi-.  iu  184(i,  to  luwa  in  18(10,  and  to  Minn,  in  1801,  where  he  learned  the  trade 
ol  witchmaker  and  jeweller.  In  1870  ho  came  to  Wash.,  establishing  him- 
sch  iu  Walla  Walla  City.  He  was  three  times  elected  to  liie  city  council, 
and  was  a  member  of  abnost  every  political  convention  held  in  his  town  in 
Is  years,  including  the  state  convention  of  1881). 

.1.  I'l  Tuckoi'  of  8an  Juan  co.  was  born  in  Ohio,  about  IS.'I'J,  and  came  to 
Wasii.  in  1881,  settling  on  a  farm  at  Friday  Harbor.  He  was  a  lawyer  by 
]init'es.sion,  and  served  during  the  war  in  tlio  50th  and  i\'M\\  Ohio  vegts.  Ho 
was  probate  judge  of  San  Juan  co. 

John  C.  Turner  was  born  in  Cal.  in  1853,  had  an  academic  education,  and 
llie  trade  of  a  cabinet-maker.  He  went  to  Or  in  1877,  residing  for  three 
year*  in  IVirtland  and  The  Dalles,  remuving  to  Colfax  in  bSSO.  In  1883 
lio  became  deputy  tauditor  and  recorder,  and  in  1885  was  a|)pointed  to  till 
the  place  of  audri,.^r  "laue  vacant  by  the  deatli  of  liis  principal,  being  elected 
to  tlie  ollice  in  1887.  Ho  married  a  daughter  of  .lohn  IJoswell  of  Colfax. 
He  resided  at  the  time  of  his  election  on  a  1,000  acre  farm,  4  miles  S.  K. 
IroMi  Colfax. 

.\.  H.  Weathcrford  was  born  in  Putnam  co.,  Mo.,  in  1853,  went  to  Or. 
Ill  i.S(i4,  and  came  to  Wash,  in  1871,  residing  in  Columbia  co.  until  1880, 
will  11  he  W(Uit  to  W'asco  co..  Or.,  where  he  held  the  oiQce  of  commissioner. 
Ill  I.S8(»  lie  returned  to  Wash,,  and  was  elected  representative  from  Columbia 
ce.  ill  1888. 


WASHINGTON  RESOURCES   AND  INDUSTRIES. 


The  manufactured  products  exported  arc:  first,  lumber,  the  chief  article  of 
commerce;  lime,  a  valuable  product  on  account  of  its  almost  entire  absence 
over  a  great  extent  of  Oregon  and  California;  barrels,  staves,  wooden  pipe, 
the  proper  trees  for  which  manufactures  abound  in  the  small  vallcya 
about  tlio  Wound;  canned  fish,  and  coal — if  that  may  he  named  with  manu- 
factures. The  other  products  exporteil  arc  wheat  and  other  grains,  flour, 
wool,  hides,  live-stock,  potatoes,  and  hops. 

Puget  Sound,  from  its  position,  extent,  depth  of  water,  and  its  contiguity  to 
the  materiala  required,  should  bo  oncof  the  greatest  ship-building  stations  iu  the 
world.  In  addition  to  the  bodies  of  iron  und  coal  lying  adjacent  to  navigable 
water,  the  immense  forests  tliat  skirt  its  shore  line  for  more  than  1,100  miles 
furnish  abundance  of  excellent  timber  for  constructing  every  part  of  sea- 
going vessels,  from  the  tough  knees  of  the  tide-land  spruce  to  the  strong 
durable  planks  of  red  fir,  abies  douglasii,  and  the  tall  tapering  masts  of  ycllow 
fir,  abics  graiidia.  Oak,  arbutus,  myrtle,  and  maple  furnish  the  finc-j^ruiiieit 
woods  required  for  finishing  the  interior  of  vessels. 

The  great  merit  of  the  firs  is  tltoir  size  and  durability,  with  their  habit  of 
growing  close  together  like  canes  iu  a  brake,  and  to  an  immense  height  jivith 
out  knots  or  branches.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  find  a  tree  having  a  diameter 
of  four  feet  ut  a  distance  of  ten  feet  from  the  ground,  wliich  has  attained  an  alti- 
tude of  800  feet;  aor  is  it  unusual  to  find  spar  timbers  150  feet  long  with  a 
diameter  of  eiguteen  inches,  perfectly  straight  and  sound.  Tue  mills  on  I'wgrt 
Sound  lind  no  dilliculty  in  furnishing  squared  timbers  of  these  dimensions, 
and  often  cut  plank  from  GO  to  90  fee*  in  length.  The  fir  has  not  tiio  cor 
rosivo  acid  qualities  of  the  oaks,  and  therefore  iron  bolts  arc  not  subject  to 
corrosion,  but  are  held  so  tenaciously  by  the  strong  and  pitchy  fibre  of  the 
wood  that  they  will  break  sooner  than  be  dra\vn  out. 

Numerous  tests  have  been  made  by  the  French  of  the  strength  of  fir  spars, 
as  compared  with  those  of  Riga,  which  showed  that  while  the  bending  and 
breaking  resistance  of  the  two  were  about  the  same,  the  American  wood  ]ws- 
sussed  u  notable  adviujtage  in  density,  having  a  jicxible  and  tenacious  lilno 
that  might  be  bent  and  twisted  several  times  in  contrary  directions  without 
breaking.  Nor  has  the  fir  been  found  lacking  in  durability.  It  has  been  the 
only  wood  in  use  for  repairing  sea-going  vessels  on  the  north-west  coast,  as 
well  as  for  building  numerous  river  boats  and  sea-going  vessels,  which  remain 
sound  after  many  years  of  service.  White  cedar,  another  valuable  timber  lov 
ship-builuing,  is  found  in  certain  localities  about  the  Sound  and  on  the  Colinn- 
bia  River. 

Want  of  familiarity  with  the  materials  to  be  found  on  the  Pacific  coast 
mado  ship-builders  cautioua,  and  it  was  r-nly  gradually  that  tbey  gained  con- 
fidence. The  first  vessel  built  on  i'nget  Sounil  was  the  schooner  //.  (.'.  I'tvje, 
at  Whatcom,  by  Pcahody  &  Roder,  in  1853.  Her  fiist  business  was  a 
charter  offered  by  the  H.  11.  Co.  to  carry  sheep  to  San  Juan  Islai.d  in  \^'>i- 
Jioder'a  Bdlingham  Biy,  MS.,  'J9-30.  The  same  year  Bolton  &  Wilson  l)iiilt 
the  clipper  sloop  Uoh  hoy  five  miles  below  Steilacoom.  Oljimpia  Colitmhimi, 
Oct.  15,  1853.  H.  D.  Morgan  established  a  ship-yard  at  Olympia  in  18.14, 
and  launched  tiio  Emily  Parker,  a  schooner  of  40  tons,  built  to  run  betwei  n 

Sorts  on  the  Sound.     She  was  chartered  by  J.  O.  Parker.  Parbr't  I'n'.ii' 
ound,  MS.,  4.     The  schooner  EUk',  20  tons  burden,  built  at  Shoalwater  ISay 

(  S2«  ) 


SHIP.BUILDING. 
^  Between  Olympia  and 


'^OBT  SoinfD. 


''on  Tcwnsead  wifl.  „„„ 

'         '"''  <^ainble.     She  wns 


i 


i    i 


tJ> 


1l:  i 

! 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


n  stcrn-wliccl  boat  built  for  tlie  Fi.asev  River  triule,  and  owned  by  George 
r>arclay  of  8.  F.,  but  subscquontly  sold  to  the  ().  S.  N.  Co.  VicloridOnzrtti; 
Si'jin.  18,  1858;  Ebey'a  JouriKil,  MS.,  vi.  171.  The  first  ocean  BteaniLi- con- 
i-tructed  of  native  woods  in  tho  waters  of  tlic  Sound  waa  the  Geonje  S.  Wri/lif, 
launclicd  May  12,  18(J0,  at  Port  Ludlow.  She  was  originally  pluiim  il  hy 
William  Uammond,  Jv,  and  i>artially  built  by  hiui.  It  Wii»  the  inl<ntiou 
ti>  liav<'  named  her  the  ^1.  I'.  /Irowii,  after  tho  postmaster-general.  But  lui- 
tramu  bcinj^  sold  to  Joiiii  T.  Wright,  Jr,  who  enlarged  it,  slio  was  called  iir.-i 
iititr  him.  and  then  <ii'or<ir  S.  Wr'njht,  after  another  member  of  the  family. 
It  was  as  the  Georrje  S.  \yr!<jhf,  that  tho  vessel  was  known  on  the  eoast.  J'nrt 
Toii-ii^vud  liriiisUr,  May  10,  18G0;  Puvtlaiul  Tinu",  April  30,  1800.  She  rau 
from  I'ortland  to  Victoria  for  some  years,  and  then  from  Portland  toSitk.i.  She 
was  wrecked  in  Jan.  ]S~'.i,  returning  from  Sitka,  it  was  supposed,  iu  tho 
vicinity  of  Ciipc  Caution,  at  tiie  entrance  to  Queen  Charlotte  Sound.  Kvciy 
soul  on  board  perifehid,  either  by  drowning  or  at  the  hands  of  the  Indiaui. 
and  no  relialile  account  of  the  di.s.aster  was  ever  leceivcil.  Among  tho  lost 
were  Maj.  Walker  and  wife,  and  Lieut  Dodge  of  tho  army.  Port  'J'oicif'nd 
Affius,  March  IS,  lS7;t.  There  is  no  complete  list  of  the  ves.sels  built  iirevimis 
to  IS08.  In  the  report  of  the  surveyor-gencr.-il  for  that  year  it  is  stateil  that 
29  vessels  had  been  completed  and  launched,  some  of  them  reaching  GOO  tuus. 
ZabrUkWs  Laiiif.  Laics,  107C;  and  in  lirnirm''!  li'-ioin-c i  (18U!)),  .'»7i,  I  llnd  it 
stated  that  probably  about  50  sea-going  vessels  iiad  been  built,  up  to  that 
time,  on  tiie  Sound  south  of  Port  Towusend.  The  returns  made  in  th>  /,'«■■ 
ports  of  Conuncrce  and  Xavigdtion  are  imperfect.  Between  IS.")8  ami  ISOti 
tiiei  e  are  no  returns,  a  deficiency  oidy  partly  accounted  for  by  the  dcsti  uctioii 
of  tlic  custom-house  papers  at  Port  Angeles  in  18t).'J.  The  ./.  /J.  Lihlx  ij,  a  70- 
ton  .steamer,  was  launched  from  the  mill  premises  of  Grennan  k,  Ciaumy, 
L't.salady,  in  December  1862,  built  by  Hammond,  Calhoun  &  .MixiHwlci. 
W'a^h.  S<-mp^,  08.  In  1865  or  1800  a  small  steamer  was  built  at  Port  M;uli- 
son  for  the  Coal  Creek  Mining  Company,  to  be  used  in  towing  eoal  liari^vs  on 
Lako  Washington.  Seattle  Dhpnteh,  Dec.  2.  1870.  A  Btc;inier  for  the  Sacra- 
iMcnto  liiver  was  built  at  Port  i  liowin  18(i(i;  and  another  tiiree  miles  hcluw 
(ilympia,  by  Ethridge,  the  same  ^car.  Olympia  Pnc.  Tribune,  Feb.  10,  ls(j(l. 
Ill  I8t»7  tho  Chehalis,  for  tiie  Clieiiali.s  River,  was  built  at  Tumwater,  m-n- 
tioned  elsewhere.  The  following  yea^  a  steam  yacht,  the  Siiccefx,  was  built 
at  Snohomish  by  Thomas  Coupe,  and  launched  iu  May,  at  which  time  another 
was  in  process  of  construction — probably  tho  favorite.  S.  F.  Call,  .May  10, 
1808.  In  1809  was  built  the  popular  passenger  steamer  Alida,  at  Seattle.  114 
tons  burden.  Port  Toinisend  Ari/us,  Jan.  23,  187.'>. 

Ship-yards  are  numerous;  ship-builders  William  Hammond  and  K.  s, 
Chcasty  at  Port  Ludlow;  Grennan  &  Cranney  at  Utsalady,  and  later  at 
Snohomish;  Meigs  &  Co.  at  Port  Madison,  under  tho  superintendence  of  A. 
.T.  Wcstcrvelt — the  lumbering  and  ship-building  company  incorporatetl  in  1  s77. 
Port  Madison  and  S.  F.,  capital  .$1,000,000.  Meiga  had  a  ship-yard  in  IMJO 
or  before,  as  above.  Oli/miiia  Wash.  Standard,  Dec,  1,  1867;  Walhi  W'-illa 
rnion,  Aug.  14,  1869.  H.  Williamson  at  Steilacoom;  Hammond,  Calii'iiM & 
Alexander  at  Utsalady;  Crowell  at  the  same  place;  Thompson  at  Port  l,nd 
low;  Oliver  Engleblom  at  Port  Blakeley;  Bryant  at  Port  Madison;  Ilaininoud 
at  Seattle;  all  before  1870,  and  who  may  bo  considered  as  pioneers  iu  >liip- 
building.  After  that  the  business  <leclined.  In  1S09  18  vessels,  inclmliug 
two  stcitmers,  were  built,  but  the  following  two  years  witnessed  great  ilul- 
ness  in  tho  lumber  trade,  affecting  all  other  branches.  Victor's  (Jr.,  -li'J; 
Meeker's  Wash.  Tcr.,  .'It,  In  1871  a  thousand-ton  ship  was  built  at  I'oit 
Madison — tho  Wildwood,  sold  after  4  years  in  tho  lumber  trade  for  a  tlunl 
more  than  her  original  cost.  >S'.  F.  Alia,  April  1875 — and  at  Seattle  a  stcuncr 
in  1872,  from  which  time  there  has  been  an  increase  in  tho  number  of  yards 
and  of  vessels  built.  Middlemaa  had  a  ship-yard  at  Port  Ludlow  in  I'^TO: 
Westorvelt  at  Port  Madison  in  1871;  there  was  another  at  Frceport— lattr 
called  Milton — in  1872;  Boole  had  one  at  Utsalady  at  tho  same  time:  in  IST^' 
Reed  Brothers  rented  Ycsler's  yard  at  Seattle  antl  moved  their  busiucss  to 


SHIP  liUlLUlNU. 


:{:;i 


tli;>t  place  from  Port  Madison,  and  in  1874  Hull  Brothers  fi-otn  Cal.  est.ili- 

li.ilud  themselves  ttt  Port  Ludlow;  after  which  ship-buildini{  bccauiu  ;i  hkhu 

iiiuspcroua  industry.   Tacoma  Herald,  May  '28,  l!>7o.     At  Port  Miidismi  %\  i  ri' 

liudt  after  ISdJ   the  barkentiuo    IK.   //.    Gunlfij,  JJGO  tons;  the  hark   Lkjh! 

'J'li'ilcr,  1803,  UK)  tons;  hark  Xoi-t/iinsf.  ISU."),  ;!!.">  tons;  hark  Tidul    l\'tin\ 

Ijd'.i,  tiOO  tons;  the  whole  four  being  for  ihe  use  ol   the  mill  in  earryiiiL; 

luuibir.    ^for.1c's   W(t.ih.    Ter.,  MS.,   xxii.  4(i.     Also  in    IsTtl   the  .schooner- 

M,ir<junl  Crorkriril,  1(J<)  tons;    11'.  .S'.  I'hdp.f,  i»0  tons;  and  in  bsT:!  th>t  M(ir;i 

lluri,()\  ions,  aud  L'/n/'irr  Ci/ 1/,  "^'.Vl  tons.     The  KnifiU-e  (.'if'/  uas  taken  t.i 

S.  v.  and  converted  intoastcamer.      It  was  claimed  that  building  the  steamer 

iu  this  manner  saved  $10,000  to  her  owners.  Stutda  fiifi liiijcn'ri;  Xov.  'i".', 

1S7;>.     lu  ls74  the  harkentiue  .V.  .1/.  SlcUvii  <>i  'i)~  tons  was  built  at  Port 

Mailisuu,  and  in  )S70  the  sch.  liohcrt  uml  Mi,niii\  !t!)  tons,  ;ind  str  l>i<p'ili-h, 

(KJ  toiu-i.  I'ortlaud  Board  of  Trade  Ji'rjxjrt,  1877,  ol.     At  Poit  huiliosv  the  si.h. 

i(;/A<  H'iH.'/ was  built  in  1870,  101  tons;  and  Ijark /h/r.s<  (Jiiinii.  .">11  tons:  in 

IStlJhloop  Z.  li.  Ilryifood,  107  tons;  in  1874  barkentiuo  PioJiciii'o,  ■_'78  ti.ns; 

and  j^clioouers  Annie  lice,  Lm  tons;  Llkii  J.  McKinnoii,  70  tons;   Tiriliijld.  IVi 

tuu.s;  dvuxie  SirLcr,ioii,   l.S.">  tons;  and  sloop  Munj  Lonifnt,    I7>'t  tons,  .V.    /'. 

iJuU'tiii.  Feb.  10,  lS7o.     The  t^UiiiJ.  McKinnou  in  1870  became  waterdoj.'j.'ed 

ill  ,1  j^ale  and  foundered,  only  one  out  of  10  persons  on  board  csca))inL;.  .V.  /•'. 

/'.//,  April  'J4,  1S71).     In  April  187-')  the  schooner  CdnAir  llniiirard,  'JOO  toii'^, 

WHS  launched  at  Port  Ludlow,  and  in  Nov.  the  scho(>ners  Ld  Oironde,  \10.'t 

'iwu.-;  the  American  Girt,  '-20  tons;  besides  the  Aiiiiie  Li/le,  Ida  S<linui:'r, 

Ei:Viiii  Utier,  and  Win  L.  lk<\f\  !)uilt  tiie  same  year.  ScaVlf  P<i-.  Trihini< . 

Nuv.  ~',  187o.     lu  the  following  year  there  were  launched  ab  this  jiort  tlie 

bolis  (Juiir.Mr,  357  tons;  lieiiortcr,  337  tons;  Prcmirr,  307  tons;  barkci\tini' 

(J  liclcMep,  423  tons;  and  rIoo]} Katie  Slcvcns,  5  tous.  I'ortldinl.  Itnard  of  Tr'idr 

li'i/'orf,  1877,  34.     lu  1881  there  were  built  at  Port  Ludlow  the  barkentiue,-, 

ir/*>/A/',  470  tons;  the  Kitsitji,  004  tous;  and  the  slooi>  Mij^tvrji  of  (i  tons 

n-istcr.  SratHe  Intclliiji  nor,   Seiit.  3,  1882.     From  the  shipyard  at  .'•'eiittle 

111  I  >70  were  launched  the  sch.  I'lanlc  r,  121  tons;  the  atvJami.-i  Morlie,  8toii.->: 

;ii.il  tlic  liariTc  l>i<iiia,  24  tons.     In  1n71  the  atrs  Comet,  50  tous;  Clara,  20  ton.  ; 

/.■jilnir,  102  tons;  ami  the  sell.  Lotitu,  120  tons.     Iu  1874  the  sch.  ( '.  C.  I'tr- 

/.I'j.-, '-'7  tons;  XUl)  scow  Srhivabar/ier,  1!)  tons;  ami  the  strs  .'l(Zrt,  81  tons,  anil 

l.i'ii'i  ('.  draii,  l.V)  tons.     In  the  foUowingyear  thcie  were  hiunched  .it  Seal  tie 

the  sirs  yctlie,    100  tons;  Minnie  May,  5  tons;   and  the    liiirkcntine    Knir 

I'iic.kcn'jer,  472  tons.     In  1870  thestr  Gfonje  A'.  Starr  was  hiunehed  at  Seattle. 

■>li(!  was  built  for  L.  M.  Starr  of  the  Puget  Sound  S.  N.  Co.,  was   l."iO  feet 

luU',',  28  feet  beam,  and  0  feet  liold.  Seattle  lntitH<i<'ncer,    Ajiril   17  and  .Viiir. 

Hi,  \s~,\).     lu  1881  there  were  built  at  the  same  place  the  City  <'/ Seultli',  a 

sliiop  of  7  tons;  the  sell.  Tiro  JackK,  0  tons;  and  the  strs  desnir,  12  tous;  liVf 

Wit'ii,  38  tons;  All,i,  4.")  tons;    and  Lillie,  80  tons.      At   -Milton,  opposite 

.Seattli',  were  built  the  ViV/rj  W'/iite,  str,  07  tons,  iu  1871 ;  the atr  Oeorije  ScrJui-L. 

S'.itoii,--;  the  scow  M.  S.  Dreir,  28  tons;  and  the  sell,  liiij  River  in  ls72;  the- 

scow  \V<  <lern  Terminiin,  50  tons,  iu  1873;  and  the  barkeutiue  Ell".  2(>0  tons, 

ill  Is? I.  S.  F  Bulletin,  February  10,   1875.     At  Port  Hlakeley  was  built  in 

hOS  tlie  doublo-topsail  sch,  Aliie  llaake,  104  feet  keel,  1 15  feet  ileck,  30  feei- 

liMin,  and  10  feet  hold;  owned  by  J.  C.  Uaiike  &  (Jo.,  S.  F.    S.  /'.  Alia,  .Ian. 

iti,  ls(iS.     Iu   1870  the  sch.  Ontario,  14  tons;  iu  1872  the  str  Blakele;/,  170 

tons;  and  scows  Uncle  Davy,  33  tons,  oiid  Gconje,  24  tons;  iu   1874  the  schs 

..^/i",  2.!2tous;  f/^HCt,  200  tons;  and  barkentiuo  I!.  K.  JIani,  509  tons;  iu  1881 

tlie  sehrs  Lottie  Camon,  220  tous,  Marin  Snuth,  305  tons,  Annie  Lurwii,  ."77 

tou?,  and  str  Ilamet,  8  to..  ..  Seattle  IntediyenLer,  1882,  passim.     iVt  Port 

Uiscdvury,  iu  1872,  tho  schrs  i,.  arietta,  141  tons,  and  Serena,  200  tons;  iu  1874, 

thf  liaikentino  Discovery,  410  tous.     At  Stillafiuamish  two  small  sloops  wen; 

bailt  between  1870  and  1870,  tho  Undine  and  Ar(ful  Dodijer;  at  Whidbe> 

Islauil  the  schooner  Dolly  Varden,  19  tons,  and  sloop  Albion,  8  tons;  at  Port 

'iamhlu  tho  schooner  George  Francis  Train,  23  tons,  iu  1873,  and  steimer 

Yakimu,  174  tons,  iu  1874.     On  Orcas  Island  the  sch.  Orca.'<  was  built  in  IS7;;, 

II  tous;  at  tStoiiacoom  the  sloop  Magnolia,  12  tons,  and  scow  Bed  Cloud,  34 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


i'f 


''. '  \' 


tons;  at  Tacrdiia  the  sloop  Poll;/,  9  tons,  in  1874;  at  Fidalco  Island  tlic  hcIi. 
Fidalfjo  Traveller,  0  tons,  iu  1870;  at  Port  Townsend  tlio  sen.  Jennie,  15  tuns; 
at  A"cada  the  str  Bis,  80  tons,  iu  18^1.  At  Olynipia,  in  1870,  were  built  tlic 
strs  Cnpital,  '24  tons,  and  Me^'seni/er,  121.  In  1S77  the  Scabcck  Mill  Co.  built 
the  iMU'k  VwMiandra  AdajnK,  1,1*27  tons,  and  the  tug  liichanl  Jlolyoke;  ami  in 
ISiSi)  u  uhip  with  a  keel  214  feet  long,  beam  U  feet,  17  feet  hold,  and  sin^^lc 
decked,  probably  the  largest  single-decked  vi.ssol  afloat.  Seattle  Intelligrnirr. 
■Inly  1,  1879.  John  Kentficld  &  Co.  of  S.  F.  also  built  a  ach.  at  Scabock  in 
iSfSO.  M()rse\'<  Wn/ih.  Ter.,  MS.,  xxii.  8.  Li  1881  two  bark'ntines  were  jjiiilt 
tliere.  the  Rrtr'iever,  TA^  tons,  and  the  AT.  Wmhelnvt n ,  W.Vl  tons.  Tiie  only 
steamboat  built  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Puget  Sound  collection  district, 
which  included  Colvillc,  was  the  Foi-ly-nlne,  owned  by  l.ooimrd  White.  Slu- 
was  launched  at  U.  S.  Fort  Colvillc,  Nov.  18,  1805.  She  was  1 1-1  feet  lonj 
and  20  feet  4  iuclici  wide.  She  was  run  as  high  up  as  Death  Rapids,  270 
miles.  Sec  a  very  interesting  account  of  her  trip  in  Leighton'n  Life  at  Pmjei 
Sound,  63-74.  This  little  book,  by  Caroline  Leighton,  published  iu  I8S4, 
is  unique  iu  dcscriptiou  of  Waslnngton  life  from  1865  to  1881,  ami  of  tht 
natural  scenery  of  tlie  country.  The  incidents  are  well  chosen  and  stylo  de- 
lightfully natural. 

In  1869,  a  report  %vas  made  on  ship- budding  to  the  board  of  marine  under- 
writers  of  S.  F.,  by  their  secretai'v,  ( '.  T.  Hopkins,  and  by  Joseph  RiuRot,  in 
(;i\<iro{  usinu  the  Pufijet  Sound  and  Oregon  timber  for  ships,  and  showinj; 
tiiat  tlif  economy  in  wood  more  tiian  counterlmlanccd  the  higher  wages  ut 
sliipwrij,'lits  on  tliis  coast,  and  the  expense  of  importing  copper,  cordage,  and 
other  articles.  *'■  "lage,  linseed  oil,  pitch,  tar,  and  turpentine  could  bo  man- 
ufactured here;  and  so  iu  time  could  iron  and  cop]ier.  This  report  declared 
that  'sailing  vessels  of  any  sizoand  descripti'mcan  bo  builtat  Puget  Sound,  .it 
<  IPOS  Bay,  on  tho  Columbia  i»ivi  r.  and  at  several  other  points  north  of  S.  F., 
of  as  good  (piality  as  the  vessels  built  of  Maine  materials,  and  for  less  iimncv 
ill  gold  than  at  New  York  or  I'oston,  provided  tho  business  be  uudertakcn 
on  a  lart;e  scale  by  experienced  anel  pnident  mechanics,  backed  up  by  a,  lnv'^v 
cipital. '  JJopk-iiin'  Ship-IJnildiiiri,  20.  The  cost  jier  ton  of  a  first  class  Xrw 
York  sailing  vessel,  exclusive  of  coppering,  was,  for  a  100-ton  vessel,  .SI  15,  ;{00 
tons  $109,  000  tons  $'M,  1,000  tons  887.  The  .XorfJrrcst,  315  tons,  Imilt 
in  the  Sound,  cost  §87  per  ton  coppered:  the  Tidnl  Ware,  600  tons,  cost  $SH 
jier  ton  without  copper;  tho  I'orritt  (^iteeii,  511  tons,  cost  8117  per  ton  witii- 
oi;t  copper;  the  WiUlwdod  oi  1,0(X)  tons,  $73  per  ton  coppered;  the  barkentine 
.l/.)(/'ic.  built  nt  Utsaladj'  in  1873,  {^99  per  ton  without  copper.  Those  v.iiia- 
tions  m  cost  depended  upon  the  amount  of  cajiital  at  hand  and  local  cinnni- 
stances.  To  construct  a  1,200-tun  ship  there  were  required  10,000  working 
days  of  all  classes  of  mechanics  and  laborers.  3.5(H)  days  in  the  yard.  Oh/mjiia 
'I'ruHscrtpt,  March  18,  1676;  Tacoma  Poc.  Triltitur,  Sept.  24,  1874. 

Propositions  to  form  a  company  with  five  millions  capitid  to  cuter  iipon 
ship-building  on  Puget  Sound  was  made  by  the  S.  F.  board  of  undcrwritors 
ill  1874,  wliieh  was  not,  however,  acted  upon,  the  chief  didicultyapiu'aiiiiL,' to 
b"  that  mechanics  could  not  bo  secured  in  sullicient  numbers  at  rca.snnalile 
vages,  owing  to  tho  expense  at  that  time  of  travelling  from  Maine  to  \\'n3li- 
ington.  Undouljtedly  tiio  shipping  interest  liassutlered  through  tho  iiidiirci- 
i  nco  of  congress  to  its  importance.  What  witli  the  whale  and  other  lislicries 
of  the  Northwest  Coast,  and  the  coal  and  lumber  trade,  largo  fleets  of  vessels 
of  moderate  size  should  be  furnished  by  Puget  Sound  ship-yards.  Down  to 
1880  there  had  been  between  forty  and  lifty  steamers  built  and  rinployed  in 
the  Puget  Sound  trade.  Oliimpia  Par..  Tribune.  Sept.  14,  1872;  Slitorfx  OWi. 
Ter.,  14;  Xew  Tueoma  N.' P.  Coant,  Jan.  15.  1880. 

Prior  to  1872  there  were  bctweeu  !K)  and  100  sailing  vessels  built,  most  of 
tliein  of  small  size,  for  tho  local  freight  service,  the  larger  ones  for  the  lum- 
ber trade.  In  the  ten  years  following  there  were  from  ten  to  twenty  \c"^3olg 
built  annually,  yet  the  vast  inland  sea  still  looked  solitary,  and  hundreds  of 
miles  of  wooded  shores  were  as  silent  a.'*  when  Vancouver  ex]>loretl  tliem 
n'arly  a  century  before.     During  the  year  ending  Juno  30,  1878, 69  sailing  aiid 


MARITIME  COMMERCE. 


Xi.', 


3!»  steam  vessels  were  documented  at  Port  Towmaoncl,  the  port  of  entry  of 
riit.'ct  Sound  collection  district,  with  a  carrying  capacity  of  31,000ton3.  This 
tiiimai;c  was  exceeded  by  only  28  of  the  1'25  collection  districts  of  the  U.  S. 
Aiiu'iiciiti  vessels  in  the  foreign  trade  entered  in  tlic  same  year  were  203,  with 
atoniiageof  152,S28;  there  were  cleared  "281,  with  a  tonnagoof  1G7.17S.  This 
suricisHcd  thatof  vessels  so  entered  and  cicarcil  durin;,'  the  Maine  time  at  I'JO  of 
thi'  I-'.')  ports  of  entry  in  the  U.  S.,  heiiig  exceeded  only  hy  IJoston,  Charles- 
ton, New  York,  Detroit,  and  San  Frauciscc  Jti'ji/,  of  Chief  «f  Bureau,  of' 
Sla'ii!i''-'f,  lS7f>,  pt  ii.  802-4.  Forci 'u  vessels  entered  at  Port  Townscnd  dur- 
iiii.'  the  .-amc  time  46,  with  a  tonnai.'u  of  10, 01,");  cleared  01,  with  a  tonnage  of 
;i((,!)i)_'.  This  was  exceeded  hy  but .'! I  out  of  the  12,"i  porta  of  entry  of  tin; 
U.  S.  American  ocean  steam-vessels  in  the  foreign  trade  entered  during  tin; 
same  time  at  Port  Townscnd  were  178,  with  a  tonnage  of  i:i(1,47l;  clcarol 
In;!,  with  a  tonnage  of  131,4;]2;  exceeded  by  only  2  other  ports  of  entry  in 
the  I'.  S. — X.  Y.  and  S.  F.  The  tonnage  of  foreign  ocean  steani-vesscli  in 
the  ftiieign  tnidc,  wliich  entered  and  cleared  at  Port  Townscnd  during  '  lo 
year  ending  Juno  30,  1878,  was  exceeded  hut  by  10  other  ports  of  the  U.  .S. 
it  was  estimated  that  at  least  7")  dcep-!3ea  vessels  in  the  general  coasting 
trade,  which  were  enrolled  and  licensed,  and  did  not  make  entry  or  clear- 
iiiKc,  were  employed  in  the  Puget  Sound  trade,  only  about  one  third  of  which 
wf.v  ih)ciimonted  in  this  district,  the  remainder  in  S.  F.  In  1880  then; 
ihared  from  Port  Townscnd,  for  the  four  months  from  July  to  Oct.,  (JO  Amer- 
ican .sailing  vessels  for  foreign  ports,  with  a  tonnage  of  4(!,244.  For  the  same 
months  in  1881  the  tonnage  of  thi.s  cl.oss  was  ()•'>,, '11)3,  The  number  of  Ameri- 
can vessels  entering  from  foreign  ports  in  tho  same  months  of  1880  was  (<2; 
ill  1S>SI  it  was  115.  The  number  of  American  steam-ves.scls  entering  from 
foreign  jmrts  in  the  same  months  of  1880  was  .30:  in  1881  it  was  72.  The 
minihcr  clearing  was  33  in  1880,  and  73  in  1881.  Tho  increase  in  ocean  ton- 
]ia''o  lioiii  .-md  to  foreign  ports  during  the  same  months  of  I8S!  over  1880  was 
100  per  cent. 

Out  of  tho  large  number  of  vessels  which  have  come  and  gone  in  the  thirty - 
four  years  since  tho  Orbit  sailed  up  to  Olyinpia,  few  comparatively  have  l)eiti 
wrecked.  I  have  mentioned  tho  loss  of  tho  liobrrt  Bruce  by  firn  in  Shoal- 
wiiter  Uay,  and  the  brig  lTiin<m  Capo  Flattery,  both  in  1831.  In  IS.VJ  tho 
northern  Indians  reported  the  wreck  of  an  unknown  vessel  on  the  coast  of 
v.  I.,  with  all  on  l)oard  lost,  ffnncock'n  Thirteen  Yean*,  M.S.,  2,34-5.  In  tho 
winter  of  IS-VJ-a  the  brig  Williiih'ntie,  Capt.  V'ail,  was  driven  ashoro  at  EM 
I.<land,  at  the  entrance  to  Cray  Harbor,  but  she  did  not  go  to  piece.'?,  .\ftcr 
vainly  attempting  to  launch  her  toward  tho  sea,  she  was  dragged  across  tho 
idand  and  launciied  on  the  other  side.  Sirnn'n  X.  IT.  Coaxf,  43;  DavidnorCa 
I'O'ixi  Pilot,  171.  In  Sept.  1853  the  hvl^  Paloa  was  wrecked  on  liCadbottcr 
Point,  iit  tho  mouth  of  Shoalwater  Bay.  Passengers  saved,  but  tho  capt. 
(liowned.  In  1854  a  Chilean  bark  was  wrecked  off  (jape  (Massetby  becoming 
water  l(i.rged;  14  persons  drowned,  1  saved,  but  died  of  oxliaustion  at  Steila- 
cooiii.  Or.  State-finnn,  April  11,  1854.  In  this  year,  also,  the  steamer  South- 
ern r  w-.ih  wrecked  near  the  mouth  of  tho  Quillehuyto  River.  lllDt.  Or.,  ii. 
this  scries.  II.  Y.  Sewell,  of  VVhidboy  Island,  wont  across  the  mountains  to 
the  wreck  to  siive  the  mail,  was  taken  prisoner  by  tho  Indians,  and  held  for 
some  time,  but  succeeded  in  his  undertaking.  Iu>  was  the  lirst  white  man 
to  cross  the  Olympian  range  to  tho  coast  so  far  north.  .l/^or>r',s  H'ash.  Ter., 
MS.,  ii.,  5S.  Tho  schooner  Empire,  Capt.  Davis,  loaded  with  oysters,  struck 
on  a  spit  at  the  north  cntranco  of  Slioalwater  Bay,  wliere  she  i-emained  fast 
and  perished.  Swan  says  that  the  Empire,  and  I'alox  were  both  lost  through 
carelessness,  and  wore  tho  only  vessels  wrecked  at  this  cntranco  up  to  1 8,')G. 
Northii-.d  Coast,  365.  The  Hawaiian  bark  Louika,  Cant.  Willfong,  went 
ashore  on  San  Juan  Island  in  July  1855.  She  was  a  total  loss.  Ebef/'n  Jour- 
not,  Ms.,  iii.,  73,  81.  The  Major  Tompkin-o,  wrecked  off  Esquimault  iuirbor, 
Feb.  2,"),  1855,  has  bern  noticed.  No  lives  lost.  Olympia  Pioneer  nntl  Dem., 
March  3.  18.">5.  Also  the  Fairy,  the  first  steamer  in  any  trade  on  the  Sound. 
She  blew  up  at  her  wharf  at  'Steilacoom.  Id.,  Oct.  23,  1857.    The  Bteamer 


334 


KESOUi.JES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


r.: 


!'!    H 


Sea  liird  was  Liinied  on  Frascr  River,  14  miles  above  Langlej',  Sept.  10,  Is,jS. 
The  Trnrrllfi;  a  Sound  atcamer,  \v;is  lost  in  1S.')S,  with  live  pi-rsouson  board, 
liy  foundiriug.  Olym/)ia  J'ioiiiir  mid  Don.,  M:irch  I'J,  JSoS;  Jlornv'a  llVio/i, 
■/'(/•.,  MS.,  iv.  (JO.  Ill  1S.'>!)  t'lu  schooner  Caroline  wa<i  iip^ct  on  Iwr  way  into 
the  Souuil,  near  the  Jjiininti  Islands;  no  lives  lost.  Jihii/'x  Jouriinl,  .MS,,  vi. 
I2(i.  JiiJaii.  of  tlie  same  year  the  bri{^  Cyrw.f,  at  port  .San. I  uun,  was  wrecked 
111  a  gale,  and  became  a  total  lo.ss.  Or.  •^Intcumait,  .Fan.  'J.'),  18,")!3.  Tho  ocean 
.steamer  A'c/'Mov/f')',  Capt.  Dall,  ruuninj;  between  .">.  F.  and  tiio  Sound  ]Jort8 
« itli  tlie  mails,  was  lost  by  Ktriking  a  sunken  rork  two  miles  below  llliint 
reef,  oppo.site  Cape  .Memloeino,  .Fan.  5,  lS(tO.  and  .'{(!  lives  lost.  Steilwoom 
J/eralt/,  Juu.  '_'(>,  18GU;  J-Jhci/x  Journal,  iMS.,  vi.  "JdO.  Tiie  American  el'pper 
ship  Aortheni  Kaijlv,  valued  at  .$00,000,  was  ))UiiumI  in  Esijuimault  harL.iiJu 
Sept.  1851).  Siic  was  en  route  to  I'lijjot  Sound  to  load  with  lumber  for  .Mel- 
bourne. Lo.ss  from  SIOO.(KH)  to  !?loO,000.  Sleilacoom  1'.  S.  Herald,  0,t.  8, 
IS,')!I.  On  the  lOth  of  May,  ISHO,  the  ocean  lii.iil-steamer  Pamtmd.  i'n^i. 
Ilud.son,  went  ashore  ou  Point  Hudson,  at  tlie  entrance  to  I'ort  Townscad 
harbor.  .She  was  worked  olf  at  hiijli  tide,  and  continued  to  vi.sit  Suiuul 
I'Ortsas  late  as  187G.  Kbn/H  .iDrrmil,  MS.,  vi.  ;{0(i.  Says  ('.  M.  Bnidsliaw, 
lu  Wash.  'I'er.  Shtehe^,  MS.,  (I'.I-TO:  '  Jielon;  the  erection  uf  the  lightdioiisoit 
was  not  unusual  to  hear  guns  lired  in  the  ni^dit  as  signals  of  distress,  or  to 
.'iv.ako  and  liiul  some  good  ship  beating  u[ion  the  beach,  at  the  mercy  of  tlip 
ri  morseless  surf.  On  hucii  occasions  the  settlers  would  rally  and  assist  in 
n  itiiig  the  seamen  on  siiore,  iiUd  saving  property  ironj  tiio  wreck  for  the  heii- 
<  lit  of  its  owners,  or  aid  in  getting  the  siiip  oil',  if  possible,  without  f ( e  or 
1  eward.  Many  is  tlie  ship-master  wiio  has  had  abundant  reason  to  thank  tiie 
Ihuigcness  farmers  for  a.ssistauce  in  dire  necessity.'  In  May  18.VJ  tiie  hnk 
Mtirif  tSlade,  from  Stcilacoom  to  S.  V.,  was  wrecked  near  Mendocino,  and  he- 
came  a  total  lo.ss;  no  lives  lost.  In  March  1SG".J  tho  schr  Tola  was  capsi,;ed 
ill  a  ."(piall  near  San  .Tuan,  and  (/'apt.  Maloney  and  all  her  pa.ssengers  and 
•  lew,  except  two,  drowned.  Ehei/.tJourmil,  MS.,  vii.  81.  The  schr  I'l silent 
.sitou  after  capsized  and  drifted  ou  Maylor  I'oiut,  Whidbey  Island,  whcic  it 
was  broken  up.  The  sloop  i'nmcf,  running  between  I'enn  C jve  and  l't.s.ii;uly 
Mills,  a  distance  of  10  miles,  di.:appeared  with  all  on  board,  supposed  to  liavi- 
licen  sunk  by  ice.  Wash.  iSerapx,  liJ,  l.'il.  A  large  British  ship  was  wrecked 
on  liaee  j-iocks,  in  the  Strait  of  Fuca,  .and  a  heavy  cargo  of  goods  lost,  in  tlie 
winter  of  1802.  Or.  StateKma'i,  Dec.  '2'2,  1802.  The  British  ship  Fannij  iiiul 
ilaw.'iiiau  bark  Jiosalia  were  'vrecked  on  Discovery  Island,  at  the  cntraiicu  to 
ihc  Canal  do  Haro,  in  the  spring  of  IS08;  no  lives  lost.  Seattle  InteUi'ji in-rr. 
March  30,  18G8.  The  schr  (/ro»;/rr  was  wrecked  in  the  spring  of  1 807,  ami 
t^uch  of  tho  crew  as  escaped  were  slain  by  the  northern  Indians.  I'ori'uirl 
orr/joiiiaji,  'May  18  and  June  .'iO,  1SG7.  Tho  schr  CAi^HH/d'o/i  was  wreck^il  ■.<'. 
Shoal  water  Bay  iu  April  1870.  Seattle  Intelliijencer,  May  2,  1870.  The  s'ln 
Jio.sa  Perry  was  cast  away  at  the  entrance  to  Shoalwatcr  Bay,  Oct.  2,  I ^7 J 
The  crew  were  rescued  by  the  light-house  U'.uiicr  Shitbriek:  Oliim/iia  Tran 
xi  rljit,  Oct.  12,  1872.  The  Waller  Unlvi'jh  w:i8  lost  near  Cape  Flatteiy  in  tlir 
>vintcr  of  1872.  .S'.  /'  Call,  Dec.  14,  1872.  Tho  Nicaragutin  ship  PiTirnii  \va- 
lost  at  tho  west  end  of  Ncah  Bay  in  Jan.  1875;  no  lives  lost.  The  ximericin 
ship  L'mili/  Parnum,  Austin  master,  struck  ou  a  rock  olF  Destruction  Islanu. 
.\ov.  ISth,  and  broke  up.  Two  men  were  drowned.  About  the  same  time  tii  • 
schr  Siiiisliim  was  found  bottom  »ip,  olF  the  mou'.,u  of  tiie  Columbia.  She  lia.i 
2."i  persons  on  board,  all  lost.  Olynijna  Waxh.  Slaiidard,  Dec.  II,  1S7.').  Hi'' 
bark  Ihivid  lloadley  ran  ashore  on  Rocky  Point,  in  the  Straits,  Dec.  'l,  I'^^o. 
and  was  lost.  The  steam  tug-boat  Pei^olide  exploded  her  boiler  in  North  Ha) . 
I.")  miles  from  Olympia,  Aug.  11>,  1808;  six  lives  ioot.  Olympia  Par.  Trilni'  . 
Aug.  22,  18G8.  Tho  most  shocking  calamity  in  the  way  of  shipwreck  wlurli 
lias  ever  happened  in  Wasiiiiigton  waters  occurred  in  tho  loss  of  the  old  an  1 
iinseaworthy  ocean  inail-stcamer  Pacific,  Nov.  4,  1875.  She  left  Victoria  in  ilie 
morning,  and  in  the  evening,  about  40  miles  south  of  Cape  Flattery,  siie  col 
lided  with  a  sailing  vessel  and  went  down  in  less  than  an  1ioi,t,  with  275  souls 
on  board.     Two  persons  only  were  saved.     The  two  saved,  who  were  pickoil 


WRECKS,  PILOT".  AND  LIGHT-HOUSES. 


:j:0 


lip  from  floating  dc^bris  30  and  4S  hours  after  the  wreck,  were  a  qnartcnna«- 
ter,  iiiinic  unknown,  and  a  Canadian,  llcniy   Frodeiick  .relly.     TIic  loss  of 
ship  and  i  ar;;i)  wa«  estimated  at  J?! •_'.">.( HMt,  and  tiu!  treasure  on  board  at 
ASs.tHHI.  .V.   /'.  Cdll,  Xov.  9  and   11,  |S75.     Since  tiiis  disaster  three  l:ir;,'e 
..tciiui-colliurs,  belonjrinjj  to  the  Central  I'acitic  11.  Co.,  have  been  wrecked  — 
tlie  J/<<«(.»'' «/■'/"'  '-"urncJ  at  Seattle;  tiie  Tai-niun,  going  ashore  at  the  nioutli  of 
the  Unilt^iua;  and  the  Unmt'dl'i,  lunning  on  the  rocks  at  false  Cnpe  Flattery, 
nil  within  the  years   lS6;j-i.      The    two    lost    ut   sea  were    doubtless  Inst 
tlirou^li  the  Wi'onjj  policy  of  thoeonij  my  in  cniiiloyii^.,' captiiina  uiiaei|uainted 
with  the  coast.     Tlic  escape  of  vessels  from  shipwreck  for  many  years  on  tlie 
.Sound,  AvLeie  there  was  no  system  of  ]>ilotaj,'e  estalilished,  ami  lightdioiues 
were  wanting,  is  worthy  of  ii'umrk.     i'ilotage  has  ncv(^r   been  deemed  im- 
portant, owing   to  the  width  of  the   straits  and  the  depth  of  water;    but 
light-iioiises  have  been  urgently  demanded  of  congress  by  successive  legisla- 
tures.    Pilotage  was  not  establis'ied  by  act  of  tlio  legislature  until   lS(i7-S. 
W'u'h.    SlaK,  18(i7-S,   X\-Q.      The  chairman    of    the  first  board  was  K.  S. 
t'u^kr,  and  the  secretary  .James  G.  Swan.      During   l8(iS  9  pilots  were  ap- 
[loint'd,  4  "f  whom  resigned,  and  one  was  di.smissed.     The  service  was  not 
ousidered  remunerative,  ami  was  .alleged  to  be  unnecessary  by  many,  who 
Miuiiidcd  it  was  simply  taxing  commerce  for  the  l)cuctit  of   iudividual.>. 
'ihimi'i'i  'I'mnHcriiit,  March  28  and  Oct.  'A,  IHfivS;  Por(  Toir'n^cml  Metxinji'^Oct, 
>.   lh()N;    U'cinh.  Joitr.    Council,   1809,  app.  lil-T;    Ohjinpia  1['iik/i.  Stmiilar'l, 
ih  ■.   10,   lss((.      The  organic  act  of  Oregon  territory  appropriated  lifteen 
:iii..>and  dollars  for  the  (lonstruction  of  light-houses  at  Cape  T)isap])iiiiitment 
iinl  New  Dungeuess,  and  for  buoys  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia.   (/.  S.  Slat. 
i>4S-9.  r.-.'J.     Another  act.  passed  a  fortnight  later,  making  appropriations 
:■'[■  li.'lit-liouscs  and   for  other  purposes,  appropriated  money  for  the  al)ove- 
uiiuti  'netl  liglits,  and  for  another  oa  Tatoosh  Island,  olf  Capo  Flattery,  at  tiie 
.utraiicc  to  the  Strait  <jf  Fuca.  11.  MUr.  Doc,  vol.  i.  57,  ^ILstcong.  Ist.se.ss. 
Congre.-s,  in  Aug.  lSo4.  appropriated  $"J5,0()0  for  a  light-house  on  liliint  or 
Smith  Island,  in  the  straits;  the  .same  amount  for  a,  light-house  at  Shoalwater 
U.iy;  and  for  ,  le  erection  of  the  Tatoosh  and  New  Dungeuess  lights,  in  addi- 
:ioa  to  any  balance  that  might  remain  in  the  treasury  after  the  cotnpletion  of 
tlie  Cape  Disappointment  liglit-hoUic,  belong  ng  to  that  appropriation,  §;}9,(X)0. 
liiglit  tlioii.sand  dollars  was  also  granted  f  ir  placing  buoys  at  the  eutrancp.4 
'  I  Shiialwater  Bay  and  New  Dungcneas  !.L*rbor.  Coii>j.  Globe,  2249,  Slid  cong. 
I>t  p<-»». 

The  bu'lit  house  at  Cipc  Disappointment  was  not  completed  as  soon  as  e\- 
[tcted,  i.\  ing  to  the  loss  of  the  bark  Oriole  with  the  material  on  board  in  IS.j;). 
i'lii  contractors,  Gibl)ons  and  Kelly,  recovered  §10,558  from  the  government 
:t  tiie  lo.'is  f)f  their  material.  //.  Ex.  Dor.,  ll.S,  2-3.  Lieut  G.  H.  Derby 
;is  iipiininted  to  superintend  the  construction  of  light-houses  on  the  Oregon 
:i'l  \Va.-<iiington  coast  in  1854,  Olijmp'ia  Piomer  ami  Devi.,  July  22,  1854, 
^^  i;i'ii  tile  Work  was  finally  begun  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia.  It  was  com- 
1 '.' till  al'dut  1850,  and  orders  issued  to  begin  the  work  on  the  others;  but  the 
'{\.i\ai\  war  and  other  cau.ses  delayed  operations  for  some  time.  The  first 
x'lt  displayed  at  New  Dungeuess  was  on  the  12th  of  Dec.  1857.  Eliti/nJonr- 
■'■',  Ms.,  V.  2tl3;  Light-house  board  rept,  in  //.  Ex:  Dm-.,  3,  287,  35th  cong. 
'.^'i  M'ss.  It  was  of  the  third  order  of  I'Vcsuel.  Tatoosh  Island  light  was 
■.isja;iyed  about  the  same  time.  These  two  light-houses  wore  erected  under 
;Li.  siipeiintendency  of  Isaac  Smith.  Those  on  Blunt  Island  and  at  Shoal- 
«;it(r  Bay  were  completed  in  1858.  In  1872  a  lirst-elass  steam  fog-whiatie 
wus  added,  thefog-bell  in  use  being insutlicient.  Gov. 'a  mess.,  in  U'd^li.  ./yw/-. 
llo,i~i\  1658-9,  18.  The  Tatooshca  were  much  disturbed  by  the  light  on  tlie 
ijlaud;  they  said  it  kept  away  the  whales,  which  did  not  come  in  their  usual 
.uiiiijtTs  that  season,  hid.  Aff.  Rept,  1858,  232,  2,30-8;  Davidxon' h  Coa^t  Pilot, 
17','-80.  A  light-house  was  completed  and  liglitexliibited  at  Admiralty  Head, 
r  Kellogg  Point,  on  Whidbey  Island,  in  Jan.  1801 ,  an  appropriation  of  twenty 
I'Vc  tiiousand  dollars  having  Ijeen  made  in  1850  for  this  purpose.  Piiiav<  e. 
'>lt,  ISOl,  205;  Olympia   Wai/i.  Standard,  Jan.  26.   1801;  U.  S.  Statutes, 


33U 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


4     iJ 


H>fi 


1855-6.  The  light-liouso  board  in  thcii-  report  for  1872  represented  tliat  tht 
rapidly  increasing  conimfrco  of  I'lij-'ct  Soiinil  demanded  an  increase  of  liLjlits, 
and  uakcd  for  uu  appropriation  of  $'.!.'i,000  each  for  li^ht-iiouscs  at  Point  Xu- 
I'oint,  between  I'ort  TownHcnd  and  Seattle,  at  West  Point,  entruirc  to 
1  )\vaini8li  Bay,  and  at  Point  Delianco,  nine  miles  north  of  Stcilaooom.  To  cruet 
a  Hteam  fog-vvliistlo  at  New  Uunj^eness,  §S, 000  was  asked  for.  Cong'  ss  in 
tile  following  March  appropriateil  the  required  sums  for  tho  fog-whistle,  iiiiil 
for  a  ligiitliousu  at  Puint  No-1'oint.  (-'otii/.  (rtoht',  app.  'J71,  4'2dcong.  'M  sosa.; 
(iov.'.s  mess.,  in  Wash.  Join:  Coiiiiril,  \S1\,  app.  110;  J/.  Kx.  Dor.,  ■_',  .VI',)- 
.")(),  I'Jd  coiig.  ."d  8CS9.  .\  bell  struck  by  macliinei-y  at  interval  of  ten  seconds 
was  added  in  ISSO.  Tho  legislature  in  l.s."(S-il  petitioned  for  a  light-house  (>ii 
ilood  Ciinnl,  ami  another  on  Point  Roberts,  tho  most  northern  point  of  iliu 
straits  leading  into  (he  gulf  i-f  iJeorgia.  The  next  legislature  mcmorializcii 
congress  on  the  need  of  a  light  at  (Jray  Harbor;  ami  tho  assembly  of  lMjO-1 
asked  for  one  at  the  north-west  point  of  Vashon  Island,  another  at  thociitiain.': 
to  IJellingham  IJay,  and  a  third  at  Point  Hudson.  The  sum  of  S'JO,(MM)  was 
appropriated  in  Juno  18G0  for  a  light-house  at  ( Iray  Harl)or,  but  nothing  lim- 
ing becui  done  toward  erecting  one  in  Isd.'i,  the  legislative  assembly  of  tli.u 
winter  memorialized  congress  on  thesulijeet.  'J'lio  numberof  light-hoiisi-sliad 
not,  howi'vcr,  been  added  to,  notwithstanding  periodical  memorials,  and  mil;- 
gestioiis  MS  to  Alki  I'nint,  Foulweather  Hlull',  and  ('yiircss  Island,  in  aiMition 
to  those  before  prayetl  for,  when  in  ISTO  negotiations  were  in  progress  to  imi- 
cha.se  land  at  Point  No-Point  tor  the  purpose  of  establishing  u  light  i\l  that 
idace.  A  light  has  siiue  been  e^t.iblistieil  there.  There  were  in  INSJ  luii 
lights  on  tho  whole  coast  of  Washington,  inebidiiig  the  Strait  of  I'lica  iiuil 
I'ugct  Sound;  on  ('ape  I  •is,i|ip(iintiiieiit  or  Hmii'ock,  one  of  the  Isl  onlci, 
Slioalwater  IJay  one  of  the  Itli  oi'<li  r;  <':i|ie  Klatteiy  one  of  tho  1st  onlei-. 
Kiliz  Hook  (Port  .Viigeles)  one  of  the  ."itli  order;  New  I)ungencsa  one  of  tlie 
.'{d  order;  Smith  or  ISIunt  island,  .Vdiuiralty  He;ii|,  and  Point  Wiluou  e;i<  li 
one  of  the  4tl'  ordtir;  Point  N'o-l'oint  om;  of  the  oth,  and  at  West  or  .Saiiily 
Point  one  of  the -Ith  order  A  light  of  the  1st  el.'isa  can  bo  scon  about '.M 
nnles,  of  the  ."itli  half  that  dist.-iuee.    I.Ul  ,,j'  Liij/il-lmiisr.i,  ISSl,  Oti. 

An  act  of  congress  apj)ro\ed  .liine  •_'(>,  ISTJ,  authorized  tho  establislu.  cut 
of  three  lifo-boat  stations  on  the  coast  of  Wa.shington,  with  keepers  iit.S'J(H( 
a  year.  Li/r-Stirinii  S' rrirr  llcjif,  Isjli.  .Ori-T.  The  ai;t,  on  account  of  many 
imperfections,  was  pi;ietically  inoperative.  To  remedy  this  inctlieiriiey,  con- 
gress in  bS7>H  passed  another  iK't  orgiuii/ing  the  Hcrvico  into  a  regular  estah- 
lishment  undor  a  central  superiutendeiit,  whose  ])owers  and  duties  weiedi- 
fined  by  law.  i)roloiigiiig  th((  perioil  of  active  service  from  tho  firut  nf  ,Si>|it,  tu 
the  lirst  of  May,  increasing  tho  pay  of  the  kei'jiers,  anil  extending  their  time- 
tions  so  as  to  include  those  of  inspectors  of  customs,  and  detailing  olliceis  et 
the  revenue  marine  corps  for  tho  'bity  of  insjiecting  these  stations.  The  ula- 
tions  authorized  in  lH7lwereat  \<'ah  \U\ .  cm  tiio  Indian  reaervalion;  at 
.Shoalwiiter  liny  near  the  light  house  landiii  _';  and  at  ilaker's  IJa.v,  Cape  Dis- 
appointment. Thcsic  three  life-saving  static  ins  were;  not  comidetcd  natil  fSTS, 
and  cannot  be  reg;irded  as  of  very  great  value,  since  Ihcy  are  dependent  upon 
the  services  of  vohinteers,  who  might  not  bo  at  haml  in  tho  moment  of  in'cjcl. 

From  a  memorial  passed  by  the  legislature  of  |s,"iO-00,  it  appears  that  a 
marine  hospitul  being  necessary,  1.  V.  Klicy,  then  collector  of  eustoiiiM  at  I'ort 
Townsend  for  the  liistrict  of  Paget  Sound,  entired  into  a  contract  witli 
Saniuel  McCunly,  .\pril  1!,  1H8.">,  to  rc.cive  into  his  hospital  all  sick  ami 
disabled  seamen,  and  provi<lo  for  then»  the  proper  medical  attenilancc,  with 
hoard  and  lodging,  for  the  sum  of  four  <lollars  jtcr  day  for  each  patient.  la 
Nov.  MeCurdy  joined  the  volunteer  service  os  surgeon  of  tho  northern  hut- 
talion,  and  remained  with  it  until  it  disluiuded  in  IS.'id,  when  ho  rcuew(>cl  \m 
controcrt  with  Ebcy's  successor,  M.  II.  Frost,  at  tho  price  of  three  dollars  jxr 
day  for  ciieh  potlont,  continuing  to  receive  and  rirovido  for  distdded  scami  ii 
until  Jidy  1S58,  when  tho  contract  jinssed  into  other  hands,  McCnrdy  having,' 
received  nothing  for  his  services ond  outlay.  Wmh.  Stilt.,  ISolMiO,  .'lO.'l.  Nh 
Curdy  had  steveral  •uocossors,    P.  M.  OPrien,  who  died  a  resident  of  Sun  lo**, 


■I' 


LUMBER  TRADE. 


337 


r.il.,  \vas  at  one  time  mcdic.il  director  of  the  marine  hospital  re  Port  Towiiseml, 
Imi  l)i;ing  iu  KymiMitliy  witli  rul>elli<in,  iiis  resiuiiiitioii  w;im  ilfsirt'd  uiid  uci'cptfcl. 
Ul''i'i''U  waa  Olio  of  tlio  organizers  of  the  ilihernia  Hank  of  S.  F.,  and  died 
tt(';iiili.v.  Qiii'jliji'M  Irixh  Jinre,  4~r>-(i.  One  of  the  most  wortiiy  and  siicceNs- 
fill  "I  ill*'  directors  waa  T.  T.  Minor,  who  was  for  Keverul  years  iu  charge,  and 
iiiiidi'  many  iiiiprovoiiiouts.  Minor  was  born  in  Conn.,  and  educated  at  ^'alu 
LiilU  .^e,  wliero  lie  was  studying  medicine  when  tiic  war  of  the  rcl)eliion  hegaii. 
Aiiiioiii;h  hut  17  years  of  agu  ho  onliatcd  as  a  private,  and  waa  assigned  to 
til.-  Mu  ilical  department  iu  lligginson's  IstH.  0.  colored  regiment,  iu  iStU  lio 
was  [iroiiioted  to  ho  surgeon.  At  tiie  close  of  the  war  ho  returned  to  liis 
Ktiidii'^  at  Ni'W  lluveu.  Iu  18US  ho  waa  appointed  to  visit  Alaska  and  iiiaku 
II  otilkctiiin  illustrative  of  the  resources  of  tiiat  territory.  On  his  return  ho 
settlid  at  I'ort  Townsend  and  took  charge  of  tiic  marine  hosiiital,  wliilo 
alao  conducting  a  private  hospital,  Pvrllaud  Wmt  Hfiuri',  Dec.  1870. 

'I'ho  cliicf  article  of  export  sinco  ISol  has  heen  lumber.  The  piles  and 
aniian  d  tiiiihers  constituting  tiie  earliest  Kiiipiiniits  were  cut  1  y  fotticrs  and 
ship  ciews  and  dragged  liy  hand  to  the  water's  edge.  The  skipn"-'  [laid  eight 
cLiits  a  foot  for  piles  delivered  alongside  the  vessel,  and  sold  liicm  in  S.  K 


liiia  >h)llar  a  foot.  Among  tiie  first  vessels  after  tUa  Orbit  and  the  (tC'c;/'' 
Eiiiiiri/  to  load  with  timber  was  tiie  >  f.  ir.  Kfinlnll.  She  was  sent  to  I'liget 
>niiiid  toward  spring  in  l.S.'il  to  gcia  cargo  of  ico  by  her  owner,  Saiiiiud 
Mcnitt  of  8.  F.  When  he  returned  the  captain  met  .Merritt  with  tiic  aii- 
uoiiiicciiiciit,  'Doctor,  water  don't  freeze  in  I'uget  Sound!'  Ihit  he  had 
bio  i^'lll  hack  a  prolitaldo  cargo  of  piles,  ami  the  doctor  was  con.solcd  for  his 
ili.^il'pointment.  Conlcnipurarif  Jlio;;.,  ii.  !I4.  llettiiig  out  spars  bfcunii'  a 
ngiilar  Ijusiness  liefore  IS.")!).  Tiiomas  ("ranney  was  one  of  the  lirst  to  make 
He  says  ho  had  !(  yokes  of  cattle,  with  rojn 


it  a  trade,  about  IS.m.  He  says  ho  had  !(  yokes  of  cattle,  with  ropes  niid 
hill  ks  i<iiial  to  !H)  more,  and  with  all  this  power  was  from  '2  to  .'1  days  getting 
i.iit  iiiif  spar.  IJut  after  lu^  hail  I'ompleted  his  expensive  education,  he  coulil 
li.iul  'J  ill  a  day  with  a  single  block  ami  lt;ad.  Moi-mc'-h  W'li^h.  'I'l  r.,  MS.,  xxii, 
17  ''.  Oil  the  ishuiil  of  Caaiiuifio,  in  I  S.'iS,  a  company  of  Irish  Can.nliaiis  were 
^;i  itiiig  out  masts  for  shipment  to  Mnrope.  IiiikhI'h  Sonrmir^,  Ui'f,  S/cri  n.'*' 
X  1,-lliiri si  !)-ll>.  For  this  niaiket  the  timber  had  to  bo  hewed  to  an  eight- 
niilil  loiin  from  eml  to  end.  For  the  (^hina  market  they  were  hewed  s(iii,ii-o 
tu  wliiie  tiicy  pass  through  the  vessel's  ileck,  and  iliovc  that  round  to  the 
flld  of  tlie  stick,  ^/ol^.^l'.^  W'lt^/i,  't'cr.,  .MS.,  xxii.  •IS.  Later  they  Were 
iiiiiile  Kipiiiie  to  avoid  import  duties.  A  skidded  road  w.is  prepared  on  whicli 
tile  .>|i.a'  was  to  run,  a  liejivy  block  was  iii;ule  fast  to  it,  and  another  to  a  treo 
;,liiail,  the  oxen  slowly  pulling  it  l^y  tlie  rope  between,  along  the  trark,  tlio 
t  iWiud  block  beingHliitted  farther  ahead  as  the  spar  advanced,  until  the  elmte 
wu.s  ivjiehed,  whicli  conducted  it  to  the  vessel.  .S'.  /'.  Alto,  «)it.  "JO,  I.Sd'J.  In 
1  .iiiliii','  spars  some  space  is  necessarily  '"t't,  which  is  tilled  in  with  jiiekets 
•■' Villi  from  the  mills.   Mnrsi-'n  Wn-^h    '<     •.,  .MS.,  xxii.  4S.      Ihit  previous  '  ■ 


iiiiiiii.'iiikll.illlllin.      .iji^/.'.rii     tf"-^i'        I       ',,    ..  i<^.,    .\.\>i.'t>i.  |iiiij|>i,>(t>i|.^tO 

ilii<,  a.s  early  as  IS.i."),  lliu  bark  Amnli/r,  (apt.  .1.  11.  Swift,  sailed  from  I'l.sa- 
luly  wiili  a  cargo  of  spars,  ciuisiu'ivd  to  i!ie  I'Vench  navy  yard  at  IJiest.  Thu 
>lii|>iiient  was  made  i)y  Ih'eiina'i  and  Thompson  to  (ill  a  contract  maile  by 
Isiai'  I'liedlandcr  of  S,  F.  In  I>."t7  tl  l  same  ship  took  a  cargo  of  spars  from 
L'tsahuly  to  the  English  navy-jard  at  (.)hutham.  The  spars  sent  to  Framo 
Hiiv  niilijectcd  to  rigid  lists,  and  found  ocpnd  to  the  In  st.  Since  Is.'Hi  sp;ii,s 
liav.  hci  II  regularly  sent  to  these  markctB,  and  to  Sjiaiii,  Mauritius,  (hiiia, 
aii4  r|.^, « lure.  Tlio  Dutch  ship  JVilliamhi'r'f,  in  Is.'id,  look  out  over  100 
»|>iis  fioiii  ,st)  to  PJO  feet  long,  ami  from  'M  to  III  iiielies  diameter  at  I  lie  but, 
tlif  largest  weighing  from  IS  to  '20  tons  apiece.  .S'.  /■'.  .il'n,  Dec.  •.",•,  IS.'iCi; 
■">''i'.  CiiiDii,  Nov.  i;(,  lS."i7.  The  lirst  vessel  direct  from  China  that  ever  iir- 
riodiii  I'uget  Siiiind  was  tlie  i/nzi<  Juri'm,  inOet.  |S,"iS,  to  load  with  spais 
fiiilliat  I  inpiro.  In  \SM  the  lirst  cargo  of  yellowiir  siiars  was  shipped  to  the 
.AtLuitic  ports  of  the  r.S.  in  the  Lnirsiin,  ,ii  lialli,  .Maine.  Tliesi- si  leUs  w  eio 
frmii  iiO  to  lbs  leet  in  length,  mid  were  furnished  by  the  Fort  Canilih^  null 
loiiiliuiiy.  J'uii  Toini-'tinl  yurlltinut,  Aug.  IfiOU.  "in  the  following  year 
Uisr.  Wahii.— J'J 


'.I 


m 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


3 


!:!       I 


I  . 


the  sliijt  Tiiflimncni  loiidiil  with  8i):>ra  «t  Utsalady  for  the  Spanish  naval  sta- 
tiiiu  luar  .St  Uriifs,  aiul  tlifsiiip  'J'riie  Itriton  iitr  Loiuloii.  /'L,  <Jct.  •_'(»,  ISill; 
W<i-/i.  Srrii/is,  -JO;  SiuUlr  Iiittllii/inrir,  Au^'.  '-'0,  ISjlt.  'I'hi' aiilUUll  «lii|iliii  nt 
is  ii'ioiit  tliiTo  cari^'oca.  In  Isti!)  'J.^KMI  Npai's  wiTO  shippi'ii,  lit  jv  vai.ic  ci 
^'2,(107. <X)0.   iScaiiiiiii.il,  ill  tJiYr/dii'l  Monthhi,  v.  00. 

.Milli  il  hiiiilicr,  ()\\  in;;  to  the  iK'ou.ssitii'H  of  Califoriiin,  wan  cnrly  in  iliniaiiij 
on  Pii'.'ct  Soiiml.  I'roin  tiic  dati!  wlicn  Ycsler  tiixt  ('Sta1)li.'<heil  ii  Hteaiiiniill 
at  .Soattlc  tliei'tr  has  iiocii  u  forward  )ii'ogi'i'S!i  in  thti  fiiL'iliticii  iiud  cxtciii.ii 
tiiis  lir.-t  of  limiuil'actiins,  until  in  ISJII,  ;i  year  of  dcpifsMion,  tli(!  I'Stiinatnl 
prodin  t  of  the  .Sound  inilU  was  l'J(),."iOO,tKH>  fict.  Tiic  ])ioii('('t-  hmihoriii^  i^i- 
tahiishliK'nt  on  I'ligit  .Sound  was  I'lcctcd  .n  IM47,  hy  M.  T.  .Siniiiioiis  ami  un- 
8ui'i'i!i's,  lit  'i'liinwatci',  as  I  have  said.  Its  first  slii[iinciit  was  in  IS4S,  w  Ik  n 
the  11.  11.  Co.'a  Hlv  Jifdirr  took  ii  cargo  for  their  northern  jiosts.  Hhfnijun 
Till II --cii lit.  May  ■_';{,  l.SGS.  The  seci>nd  siiw-inill  was  eiecteil  liy  Juine-i  Mi-- 
AUi-fter,  in  IS.'il.  It  was  a  small  gate  or  sash  mill  driven  hy  water-|Mi«ir. 
cutting  from  ;V)0  to  I,0(t0  feet  per  day.  Wiinh.  Tn'.  Tniv  KJItihil,  ISM),  .V.); 
Jhijiliiu  Jjrin.  i^li'itti  .luiir.,  Nov.  17,  ISS2.  A.  .S.  Al)ernethy  ereeted  a  watii- 
iiower  mill  at  Oak  Point  on  the  Coluinljia  in  |.S4,S-!».  In  IS7- it  was  turn- 
ing oiil  4, (XM»,(J<M)  feet  (it  lumlier  annually.  Viilur'"  Or.  ami  Wii^h.,  04.  In  tlie 
winter  of  IS."rJ-;i  'I'eshr  put  uji  a  ste.-ini  saw-mill  at  .Scuttle,  wliiiji  tiirne  I  out 
from  l'),(KK)to  l.">,0(M>  feet  )ierilay.  The  sawdust  \Mis  used  in  tilling  in  ni.irsiiy 
grouiid  on  the  heai-h,  where  it  forms  ii  considerable  part  of  the  watei--froni  <<{ 
the  city.  Th')  mill-waste  and  slalis  were  <!onvcrteil  into  ii  wharf.  Tin- mill 
was  ii-imill  in  ISIJS.  Ti-n  years  afterward  the  old  niachiiiery  was  in  use  in 
u  grist-mill  at  .Seatth-.    1'.  >/<;-".<  Svtlh  niciit  of  Sintilv,  MS..  1,  fl,  7. 

Ill  ls.~i:2  a  mill  was  ere(te(l  at  Shoalwater  Hay  hy  David  K.  \Veldon  .•iml 
(!eor,L;o  Watkins.  Siritu\tX.  W.  ('nast,  (U-.'i.  In  the  spring  of  IS.'i.'l  Nielinl.-n 
J>eliii,  M.  T.  .Simmons,  and  .Smith  Hays  foniu-d  a  ]iartnersliip  to  ereei  two 

mills,  oiii^  at  the  lead  of  ('ommeiieenieiit  l.ay,  .-illd  tlie  other  iipcin  S| Uuiii 

I'ay,  north-west  of  (>lyni|na.  The  first  was  eompleted  in  .Mav,  and  l!  e;ir''.ics 
of  lumlier  wen;  shippt^d  on  the  (linr^ji  /•JuKiri/  to  S.  I-'.;  Imt  tin  mill  proMil  tn 
he  l.:idly  situated,  and  was  .'iliaiid.ined,  even  liefore  the  Indian  war.  Mvjiii-', 
in  A' (('  T'ifiiiiiii  /-m/;/ic,  .luly  0,  Isso.  \  mill  was  Imilt  in  the  winli-j-  nf 
IS.'vJ  .'(  at  Whateoni,  l!elliii;^'liani  liny,  hy  Itoder  &  I'ealiody,  liut  «,it.-r 
failed  in  summer.  Its  capacity  w.is  4, (MM)  feet  per  day  during  liiL'li  watrr.  Il 
was  hiiineil  in  Is7;t,  and  not  rebuilt.  Ho'lii-'x  Ihlliniilinin  Jiiii/,  MS.,  17;  /,''■ 
(Iriihir'n  Sl.<li/i,  .MS.,  4.  .At  Tort  l.udlow,  (J.  K.  Tiiormlike,"  in  IS.VJ,  Ipi-iui 
erecting  a  mill:  in  the  spring  following  he  was  joined  by  W .  T.  .Saywiu.l 
of  .S.  !•'.,  and  a  large  .«teain-inill  built.  In  J.S.'tS  it  was  leased  to  .\rthur  I'liiii- 
ney  for  t<.')(M(  u  mouth,  who  finally,  in  1.S7I,  purchased  the  proiurty.  Snii- 
iriiril'^  I'lniinr  />'<  iiiiii'iKiriiccK,  MS.,  ,'t4.  Phiniiey  died  in  ISS7,  and  iii  tin; 
m'tth-nientof  the  estate  the  mill  was  bought  by  the  I'uget  .Mil I  Co.  for  t!(il,(M)it. 
,}fi,i:-<i:ilViisl,.  'I'll-.,  .MS.,  xiii.  I  •_';  .V.  /•'.  <'!irni,hli\  Nov.  !t,  In7h.  .Vnotlier 
large  mill  was  bei^tin  in  ls.")'.2  by  the  Pn';et  Mill  (Jo.,  at  Port « ianible,  by  .hi- 
Biali  1'.  Kellei-,  W.  ( ',  'i'albot,  anil  .\ndrew  .1.  Pope.  A  villagi'  N)irun.;  up, 
oi  i;;in:illy  called  'I'eeKalet.  TIicm-  proprietors  ]iurchasi<d  lar;.'e  tracts  nl  lim- 
ber. Mi>rsr\f  llas/i.  '/Vr.,  MS.,  .xxii.  4;i.  The  capacity  of  tliu  Port  (inniliK; 
mill  in  Is7!l  was  ;i(J.(KM),()00  feet  annnnlly. 

In  IS.'i'J  I'ldmuml  Martin.  .1.  .1.  Phelps,  and  Ware  built  a  utenm-mill  lit 
Appletree  (.'ove  on  the  «est  side  of  Admiralty  Inlet.  Martin  was  uftc'-ivaril 
a  largi'  Iii[iior-dc.-il(  r  in  .S.  I''.,  and  easiiier  of  tlie  IlilHM'iiia  Itiink.  ib-.licil 
nboit  bSSt).  liefore  this  mill  was  fairly  in  successful  operation  it  was  Ko'd  tn 
<;.  .\.  Meigs  in  \>i'i'.\,  who  I'einovcd  it  to  Port  .Madisou  the  haine  year.  Ill 
Dec.  l^.'il  it  was  burned,  but  rebuilt,  and  in  Mandi  IS(1|  tlie  boilers  ot  tlio 
new  mill  i-xoloih'd,  killing  (1  men  and  stopping  work  for  •_•  weeks,  wlini  it 
U'sunicil  and  ran  until  .May  |S(i4,  when  il  was  destroyed  by  fire,  but  wmi 
again  lebiiiit.  In  Ih7-  the  firm  was  Meigs  fc  ( iawley,  t)wing  to  b,i>iin-.n 
C'linplicutioiis  and  einbarrassmentii  from  losses,  it  was  not  until  |s77  llmt 
Meiys  was  able  to  clear  the  estalili-<liment,  ami  to  associate  w  ith  hiiiiHelf  o'liin 
who  furniod  the    Meigs  Lumber  and   Ship  buikliii|j  Cunipuiiy.     Of  all  ilio 


MILLS  ON  TlIK  SOUND. 


3:'.0 


I  naviil  s ta- 
il, -.'li,  1^'il; 

III  mI|i|I|II'  lit 

t,  a  vui.if  lit 

If  ill  llcUKllIll 

II  stt'imiiiull 

.1(1    C'Xtl'IlL  lit 
1»!    I'Stilll.ltlll 

inil>i.'rin.;  tH- 
noiiH  iiiiil  as- 
1S4S,  wluii 
sts.  Oli/iiijiia 
^  JaiiK'i  Mc- 

IViltPI-pnWir, 

hit,  l.SMI.  •''■'•. 

L-tl'll   11   V..tll- 

!  it  was  tinn- 
.,(U.  Ill  tliu 
•li  turiii'l  imt 
iiiii  ill  iiiiii'stliy 

ivutcl-friilil  nf 

ivf.  Til''  mill 
ivas  in  <ihi'  in 

,  "Wi'Moii  iiii'l 
1S."».'>  Niclinlim 

I  to  <Tf(tl  lwi> 
ipoii  Sl.iidkiiiii 

ami  2  iiii".''ifn 
liiiill  piiiM  il  til 

II  war.  liviin-*, 
tlu'  wiiittii'  lit 
y,  Imt  w.it.r 
li'.'li  watrf.    it 

MS.,  17;  /.■' 

m  IS.VJ,  I"  -11 

.  '1',  Siiyw.ii'l 
Aiiliur'i'liiM- 
rcHurty.  >'"//• 
P,  anil" I'll  thr 

for  tKil.iKiit. 

S,  .Viiotiicr 
Miiilili',  l>y  III- 
'!•  ^iiniii.f  ''I'. 
[trai'ts  I't  liiii 

I'oft  (iiiml)l>' 

Btonm-iiiiil   it 

aH  a(t<"»varil 

■Ilk.      Jl>"ii.il 

lit  \vasH..M  I'l 

lull!  yi'iii-     1" 

li,iilr|H  nl  ll»« 
•rks,  will"  i< 
lliiv,  Will   "•''' 

If    to    ll.l-illr-" 

Ttil  IsTT  tli^ii 

^ilUHllf  o'lltH 

of  all  tilt-' 


linii'tcring  cstalilishmoiits  nunc  uero  nmrt!  oiiiii]il<ti'  than  this.  Its  ca- 
].,ii  ity  ill  ISSO  \va»'J(K),(H»UfuLt  in  l-'  lioiiis,  ami  it  roiiM  cut  logs  1  :'••_»  feci  |miij|. 
1:  h.i.-t  ail  irmi  aii<l  bi'as.s  tminilri'v,  niai'liiiu',  lilacksinitli,  ami  car[ii'iiti'i' HJiop:!, 
ainlHlii[i-yar'l.  Tlio  \  illau'i!  wasa  iiioili'l  on.',  with  mat  (hvelliiiyn  lor  the  o|iitii- 
liM'-i.  a  {iitliiii:  hall,  lilnai'v,  hotel,  ami  Htori;.  Masoiiii:  ami  ^ooil  t<-iii|>lai''H 
lo  1 41-1.  with  ilancin^^asscnihlii'M.  h-ctiii't's,  ami  011  t-i lour  n|Mirt'<,  wcru  ffaliiii's  nf 
t^i  plaie.  AImiiiI  .'((Mt  jh-ojiIo  wert!  oinjiloyi'il,  ainl  no  liijiior  .sold  in  tlir  jilai'i-. 
Mif.'s  wusa  VfiiiioutiT.    )<.</i'c"n  Whi/i.  '/'(/•.,  .M.S.,  ;")-(>;  Mnr/ihi/iiiiil  //((niiil'.H 


I'.S.  /liinlnr;/,  1.S7'J,   |  t7;  S  iltf/r  I'm-.   Tnhn 


17.  IS 


1 1,  Noaiiiiiion,  111 


^■'■r'liii 


I  Ml, Ill/ill/,  V.  ri'.l;  .l/oci.  \  W.ixli.  T>i\,  MS.,  xxii.  •l4-(i.     .Xnotlii.'r  of  tl 


lU 


i.ir'y  i.iillsiwasthat  of  I'ortth'i'hard.     It  waslirst  put  iipat  AIki  I'oint,  calhil 
\^  u"  \  oik,  hy  i'y.  ('.  'i'liry  ami  William   II.  Jli'iitoii  in    lS."i;{-4,  Imt  nnioMil 


lllil  !• 


ir  :<  vi'ai 


A  to  I'oi't  (h'l'haril,  whi<'li  had  a  lii.'ttcr  hail 


'I'lii!  mill  \\»^ 


aid  .sold  to  (^iluiniiii  and  <  <lyml('M,  who  ri;lmi!t  it  in  IfSliK-il,  Imt  liciaim' 
l.i^.  iilit,  and  till'  mill  wan  liiirmd  licforf  any  capital  canio  to  rclicvi'  it. 
)         .1  If'/s/i.    Til-.,   MS.,  4-."t;  ,sV((/^/,' /,(/W/(;/r«.vc,  Mar.'h  II,  l.s<i!».     .\U«r 


^  Ilia 
il..t  .1 


;  iho  rortOivhard  mill,  Kenton  iV:  Howanl  went  to  I'ort  iWakeley,  l( 
il  troni  all'!  '.i|«pii8itr  to  Seattle,  and  ereeted  a  l;ir:;o  liiml 


nil  n;,  eo«iiii^'  .svl.lKll),  and  oapaltle  of  turning' out  .'kll, (MM I  feet 
Muiiu'in  .\,i  il  l"Mil,  eiiltiii,;  an  aveia.;u  of  l'.).(HKI.(l(H>  feet  ai 

I  '-11    when   Us  iMpai'ity  w.i.s   iiiereased    to  •JIlll.OlMI   ]>er   day 

II  t  .1  '  thoeiMiipletioii  of  tlio  mill,  in  iMi^t,  and  the  linn  ineorpn 
II  I'liir- iV  ( 'o.,  liiit  in    |H7li   lii'iaiiK!   a'.<.uii   iiieorporated  as  tl 
.\liiMoinpaiiy,  with  a  capital  of  .NUtll.tHMl.    \\'ii>li.    '/'./•.    I'nn  i:.,hil„l,    Is.Slt, 
1)1       I'his  iiiil'l.siiipped,  in  I^S.'t,  .'it.OIIO.OIN)  feet  ot  liimher,  and  loiild  eiit  '.>IH),- 


ierin>,'  estalil 
a  day.     It  In 

iiiliially  dow 

Howard  1 

rated  as  lieu 

le  I'ort  lllak 

II 1 1 

lllld 

toll. 


III)  I' 

W,    h. 


in  IJ  hours.     It   had  M) 


IS  of  all  kiiid->:   Ml  hollers  and 


I  eli;illle-., 


Il.::i 


1  ,1  iiniteil  p  iwcr  of  l.'J'lll  lior.se.  It  was  li.,'hte  I  liy  111  ehctrie  li^hls,  and 
1  \rry  way  tlio  iiiist  eieiiplete  liinilieriii;,'  est.ililisliineiit  in  this,  if  not  in 
.■.lutry.  Ill  Js.'iSt'ie  fr.inieof  the  I'ts.iiady  mill  was  hewn  out  fortireii- 
V  ( 'I'aiiney,  \\  ho  liegaii  .H,aw  iiii,' in  Fell.  I^."H.  The  sule  owiii'r  in  jiee.  iSii!) 
'rhiiiiias  Craiiiey.  In  lH',;i,  I 'raniiey  >V  ( 'liiHiiolm  uwiiid  it;  Imt  in  l^'id 
'     lllld   to  the  i'u,'et   .Mill  Co.  for  liliout   .S.to.tMMI,  and  waselo.sed   forli 


Item,  for  I  I  v« 


II  iivi'ra''o  of   l7.tli>'l,l>lM)  feel  aiiniiallv,  ainl  alter- 


w.ii  I  more  than  d mliii!  th:itainoiint. 


.1/. 


•1  ll'«>/..   /•- 


.\I> 


x.\ii.  i;i,  v, 


1  1  IViS-il  S.  1,.  Ma.stlik  Hi.  Co.  ,,f  S.  !•".  ereeted  a  mill  at  I'ort  Discovery, 
\.'iii  !i  ill  the  lirst  ISlnoiith.s  cut  ,S,.'i(H).(M)ll  feet  III  liinilicr.  It  employed  in 
I  ;i  .'ill  iiieii,  and  turned  out  |'J,IIIM),<MH)  let  of  luiiilieraml  -JiNMHiu' laths. 
Til  iiiioiiut  wa  i  inenased  ill  IS7lto  |S,lHin,lHi:i  f.ct  anniiilly,  hut  dropped 
tl  l.'.o.)  I,IMIII  Iroiii   IS7.'>  to   I.S7II;   Hince   which   time   its    capacity   has   Im-cii 


A/..  'I.^ 


will 


:i;  /'..(•//.(,(./  I>r,,in 


.May  '.'!•,   Is7.">       In  iMi-'  A 


Il  Ml  Known  as  tlio  Wasliin.'toii  Mill  < 'oiupany.   eoniisliiiL'  of  .Marshall  Ithiiii, 


\V,.I.  .\.lii 


It.  U 


li.'imsoii. 


\V.  It.  Sinclair,  and  Hill  Harmon,  Imtit 


nil  at  Scalieck   on   lliol  ('anal,  with  an  a\er,iL,'e  capaciiy   of    1  l,i|(lil,(lllil 
per  iimiiim,  at  a  cn-.t  of  ^MI.IIINI.      Itlinii  iV    .Vdams  were  the  piincipil 


ii«  iiiiN.     ill  |s7ll  .\d  iiiH 
vissej.,    l!ie  (  iiyiiiii'Iril 


i  \uis  solo  proprietor. 
,|i/(l//(,i  ail  I   the    /hilili 


11 


le  estalilndiineiit  ow  m 


d  t\ 


In   ISlM  .1.  |{.  Willi.'imsiiii 


ai'd  nl  hers  I  mi  It  a  mill  at  l"'rne|).irt  (now  .Miltoiii,  op|ioMit<)  Seattle,  which  was 
••'Id  to  .Ma'sliiill  .V  t'o.,  alioiil  l*<7l.  its  I'apacily  wi.s  ahoul  ■'i.'">,(lli:i  teei 
I'lT  iliv.  1  1  iMiH  .\ckerMoli  &  Kilss  of  ( 'al.  erected  a  mill  at  'racoiiia  (ihell 
iillo  I  (,'  iinmeiieeiiicnH  '.lyi.      In  I S77  the  linn  was  llaiiwiu,  .\ckernian  .V  t  o.. 


dti 


I'  mi  I  W.H  OUlli.l.L{  ovei    Sl.Oll.lfeet   per  day.     .V.  "•   I'll' 


A../, 


/"■ 


M< 


7,  l^SO:  0',,„i,,i,i.  Ti-'iiifiifr  l''eh.  ir>,  |S7(I;  I'oflhiwt  W.hI  SIh<i-<,  (5ct.  |S77. 
•  '!  I'  1 1  nulls  and  I  hose  coimcctcd  with  oth'-r  luanufaciurers,  run  hy  water  or 
I'y  ^t'  a'li,  tlieri-  Wi'io  a  111  III  I  .">(>  ol  lurs  ill  V.  e-iii'i  n  \Vashin;,'toii,  on  ( iiay  llarhor, 
>li'i.il\viit'r  Hay,  tlui  Willopah,  Clielmlix,  (,'owlit/,  and  ( 'oliimliiii  in  11  s,  and 
^c,l'.t^ll•l|  through  the  HettlementH. 

ilia  review  ol  the  mwrkel  for  ISSO  it  was  stnfetl  that  the  ra|iAcity  of  tho 
I'll. it  Sound  mills  was  uhont  two  hundred  million  fci't  a  ye.ir,  and  the  nhip- 
liie  its  ahiiiit  ei'^lit  miljiiin  feel    under  that.    Wnlla  W'ulla  Stiilrninnii,  .Ian.  '17, 

(./•  /'.  S.   Mini,  Vi'U.    Il',    IhM.     The 


hall;  ' 


iiU'I'i'iiiI  llvnilil,  in  Ln  d 


I 


I  11^ 


.'I 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


I'.ipacity  of  tlirso  mills  is  given  in  1883  as  l,30(i,(KX)  feet  daily,  or  over  three 
liiiiiilred  niilliiiiiH  .-inniiully. 

All  intLTfstinj;  fciiture  of  the  lumlier  huaiiicas  is  that  part  of  it  known  in 
'  logging,'  which  iH  carriuil  on  by  companies,  on  an  extensive  scale.  Wilkr^'m't 
J'iKji't  Sound,  i.'{-14;  Itcjit  of  f'lun.  A  <j  rival  In  re,  I<S73,  33*2;  Evans'  Wank.  Tti:, 
4l-'J;  Daijloti  Dem.  Stale  Journal,  Nov.  17.  ISS'J. 

The  Bccond  most  important  article  of  export  from  Washington  !s  c();il. 
The  tirat  discoveries  were  made  in  the  Cowlitz  Valley  in  1848,  whence  several 
liarri'ls  were  shipped  to  (.'al.  to  ho  tested,  l>nt  which  was  condennied  as  a  (loor 
(iiialitv  of  lignite.  Lvn-is'  (Jual  Dincor.,  MS.,  8,  13;  S.  I.  J'dh/nixidn,  v.  -J,  7; 
.\liirMi\  ira.<7».  'J'fi:,  MS.,  ii.  57.  Ahont  that  tinio.  or  previous  to  ISM),  a 
rrt'iiehnian  named  liemeau  discovered  coal  on  the  Skooktini  (Jliuclv,  wliiuli 
c  ri-ati'd  considerabli!  interest  at  Olyiiiiiia,  and  was  tiie  motive  wiiich  iiis[iirL'il 
t\n'  lirst  idea  of  a  railiuad  toward  the  Colundiia,  u  Huivey  lieing  made  liv  .1. 
W.  'I'rutch  in  tiio  antnmn  of  I8.VJ.  In  18411  Sainnel  Hancock,  whih;  trailing' 
V  ith  the  Lnmmi,  was  told  that  they  had  seen  hhick  stones  at  Hellingiiam  liay. 
Suliscipientiy  he  f(jiind  coal  on  the  Stillacpiamish,  hut  was  iorltidilcn  to  >\(irk 
ii  lpy  the  Indians  who  told  him  of  it.  //ancui'h'h  Thirtfen,  Years,  MS.,  14."i-!», 
174;  (Jli/iii/iia  Ciiliimliian,  Oct.  I«>,  iS.Vi. 

in  |S,">0  H.  A.  (Joldsliorough  explored  several  affluents  of  Pnget  Sonnilainl 
found  croppin^^s  of  C(jiil  on  a  nuinher  of  them,  of  which  an  analysis  was  iu:iilu 
ill  Fch.  Is.'il,  liy  Walter  U.  •iohnson  for  the  secretary  of  tlio  iiavj'.  Alxiut 
this  time  the  J'.  M.  S.  Co.  emi)loyed  agents  to  explore  for  coal  in  Oregon  and 
\'»'asliington,  one  ot  whom,  \Villiain  A.  Howard,  afterward  in  the  riMinio 
hi  ivicc,  together  with  K.  D.  Warhass,  made  an  expedition  from  tiie  Chcljiilii 
lip  the  coast  to  a  point  north  of  Qiiinault.  Meaiiwhilu  William  I'atth-,  ;iu 
Jjighsh  sulijet't,  who  was  looking  for  spar  timber  uinoiig  the  islands  of  tho 
llaio  iircliipchigo,  found  coal  at  Belliiigiiaiii  Itay  in  Oct.  IS."i'_',  find  took  u 
('l;iiiii  oil  tile  l.'iiid  just  Hoiith  of  the  town  site  of  Sciiomo  as  subsciiucntly  In- 
(;itic|.  Two  otlicr  riaiiiis  were  taken  ailjoining  by  Tattle's  associates,  Muni. 
s<iii  and  Tiioiiiiis.  They  siirceedicl  in  negotiating  witii  a  company  call<  d  t!iu 
I'ugct  Sound  riiiil  Milling  Association.  From  I8(i()  to  187!>  there  was  an 
i:  v<  rage  aiiiiual  yirld  of  tliirteeii  thousand  tons.  Another  coal  ileiiosii  w.is 
diMcivfi-ed  ill  iSti'J  (111  till)  Strait  of  {''ilea  not  far  from  ( 'lal';iiii  liay,  dy  J.  K. 
'I  lioriiclikc,  and  in  |S(I7  was  orgaiii/ed  the  IMiienix  Coal  Mining  ('o. 

Tlie  (111  liest  alteiiiptcd  development  of  coal  west  of  Admiralty  Inlet  was 
by  l>r  It.  II.  liigelow,  wlio  partially  opened  a  coal  vein  on  Itfack  llivcr, 
Known  as  tlin  Ihgdow  iiiiiio,  lying  about  ten  niilea  Bouth-east  from  Seattle, 
'I  licic  w;is  no  means  of  getting  coal  to  navigable  water  without  expensive  iiii- 
]irovi  iiii'iits  in  mads  and  l)ai'g("<,  and  the  niiniMVas  abandoned.  About  I'^ii7 
S.  It.  Hinds  i*t  Co.  of  Seattle  purchased  the  claim,  and  ttunk  u  shalt  to  tiiu 
vein,  a  distanoo  of  70  feet;  but  tho  mine  never  becaniu  productive  of  iiiarkit- 
able  Coals, 

East  of  Seattle  several  discoveries  were  miele  about  IS,")(),  some  of  which 
have  proved  valuable.  I>avid  Moweiy,  a  I'a  <iciiiiaii,  found  <'oal  on  his  clair 
ill  the  Sipiak  \idley,  fourteen  inihseiistof  the  Sound.  With  \V.  It.  Andrews, 
he  took  out  a  lew  tons,  whi(!h  were  disposed  of  in  .Seattle,  At  a  later  ilatc, 
Willi. im  Thomp!inn  also  mined  in  this  coal  to  a  sniall  extent,  when  it  \t.iii 
iibaiidoneil.  I.iiiiii'  Ciml  l>hror<  ri' a,  MS,.  I.  .\  claim  of  IliO  i  cres  of  ce.il 
l.ind  eleven  miles  southeast  of  Seatlh^  v\as  taken  up  in  Istio  by  I'liilip  11. 
Lewis,  and  uork  begtiii  upon  it  in  the  following  year.  Lewis  was  bum  in 
Id.  ill  IH'JS,  and  came  to  ()r.  from  (. 'a I.  in  Is.'d.  His  example  was  follnvteil 
by  I'Mwiii  llieharilson,  who  took  a  claim  ne\t  to  him,  while  .losi.'ili  >iitl() 
jiaimed  anotlicr  iiu.-irter-seetion  adjoining.  Ilieliardson  cliaiige(l  his  locitioii 
more  than  oiiee,  linally  lixing  iipiui  the  one  later  work('(l  by  tin;  Seattle  (  oiil 
iiiid  Trail  tportalioii  < 'o.  Tlie  origin, d  owners  opened  ii  road  in  |N(I7,  •md 
broii'.iht  out  one  hundred  and  liity  tons  in  wagons,  which  w;is  sohl  for  ten 
ih'Uar^i  a  ton  at  thuwlrirf  in  Si'.ittle.  and  buriie  I  on  some  of  the  st(aniei.s  that 
plied  on  the  Sound.     The  mine  wujt  tiien  sought  f(jr,  and  u  company  consist' 


r'UII 


COAL  MINES. 


Ml 


jver  throe 
known  iii 
'ath.  Ttr., 


on  5s  cii;il. 
iico  several 
id  as  11  poi  li- 
ft!/, V.  '-',  7; 
ti»  IS.'>(),  11 

lick,  Nvhiell 

oil  irispinil 
inutlc  1  ly  •! . 
lile  tru'liii'4 
li^liaiil  r>ay. 

Ifll  to  Willi 

MS.,  ll.">-'.i, 

t  Sound  mill 
ia  was  iiiiiile 
i,vy.     Al  II  lilt 
OrogDii  iHiil 
tlio  nvi  luio 
the  Ciu'liiilU 
III   I'l.ttlf,  nil 
lands  lit'  tlio 
,  iind  tiii>li  11 
si;i|n('iitly  I'l- 
iati's,  M.irii- 
ly  ciiUid  the 
fuio  \Mi«  iiu 
doiiosit  NV.H 
y,  l.y  J.  K. 
'o. 

ty  IiiU't  WHS 
Jliick  liivtr, 
.mi  Scat  ill'. 
Ixjifusivi'  iiu- 
Alimit  I'^'i? 
uhalt  (■'  111" 
lo  tif  Dial  k'  1- 

Inc  (if  wliifli 

lull  Ills  >lllil 

ll.  Aiiilri'W. 
ii  liitiT  ll  i;' , 
Vlicll  ll  " '■• 

IMTH    III     '■•    'I 

ly  riiilil'  " 
\\\\A  liiiiii  111 
las  l'iillii\M'l 
l.siiih  Si'il'i 
lliis  jiKiiO  "» 
fiuutllc*   "l 
IsCiT.    iii'l 
.Id  I'm    ''" 
iaiiui>i  111''' 
liiiV  ci>li>i-'t' 


in','  of  Poniol  Bngloy,  Geoi^'o  F.  Wliitwortli,  P.  H.  Lewis,  .To«inli  Settle,  mid 
.'"aliuiiia  (iallicldo,  culled  the  Luke  Wa.'shiiigtoii  Coniiiany,  was  fol'iiu'd.    Ua^;- 
K\  |iiiiii'i^ed  tlio  llioiiariLsdM  claim  and  a  portion  of  each  of  the  otln  r  t\u), 
\\  lutwortli  owniiiji  a  (lart  of  Lewis' claim.     Clarence  IJaj^ley  and  (iar'iuMe 
tiMik   up  home  adilitioiial  land,  wliiuli  went  into  tiio  company  organi/atii^i. 
'Jlir  iilijict  of  tho  new  aiTan;.;cment  was  to  j^et  a  rail  or  tram  road  from  tin- 
cai-i  •■•idc  of  L^ike  Wasliinj^toii  to  the  coal  hcda.    A  company  was  formed,  and 
uii  in  t  pasHi'd  hy  the  Icgislatin'o  of  l.Stj(i-7  incorporating  tho  Coal  Creek  lioa  1 
('oiiil'iiiiy.  ]Vii»h.  SItif.,  lS(i(i-7, 'JO'J-Ii.     The  road  company  was  compost.'d  of 
\V.  \V.  Perkins,  John  l>«niiy,  Ileury  L.  Vesler,  John  J.  MctJilvra,  «'.  .(. 
Js'iiyis,  C.  II.  Hale,  and  J^ewi.-*  C.  (iuiui.     Capital  tttock  So.lKX),  with  power 
to  iiirnaso  to  S,")0<),(KK).     In  Aug.  following  the  mining  company  incorpoivitid 
n.s  th  •  l.nke  Washington  Company,  with  a  capital  stock  of  ijr)0(>,(KX!,  with  Iiu; 
jiiixilr^v;  of  increusiiig  it  to  a  million.     Lewis  withdrew  from  the  minin;^  ov 
gaiii/ation,  after  which  it  sold  out,  in   IH70,  to  Iluel  Uobinson,  Anios  lluist, 
ami  otiieis,  residents  of  Seattle,  for  S'2."»,000,  all  tho  land  that  had  iieeii  put 
ill  Icing  incluileil  in  the  sale,  the  new  organization  styliiig  itsi'lf  tho  Seattle 
t  1 1,1 1  ( 'iiiiipany.     Under  the  new  management  there  was  a  tramway  liuilt  iVoi.i 
tlic  mine  to  l^ako  Washington,  and  a  wooden  road  on  the  west  wide  of  th'; 
luko  to  Seattle.    A  scow  was  Imilt  for  transportation  across  the  lake;  a  .■^niall 
steamer,  the  /'/("((^jw,  was  eonstrncted  for  towing.     In  ls7'J  liohinson  svild  to 
C.  11.  Sh.ittuik  ami  itlieis  of  S.   V,  for  lji.'d,(KM»,  and  capital  )mt  in;  siiuc 
vliiili  the  Seattle  mine  has  produced  well,  find  licen  a,  iirolitahlc  invc- tnieiit. 
'Jill!  loiiipany  had  steam  tow  boats  on  lakes  Wasliingttm  and  L'liion,  the  '  'Imn 
mill  i'liilKili",  connecting  with  tin;  tramway  from  tho  mine  across  the  istiimus 
In'twcen  the  lakes,  iind  from  Lake  Union  to  the  wharf  in  Seattle.     The  llat- 
kiiits  were  rim  iijioii  trucks  across  the  isthmus,  and  tiience  across  the  seiond 
l.iki'.  to   avoid   handling.    ,1/( < /•< c'/t  Wash.    Tir.;   Mil'arluit'.'i    (Hal   Itajion  : 
Uw  ill/'  ii/h  CdiiI  Mini's^  KMi  7;  Si  fttllr  Ii:/< //ii/i'iiri  r,  Sept,  II,  Is7l. 

Till'  discovery  next  in  point  of  time  and  importance  to  the  .Seatlle  coul  \\as 
tluit  III  the  l!"ntoii  mine,  havid  Mow  ery  liist  made  tli«  I'.iscoverv,  Imt  ii't 
tliiiiliiiig  well  t)f  '.lie  coal,  sold  the  claim  to  llohert  Aluams  ahmit  iSlJtl.  It 
«  -.ii'it  until  IS7.'Jthat  it  was  again  rememliend,  when  E.  M.  .Smiihers,  on 
iu^  j'lioining  claim,  foiind  pieces  of  coal  in  a  small  streain  mi  his  farm,  and 
|ul|.iuing  lip  tho  indiiatioiis,  tunnelled  into  the  hill  where  they  aiipearcil, 
stiikiii_'  at  the  distani'c  of  UK)  i'cet  two  horizontal  ledges  of  pure  coal  i\tiiid- 
iii,'  into  it.  Having  demonstrated  the  contents  of  his  land,  he  sold  it  fur 
f^J.'i.lHHI  to  Jtuel  lloliinsoii,  who  also  |>iiicliascd  the  adioiiiiiiL;  laiidsof  .X'.naiiis 
lui'l  McAllister.  A  company  was  at  once  formed,  with  a  capital  of  .SKMI.uod. 
A  iiumlier  of  mines  have  been  prospected,  and  a  great  aliiindaiii-e  of  <  oil 
I'liiiu  I  to  exist  on  the  east  side  of  the  Sound.  .Vmoiig  others  was  the  (  ed.ir 
.Miiulitaiii  mine,  on  the  same  ridge  with  the  Iteiiton;  and  near  t'lo  jiiiution  i>l 
Ctiliir  and  lllack  rivers  the  Clynier  mine  was  discovered  at  an  e.arly  ilay  un 
till'  land  of  C,  (,'lymer.  On  theSldlaipiamisli,  the  Snoliomisli,  and  the  Ska-it 
liMis,  coal  was  known  to  exist.  J^n  A'o'/c  V  Skinji/  .!/('/(■<,  MS.,  oj.  |i  had 
Iduu'  licen  known  by  some  of  tlio  early  residents  of  the  I'liyaMiip  N'alley  that 
iiiul  was  to  li(!  found  llnre.  l.'iishriik'^  I'li'l't  ■Siniiiil,  .MS,,  .'t.  Tho  tirstactiial 
1  i''~|ii  iliiiU  was  done  by  « iate  and  I  wo  half  brt'cds  named  i'lett.  This  small 
(■niii|iaiiy  took  a  mining  claim  in  ls71,  drifting  in  aliont  sixty  f.et,  on  a  \>  in 
iiiMiiMied  on  Klett  Creek,  a  triiiutaiy  of  South  I'raiiio  Creek,  which  is  a 
liiiiuili  III  tlie  I'liyallnp.  iMiiing  the  same  season  !•!.  L.  .smith  of  (Jlynipia,  a 
Mil  veyiir,  discovered  coal  almiit  half  a  mile  nuitli  of  the  <  iale  mine  uii  land 
111  li'ii-iiig  to  the  Northern  racihe  11.  Co.,  \*  liich  lul  to  an  ex.iiiiinji'iwii  of  i;iu 
CKiintiy  over  an  area  of  twintylive  si|Uare  miles  in  the  coal  >li>ti  iit. 

It  li  eonjei'tured  that  the  reL;ion  ulioiit  .Steilacooin  is  niideilaid  with.icind 
i'ipii>it.  Hut  it  is  fartlier  Koiitli  than  tliis  that  tlieactii,il  diseoverics  liii\e 
lii'i  11  liiiiile.  In  IS(i,">  11  \ein  was  fuii.id  upon  the  laud  of  Wallace  and  I',  W. 
(lawfiml  opjiosite  to  and  two  miles  alio\e  Mmitii  ello.  'I'lie  ■  iilistriletMli  of 
till'  N.irlJieru  I'acilie  i  ailio.id  Jioin  the  Coliliiilua  to  the  Sniiiid  ii\ived  the 
iulvrcbt  iiitliu  coal-lieUUof  tliu  rogion  aouth  of  <)l,\mpia.     .1,  l>.  ,Montgiim<  ly. 


342 


ni<:s()URCF,s  and  ixnrsiTniKs. 


in' 


\mk 


I . 


contractor  npnn  that  ronfl,  in  IST'J  piircliu!<i'i1  iiiin'  lnimlrod  acrosnf  poni  l:inils 
iioar  t!u,'<  'liclmlis  Kivi-r  lit-twi'di  <  'l:ii|iint<i  iiiul  Skiinkuii.  ( 'li;i<'U.  iiml  two  luili's 
west  of  tlic  iDiiil.  It  Willi  jn'iipoMMl  ti)  1  liar  the  olwtriictiMiis  from  the  ( "licli:i'.j<i 
snliii'ii'iitly  to  c'i)al>l<'  a  Ht«^aiinT  to  tow  liargcs  finm  <  laijiiato  to  (Iray  Uailmr 
lor  oduan  Mliipiiictit,  luit  this  Ki'!ifin«'  lias  not  lucn  laniid  out. 

Ill  \S~'.\  tho  'IVniiio  ijiiiii'.  witiiin  halt  a  niih:  of  thi!  N'oithi-rn  I'aoirK;  rnail 
iraili.  was  jirospfoti^il  liy  Mx-jiov.  K.  S.  Suh>inon  an<l  Col  F.  Uro  of  S.  !•", 
'llic  Olymiiiii  and  Teninu  11.  Co.  tuuk  sliarca,  and  called  it  thu  Olynipia 
Ifailway  and  Mining  Co. 


KiNd    Col    N 


Another  niin?>  nonr  riiclmlis  Htation  on  the  Northi-ni  Pacific  was  oju'iH'd 
111  l^7">l'y  li'oMi'iithal.  a  iiicrrlialit  of  <  tlyiii|'ia. 

A  niiin'  known  as  the  Si.id'o.  sitnilrii  ..n  land  ow  ni  '   liy  T.  I''.  M'  I  '••? 

nnd  OliMT  Shcad  of  Olynipia.  mar  tin'  SkMoUniii  (  limk    talion.  waso;- I 

it)  l>^77.      In  thi-  anruinn  of  I.S7!)  ii  hail  a  tlail y  iiipai  ity    r  tifly  Ioiih. 

Ciiitl-oil  |i.H-<  hi'cii  (iiscovi'ii'd  in  Hoinr  |iart8  of  tlirsc  cMcnfivi'  coal  ri'  T'n.t. 
♦  Jrcwjrc  WniiiK'h,  of  pi.tnrrr  anlccrdiMils,  wnl  sainpUs  to  Porthnnl  ii  l'"i"'. 
from  th<>  Skin-'  inn  Clink  distriit.  It  waH^dno  found  in  thr  l'ii>  '  'p  Vull  y 
near  Eliiai  in  iSS;^.  Tii"  nnniial  )irodii(Mion  was  OHiiinatid  in  l^MJ,  lor  tint 
«lioli>  ot'  WHitltiu^tiin,  to  1)1'  l<il,7()S  toiiH. 

M  .111' I  -i!mt  ininiiij;,'  i»  Ktill  rarrii'd  mi  in  Wiishington,  altliough  um:iii  i«- 


OOLT)  AXP  SILVER. 


343 


if  onnl  l:inils 
ml  twoiiiilL'S 
tlu-ClicliM'.is 
iriiy  lliiiliMi- 

]'.oc  <if  >.  I'. 
tho  Olyiniiu 


iliistry  it  is  comparatively  small.  For  tin-  year  cn<liii,2  in  M.ny  1S80,  tho  totil 
viiliM'  "f  till!  (lei'ii  liiiiif  iirodiu'tiiiii  was  ri-|)()itiil  tit  .*2-',o;t(i,  tiu'  i)i'iiiri|Kil  [..irt 
oi  this  liiiiij;  tViim  tlic  iVshostoii  ili.strict  in  the  N'akima  loiiiitry,  ami  i>l)i'iicer 
iniiM"'  ••Sl-",()1!*.  Ill  ISSl  tlio  yii'lil  was  imt  iinuli  if  any  iiniii'.  ami  in  ]SS',\ 
till'  |.i"iliiition  I'f  till)  incc'loUH  niftals  liail  fallen  (■tl"  fimii  fciriiuT  lij;iir(r^,  n<>t 
icirliiii^  to  .*!0(>.()(K).  Tliis  is  not  altovctlier  frmn  a  poverty  of  resoiiiceh.  liiit 
is  |i;irlly  line  to  the  more  sni'e  and  rapid  returns  from  otler  industries  w  liieli 
h:i\e  heeii  t'lijuyed  in  eastern  Wa.'-hin;_'ton  for  tlii'  last  deeade,  'J'he  N'aUinia 
(iiuiiiiy  w.is  the  lirst  to  ;;ive  any  returns  from  i|nui tz-iidiiinj.;.  'I'lie  ;,'old  id 
(id  luillini-'.  !ii"l  it  is  liolievHid  «ill  yive  jilacc  at  a  greater  depth  to  ailver. 


Kamtkkn   \V  v-m  sirriiN. 


The  total  amount  of  hind  Hurvpyi'd  in  Wasliiii».»ton  down  to  Tnno  1*!<^0wnfl 

I.V.C,!I,I7.".  nut.  ol  the  U.T'.Mi,  llil"  .'i.Ves  eollst  it  ii!  in-  the  area  of  ;li..  >.|;ilr.  For 
iniiiiy  years  the  tortiiiiate  »s<iiil>iiKtt loii  of  nod  mid  i  liinati-  in  eiisti  ru  W  a'^liinn- 
I'll,  uhenliyall  the  icre'ils  can  lie  in'odii.  .  .|  in  th''  ;.ieatest  ahnndaiiee  tml 
"t  the  hi'.'liif,!  eX'i'lhliee.   W  ,|»  not  undelsloud.       'I'Ik    I'i -t  NettU'l  s  in  t  lie  \\  allli 

Walla  \iilley  Went  til. re  to  laise  eittle  on  thiiiir  iiioiis  Imneh  ^iics  m  hieh 
(.'a\e  1  heir  block  no  round  iin  up]"  .-iruneti  w  ii  li  si..i  uh'ssy  hidev  '|  he  n»Ul 
riii-iide  I'liriied  thither  merehiiits  aiMl  setileisof  another  sort,  nu'l  it  wiia 
(uillid  lliut  people  must   eat  of    the    liililsot    thu   eai'lli    III    tile  eoiiii!  i  y  w  hero 


IE 


344 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


their  tcnta  wore  pitdicil.  This  necessity  led  to  farming,  nt  first  in  the  rn  ,  k 
vullcyii,  tlii-n  on  tlio  liill-Hldes,  iind  laHlly  on  tliu  to|>i4  of  tlie  liillH  iinitu  :i\v.iy 
from  tlu!  poftsiljility  of  irrigation,  wliero  to  rvfryl)0(ly'n  sin'priao  w  ln-iit  iinw 
tiiu  Ix.'st  of  idl.  It  till  n  iM'gjin  to  Ix!  ivnown  tliiit  wiii'ru  l)iincli-^niMH  would 
natiniilly  grow,  wliout  t'spt'cially,  iiud  llio  otlier  cereals,  would  tlourihii  >iu- 
|iri.sin;;ly.  Tiie  ari  a  of  w  licat  lund  in  eaHtcrn  Wjutliinglon  lias  l»een  estini.itc  ' 
as  capalile  of  yielding,  \indcr  ordinary  culture,  more  than  ii  hnndrcd  million 
l>ii.slicU  annually,  i>U  to  UO  buhhela  tu  the  ueru  being  nu  uueouinion  reluin. 
MeHU'Vjf  i;/' (,'...•< /•««;•  Fir  1 1/,  IS78,  4-(J. 

The  Noil  wbich  in  mo  fruitful  in  a  dark  loam,  eomiHwed  of  n  deep  rich  allu- 
\  ial  di'po.sit,  t'ond)iiu'd  with  volcanic  aNii,  overlying  a  clay  Hub^uil.  Uii  the 
hills  and  soulUtrn  exposures  the  clay  comes  nearer  to  the  Hurfuco.  Tlir 
w  hole  subsoil  rests  on  a  liiisaltio  formation  so  deep  as  to  be  diacoxerable  oulv 
on  the  ileep  w atercniii ses.  The  climate  is  dry,  with  showers  at  lan^  iutii- 
vals  in  summer,  with  tall  rains  and  brief  winters,  during  which  there  is  usually 
sonu!  snowiall,  and  occasional  hanl  winters  when  the  snow  is  deep  enough  tu 
till  all  the  sti'eams  to  overtlowing  in  the  spring,  v  liich  comes  early. 

'i'lie  tirst  wheat-iields  of  western  Washington  were  those  cultivated  by  the 
JI.  n.  Co.  in  tlie  (,'olumbia  and  t/owlitz  valleys,  which  yielded  well,  the  (ciw. 
lilz  farm  producing  from  HO  to  iJU  bushels  per  acre  of  white  winter  win  at. 
Tlie  heavily  tindn  red  valleys  about  I'uget  .Souml  furnished  tracts  of  ii|i(a 
land  wt'll  adai>ted  to  wheat-growing,  but  Uiken  as  a  whole  this  region  has 
never  been  regardeil  as  a  grain-producing  country.  Tlie  reclamation  of  tiilr. 
lands  about  tlie  mouths  of  the  rivers  which  llow  into  tlie  Fnca  Nea,  op|> :)>itr 
tlie  strait  of  that  name,  udiled  a  euusiderablo  area  tu  the  grain-lields  ut 
w  estern  \Va.diington. 

The  lirst  settlers  u[ion  tho  tiile-lands  wore  Samuel  ralhoun  and  Micliac  1 
Sulli\an,  who  in  Istil  took  claims  on  the  Swinomish  IMvcr  or  bayou,  which 
<oniiictH  with  the  SkaL;it  by  extensive  marshes.  Sullivan  made  his  lirst  eii- 
closure  in  |S(I.">,  aiul  three  _\ears  afterward  raised  a  crop  of  ,'{7  ai'i-es  of  oat-^. 
Jlesiiwed  live  busiiels  of  seed  to  the  acre,  intending  to  cut  it  fur  hay,  liiit 
iilliiw  iii^  it  to  1  i|ien,  obtained  1,()(HI  bushels  of  o.'its.  <  'allioun  raised  'JI  acii-i  nf 
barley  in  bSti'J  with  like  favorable  results.  From  this  time  there  was  an 
annual  increase  of  reclaimed  land.  Its  prodiictivcni':<s  may  be  interred  finiu 
the  statement  that  on  li(M>  acres  at  I «i  Conner,  behinging  to  .1.  S.  ( 'onner,  aliuut 
l.(HN(  tons  of  oats  and  barley  wire  produced  annually.  Morx's  IIks/i.  Tir., 
MS.,  x.xii,  i;t.  There  weic  in  bsTo  about  "JO  settlers  on  the  Swinoinish  tiih' 
liimis,  who  had  KM)  acres  each  in  cultivation,  and  raised  on  them -lH  biislicis 
of  silling  wheat,  .SO  bushels  of  winter  winat,  7">  biisln  Is  of  bailey,  and  Ml 
bushels  ot  oats  to  the  acre.    Moi'si'i  U'li-li.   7'( /'. ,  M.S.,  xxii.  l.'i. 

Ill  Issi  the  experiment  was  trit'd  of  shipping  cargoes  of  eastern  \\'.i.>-li- 
iiigton  and  Ongon  wheat  by  tii<^  way  of  I'uget  Sound,  insleail  of  via  I'^rt- 
laud,  Astoria,  and  thcMuoiitli  of  the  (.'oliunbia,  to  avoid  tliu  risk  ot  the  liar 
and  a  [larl  of  the  ex|iens(!  of  pilot;iL;e  and  lightering. 

No  eliuiali!  ill  till!  wdild  is  more  suited  to  the  growth  of  nutritious  gra^-ics 
tlianthat<if  W.ishington.  The  biinehgiass  of  tluiastern  division  is,  hew- 
ever,  from  beii.g  dry  a  large  portion  of  the  yi;ir,  not  so  well  ad.ipted  to  the 
uses  of  ilairyiniii  as  ihe  lush  grow  th  of  the  inoi-iter  ilimale  of  l'ii;;et  Soiiinl, 
where  the  rich  bottom  .'lud  diked  lands  yield  liom  three  t<i  fair  tons  of  hay 
to  the  acre.  Dairy  products  have  not  yet  ln'cn  eouiiti-d  amon'.;st  the  artalei 
of  I  xport,  beci.iiM'  faiiiieis  ha\  (^ii'eferred  toingage  in  other  braiiclnsof  Im-i- 
ncfs.  rp  to  Is77  there  was  no  cheese  in  the  m.iikets  of  the  It'iiitory  exi  e|it 
that  which  w.is  imporled.  Ill  that  year  two  cheese  faetoiie.',  w  elf  htari'il, 
one  at  Claipiatii  by  l/uig  >V.  Ilirmiiighain,  and  .inother  at  Cliiiii!  'iini,  in  .b  I* 
ti  rson  county.  The  former  made  over  •_'.S,(HK(  Ihs  the  tirst  year.  The  N'orlli- 
ein  j'acilic  i  hcese  factory,  at  ( 'hiinacuin,  nine  miles  south-west  of  I'ort  Towas- 
eiid,  was  a  gradual  growth,  William  llishop  being  a  pioneer  of  |N,"il(,  wli'i 
setthcl  in  tlie  Cliiuiaeiim  \  alley  and  chaitil  and  improved  a  birin.  U  hi  n  lie 
had  liO  lows  he  began  cheese-m.iking  for  the  m  irket  abroad,  proilucing  l.ilH) 
lbs  of  cheese  and  oO  Ihs  of  butter  per  day.     \  third  factory  was  eslubluilicJ 


FARMIXft  AND  FISHKRIES. 


3»5 


11  the  r'l-.  1  k 
(iiiiti!  ;i\\:iy 
ni'.at  gii  ^i' 
i'a.sN   woulil 

(tlllisll    Mil- 

II  cstiiiiiti^' ' 

ll-L'tl  lllilli'MI 
IIIUII   let  111  11. 

It  rich  iillu- 
111.      Oh   tlie 

ifuCO.        I  111' 

iuiJihU'  iiiily 
;  inw  lull  I- 
ru  is  usually 

|)  UllUU^Il    til 

>■• 

latfil  hy  til- 

•II,  thuii.w- 
ilitfl'  win  at. 

nets    "f    I'l  It'll 

It  regimi  liiH 
itimi  (if  tiiU" 
<i'a,  11)11  ■I'^itt) 
raiu-lii;i>li*  nt 

ami  Mii'liacl 

layiiu,  V  liiih 

!  Wm  lirsl  in- 

aci'i'S  lit  (iat'<. 

r.ir  hav,  hut 

.cl-JI  air.'s.if 

ln'ic  was  ail 

iili'il'i'il  Iriiiil 

iiiiiiiT,  aliiiiit 

11,1.1/1.  ■/'./•., 

ii.piiiisli  till"" 

It    .|ll   llllslll'ls 

il.y,  ami  NO 

Lsti  I'll  Wash- 
lot'  via  I'liit- 
of  the  hai- 

ti«ms)^ni.'<»i» 
li.iii  is,  lui«- 

llltCll    til   tlu' 
li^cl    Sullllil. 

ItiiiiH  of  hay 

the  artu-li  '< 

lies  lit  liii-i- 

Ijtiny  I'M'i'l't 

re  htarli  il, 

I'liiii,  ill  ■•'  '• 

iTlu'  N"i-'l'- 

I'.irl  TuMii^ 

Is.'ili,   wli" 

Win  11  111' 

»ici.i^  1.''"' 

LsUbilslie'l 


ill  N70  hy  Long  k  Birniiii;^hain  on  tli«>  Mmlilox  farm,  in  White  River  Val 
li  \ ,  llie  i)i'iw|K.'i't  li«.'iiij{  that  till)  I'uj:et  .Siiiiiiil  farniLin  would  convert  tluii- 
giaiii'lieliN   into  liay-lichU  to  a  eoii.siileialili!  evtent,  ainl  that  (iuii'y-farniiiijj 
W'nul.l  liecome  tin'  chief  (m.-'iiieits  on  tiio  valley  nml  tide  1:iiiiI.h. 

The  e.\|ieiinient  of  lio|i-farniiiig  wa.-*  lirat  tried  in  IS(14  hy  Jueoh  Meeker, 
V  ho  |ihiiited  a  liulfacre  on  liiiifarni  in  the  ruyallu))  Valley.  The  yield  was  'JdO 
iii.i'.iiils,  which  Hold  for  So  ceiitH  |ier  iiniinil.  ThoniiiMon  1^  .Sleude  e.stah- 
ii-.lii'il  the  lii'Mt  hopyavd  iu  IH7*J.  The  tollouiug  year  L/.ia  and  .).  \'.  .Meeker 
aiiil.l.  !'•  Stewart  follow  I'd.  TluMlesire  to  cncouiaj,'*'  auriiiiltiire  ha.s  led  to 
till'  fiiriiiation  of  a^riciillnriil  Hocietics  iu  several  coiintieH  of  the  ti'iritory, 
\\  ,ilhi  Walla  taking  the  lead,  l>y  a  few  |ier8»UH  calling'  a  meeting;  in  Ft  h.  iMi.'i, 
til  he  held  April  'J.M,  for  the  piirpoMe  of  or^^uni/.in;;.  It  was  not  until  |si;7 
that  a  tiiir  wa-i  held,  the  uddresH  at  the  opening  of  the  exhihition  heinij  pin- 
iiuiiiiri'il  hy  I'hilip  Uitz.  In  I.S<i!)  the  Wiusliiiigton  A^^'riciiltiiial  and  M.'iiiufae- 
tuiiir.;  .'^i.ieiety  Was  formed  and  incovporuted  under  the  laws  of  the  territory. 
Liiiil  was  piirchuHed,  buildings  erected,  nml  the  lirst  fair  of  the  new  oi'i^aiii- 
/atnii  liild  in  Sept.,  from  the  LM.st  to  the  U.")th,  1S7().  A  poinoUiKical  and 
li.iilKiiltiiral  society  wus  also  formed  tliisyearut  Walla  Walla.  Olaike county 
iii'.aiii/eil,  ill  July  I.SliiS,  all  ajjricnltural  and  mechanical  society,  and  held  a 
full  ilii'  fiillow  in>,' Sept.,  the  openinjj  address  Isiiig  hytiovernor  Salomon. 
W  hill  Hill  county  orf^'ani/.ed  an  agricultural  society  in  Istiti,  and  Lewis  county 
ill  1^77.  This  lieiiig  the  oldest  fanning  region  away  fnun  the  Coliiiiihia,  tho 
Km  illy  was  prosperous  at  tin?  start,  and  the  first  exliiliit  a  good  one.  ( '.  T. 
F.'iy  was  chosen  president,  and  L.  I'.  Venen  tlelivered  the  ripening  addro.s. 
I'll  iiri, II  ri  r  I'l'i/lslt'r,  Vet.  I,  Is70;  Ij/i/tii/i'm  Trdiimriiit,  Oct.  !'_',  \S''2;  Oli/ni/ii'i 
II  (./(.  .V/f(i/(/(/;-i/,  .liiiie  'J,  IS77.  In  IS7 1  a  meeting  wan  held  in  Olynipia  in 
the  iiitiiest  of  ii'^ricultiire  hy  a  mutual  aid  society,  or  fanner's  cliih,  which 
ili-|.|,i\i  il  «pecinn:lis  ef  ]irodliction!J.  The  meeting  was  addressed  hy  ilndgo 
.Mrraililcii  at  the  c'ose  01  the  exhihit,  and  steps  taken  tooigaiii/e  a  teiiitoriid 
aL:iiiiiliiiral  society,  under  the  naiiiiMif  Western  Wa.shinglon  indiistrial  .\s- 
Biii'iatioii,  which  held  its  lirst  annual  exhihition  in  Oct.  Is7-at  Olympia.  The 
bccdiiii  annual  territorial  fair  waa  held  at  Seattle,  iu  tlio  university  grounds. 

One  of  the  great  natural  resources  of  western  Wiisliiugfon  which  has  hei  n 
tin  mil  til  account  is  the  lisli  piodiiit,  ulthougli  as  yet  imperfectly  nndeistiiod 
1.1  Ji'Vi  lupeil.  'I'lie  whale  lisheiy  is  proseciiled  only  hy  tlic  Indians  of  Capu 
l''l:illriy  aiitl  the  gulf  of  tleoigia.  Aliioiig  the  s|ii'iies  taken  oil  the  ciia.st  are 
the  ~pi  nil  whale,  ( 'alifornia  gray,  right  whale,  and  sulphur  liottoiii.  I'p  tlie 
hiuiili'l  I'liea  and  in  the  gulf  of  (ieoigia  hump-hacks  aie  niiineroiis.  l''iir- 
iiH  ily  the  liidi.ins  took  more  w  hales  than  now,  their  atteiitinn  heing  at  prer.eiit 
t'.iiiid  to  ^ealdlllnting.  With  only  their  ciiioes  and  rnde  appliaincs  tlui 
.\hik.ihs  lit  (.'ape  {•'latl.'iy  savivl  in  IS."i(>  nil  lor  export  to  thiaiimuiit  nf  ."<S.(MIU. 
(■'i/////..i(  I'iviiii  r  iiiiil  /hill.,  March  .'i,  IS.'iti;  Sh  n  ns'  .Vor/Zi/e.  >7,  Id;  U'n^fi. 
/'/"';/.,  I.'i,  HI;  III  I'l  (  iiin.  Iiiil.  .Ijl'.,  IS.'ilS.  "JUil.  t'oil  of  two  or  more  vaiietie.s 
nil'  iiiiiini  fioiii  Sliualw  liter  Ikiy  to  Alaska  and  hi-yond.  Tiny  an-  of  exei  Ih  nl 
i|iiiility  when  properly  cured.  The  climate  of  Alaska  heing  too  moist,  and  the 
ail  111  ( '.liiforiiia  drying  them  too  much  in  the  curing  pimess,  rendering  them 
li.iril.  it  is  helieved  that  ill  I'llget  Sound  may  he  toHlld  the  leipiisite  inoiMluii  , 
iiiii|iie-s,  and  evenness  t>f  climate  to  properly  save  the  cod  for  export,  hut  no 
►v-'teiii.itic  experiments  have  heeii  made.  It  Was  the  practice  as  ea I  ly  as  |.N,"((i-7 
t'l  pii  kle  end  instead  of  drying,  and  fur  .seveml  years  "JdO  hai  nls  aniiiially 
Vile  put  up.  In  IStil  cod  were  M'ly  plentiful  in  the  sliiiit  of  Fiica,  so  tli.it 
till'  >ihiiii|iers  ,'icirilh  Xiirlmi,  the   Lii::iilii  Ih,  and  other  I'liget    Snlllnl    Mssels 

jii'lied  iiji  .several  thousand  pounds.  In  1, Si  ill  end  hrniiglil  fi'iiin  ;<l(i  to  j^'JO 
|ii  ImitcI.  Ill  ISli4  Thomas  11.  Strattmi  titled  out  the  sell.  Ili-nmll  lor  the 
i"'l  :iiid  halihi-.t  li.sliei'ii's.  .]li>rii'/i  irij>/(.  '/'•/•.,  MS..  .x\ii.  47  ■'^.  In  .Ian. 
lMi(i  Ihe  legislature  niemnriali/ed  the  president,  asking  that  ariaiigeniinls  ho 
iiiMil  \\  nil  Kii.swia  to  eiiahle  I.'.  S.  lishing-vessels  to  \  isil.  the  vai  ions  pulls  in 
III'  liiissjan  poNHcssioiis  to  ohtain  supplies,  cure  tisli,  and  make  i'e|iairs;  also 
tu  liiiililu  I'uget  Sound  tisliermen  to  obtain  the  Maine  hounty  paid  to  thotiu  of 


;l>' 


1  ?i 


340 


EESOUr.CES  AND  IXPUSTRIES. 


the  Atlantic  ronxt,  and  tliat  nliips  be  sent  to  Miiivcy  tlic  hnnks  to  Bt^'ing 
Sci'iiits.  Tlic  suiiif  y<;ir('rii!»l>y  lii"U  tlif  fortytun  sclidoiu'i'  Sjiriiii  totlic  iMi- 
iii,.,'-,t.'n>iiiiils,  U'.'iviiij,'  I '(lit  Aiit;ilr.s  .Iiiiu:  1st.  and  retiiriKcl  in  ((ctolH'r  wiili  i.'irio 
tons  (,f  iiidlisli  tiditn  in  tlii'  KailiiiU  Srji,  l,<K>!>  niiirs  nortlmf  I'u'.'ct  '-^i  'iml  In 
IS(i!)  IWK  .schodui'i's,  tlie  Aild  M.  /V/ii  and  S/ioolhnj S/ar,  ai'iived  ontlic  Nmili. 
\M  st  Ciiast  fioni  lldcKland,  Maint-,  witii  full  <  ivwh,  to  cni,'!!!,'!- in  cod-lisliin::, 
oilier  M'sstls  fiillowinj,'.  Ninttccn  VfSMils  sailed  fn  mi  S.  !■'.  the  SJinic  season  fnp 
tlie  I  (klinlhk  Sea  on  a  li!4liiiige.\|)cditii>n,and  retiiiiiid  with  anavera;;e  of , ").'). (l(  (I) 
tl-ii  eaeli,  'I'iii;  enstiinj,'  year  tlie  eateli  anioiiiited  to  l,(KM>  r|iiintals.  As  Litf 
as  iSTS  Sloemii,  of  the  Hcliooner /V(/o,  advised  tlio  I'ortland  I'oard  of  liulu 
eiiieeinin;^  the  exi>t'nee  of  ciidlish  hanks  oU"  the  eoast  of  Wa.shin^'ton,  f -oiii 
ShoahvatiT  to  Xeah  hays,  ami  solieited  aiil  in  estalilishin;^  their  i-xisti  m,i'. 

Ilalihiit  ;^'roiind8  were  known  to  Ix'  located  nine  niili  s  west  of  TatnoNli 
Island,  in  'id  fathoms  of  water,  ami  these  tisli  alnmnd  in  the  l''ne:i  Sea  ami 
lieHiiuliain  IJay,  hut  fire  not  found  in  the  Sound  or  llooil  ("anal.  Strong 
and  W  <  h.<ler  iMit  up  l(M)  harrels  in  IS."<7.  In  \S~  \  haliliut  m. as  furnish,  d  tn 
liie  S.  l'\  niarket,  packed  in  ice,  and  aj.'ain  in  I'^T!*,  the  lish  ai  ri\  in;.,' in  I'lmd 
condition.  The  schooner  l-'.iiilhi  Sl< /iln  nn  \v;is  huilt  for  this  trado  \v  itli  ten  iio 
eoinjiai tnients.  J'oit  '/'oiniiiiiil  .ii-'i"*,  Sept.  .">,  I^TI;  /lis/irii'iii  Mnj..  iii. 
•nil;  /'ur/fiiiiil  Onijiiiiiim,  .\iiril  .">,  Is7'.';  IHHiIi'a  ( 'miiini  nr  (mil  /ii'/ii'>ri' ', 
.'!.">!).  I'lio  avera;,'e  size  of  the  halihilt  eauirht  i  n  this  eoast  i.s  (i((  ]iouuds.  tliu 
lai'Ljcst  wei^hinj^ 'JOO.  They  arc  taken  with  a  hook  and  lino  from  March  to 
Au^'ust. 

Herring  have  for  several  y»'nrslieen  an  article  of  exp<irtfroni  Piijret  Soini'I. 
]].  Ilaiiilnond  and  H.  Ii.  I'Iniery  e^talllished  a  tishery  at  I'ort  Madison  ;ih,.>it 
IsTO.  The  herrin^',  thiiM;^h  of  j^ood  ll.ivor,  are  snialh'r  tnan  those  of  t!ic  At- 
lantii',  and  are  eaii;.',ht  wilh  :i  .seine.  A  thousaiicl  li.-irrds  of  lish  have  Ikcii 
takiii  at  a  single  haul.  This  lishery  has  jc.it  up  {(•.IMIlt  lioxes.  of  .six  doj-ea 
eacli,  of  smoked  and  dried  herring'  in  a  season.  , and  ilclivcred  tin  m  on  tlio 
w  h.ii  f  hir  .'10  cents  a  liox.  S<iOtli  Unrnl,  March  |S77.  '>'i.  Thisestahlislinicnt 
has  pressed  from  herring; '_',(H);»  j.' illoiis  of  oil  per  month.  (>!  her  hcrrin;;  li  cil- 
eries Were  on  San  dnan  Isl.mil  ami  at  various  oiiier  points  on  the  Soinnl. 

The  culachan,  or  eandlc-ti>h,  so  called  Ik^ciiisc  wiii'ii  dried  it  liniiis  iik"  a 
eandh  ,  is  anol  her  markctahlc  lish  of  tiu^  -o.-ist  from  ( 'ape  I'hinco  to  Si;ka.  It 
resenihlcs  smelt,  is  Very  lat.aml  of  line  '.^'rain  .-ind  dcljeale  llavor.  It  ii|>pe:in 
ill  shoals,  and  is  eaiivlit  «  illi  a  seiMip-mt  or  r.ikc.  The  Imliaus  formerly  I  >'>\i. 
t'lem  to  111  ike  oil,  hut  th''  II.  It.  Co.  uiiltud  tiicni  down  in  ke,^s  for  eu:iim. 
'J'liey  are  now  dried  like  hcniii','. 

Stur;,'coii  are  plentilnl  in  the  Coliinihia  and    i'raser  rivers,  and   in  t!,     in- 
terior lakes  of  I'.i  ilisht  "oliiinhia.    They  ^nc  superior  in  size  and  lla\or  to  I'r  \* 
la  Illi.'  slurv'coii,  Immiij,'  less  toiiu'h  and  less  oil\ ,  and  are  found  in  the  mat  Lets  of 
rortland  and  S.  V.      Tin;   II.  I'.,  t 'o.  nianntactiired  isinglas.s  from  lluin  lor 
export. 

llock-cod  and  toineod  are  taken  in  the  .Sound,  and  iiro  ret'nlarly  funiislie.'. 
to  the  markets;  as  are  .ilso  smelts,  sarclines,  llouudcrs,  peri'li,  turhot.  dl.ate, 
ehuh,  plaice,  stieklehack,  and  <ither  vaiiel'!es.  .V  kind  of  sliaik.  known  iH 
do;.,'lish  from  its  lonj^  j.iws  and  formidahle  teeth,  vi.sits  the  Sound  in '.'r-iit 
shoals  in  thi^  autumn,  and  is  usecl  liy  the  IndiaiiM  fm-  food  and  oil.  /.''»//"< 
,li,iii;i'il,  MS.,  iii.  U.  In  |.s7l  S.  I(. 'r.irchf  made  oil  from  dou'-lish  at  I  li.i{ 
llarhor.  i>!,/,ii},!ii  U'nsh.  Sttiinht,;!,  .\pril  S,  |s7l.  In  the  following  year  \\ 
CO.  was  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Cal.  as  the  Nortli  I'acilic,  ( 'ouiiii' ivial 
<  iinpaiiy,  the  principal  oiijei  t  of  which  wa.s  the  takiii;.,'  of  do'_'llsh  f)r  oil. 
'J'iie  Works  weie  located  on  I'ox  I.sland,  ten  niiliM  from  bteil.icooni,  tiie  sito 
takiii;.;  the  name  of  < '.i-.tieiiook.  The  daily  eatcli  hy  ine.iiis  of  \Mars,  poiuils, 
seim  s,  and  trawls  was  lioui  .'I, (KM)  to  l,(I.K»  lai>;e  lish.  » )iie  iilindred  ali'l  sev. 
tnt^-siven  lish  Were  t.ikeii  at  one  set  of  the  lilies  at  Oj'sli  r  l>ay.  0/,'//"y'"» 
Ti-iiiiHiniil,  .May  "J,  Isii.s. 

As  soon  as  spi  iii;.;  opens,  or  w  hi'licver  the  weather  will  permit  afler  tlio 
first  of  ,1.111.,  the  liidian.s  at  Cape  Flattery  put  out  to  sea  in  their  canoe-i  a  •li'** 
tiinou  of  lU  or  1.1  milcH  to  culdi  hciU,  which  ul  thin  Fuiinon  of  tiie^.o  aio 


s  to  'Bt'Hiig 
•I  to tln^  li^li- 
•cr  willi  1)1110 

f^lMlllI        III 

ntli.'  N'.rtli- 

Cllll-lisllill'i, 

lie  uraiioii  for 
a^;o(.f  rio.dlK) 
Ills.  As  l;ito 
iinl  of  tridu 
lillj^tnli,  f  "olll 

fXist(  lui'. 
t    of    'I'iltoo^)! 
•"iu:v   Sr;i  ami 
iii;il.     Stnilij,' 

fmiiisli' cl  to 
iviii;;  in  t'ooil 

0  \\itli  tiiiicu 
iiii  Mo'j.,  iii. 
ii(/  I ii'hi ->,■',•<, 
,0  ]inunil<,  tlio 
I'Olll  MiOill    to 

Piigc't  Soiiu'I. 
^lailisim  .'ilioiit 

;,s..  (,f    til"     At- 

isli  Imvc  l«'i'i> 
s.  of  six  ili'/ta 

1  till  111  oil  tin; 

iotuMislillirllt 

r  lii'iriii,:,'  tisli* 

If  SoUllil. 

it  Imius  liU''  :* 
,tuSiil;:i.  It 
■.  It  li|'|"':iH 
fofiiicrly  1  'ol; 
^s  for  I'll. 111.:. 

,im1    ill  t!;     in- 

IX  or  t.)  I'  '    \*. 

jtlir  mill!.''' '"'" 

Iriiiii  tin  la   lor 

Inly  fiinii-lii'i'. 

lurliot.  ^I.att', 

Ink,  known  »■* 
,,iiiiil  ill  '-'''iit 
,.1   oil.    .'.•'"■/■■' 

I.o.lisll.lt  ^'Vi 

\,\\'\n\i  .M'li'  'I 

(' Ml'  I'i'l' 

L-lisli  '"■  "•'• 
r.ioiii,  t'o'  site 

|,.;|VS,      pOliU'lN 

llroil  iiii'l  '-•*■■ 
|iay.   Oliliitr'* 

iiit  af!'i  ill" 


Itauof-  1 


iho  y 


„rO 


SEALS  AND  OYSTERS. 


347 


tiii.'ritin'j  north  in  niyrimls,  ninl  on  a  l)iio|it  day  inay  Ij.'  seen  for  miles  jump- 
ill.',  splasliiiio,  nn<l   |)Li_\iiij,'  in   tlu^watia.      W  In  n   iatiijiii'il    willi   tlii.s  wp.irt 


tiny  turn  over  on  tiiuir  li.itUs  ami  l'o  to  jili'cp,  at  wliicli  tini< 


tlir  I 


iKlians  ail 


1' 
.•i-'ht 


luoai'li  i;iutioii.>ly  ami  tiart  tliiir  spfai.i  into  tlio  iniiicst.  'I'luv<it 
oi  t>n  a  "lay  in  this  nmnnor.  J.,ntrr  tiny  iisicl  tin;  pilotlioat  to  ^;o  out  ami 
ri'inii,  t.ikingtiieii' caiKMs  ;iml  (•ai-^'oisou  lioa.il.  /'or!  ruiriintitil  JlesMiiiji  ,.laii, 
;il,  l^7i.     (Kc'L-fionally  iii>y  killiil  loity  or  fifty  a  ilay. 


I'l  11  vcMSL'l.s  wi'lc  cinployt  il  in  I.SSl, 


itrli  lit'iir.;aliout  8,000  scal-skiiis 


wortli  from  ¥7  to  .^!»  raili.  Tlic  iiuiiiIk  rot  Imliaus  rnj^anuil  uaa  over  L'tiO,  and 
tlirir  profit  oil  tlio  .si-HMon'n  <atcli  iil»oiit  §2.K)  caili  for  Hkin-s,  l)f«iilc's  I,.")(i0  gal- 
1  in  of  oil  for  fooij. 

Till-'  sca-ott'i',  wliicli  formerly  wa.s  taken  in  jfreut  nnmlii'r.s  ftt  Point  (Jreii- 


Nille,  ')<>  mill's  iioitli  of  .^lioalwater  Itav,  lias  lieiniir 


Ntali 


'i'oin|iarafiveIy  rai 


'III 


I    Uiy  liiilialis   liioiiopoli/i;   liie  liiliit  on   that  part  ot   the   eo 


st,  while  at 


<l  ay  Harlior  M  liitc  moll  take   them,  llsiiio  lilies,  ami    penhilio   thl'iiisehes  on 
liid'lers  |ilaieil  at  iiitiivals  aloii;^  the  lieai  h,  from  w  liirh  tin  y  ean  ili.-eii  n  tlie 


olUi,  whieli  seldom  i  oines  neaiir  tiiaii  ItO)  yards 


it 


•ei|lllies  slill 


to  .-Ir 


tl.ilii  swiminili;,'  at    that  dislaine,  hut  they   li.ive  lieeii   killed   at  Mi)  yards. 
'I.te  average  wns  alioiit  two  iitt'i -skins  ii  month  to  earji  Ininier,  woiUi  from 


:i(  to  ."^.iD  earh.      i,.iiid  otter- kil 


very 


lie;  Imt  uliout  four  tl 


d 


pelts  Were  Hiiiiually  .  hippc  d  Iroiii  Washinoti 


lirs 


t  iliseovery  of  o\  stirs  on  the  I'aeitie  (  oa-stwaH  niiulc  lit  Slioalwater 


llav  l)V  (.;.  J.  W.  Uii.ssell,  liitweeii    ls|',»  and   \<t\.      in   the  autumn  o 


f   I-.-. I 


tl 


l;i 


.s.  liooHi  r  J'lrii  /l,u'/i<r-.  ( ',i|it.  I'ieldsen,  ealiie  into  the  liay  ami  loaded  \v  illl 
leriforS.  1'.  They  a  11  diet  I  on  the  «ay,  liuLaiioilnralti  iiipl  liy  .Vnileny  Lud- 


as  more  siiree.  sfal.      .V  writer  in  the  I'ortliiinl  W'"!  Slu 


A I 


ls7H, 


il.iuM  tlie  ili.seovery  for  Kiid>l.-i  n;  hut  as  Swan  was  on  the  ^'lound  soon  after. 


int.      .\aluial  o\    ler-lieds 


and  knew  all  tllU  persollX  eolii  enieil,  1  ailopt  his  ae>  oil 
.«!i  tl  lieil  ovi.'r  a  disiami.'  o|  tliir;y  miles  in  leii-th  ;iiid  fioin  four  to  seven 
iauidlll.  1'liese  lieds  were  loinmo.i  jiiopc'ity.  The  lirst  territorial  K",'i-!a- 
l.ii:  I  a.^seil  nil  art  |iiiil!il(iiiiio  thetakinoof  oysters  hy  jiiiy  pei..iiin  \Uiit  lia>l 


dent  of  t!ie  t'iriti.rv  for  one  iiioiitii,  wilhoiil  a.  lieeiisc 


T 


II'  \t  lro;slatiire  prohiliiteil  their  1«  iii:,'  j;alliered  liy  lion- residents,      'i  lie  use  of 

ati  d,  and  all  .sin  ill 


.\ 


•r.H  w.is  foi  liitldi  n,  llie  oy.sU'i  iir:.;  seasDii  was  di 
;s  were  to  1»!  returned  to  tin  ir  lieils.     'i'lie  legislature  of 


.1-; 


iliM.u  1  S.  I )rew  and  as.  cieiates  the  exclusix < 


pi  ivilcj.'e  ot  plaiilino,  culiivat- 


•  f^raii 
li 


t.,1 


I  1.'.  Mill  ;;atlieriiio  oysii  IS  ill  I'm  t  (lamlile  Hay, and  to  Henry  W'insoranil  1^ 
1',  liiii'.'in  tlio  huiiie  I  xrliisive  ri'.,'lit  in  liudd  Inlet, 

.\'i  act  approved  <*e|.  :>l,  |.s7.'l,  granted  to  eaeh  person  plantin;.x  oysters  in 
I'H.-.litiis  where  no  natural  heds  I'Nisted  ten  ;ieres,  to  hold  while  the  jilaiiting 
>lii)ii!d  Illl  reoiilarly  maiiitained,  i.oeations  eoiild  lie  iii.'ide  in  ileta<  lied  pareels, 
i  lid  i.i  .^lioalwatii  l!ay  'JO  at  re«  iiii;-dit  lio  taken;  hut  in  no  e;ise  mi;4lit  tho 
i"il<  interfere  with  tile  looi^im^  interest.  Where  inarl.etahle  oysti'ls  Weio 
hri'lid  II  location  W!is  resti  iited  to  'JO.OOII  feet  siiperlieial  area.  These 
pliiile'res  Were  to  extend    toeilizei  s  of  the  territory  o 


111  I'lil   '1  tlie  oysters  !,t  .Sjioalw  ater  Haj'  were  nearly  all  destroyed  hy  fio^t 


Uilll 


■  tides.      'J'lieir  eiieinii  s  were  the  skates  and  dnilii-li^l 


I' 


■t  tip 


ll.'aii;-t  wlii.ll  it   was  soiiietillles  net  ess.iry  to   surroilild  the  liids  hy  il  fi 
liiM  !y  .si't  pieket.s, 


la  In.'io-  I  then-  were  from  l.'iO  to  •JdO  men  on  Shoalwator  li;iv  and  allliients 


Who  I 


■llvl 


y  oy  pterin;,'. 


I  11  to  l.s.,!) 


all  the  oysters  .--lillipi 


eallie  lion 


li.it  ;i,d  lii-ds.  liiit  in  that  yiar  pl.inlili'r  lie'raii.      The  trade  nteadily  il 


hlea^i  (I 


Until  tl 


ipeniii'. 


d  the  lirt  tr.'ii 


l^rollll 


ital 


l,wl 


leli  tin 


<>H.M'Mi  nysti  IS  l)e-_',iii,  wliirli  maleriallv  dee 


ipl 


i  lit  of 


iiiollii.k.     T 


iseil  the  demand  lor  tin'  i.. 


le  .sliipmelits    liiaile 


l'Jt',11  i)),„skets.    /•.nlu.i.t  \\,-<t  Sh 


frmii  Shoalwati  r  r>a\  in  |n7I  aniouiit'dto 


.\i 


1.' 


Th 


•llleli 


of 
(to 


I  Hot  only  w  itii  the  i!n|iortafioii  ol  eastern  oysters,  but  witii  the  Led  i 


III  Inlet  and  other  jLirts  ol  I'le.  et  .'^oiiiid,  «  hieli  whip  liy  i 


iiiioail  in  aiiv 


'ii'i'd  i|iiniitities,  while  the  ."^lioalwati  r   ilay  cyhternieli  niiiKt  ship  in  lar  c 
qiiautities,  Ijt'oaiiito  tliey  tleiieml  on  ve.sseU.    Kiitural  liedaof  oy«ter8arc  found 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


7 


// 


; 


L^'^' 


i/i 


V. 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


'■  m  ||22 

'-    II 20 

III  1.8 

U    III  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WE&T  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  MY.  14.<i80 

(716)  87J.4iO.'' 


4n^ 

V' 


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'0",A   "if^.y;^. 


%^ 


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348 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


I  m 


,&si 


everywhere  in  Pugct  Sound,  the  quality  and  size  being  affected  somewhat  liy 
the  locality  and  the  <lensity  of  tlie  masses  iu  whicli  they  grow,  the  better  tisli 
being  where  tliey  are  moat  scattered.  Near  Olympia  they  exist  iu  banks  sev- 
eral feet  thick.  They  are  abundant  in  all  the  tide-waters  adjacent  to  the 
strait  of  Fuca,  in  Bellingham  Hay,  iu  Coniinencement  Bay,  and  are  found  iu 
Oray  Harbor.  The  native  oyster  lias  a  slightly  coDpery  taste,  which  does  not 
come  from  copper  beds,  but  from  the  mud  flats  in  wliich  they  grow,  and  it 
disappears  with  cooking.  They  are  of  a  delicate  flavor,  not  so  rank  as  tliu 
eastern  oyster.  The  Olympia  beds  are  said  to  bo  superior  to  others.  In  18^0 
$100,000  worth  were  shipped  from  the  beds  in  the  Sound  to  Portland. 

Another  shell-fish  which  is  found  iu  inexhaustible  quantities  in  Washing- 
ton is  the  clam,  of  which  there  are  several  species,  from  the  immense  quolin.', 
the  meat  of  which  will  weigh  three  pounds,  to  the  small  blue  clam,  preferred  by 
some  to  the  oyster,  the  white  clam,  also  small,  and  the  long  ruzor-clam  of  tic 
ocean  beach.  This  testaceous  lish  has  furnished  many  generations  of  Indians 
with  a  considerable  portion  of  their  food  supply,  and  fed  hungry  white  iiuu 
aa  well  in  the  early  settlements  of  the  country.  Narrative  of  B.  1<\  Bnnr.,, 
MS.  In  1879  a  company  was  formed  in  Olympia  for  the  preserving  of  chum 
by  the  process  of  cunning,  similar  to  the  method  used  iu  preserving  beef  und 
salmon,  and  from  which  a  delicious  chowder  was  quickly  prepared  for  the 
tal)le.  The  company  consisted  of  E.  N.  Ouimette,  N.  H.  Ownings,  S.  (i. 
\\ard,  J.  It.  llayden.  Olympia  Wash.  Slundard,  April  2,  1880. 

Salmon-fishing,  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  resources  of  both  Oregon 
and  Washington,  I  have  treated  of  iu  my  History  of  Orcoon.  There  are 
many  salmon  taken  iu  the  Sound  and  its  aflluents,  though  not  so  easily  caught, 
or  of  so  uniformly  good  quality,  as  those  of  the  Columbia.  In  1873  V.  T. 
TuU  of  Olympia  established  a  salmon  fishery  at  Mukilteo,  principally  for 
putting  up  lish  iu  barrels.  The  first  year  500  bbls  were  packed  at  MiikilUn, 
after  which  the  fishery  was  moved  temporarily  to  Seattle  to  take  the  late  i  uu 
up  the  Dwamish  River,  which  is  usually  large.  Fifteen  hundred  good  huge 
salmon  have  been  taken  at  one  haul  of  the  seine  in  the  Puyallup.  Oli/in/.i  t 
Columbian,  Sept.  10,  18o3.  In  1877  Jackson  Myrcs  &  Co.,  formerly  of  I'oit- 
land,  erected  a  canning  establishment  at  Mukilteo,  and  made  of  it  a  suc- 
cessful entc' ;  rise;  but  it  had  not,  iu  1880,  been  followed  by  any  others.  Tiio 
catch  of  1877  was  estimated  at  10,000  cases,  and  over  2,000  barrels,  valucil  ut 


mpia  Traiiscrliit,  l)ei_'. 

.,  founded  a  fishery  ut 

ly  three  men  being  eui- 

iu   1870  John  Bryggot,  a 

Bay,  six  miles   noilii  of 


c//,.'iOO.  Snohomish  Norlhrrn  iSlar,  Sept.  'J2,  IS' 
1,   1877.      In  1874  Corbutt  &  Macleay,  of  1'. 
Tacoma.     Sixty  barrels  were  packed  in  five  da\ 
ployed.    New   Tacoma  Tribune,  Nov.  14,  l!S74. 
Norwegian,   founded   another  fishery  at  Salmon 

Olympia.  In  1878  a  company  of  Puget  Sound  men  established  a  fourth  at 
L'lallam  Bay.  They  put  up  the  first  season  GOO  casks  of  salmon  and  7*1.1 
of  haliliut.  Morse's  Wnsh,  Tcr.,  M.S.,  xviii.  17-18.  In  the  following  seaf.oii 
D,  H.  Hume  established  a  fishery  near  Stcilacoom  for  the  purpose  of  salt- 
ing salmon.  In  ISSO  U.  Levy,  of  Seattle,  went  to  London  with  100  barnij 
to  introduce  Pugct  Sound  salted  salmon  to  that  market.  In  1882  a  salniou- 
jiacking  establishment  was  opened  at  Old  Tacoma  by  Williams.  Salmon  lau 
in  great  numbers  this  year.  One  boat  brought  in  a  thousand  lish.  Queniuit 
liiver,  on  the  coast,  ))roduccd  salmon  quite  equal  to  the  best  Chinook  or 
Coluuibia  River  fish,  though  they  were  bmall,  averaging  five  pounds.  Tiio 
territory  has  by  legislative  enactment  endeavored  to  save  the  salmon  product, 
it  being  unlawful  to  place  traps,  or  other  obstructions,  across  streams  with- 
out leaving  a  chute  for  the  passage  of  lish.  An  act  of  18G3  also  pro- 
vided for  an  inspector  of  salmon  in  each  county  where  it  was  put  up  for  ex- 
port. All  packages  nuirke<l  bad  by  the  inspector  were  condemned.  No  pacic- 
nges  could  uo  sold  unbranded  with  the  name  of  the  packer  and  tho  year  of 
tiiu  catch;  and  penalties  were  imposed  for  counterfeiting  brands. 

In  February  1839  an  act  was  passed  prohibiting  non-residents  from  takiii,' 
fish  on  the  beach  of  tho  Columbia,  between  I'oint  Ellis  and  Capo  iianemh. 
Wash.  Stat.,  18J8-9,  20.    On  tho  20lh  of  Jan.,  1801,  J.  T.  Lovelace  and  W. 


SALMON  AND  CATTLE. 


349 


II.  Dillon  were  granted  the  excluisive  right  to  fish  in  the  Columbia  for  a  dia- 
tuiK'o  of  one  mile  along  its  banks,  and  extendiny  from  low-water  mark  half  a 
luilo  toward  the  middle  of  the  stream.  An  act  of  the  U.;islature  of  180.1 
gave  (.'.  C.  Terry  and  Joseph  Cushman  the  right  to  introduce  into  and  stock 
tlio  waters  of  lakes  Washington  and  Union  with  siiad  and  alewives,  with  the 
txilusive  privilege  for  30  years  of  taking  all  these  fish  in  these  lakes,  and 
tliiir  tril>utaries  and  outlets,  provided  the  lakes  should  be  stocked  within  5 
vcius.  This  law  was  modified  in  18G9  by  substituting  the  name  of  Frank 
M.ittlnas  for  that  of  Terry,  by  the  addition  of  white-fish,  and  liy  extending 
the  time  for  planting,  and  also  making  the  grant  30  years  from  that  time. 

Tlie  value  of  the  salmon  exported  in  barrels  or  cans  is  not  given  authen- 
tically in  any  published  reports.  During  the  season  of  1880,  100,000  ensesof 
canned  salmon  were  shipped  from  the  Washington  side  of  the  Columbia  to 
foreiitn  markets,  each  case  containing  four  dozen  one-pound  cans,  or  7,680,000 
pouiuls  of  fish  ready  for  the  table.  The  price  varied  from  year  to  year.  Be- 
twcpii  1870  and  1881  it  ranged  from  ^O.-W  to  §4  a  case,  averaging  nearly 
$ti  a  case,  making  a  total  average  for  canned  salmon  of  about  §900,000  annu- 
ally. Pickled  or  salt  salmon  sold  at  from  $6  to  §8  a  barrel,  and  each  cannery 
puts  up  from  300  to  800  barrels  in  addition  to  the  canned  fish.  Giving  a  value 
liiercly  conjectural  but  moderate  for  the  salted  salmon  of  the  Sound  from 
half  a  dozen  fisheries,  and  that  of  the  Columi)ia  pickled  salmon  from  eiglit 
or  iDure  factories,  another  .§50,000  may  be  safely  supposed  to  have  been  added 
tu  tlic  sum  total  for  salmon. 

There  is  but  one  other  source  of  wealth  to  be  noticed  in  this  place,  which 
ptrtaius  principally  to  the  eastern  division  of  the  territory,  namely,  live- 
stock. Two  thirds  of  this  part  of  the  territory  is  excellent  grazing  land,  and 
has  niised  immense  herds  of  cattle  and  sheep,  which  have  been  a  convenient 
iiic;uis  of  income  to  the  people.  Nothing  has  been  required  generally,  except 
to  herd  sheep  and  brand  cattle,  which  fed  at  pleasure  over  the  boundless 
htixtclius  of  unoccupied  land.  Great  as  has  been  the  reputation  of  the  \ValIa 
Wiillii,  \';dloy,  from  the  time  when  Bonneville  and  Missionary  Parker  wou- 
ilertil  at  the  riches  of  the  Cayuscs,  represented  V)y  their  hundreds  of  horsos, 
tlie  Yakima  country  eclipses  it  as  a  stock-range,  both  on  account  of  pastur- 
auc  ami  mildness  of  climate.  The  Palonse  region,  later  converted  into  grain- 
tiilds,  has  also  been  a  famous  stock-range  for  many  years;  and  for  many  years 
I';  ( onie  there  will  be  enough  unfenced  land  to  support  millions  of  dollars' 
worth  of  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep.  About  one  winter  in  five  is  severe  enough 
to  reiiuire  the  housing  and  feeding  of  cattle.  It  is  then  that  the  stock-raiser, 
^rown  careless  and  confident,  has  caxise  to  lament  his  indolence  in  not  pro- 
viilini,'  for  the  protection  of  his  property.  Yet,  with  occasional  severe  lo.sses, 
AVashingtou  h.'is  had  from  on  early  day  a  sure  and  easy  means  of  livelihood, 
it'  not  of  wealth. 

To  what  an  extent  the  people  of  the  Puget  Sound  country  nnd  the  Cowlitz 
ami  Ciielialis  valleys  depended  upon  their  cattle  for  support  was  illustrated  in 
I  Mi.'l,  wlien  the  government  prohibited  for  a  time  the  exportation  of  live-stock. 
The  iinler  was  in  consequence  of  Canada  being  ma  lo  a  field  of  operations  for 
tlic  leaders  of  the  rebellion,  and  the  danger  that  supplies  might  be  shi]>pfd  to 
them  from  the  British  provinces.  It  was  not  intemled  to  nlTect  Washington.^ 
.S\  /'.  Alfii,  .July  30,  1803;  Portland  Orfqonian,  Se|it.  3,  1803;  Or.  yln/»s  -V'lg-'^ 
17,  lMi3.  Exports  into  V.  I.  from  the  Pacific  United  States  in  180'2amoinited 
t'l  three  millions  of  dollars.  Of  this  amount  about  one  million  was  in  cattle 
fi'om  ()re;.'on  and  Washington  that  were  carried  by  the  way  of  Portland  and 
I'liLzeL  Sound  to  Victoria.  Those  driven  into  ]$.  C.  east  of  the  Cascades  wens 
not  taken  into  the  account.  They  were  to  stock  the  country,  as  well  as  for 
lieef.  A  small  proportion  of  them  only  were  from  Oregon,  while  they  rejire- 
sented  tiie  ready  cash  of  the  fanners ot  Washington.  The  order  from  the  de- 
inu'tnu  lit  of  state  deprived  them  of  this  income,  as  well  as  the  British  colonies 
ot  Ixcf.  Victor  Smith  was  then  collector  of  the  Puget  Sound  district;  and 
aliliough  Governor  Pickering  was  of  opinion  that  the  law  was  not  applicable 


is 


U  ■' 


890 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


to  the  territory,  he  insiated  upon  its  observance.  Much  of  the  hostility  felt 
toward  the  coUuctor  and  his  schemes  came  from  this.  Pickering  visited  Gov. 
Dougl.is  to  explain  the  embargo,  and  for  a  number  of  months  much  excitumunt 
and  evident  inconvenience  prevailed  on  Vjoth  sides  of  the  straits.  When  at 
last  tlic  embargo  was  raised,  there  was  a  corresponding  rejoicing.  Instantly 
the  II.  B.  Co.  despatched  a  steamer  for  a  cargo  of  live-stock,  and  the  money 
market  was  relieved.  But  there  had  also  been  evasion  of  the  law  by  the  sliip- 
nient  of  cattle  to  8an  Juan  Island,  then  neutral  territory,  and  thence  to  \.  I. 
For  a  brief  period  the  patriotic  citizens  of  Puget  Sound  had  cause  to  congrut- 
ulato  themselves  that  tlio  boundary  question  was  still  unsettled. 

The  prices  obtained  for  cattle  in  tlio  early  settlement  of  the  country  were 
great,  an  great  almost  as  in  Oregon  when  the  Willamette  Cattle  Company  was 
formed  in  1838.  I  lind  several  entries  in  Eheifs  Journal,  MS.,  which  throw 
light  on  this  subject.  In  vjlumo  v.  20,  he  says  that  hia  brother,  I.  N.  Ehcy, 
Biiid,  in  LS57,  four  Spanish  cows  with  calves  for  .^80  each.  The  following  ytaV, 
at  a  sale  of  cattle  on  Wliiilbcy  Island,  by  W.  S.  Ebey,  41)  head  brought  .t^_*,.'i'J4. 
At  another  sale  in  1859,  at  the  same  place,  125  cows  and  heifers  brought  ij.l.V.l, 
or  an  average  of  over  §38  each,  conmion  stock.  In  I8G3,  when  the  enibai^o 
was  raised,  beef  cattle  on  foot,  for  shipment,  brought  ivom.  3  to  G  eentii  \n:v 
pound,  showing  the  gradual  decline  in  prices  with  tlie  increase  of  uunih('i'.s. 

Notwithstanding  this  decline,  the  value  of  live-stock  exported  from 
Puget  Sound  in  18U7-8  was  .^100,1)89  for  9,476  animals  of  all  kinds.  In  tim 
following  year  there  were  exported  over  13,000  animals  at  an  aggi-'gate 
value  of  nearly  .^200,000.  The  total  value  of  live-stock  in  the  territoiy  in 
1870  was  §ii,  103,313;  iu  1873  there  were  23,000  neat-cattle  owned  in  Walla 
\Valla  county  alone,  and  20,000  sheep.  For  a  number  of  years  cattle  and 
sheep  were  driven  from  the  plains  of  eastern  Washington  to  Nebraska  to  bu 
Bhipiied  to  eastern  markets.  Siieep  were  sometimes  two  or  three  years  on  tliu 
road,  notwithstanding  the  first  Oregon  importations  overland  came  tinoii'.'h 
from  the  Missouri  in  one  season.  Sheep-raising  both  formutton  and  wool  lic- 
cauie  a  most  profitable  industry  in  all  parts  of  the  territory,  but  particulaily 
ill  tiie  eastern  division.  Largo  tracts  of  land  on  the  Cowlitz  prairie,  the  Ni*-- 
qually  plains,  the  islands  of  the  llaro  archipelago,  and  Whidbey  Island  aie 
pjculiarly  adopted  to  sheep-farming,  while  the  whole  of  eastern  Wasliiiigtou 
ij  fa'orablo  both  in  climate  and  natural  food  to  the  production  and  improve- 
ment of  sheep.  Inferior  breeds  average  five  pounds  of  wool  per  unnuiii,  ami 
the  liner  breeds  as  much  as  in  any  country  of  tho  world.  It  was  estiiiiatuil 
that  iu  18C5,  50,000  pounds  of  wool  were  siiipped  from  Washington  to  (.'al., 
which  brouglit  tho  highest  average  price  in  the  market  because  cleaner  tliau 
tile  Cal.  wool.  Yet  sheep  were  comparatively  scarce  considering  tlie  deiiiaml, 
and  worth  §4  each  by  the  drove.  In  1870,  according  to  the  census  rciiort, 
nearly  200,000  pounds  of  wool  were  exported.  Since  that  time  large  uuiuIm-is 
of  sheep  Iiavc  been  driven  out  of  the  territory. 

Historically  speaking,  tho  H.  B.  Co.  introduced  tho  first  sheep,  both  com- 
mon from  Cal.  and  Saxony  and  merino  from  Eng.  Watt  and  other  t )rigmi 
stock-farmers  followed  later  with  various  improved  breeds.  Tho  first  u  onl 
shiptnent  of  Washington  was  15,000  pounds  from  Puget  Sound  in  ISGO  hy 
William  lliitledge,  Jr,  for  which  ho  paid  from  twelve  to  sixteen  cents  jui' 
pound.  ()li/wi>ia  Pioneer  and  JJem.,  July  27;  18G0.  The  wool  was  of  goo.l 
quality  and  neatly  put  up.  A  legislative  act  was  passed  in  Jan.  ISGO  incor- 
porating tho  Puget  Sound  Woollen  Manufacturing  Company  of  Tiiinwakr, 
but  nothing  ever  came  of  it  except  tlio  name,  which  waa  suggestive  of  what 
ought  to  bo  done,  if  no  more.  Again,  live  years  later,  tho  VVashingtou 
Woollen  Manufacturing  Company  of  Thurston  county  was  incorporatetl,  \\  itii 
like  results.  There  was  au  attempt  made  by  A.  K.  Elder  and  Clark  to  ciituh- 
lish  a  woollen-mill  on  Stoilacoom  Creek.  The  carding-niachino  was  purchased 
by  Elder  in  North  Andover,  Massachusetts,  with  tho  design  of  putting  it  up 
in  Olyinpia,  but  Clark  selling  out  to  Elder,  it  went  to  Steilacoom.  A  build- 
ing 50  by  80  feet  was  erected,  four  stories  high.  The  factory  had  a  capai  iiy 
for  carding  250  pounds  a  «lay,  three  spinning-jacks  of  240  spindlea  each,  and 


SHEEP,  HORSES,  AND  FLOUR. 


351 


four  looms  of  different  sizes.  The  cost  was  over  $33,000,  and  it  w'as  com- 
pleted, together  witii  a  boarding  house  for  operatives,  in  the  spring  of  1 870. 
It  was  bid  off  at  auction  for  $l(i,O.JO  in  June  1S71,  when  it  stopped  running. 
OhjinpiaPai'.  Tribune,  April  11,  1808;  Ohjwpid  Cotnmerrial  A(ji',  Jan.  8,  1870; 
Oli/iiijjln  Wash.  Standard,  Oct.  29,  1870;  Uhjinpia  Traii-scrijit,  Juno  17,  1871. 
Alirud  Ridgely  Elder  was  born  in  Lexington,  Ky,  Aug.  10,  1800.  He  re- 
moved to  Springfield,  111.,  where  ho  was  a  neighbor  and  friend  of  Lincoln. 
Ho  came  to  Oregon  in  1841)  and  settled  in  Yamhill  county,  where  ho  fanned 
iiuil  preached,  being  a  presbyterian.  In  1802  he  was  appointed  Lulian  agent 
at  the  Puyallup  reservation,  wiiere  ho  resided  for  8  years.  He  was  subse- 
i|iiently  elected  probate  judge  of  Thurston  county,  lie  died  Feb.  14,  188:2,  at 
Olynipia.  Three  sons  and  4  daughters  survived  him.  Olymjda  Courier,  Fel). 
17,  1^8:!.  The  first  successfnl  woollen  company  was  one  organize<l  in  Dayton, 
Coluiiibia  county,  of  which  S.  M.  Wait  was  president  and  Reynolds  of  Walla 
Wiilla  a  large  owner.  The  foundation  was  laid  in  1872.  the  capital  stock  be- 
ing S10,000.     Over  §30,000  was  paid  out  in  1878  for  raw  vool. 

The  natives  of  eastern  Washington  found  horse-raising  a  profitable  pursuit, 
and  white  breeders  are  equally  prosperous  They  are  raised  with  little  ex- 
pun.sc,  which  enables  the  owner  to  sell  tliem  cheap  at  homo,  while  they  bring 
a  gijoil  price  abroad  for  speed  and  endurance.  Hog-raising,  especially  adaptecl 
to  the  coast  counties,  has  been  neglected,  although  hogs  will  thrive  on  clover 
ami  grasses,  and  could  be  cheaply  fattened  on  pease,  to  which  the  soil  and  cli- 
niule  are  jieculiarly  favorable.  Corn,  u|)on  which  farmers  east  of  the  Missouri 
(lepc  till  for  making  pork,  docs  not  produce  a  good  crop  in  the  moist  and  o(jol 
climate  of  western  Washington,  but  grows  and  ripens  well  in  the  eastern 
puilion  of  the  territory,  and,  together  with  the  wasta  of  the  wheat-fields, 
shuiild  furnish  the  material  for  much  of  the  meat  consumed  on  the  coast, 
bees  were  introduced  into  tho  territory  about  18o8  fronj  southern  Oregon,  but 
little  honey  has  been  furnished  to  the  markets.  That  which  is  made  in  the 
Culiunliia  River  region,  and  sold  in  Portland,  is  of  great  excellence,  white, 
pine,  and  of  a  delicate  Havor. 

Of  manufactures  from  native  resources,  flour  is  one  of  the  most  important. 
The  lirst  tlouring-mill  in  the  territory  was  erected  at  Vancouver  in  1830  by 
the  11.  IJ.  Co.,  and  was  a  set  of  ordinary  mill-stones  run  by  ox-power.  In 
IMi'J  u  mill  was  erected  seven  miles  above  Vancouver,  on  Mill  Creek,  to  run 
hy  \\:iter-powcr.  Whitman  built  a  small  flouring  mill  at  Waiilatpu,  which 
was  ill  use  about  1840.  The  first  American  colony  on  Puget  Sound  erected  a 
nule  grist-mill  at  the  falls  of  tho  Dea  Chutes,  in  tho  villajjo  of  Tumwater,  in 
l'5lO.  This  sulliced  to  pulverize  the  wheat,  but  not  to  Ijolt  the  flour.  Li 
brd-'2  a  good  grist-mill  was  erected  by  Drew  at  Cowlitz  landing,  and  later 
ill  the  wauie  year  a  larger  one  on  the  Chehalis  by  Armstrong.  In  18o4  ^\'ard 
&  Hays  of  Tumwater  built  a  complete  flouring  mill  at  that  place,  which 
Buper  eded  the  pioneer  mill  of  Simmons  and  his  neighbors.  The  next  flour- 
ing nail  was  put  up  by  Chambers  at  the  mouth  of  Steilacoom  Creek,  in  18.38. 
In  i'liiO  there  were,  according  to  the  U.  S.  census,  no  more  than  six  mills  in 
tile  territory.  Laiiijlcy's  I'acijic  CoaM,  Dirertor)/  for  1871-3  gave  a  table  of  'J.'i, 
all  run  by  water-power  except  Yesler's,  at  Seattle,  and  erected  at  an  aggre- 
gate cost  of  over  8300,000,  two  thirds  of  that  amount  being  iuvesteil  in 
Walla  Walla  county,  at  tiiat  time  recently  settled.  Several  were  erected  in 
that  eouiity  between  1SG4  and  1807,  among  them  a  mill  by  S.  M.  Wait  on  the 
Tniuliet,  in  180.),  this  being  tho  initial  point  in  tho  settling  of  Waitsburg. 
Wait's  mill  had  a  capacity  of  100  barrels  a  day,  being  exceeded  only  by  ouo 
<iUier  mill  in  the  territory  at  that  time,  that  of  the  Lincoln  mill  at  Tumwater, 
wliiuli  couhl  grind  loO  barrels  daily.  The  average  capacity  of  all  the  mills 
vjaa  about  40  uarrels,  or  a  little  over  900  barrels  daily.  S.  Si.  Wait  was  the 
tii'st  mail  to  export  flour  from  the  Walla  Walla  Valley.  Having  a  surplus, 
lie  sent  a  cargo  to  Liverpool,  roulizing  a  profit  of  $1  a  barrel,  which,  consid- 
crin^f  thu  then  high  rates  of  transportation  to  Portland  to  bo  shipped  al)oard 
a  Te^iiul,  was  u  noteworthy  success.     H.  P.  Isaacs  of  Walla  Walla  was  one  oi 


d82 


RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 


the  first  millers  in  the  valley,  and  became  proprietor  of  the  North  Paoifio 
Mills  at  that  place.  la  ISSO  there  were  10  griat-milla  east  of  the  Cascades, 
against  11  in  1873, 

Lime  was  first  made  in  1860  on  the  west  side  of  San  Juan  Island,  hy 
Augustus  Hibbard.  He  was  killed  by  N.  C.  Bailey,  his  partner,  in  a  quarrel 
about  jin  Indian  woman,  June  17,  1868.  The  works  remained  closed  und  iu 
possession  of  the  military  authorities  from  that  time  to  1871,  when  Hibbard's 
Iicir  came  from  the  east  and  reopened  them.  Two  years  afterward  he  died. 
Before  his  death  Bailey  returned  and  took  possession  of  his  interest.  James 
McCurdy  held  a  mortgage  on  the  works,  taken  in  1866,  and  when  Bailey  died 
in  1874  he  camo  into  imssession  of  the  whole.  The  San  Juan  I»land  line- 
works  are  the  largest  north  of  Cal.,  and  of  great  value  to  the  country,  'iiio 
average  sales  for  several  years  prior  to  1879  Mere  from  1,200  to  1,500  barrels 
per  annum.  The  capacity  of  the  kilns  was  26,400  barrels.  There  were  ten 
acres  of  limestone  at  the  McCurdy  works.  It  was  of  a  light  gray  color,  very 
compact,  and  suitable  for  building  stone  if  not  too  costly  to  work. 

New  lime-works  were  opened  on  the  north  end  of  tJie  island  in  1S70  l)y 
Messrs  Ross  &  Scurr,  who  had  as  much  limestone  as  McCurdy.  The  samo 
year  McLaughlin  &  Lee  opened  a  third  kiln  on  the  east  side  of  the  islam), 
with  a  capacity  of  275  barrels,  and  burned  about  one  kiln  a  week.  Thin 
ledge  was  first  worked  by  Roberts,  who  was  drowned  about  1803,  La  Name 
of  Victoria  then  claimed  it,  but  failed  to  perfect  his  title  subsequent  to  tlio 
settlement  of  the  boundary  question,  and  it  was  taken  by  the  present  owners. 

On  Orcas  Island  was  the  Port  Langdon  lime-kiln,  situated  on  tiio  east  side  of 
Buck's  Bay,  first  worked  about  1802  by  Shottler  &  Co.  It  was  sold  to  Daniel 
McLaughlin,  of  the  last-named  firm,  and  R.  Gaines  in  1874,  Caincs  snliso- 
(^ueutly  buying  out  McLaughlin.  Between  1874  and  1870  more  than  20,000 
bands  of  lime  were  sold  from  this  quarry,  which  covered  but  two  acres.  The 
kiln  had  a  capacity  of  175  barrels,  and  burned  forty  per  day. 

In  1878  a  quarry  was  opened  on  land  leased  from  the  Northern  Pacific  K. 
Co.,  situated  in  tiie  Puyallup  Valley  near  Adlerton  station.  Two  furnaces 
were  running  in  Nov.,  owned  by  Crouk  &  Griffith,  having  an  nggrcgato 
capacity  of  275  barrels.  Au  extensive  quarry  was  discovered  in  1882  on  tho 
Skagit  River;  and  limestone  was  reported  as  found  near  Walla  Walla  in  IbT'-'. 
The  production  of  lime  in  1880  was  05,000  barrels,  worth  §84,500. 

A  kindred  industry  was  the  manufacture  of  cement  f  i-om  nodules  of  a  yellow- 
ish limestone  found  on  the  banks  of  the  Columbia  about  the  mouth  of  tiio 
river.  This  manufacture  was  commenced  in  1808  by  Knapp  &  ]5urn.ll  of 
Portland,  at  Knappton  opposite  Astoria.  The  works  yielded  iu  the  begiimiiig 
35  barrels  daily. 

Taking  into  consideration  that  both  Oregon  and  Washington  are  stock. 
raising  countries,  little  attention  is  paid  to  tho  manufacture  of  Icatlar. 
Tlirce  small  tanneries,  at  Tum water,  Olympia,  and  Steilacoom,  complete  tho 
list.  The  first  was  erected  by  James  B.  Biles  and  Young,  in  1857,  and  was  still 
in  operation  in  1885. 

Soap  was  first  made  at  Steilacoom  in  March  1862  by  the  Messrs  Meekers. 
The  manufacture  was  discontinued. 

Tho  manufacture  of  tobacco,  from  plants  grown  by  himself,  waa  begun  at 
Elhi,  Pierce  county,  by  T.  E.  Pattou,  m  1877. 

Fruit  canning  and  drying  was  first  engaged  in  by  an  organized  company 
iu  1883,  at  Walla  Walla. 

Brooms  have  for  several  years  been  manufactured  at  Olympia,  and  broom- 
corn  raised  in  Yakima  county. 

Gloves  were  first  made  at  a  factory  established  in  Olympia  in  1880  hy 
Weston  &  Swichart. 

A  sash,  door,  and  blind  factory  was  established  at  Tumwater  in  1871  ''y 
Leonard,  Crosby,  &  Cooper,     Cooper  soon  became  sole  manager. 

A  chair  factory  waa  erected  at  Seattle  in  1870  by  Newell  &  CusgrilT. 


i\  I  h  I   ! 


MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTS. 


333 


ill  IS8U011  tho 


The  Seattle  lumber  mills  run  machinery  for  manufacturing  sash,  doors,  and 
blinds,  and  scroll  and  ornamental  work  for  house-building. 

Water-pipe  was  first  manufactured  in  1868,  at  Tumwater,  by  W.  N.  Hor- 
ton.  In  1870  C.  M.  Halo  and  S.  D.  Howe  were  admitted  to  a  partnership, 
and  the  company  called  the  Washington  Water -Pipe  Manufacturing  and 
Water  Company.  It  subsequently  passed  into  the  hands  of  D.  F.  Finch.  The 
capacity  of  the  works  was  from  2,500  to  .3,000  feet  per  day  of  finished  pipe. 
The  material  used  was  wood,  bored,  bound  with  iron  hoops,  and  soaked  in  as- 
phaltum.  In  1877  a  now  company  was  organized  in  S.  F.,  under  tlic  title 
fo  American  Water- Pipe  Company,  with  a  capital  of  $250,000,  for  tho  [pur 
pose  of  manufacturing  wooden  pipe  at  Tumwater  for  both  gas  and  water 
service. 

Two  stave,  box,  and  excelsior  mills  are  operated  on  a  large  scale  at  Seattle 
and  Piiyallup  by  tho  S.  F.  MattuUath  Manufacturing  Company.  Tho  build- 
ings at  Seattle  cover  four  acres,  200  persons  are  employed,  and  the  staves  and 
heads  for  5,000  barrels  a  day  turned  out.  The  waste  is  used  to  make  boxes. 
This  company  have  patented  several  machines,  and  have  a  process  of  their 
own  for  making  barrels.  The  sides  are  made  of  a  single  sheet,  which  takes 
the  place  of  separate  staves.  These  sheets  are  cut  from  a  large  log  by  revolv. 
ing  it  against  a  large  knife.  Another  patent  of  this  company  is  a  petroleum* 
barrel,  which  is  a  tin  cask  inside  a  wooden  one,  the  intervening  space  being 
filled  with  cement.  IlitteU's  Commerce  and  Industrieo,  624-5. 

The  Puyallup  factory  employs  sixty  men,  and  turns  out  1,500  barrels  per 
day,  the  staves  and  heads  being  sent  to  S.  F.  to  bo  set  up.  Excelsior  is  made 
at  tliis  establishment  from  the  cottonwood  trees  of  the  bottom-lands. 

Wagon-making  is  carried  on  to  some  extent.  The  first  stage-coach,  Con- 
cord make,  ever  Duilt  north  of  S.  F.  was  manufactured  in  Walla  Walla  in 
1867. 

The  first  brick  was  made  in  the  territory  by  Samuel  Hancock,  on  tho  Cow- 
Utz  prairie.  Good  brick  were  scarce  as  late  as  1867,  and  brought  twenty  dol- 
lars a  thousand. 

The  largest  brewery  in  Washington  is  at  Seattle,  owned  by  Schaflfer  & 
Howard. 

Until  quite  recently  no  iron-works  of  any  extent  existed  north  of  the  Co- 
lurabiii.  The  Port  Madison  Mills  had  a  machine-shop  attached  to  their  lum- 
ber establishment  previous  to  1870.  In  1877  Lister  &  Burse  opened  work 
in  an  iron-foundery  at  New  Tacoma,  employing  twenty  men.  In  1878  the 
North  Pacific  Foundery  and  Machine-shop,  Seattle  Coal  Company's  maohine- 
ahop,  and  the  Williamson  Machine-shop  were  all  running  at  Seattle.  The 
North  Pacific  Company  put  up  new  works  the  following  year.  There  was 
also  a  foundery  at  Walla  Walla. 

In  1880  the  Puget  Sound  Iron  Company,  Cyrus  Walker  president,  erected 
a  furnace  for  smelting  iron  near  Port  Towiisend.  The  place  was  called  Iron- 
dale,  wlicro  work  was  commenced  in  January  1881.  Tlie  first  iron  was  made 
on  tiio  23d  of  that  month.  Oro  used  was  obtained  from  tin  iron-beds  which 
underlie  the  dairy  farm  of  William  Bishop  at  Chimacuiu,  and  from  Texada 
Island  in  the  gulf  of  Georgia.  The  Chimacum  mine  was  a  stratum  of  bog- 
ore  twenty-two  inches  thick,  lying  two  feet  Jjencath  tho  surface,  and  exten- 
sive enough  to  keep  a  forty-ton  furnace  running  for  twenty  years.  Tho  Tex- 
ada mine  was  found  in  a  fissure  vein  eighty  feet  wide,  contiining  G2  per  cent  of 
metal,  the  quantity  of  which  is  inexhaustible,  and  the  quality  excellent,  al- 
thotigh  tho  oro  has  to  bo  desulphurized  by  roasting.  Tho  ores,  delivcied  at 
the  tiunace,  cost  about  two  dollars  a  ton,  including  a  royalty  to  tho  owners. 
Tho  Chimacum  iron  being  soft  and  tho  Texada  liard,  they  are  mixed  to  obtain 
the  proper  density.  Charcoal  is  made  from  tho  timber  at  hand ;  lime  is  brougiit 
from  San  Juaa  and  Orcas  islands  at  a  dollar  and  a  half  a  ton — all  of  which 
greatly  cheapens  and  facilitates  the  production  of  tho  iron,  which  is  worth  in 
tbe  market  thirty  dollars  per  ton.  The  experiment  being  successful  beyond 
expectation,  the  works  are  being  enlarged. 

Hxn.  Wasb.— aa 


MM 


354 


COUNTIES  AXD  TOWNS. 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS  OF  WASHINGTON. 


Of  the  three  judicial  districts  into  which  Washington  ia  divided,  the  first 
comprises  the  counties  of  Walla  Walla,  ^Vhitman,  Stevens,  Spokane,  Colum- 
bia, Yakima,  Lincoln,  Garfield,  Kittitass,  and  Klikitat;  the  second,  Ska- 
mania, Clarke,  Cowlitz,  Wahkiakum,  Pacific,  Thurston,  Lewis,  Chehalis,  an  1 
Mason;  the  third,  Pierce,  King,  Snohomish,  Whatcom,  Island,  San  Juan. 
Clallam,  Jcfl'erson,  and  Kitsap.  Walla  Walla  co.  in  1880  had  an  area  of 
1,G00  square  miles,  a  population  of  (),2P2,  and  taxable  property  to  the  amount 
of  $2,971,500.  Neio  Tacoma  N.  P.  Coaxt,  Feb.  1,  1880.  Whitman  co.  was 
established  by  setting  off  the  southern  portion  of  Stevens,  Nov.  21,  1871.  It 
was  named  after  Marcus  Whitman,  its  first  American  settler.  Recent  settle- 
ment began  in  1870.  Its  area  was  4,300  square  miles;  population  7,014; 
taxable  property  §1, 237, 189.  The  first  county  commissioners  were  G.  1). 
Wilbur,  William  li.  Rexford,  and  Henry  S.  Burlingame;  sheriff,  Cliarlis 
D.  Porter;  treasurer,  W.  A.  Belcher;  auditor,  John  Ewart;  probate  judge, 
John  Denny;  supt.  of  schools,  C.  E.  White;  coroner,  John  Fincher;  t-oni- 
missioners  to  locate  the  county  seat,  William  Lucas,  Jesse  Logsdon,  und 
J.  A.  Perkins.  The  county  scat  is  Colfax.  Wash.  Stat,  1871,  134-5.  Henry 
H.  Spaulding,  son  of  the  missionary  Spaulding,  was  born  at  Lapwai,  in  Iii.ilid. 
Nov.  24,  1839.  He  settled  at  Almota  in  1872,  and  opened  the  first  road  to 
Colfax.  In  1875  he  married  Mary  Warren,  and  has  several  children.  L.  M. 
Ringer,  born  in  Washington  co.,  Ind.,  in  1834,  immigrated  to  Or.  in  1870, 
settling  at  Eugene.  In  1872  he  took  a  land  claim  3  miles  from  the  present 
town  of  Colfax.  Five  years  later  lie  removed  to  Almota  and  erected  a  flouriu).' 
mill,  half  of  which  he  sold  to  Adams  Bros  &  Co.,  forming  a  partnership  with 
them  in  merchandising,  subsequently  purchasing  their  interest.  He  married, 
in  1859,  Sophie  W.  Owen,  and  had  in  1875  six  children.  Stevens  co.  had 
a  remaining  area  of  3  or  4  times  that  of  Whitman,  and  in  1879  Spokane  co. 
was  set  off  from  it  with  a  pop.  of  4,262.  Its  valuation  in  1885  was  over  a  million 
and  a  half.  County  seat,  Spokane  Falls.  Daniel  F.  Percival,  born  in  Bangor, 
Me.,  in  1839,  immigrated  to  Montana  in  18G6,  whence  he  went  to  San 
Diego,  Cal.,  and  thence,  after  a  residence  of  2  years,  to  Or.,  where  he  spent  "J 
years.  In  1872  he  settled  in  Spokane  co.,  at  farming  and  stock-raising.  Ue 
was  elected  county  commissioner  in  1870,  and  was  a  member  of  the  legislative 
assembly  in  1877  and  1879.  He  married  Lizzie  Blythein  1871.  Residcnccat 
Cheney.  Elijah  L.  Smith,  born  in  .Tefl'erson,  Iowa,  in  1842,  came  overland  to 
Or.  with  his  father,  Elijah  Smith,  a  resident  of  Salem,  aged  80  years,  haviui; 
a  numerous  family.  Of  1 1  children  of  the  elder  Smith  3  sons  resided  in  Wasli- 
ington,  and  the  remainder  in  the  Willamette  Valley.  Elijah  L.  married  Juli.i 
Tate  in  1871.  In  1802  ho  went  to  the  Florence  mines,  and  followed  the  Kocky 
Mountains  from  Kootenai  to  Arizona,  working  in  every  camp  oi  importunic 
In  1873  he  came  to  the  Spokane  country  to  engage  in  stock-raising,  where  lu' 
remained  permanently,  with  the  exception  of  4  years  spent  in  Or.  In  187!)  lie 
took  up  a  body  of  land  surrounding  Medical  Lake.  VVilliam  Bigliam,  born  in 
Amsterdam,  N.  Y.,  in  1831,  camo  hy  sea  to  Cal.  in  1852,  where  he  mined  lor 
C  months,  going  to  Or.  in  the  autumn,  and  residing  there  until  1850,  wlien  li>' 
removed  to  the  WuUa  AValla  Valley,  having  married,  2  years  previous,  ,}nur 
Ann  Kelly.  In  1870  he  removed  to  Butte  Creek  in  Wasco  co.,  where  ho  iv- 
niaincd  until  1878,  when  ho  returned  to  Washington  and  settled  at  (Jlieiiey  in 
Spokane  co. ,  where  he  eugaged  in  the  business  of  stock-raising.  Vromau  \\ .  Van 
Wie,  l)orn  in  Cayuga  co. ,  N.  Y. ,  in  183;(,  came  overland  to  Cal.  in  IS.VJ.  iliued 
on  the  upper  Sacramento  until  tho  following  spring,  and  then  drove  a  freiglit 
team  to  Shasta.  Ho  soon  returned  to  San  Franci.sco  and  suiiplicd  milk  \  > 
customers  for  5  years,  after  which  ho  farmed  in  the  vicinity  of  San  .lose  tm' 
some  time.  In  ISGl  ho  came  to  tho  Walla  Walla  Valley,  going  liencu  to  tho 
Florence  mines,  and  to  Jlontana,  following  the  Rocky  Mountains  south  to 
Iho  Colorado  River,  then  going  to  Pahranagat  and  White  Pine,  Ncv.  He 
built  tho  first  house  in  Shermantown.  Afterward  he  returned  to  v\  asiiiuu- 
ton  with  tlie  N.  P.  R.  R.  party  which  lir.st  broke  sod  at  Kalama,  and  remained 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


365 


in  the  Puget  Sound  country  .'{  years.  In  1872  lie  settled  in  Stevens  co.  (later 
Spokane)  and  engaged  iu  stock-i-aising.  In  1884  lie  went  into  nierchandising  at 
Medical  Lake,  the  firm  being  Campbell  &  Van  Wie.  Hia  f;uin  was  ',i\  miles 
::(iin  the  lakes.  Ho  married,  in  1871,  Mrs  M.  L.  Harris.  Columbia  co.  waa 
M  t  t)ir  from  the  eastern  portion  of  Walla  Walla,  Nov.  11,  1875.  County  seat, 
jiayton;  pop.  in  ISSO,  6,894;  taxable  property,  §1,948,050;  area,  2,000  square 
miles.  S.  L.  Gilbretli,  born  in  Knox  co.,  Tenn.,  in  1825,  immigrated  to 
(.lri',!;im,  and  settled  in  Yamhill  co.,  in  1852.  In  1859,  or  as  soon  as  the 
Walla  \Vall;i  Valley  wa.s  opened  for  settlement,  he  removed  to  his  residence 
4  miles  from  Dayton,  and  waa  the  liist  sheriff  of  the  county.  He  married. 
iu  IS59,  M.  H.  Fanning,  and  had  in  1855  3  suns  and  G  daughters.  Hi.i 
l.rother,  Joseph  Gilbreth,  who  came  to  Or.  with  him,  died  in  Yamhill  co. 

Yakima  co.,  established  in  1805,  area  0,224  square  miles;  had  a  popu- 
lation in  1885  of  about  2,000,  and  a  valuation  of  about  §1,000,000.  County 
Stat,  Yakima  City.  Among  the  settlers  of  Yakima  co.  was  L.  H.  Adkins,  who 
waa  born  in  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  in  1838,  and  came  to  Honey  Lake  Valley,  Cal.,  in 
iMiO.  Thence  ho  went  to  Nevada,  and  in  1862  started  to  the  Salmon  River 
mines  in  Id.,  but  stopped  in  the  Powder  River  Valley,  Or.,  being  one  of  the 
tirst  California  company  which  came  overland  to  these  mines.  Adkins  went 
tci  driving  a  freight  wagon  between  Canon  City  and  The  Dalles,  or  Boise  City, 
and  was  so  occupied  3  years.  In  1865  he  opened  a  photograph  gallery  in 
Umatilla,  and  subsequently  a  liverj'-stable,  but  failed,  and  went  next  into  the 
dairying  business.  In  1807  he  was  appointed  postmaster  at  Umatilla,  and 
had  a  contract  to  carry  the  mail  to  the  Yakima  country  for  6  years.  In  1872 
he  settled  in  Yakima  City  at  hotel-keeping,  having  married  Flora  Markhani 
el'  the  former  place. 

(ieorge  S.  Taylor,  born  in  Fountain  co.,  Ind.,  in  1832,  at  20  years  of  ago 
rtmovcd  to  Iowa,  where  he  resided  12  years,  immigrating  to  Umatilla  co.  Or., 
in  1SI)4,  and  removing  to  Yakima  CO.,  Washington,  in  1866.  He  settled  in 
the  8clah  Valley,  8  miles  from  Y'akima  City,  on  a  stock  farm,  when  tliere 
wore  but  2  families  in  the  valley,  those  of  Alfred  Henson  and  Willi-xm  Mc- 
Allister.    Taylor  was  married  in  1857  to  Rebecca  McLaughlin. 

H.  M.  Benton  was  born  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  in  1836.  He  came  to  Cal. 
liy  soa  in  1859,  around  the  Horn  in  a  sailing  vessel.  Ho  sailed  for  3  years 
between  San  Francisco  and  China  and  Ju}>an,  then  came  to  the  Columliia 
hivii-  and  ■,  is  employed  by  the  O.  S.  N.  Co.  to  run  their  steamers,  until  1869, 
when  lie  settled  in  the  Ahtauam  Valley,  Yakima  co. ,  which  was  then  with- 
(iiit  towns  except  the  small  settlement  of  ^loxic,  the  county  seat,  opposite  tho 
]>rc'sent  Yakima  City.  Ho  was  elected  auditor  in  1872,  to  succeed  C.  P.  Cook, 
th(j  first  auditor  of  the  county,  and  Mcrvcd  5  years,  lie  was  lirst  clerk  of  tho 
distiict  court,  when  1  clerk  waa  allowed  for  each  court,  and  deputy  clerk 
winn  only  one  was  allowed  in  a  district.  There  being  no  county  buildiuga, 
III  laniod  the  county  records  about  with  him,  until  the  <Ustrict  court  waa 
cstahlislied.  JuiL^e  .f.  R.  Lewis  organized  tho  lirst  court,  and  first  sunda^f- 
i-choul,  in  what  was  known  as  Schanuo's  Hall,  the  only  public  room  iu  tiic 
iiiiinty.  The  lirst  grand  jury  met  in  a  small  sciiool-room  outside  the  limits  of 
ilie  town.  Previously  justice  had  been  loosely  administered.  James  Cathrell 
Has  justice,  in  ii  case  of  assault,  and  there  imt  being  a  sulhcient  number  of 
mun  fora  jury,  put  the  .sheriff  on  the  panel.  The  man  was  bouud  over  to 
apiiear  at  the  next  tenn  of  court  at  Colville — Yakima  being,  it  was  lielieved, 
joined  to  Stevens  eo.  for  judicial  purposes,  whereas  it  belonged  to  Walla 
VValia.  Such  was  pioneer  law.  Benton  married,  iu  ISO!),  Mary  A.  Allen,  a 
uutivi;  (if  Oiej;on.  'i'luy  had  2  children,  the  eldest  of  whom  was  the  lir.st 
white  native  of  Ahtauam  Valley. 

d.  Splawu,  born  in  Holt  co..  Mo.,  in  1845,  immigrated  to  Linn  co.,  Or., 
lis  mother  and  family  in  1852.  Ho  settled  in  the  Yakima  Valley  iu 
ISUI,  when  only  2  otlier  men,  Charles  Splawnand  M.  Thorp,  were  in  that  part 
(if  the  i^duntry,  tho  former  being  tho  lirst  sheriff  of  tho  county.  Two  other 
nrotiKis  settled  in  Yakima  Vaiiey.  A.  J.  Splawn  married  Melissa  Thorp  in 
I'SUS;  and  again  in  1873  married  Mary  A.  Davison. 


A. 

with  1 


366 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS. 


Garfield  county  waa  established  in  1881  out  of  the  eastern  portion  of  r,,. 
lumbia  co.     County  seat,  Pomeroy. 

George  \V.  James,  born  in  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  in  1836,  immigrated  to 
Cal.  overland,  in  company  with  1  brother,  Preston  James,  in  1850,  remaining 
in  Honey  I^ake  Valley  3  years,  when  ho  went  to  Virginia  City,  Nev.,  anil 
from  there  to  Sacramento  Valley  in  1862,  taking  a  farm  near  Marysville,  where 
he  resided  7  years.  In  1878  ho  le*;t  Cal.  for  the  Walla  Walla  Valley,  settling 
in  Columbia  co.  (now  Garfield),  near  Ilia.  He  married  Ilosanna  Sharp  in  18,")(i, 
and  had  4  sons  and  3  daughters. 

Moses  Wright,  born  in  Franklin  co.,  Va,  came  to  Cal.  overland  with  the 
Tornado  Train  in  1851.  He  went  to  Siskiyou  co.  and  engaged  in  paciiing, 
whioh  he  followed  until  1857,  when  he  removed  to  Benton  co.,  Or.,  with  liia 
brother  John,  who  resided  near  Corvallis.  In  1804  ho  returned  to  (."al. 
with  horses  and  cattle,  remaining  there  3  years,  settling  in  Walla  Walla  \'al- 
ley  in  18G7,  near  Ilia,  in  what  is  now  Garfield  co.  Ho  married  Louisa  Siiawr 
in  1863,  by  whom  ho  has  3  sons.  She  died,  and  in  1884  he  was  married  again 
to  Mrs  Huldah  Lewis. 

Ransom  Long,  bom  in  Kanawha  co..  West  Va,  in  1812,  immigrated  over- 
land in  1852  to  the  Willamette  Valley,  Or.,  with  his  brother  Gabriel.  In 
1872  he  removed  to  Walla  Walla  Valley,  settling  near  the  present  town  uf 
Pomeroy,  in  Garfield  co.  He  was  married,  in  1833,  to  Rosette  Clark,  and  lia<l 
5  sons  and  2  daughters. 

William  C.  Cams,  born  in  Niagara,  province  of  Ontario,  C.  E.,  in  IS.'So, 
came  to  Cal.  in  1858  by  sea.  He  resided  in  Cal.  until  1865,  when  lie  went 
to  Montana,  remaining  there  imtil  1878.  In  that  year  he  settled  in  Garfield 
CO.,  8  miles  from  Pomeroy. 

N.  C.  Williams,  bom  in  Surrey  co.,  N.  C,  in  1824,  came  overland  l)y  rail 
in  1873,  settling  near  Pataha  City.  He  married,  in  1848,  Catherine  1>.  Martin, 
and  had  5  sons  and  6  daughters,  all  of  whom,  with  one  exception,  settled 
about  him. 

George  W.  Burford,  born  in  Lloyd  co.,  Ind.,  in  1832,  immigrated  overland, 
in  Mason's  Train,  to  Yamhill  co.,  Or.,  in  1852,  with  his  father  and  family, 
consisting  of  8  children.  In  1854  he  went  to  Yreka,  Cal,,  to  work  in  the 
mines,  and  in  1858  returned  to  Polk  co..  Or.  In  1862  he  married  S.  E.  Ciil 
lough,  by  whom  he  has  3  daughters,  and  3  years  afterward  went  to  reside  at 
The  Dalles,  whence  ho  came  to  Ilia  in  1877. 

Kittitass  county  was  organized  out  of  Yakima  county  in  1884.  County 
seat,  Ellensburg.  It  is  rapidly  filling  up  with  farmers  and  stock-raiser'^. 
Some  of  the  pioneers  are  the  following:  Samuel  C.  Miller,  born  in  Ashland 
CO.,  Ohio,  in  1828,  came  to  Cal.  in  1852,  overland,  and  settled  in  Nevada  co,, 
where  he  resided  9 years,  less  1  spent  east.  In  1861  he  removed  to  Umatilla, 
Or.,  engaging  in  the  business  of  packing  freight  to  the  mines  of  John  I'ay, 
taking  two  partners,  so  extending  his  lines  in  1804  as  to  have  trains  running 
in  all  directions  where  packing  was  required.  In  1872  the  firm  removed  to 
the  Wenatchee  Valley,  then  in  Yakima  co.,  bringing  a  train  load  of  gouds, 
buying  out  another  trading  firm,  Ingraham  &  McBride,  and  setting  up  as 
merchants,  where  there  was  but  one  other  white  man,  John  Goler.  Om'  of 
his  pa"tners,  Frank  Freer,  died  in  1878,  leaving  David  Freer  and  Miller  to 
continue  the  business.  The  Frcers  were  also  from  Ohio,  and  came  out  in 
1855  and  1857.  There  were  in  1885  11  families  in  Wenatchee  Valley  and  It 
voters,  the  first  settlers  being  single  men.  This  valley,  says  Miller,  is  NOO 
feet  lower  that  the  Kittitass  Valley,  after  which  the  county  is  named,  which 
recommends  it  to  fruit-growers  and  farmers, 

Thomas  Haley,  born  in  Onondaga  co.,  N.Y.,  in  1847,  came  to  Wasiiingtin 
in  1869,  and  settled  in  Kittitass  Valley,  engaged  in  farming  and  stock-raising. 
Married,  in  1878,  Vancha  Hackctt,  a  native  of  Or. 

Charles  B.  Reed,  born  in  Indiana  town  and  county,  Penn.,  in  1838,  went 
to  Pike's  Peak  in  search  of  gold  in  1860,  and  thence  to  Montana  in  1803.  Ho 
discovered  the  Snow  Shoo  Gulch  mines  of  Butte  district,  with  Joseph  Bowers 
and  Jack  Swartz,  in  the  winter  of  1864-5,  and  went  from  there  to  Deer  Lodge, 


KITTITASS  AND  KLIKITAT. 


m 


)ortio!i  of  Td 


•xhcrr  he  lemaineil  until  1869.  Starting  for  Puget  Sound,  he  was  attracted 
by  the  advantages  of  Kittitasa  Valley  for  stock-raising,  and  remained  Inre, 
while  in  1S83  ho  was  appointed  postmaster.  He  married  Mary  Ebey,  a 
native  of  Penn.,  at  Deer  Lodge,  in  1805,  and  had  4  sons  and  1  daughter.  His 
second  son  was  the  first  boy  bom  in  Kittitass  Valley.  Reed,  witlj  F.  D. 
Soliuebly,  Ciiarles  S.  Schncbly,  Charles  Kenneth,  and  John  Catlin,  constituted 
;i  party  who  went  out  to  capture  tho  Yakiuia  murderers  of  tlio  Perkins  family 
ill  1S78.  William  Splawn  headed  another  party  which  joined  Reed's,  and 
tlicy  with  the  assistance  of  cliief  Moses  effected  the  capture,  and  prevented 
a  var. 

David  Murray,  born  in  Maine  in  1831,  came  to  Cal.  in  1852  by  sea,  and 
«t'ut  to  the  minus  at  Auburn,  but  returned  to  the  ship  which  brought  him 
out,  Qiiepii  of  the  East,  Capt.  Bartlett,  and  helped  to  unload  tho  dry-dock, 
which  she  lind  in  her  bold,  at  Mare  Island.  For  3  or  4  years  he  mined  and 
wi  liked  at  the  navy -yard  alternately,  and  in  1859  purchased  a  farm  near 
Maru  Island,  where  ho  resided  until  1862,  when  he  went  to  tho  British 
Columbia  mines,  remaining  in  that  country  10  years,  when  ho  returned  to 
CaL  and  the  east.  In  1870  he  settled  in  Yakima  co.,  Washington,  of  which 
lit!  was  a  commissioner,  but  in  1883  removed  to  Kittitasa  Valley,  and  resided 
at  EUcnsburg.  His  business  was  stock-raising.  He  married  Minnie  May  of 
111.  in  1878,  who  died  in  1885. 

Charles  P.  Cooke,  born  in  Erie  co.,  Ohio,  in  1824,  was  brought  up  in  San- 
dusky Citj'.  He  came  to  Cal.  overland  in  1849,  and  after  1  year  in  the  mines 
of  tho  south  fork  of  Feather  River  removed  to  Independence,  Polk  co. ,  Or. 
Uu  the  establishment  of  a  post-office  at  that  place  in  1851,  and  the  appoint- 
ment of  Leonard  Williams  postmaster,  Cooke  was  made  his  deputy,  until 
1  !5j3,  wlien  he  was  appointed  postmaster,  which  office  ho  held  until  1867.  He 
was  also  a  justice  of  tho  peace  from  1851  to  1807,  wlien  he  removed  to  the 
Yakima  country,  settling  in  Moxie  Valley,  across  tho  river  from  tho  present 
Yakima  City.  On  the  17th  of  March,  a  few  days  after  his  arrival,  the  county 
was  organized,  only  17  voters  being  present.  In  June  1808  he  was  elected 
iiuilitor  for  2  years,  and  was  cliosen  county  commissioner  several  times.  1 .  i 
1870  he  removed  to  Kittitass  Valley.  In  1873  he  was  elected  joint  assemblj 
man  for  Yakima  and  Klikitat  counties;  and  in  1875  was  again  elected  from 
Yakima  co.  Tho  legislature  of  1883  appointed  hiin  one  of  tlie  commissioners 
of  tho  new  county  of  Kittitass,  which  lie  helped  to  organize  the  foUowiuL; 
year,  when  he  was  elected  joint  assemblyman  for  Yakima  and  Kittitass 
counties.  Cooke  says  that  in  1870  there  were  only  G  other  white  settlers  in 
what  is  now  Kittitass  co.,  viz.,  F.  M.  Thorp,  Charles  Splawn,  Mathias  Baker, 
S.  11.  Geddes,  Tillman  Houser,  and  P.  Doveran,  all  with  families.  There  were 
about  as  many  single  men.  Cooke  married  Susan  E.  Brewster,  born  at  Saratoga, 
N.  Y^. ,  but  brought  up  in  Ohio,  a  descendant  of  the  Vandercooks  of  the  old 
Dutch  colony  of  N.  Y.  Tliey  had  G  sons  and  4  daughters.  This  is  the  same 
f/'ooke  family  which  furnished  Jay  Cooke,  Henry  D.  Cooke,  and  in  Or.  E.  N. 
Cooke. 

Thomas  Johnson,  born  in  Prescott,  Canada  West,  in  1839,  immigrated  to 
Vancouver,  V.  I.,  in  1862,  and  settled  in  Klikitat  co.,  on  the  north  side  of 
tlic  Cohiinbia,  the  following  year,  running  a  fen'y  l).'tween  Rocklin  and  Tlie 
Dalles  for  3  years.  In  1871  he  surveyed  the  town  of  Goldendale,  erected  the 
first  liouse  and  store,  and  opened  trade,  and  also  built  the  first  flouring  mill, 
destioyod  by  lire  in  1875. 

Tho  first  organization  of  Klikitat  co.  in  18ri9  having  been  practically  aban- 
lioucd,  but  tliree  families  residing  tliere,  viz.,  Parrott,  J.  S.  Bergen,  and 
Doty,  in  1807  tho  legislature  again  appointed  county  officers.  H.  M.  Mc- 
Nary  and  A.  Schuster  were  chosen  commissioners,  A.  H.  Simmons  sheriff, 
William  Council  treasurer,  and  Johnson  auditor,  which  office  he  held  for  3 
years,  after  which  he  was  elected  probate  judge,  and  again  treasurer.  In 
1882  ho  removed  to  Kittitass  Valley,  having  a  contract  with  the  N.  P.  R.  R. 
to  furnish  lumber.  He  erected  a  larg<j  mill  and  opened  a  store,  which  prop- 
erty was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1883,  enl  ailing  a  loss  of  $20,000.  J bhnson  mar- 
ned  Ann  Connell  of  Spruceville,  C.  ^/.,  in  1866. 


f- 


1   :t 


m 


■■i 


'•    :i 


358 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS. 


John  A.  Shoudy,  born  in  Rock  Island  co.,  111.,  in  1840,  served  in  the  IT 
.S.  army  during  the  civil  war,  and  in  lb04  immigrated  to  the  Pacific  coast  via 
I'ananid,  spending  1  year  in  Cal.  In  18G5  ho  removed  to  Seattle,  on  I'uget 
Sound,  and  in  1871  to  the  Kittitass  Valley,  where  he  iiurchased  the  siiiill 
Htock  of  merchandise  of  A.  J.  Splawn,  and  settled  down  to  trade  with  the  12  ur 
1 4  other  settlers,  where  in  1885  there  were  4  general  merchandise  stores,  cuvia  • 
iiif,'  each  a  stock  of  from  §25,000  to  §40,000.  Shoudy  took  a  preemption  claim. 
;i  soldier's  homestead  claim,  of  100  acres  each,  and  having  purchased  another 
I Ul)  acres,  laid  out  the  town  of  EUeusburg,  naming  it  after  his  wife,  Maiv 
Mllen  Stewart  of  Ky,  whom  he  married  in  1SG7.  Shoudy  was  in  ISS'icloctfM 
to  represent  Yakima  co.  in  the  legislative  assembly. 

James  H.  Stevens,  born  in  Beaver  co. ,  I'cnn.,  in  lt.42,  immiLjratiJ  via 
Seattle  in  1873,  and  settled  at  once  on  a  farm  in  the  Kittitass  Valley,  wiiorp 
ho  raised  wheat,  which  he  used  to  fatten  hogs,  with  a  profit.  He  married 
iMary  C.  Rego  of  Ind.  in  1870,  and  had  2  cliildren. 

John  r.  Sharpe,  born  in  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  in  1842,  came  to  Or.  overliind 
with  his  parents  in  1852,  and  settled  in  Lane  co.  In  1802  bo  removed  to  tlio 
neighborhood  of  The  Dalles,  and  in  1874  again  removed  to  Kittitass  Valley, 
for  the  purpose  of  raising  stock.  In  1805  he  married  Nancy  J .  Itolaml,  it 
native  of  Or.,  and  had  8  children. 

John  M.  Shelton,  born  in  Wythe  co.,  Va,  in  1841,  went  to  Pike's  IVak 
for  gold  in  1860,  revisiting  his  home  .and  returning  to  Denver  in  1805,  whoii' 
he  remained  until  1882,  when  he  came  to  Kittitass  Valley  to  reside.  He 
married  Carrie  C.  Jones  of  ^lo.  in  1860,  and  has  4  children. 

Klikitat  county,  which  was  established  Dec.  20,  1859,  has  an  area  of 
2,088  square  miles.  The  county  seat  was  first  temporarily  located  on  tli' 
land  claim  of  Alfred  Allen.  First  co.  com.,  Alfred  Allen,  Richard  Tartar, 
and  Jacob  Halstead;  probate  judge,  Willis  Jenkins;  sheriff,  James  Clarkt; 
auditor.  Nelson  Whitney;  assessor,  Edwin  Grant;  treasurer,  William  jSIur 
phy;  justice  of  the  peace,  John  Nelson.  Waxh.  Stat.,  1859-60,  420-1.  Tin- 
boundary  of  this  county  was  changed  in  Jan.  1861  by  extending  the  west  liui 
north  to  the  north-east  corner  of  Skamania  eo.,  and  thence  cast  to  a  point  iliie 
north  of  the  mouth  of  Rock  Creek,  thence  to  the  Columbia,  and  back  tlu-otigli 
the  middle  of  the  river  to  the  place  of  beginning.  The  county  scat  was  tliiii 
located  'upon  the  land  of  G.  W.  Phillips,'  until  fixed  by  a  majority  of  tliu  legal 
voters  of  said  county  at  a  general  election.  Nelson  was  then  appointed  probate 
judge,  Jenkins  treasurer,  Phillips  auditor,  W.  T.  Waters  sheriff,  Janus  H. 
Hermains,  A.  Waters,  and  A.  Davis  co.  com  C  J.  McFarland,  S.  Peasly,  and 
W.  T.  Murphy  justices  of  the  peace.  In  Jar  1867  the  county  seat  was  located 
at  Rockland  by  legislative  enactment,  but  subject  to  be  changed  by  a  majority 
of  votes  at  the  next  electicm.  A  new  set  of  officers  were  appointed  to  In 'Id 
until  others  should  be  elected.  Rockland  remained  the  county  seat  until 
it  was  removed  to  Goldendale.  This  county  contains  the  Yakima  Iialiau 
reservation.  It  had  a  population  in  1871  of  2,898,  and  taxable  property  to 
tiie  amount  of  §7.32,737.  Ki}o  TacomaX.  P.  C'o««<,  Feb.  1,  1880. 

Skamania,  which  embraces  the  mountainous  region  of  the  Cascade.-, 
was  established  in  1854  by  the  first  territorial  legislature,  can  never  bo 
a  populous  county.  Its  area  is  2,300  sijuarc  miles,  pop.  495,  aud  tax- 
able property  §143,793.  Co.  seat  Lower  Cascades.  Clarke  co.,  whose  biv 
tory  has  been  often  referred  to,  has  an  area  of  725  sijuaro  miles,  pop.  4,'-"JI, 
taxable  property  §924,100.  County  seat  Vancouver.  Cowlitz,  set  oil' f rum 
Lewis  in  1854,  has  an  area  of  1,100 square  miles,  a  pop.  of  1,810,  and  taxable 
property  to  the  amount  of  §938,170.  Co.  scat  Kalama.  Wahkiakum  ei., 
cbtablished  in  1854,  has  an  area  of  .300  square  miles,  population  504,  taxabje 
property  §158,600.  County  seat  at  Cathlamet.  P.acilic  co. ,  organized  in  1851 
by  the  Or.  legislature,  has  an  area  of  550  square  miles,  pop.  1,315,  taxable 
pro] lorty  §379,258.  Co.  seat  Oysterville.  Thurston  co.,  established  in  ISJ'J 
by  the  Or.  leg.,  has  an  .area  of  7.i0  square  miles,  a  pop.  of  3,240,  .and  taxable 
property  amounting  to  $1 ,028. 108.  Co.  scat  Olympia.  Lewis  co. ,  established 
in  1845  by  the  Or.  leg,,  has  an  area  of  1,800  square  miles,  pop.  2.095,  taxsible 


WHATCOM  COUNTY. 


:159 


;d  in  the  U. 
ific  coast  via 
le,  on  I'uget 
jil  the  small 
vith  the  12  or 
stores,  carry- 
nption  claim, 
lascd  another 
3  wife,  Marv 
1  18S-2  clocttMl 

imii^rali'il  viii 

Valley,  wiicro 

lie  inarried 

)  Ov.  overhmil 
2moved  to  tlio 
;titass  VnUuy, 
f  J.  Itolaml,  a 

to  l'ike'3  I'oiik 
.11  ISG.'),  whore 
to  reside.    He 

las  an  area  of 
located  ou  tlw: 
icliard  Tartar, 
James  Clarke; 
William  Mur 
0,4-20-1.    Til. 
!«•  the  west  liut 
ttoai)ointilui> 
I  back  through 
scat  was  then 
ity  of  the  legal 
jointed  prohate 
fcvilT,  James  H, 
S.  Pcasly,  awl 
[eat  was  located 
d  by  a  majority 
tointed  to  !i"l;l 
tuity  scat  until 
"akima  luJiau 
Ic  property  to 

!0, 

the   Cascaih-, 
can   never  bo 
|495,   and  tax- 
;o,,  whose  liis- 
[cs,  pop.  -l.'iyi, 
|z,  set  oil'  fruiu 
0,  and  taxable 
ahkiakiun  co  > 
^u  504,  taxable 
[ganizcel  in  ISjI 
'  1,315,  taxable 
jlishcd  ill  l^J'-^ 
iC,  and  taxable 
!0,,estabU.sliC'l 
2,095,  taxiible 


property  §743,571  County  seat  Chehal is.  Til.  Chehnlia  co..  established  in 
1854,  has  an  area  of  2,800  sqnare  miles,  pop.  808,  taxable  property  $Ii04,801. 
(Aiimty  seat  Montesano,     Mason  county,  organized  as  Sawamish  in  1854,  has 

"  ""   taxable  property $570,331,     Co. 


a  present  area  of  900  square  miles,  pop.  ofiO,  1 
seat  Oakland.     Pierce  co.  was  organized  by 


the  Or.  leg.  iu  1852.  It  has  an 
area  of  1,800  square  miles,  a  pop.  of  2,051,  and  taxable  property  to  the  amount 
(if  §1,009,444.  Co,  seat  Steilacoom,  later  changed  to  Xew  Tacoma,  King  co., 
established  in  1852,  has  an  area  of  1,000  scjuarc  miles,  jjop.  5,183,  taxable 
|,iu|ierty  §1,997,070.  Co.  seat  .Seattle.  Snohomish  co.  was  established  in 
jsiil.  The  lirst  com.,  E.  C.  Ferguson,  Henry  McClnrg,  and  John  Hervey; 
slu  lit!',  Jacob  Summers;  auditor,  J.  D.  Fowler;  probate  judge,  Charles  Short; 
tKasurer,  John  Harvey.  Tho  co.  seat  was  located  at  Point  Elliot,  or  Mukil- 
teii.  until  it  should  be  changed  by  election  of  the  voters  of  tho  county.  Its 
liiiscnt  county  seat  is  Snohomish  City;  area  of  the  county  1,000 s(iuare  miles, 
|.o[i.  1,080,  taxable  property  §.'590,354.  VVliatcom  co.  was  first  organized  in 
March  1854  out  of  a  portion  of  Island  co.  Tho  next  leg.  located  the  co,  seat 
at  the  land  claim  of  1{.  V.  Peabody  until  the  com.  should  select  a  site.  }Va>iU. 
Stiif.,  1854,  475.  Area  3,840  square  miles,  pop,  2,331,  taxable  piMpr^-, 
!i7;!5.003.     Co.  seat  Whatcom,  on  the  Peabodj'  claim. 

The  earliest  settler  in  AVhatcom  co.  was  William  Jarinan,  an  Englibhman 
fiiiincrly  in  the  service  of  the  H.  B.  Co, ,  who  located  liimself  on  thcSamish  River 
ill  1 852,  To  Whatcom  co,  belong  certain  islands  of  the  Haro  or  Fuca  arcliipel- 
aLT'i,  one  of  which  is  Lummi  Island,  9  miles  long  by  1.^  miles  wide,  tb  )  outh 
end  lifing  a  bold  eniinenco  rising  1,500  feet,  and  the  north  end  le\  i  xorcst 
lanil.  There  is  also  an  island,  or  delta,  formed  by  tho  two  mouths  of  the 
.\ocjt.'<ack  River,  on  wh','  h  is  tho  reservation  of  the  Nootsacks,  Cluistiaa 
'I'litts  was  the  firfci  j^.  iinaiient  settler  on  Lummi  Samish  L-ibind  i.  A^ 
miles  long,  lies  east  and  west,  and  xuriea  in  wiulh  from  25  rods  about  the 
middle  to  f  '''  rods  at  the  western,  and  a  mile  at  its  caster ^j  cud.  It  ^■,•as  set- 
tled first  in  Ili70,  by  Daniel  Dingwall,  followed  by  a  number  of  farmers,  ltd- 
liii'jhaui  Jkiy  Mail,  April  0,  1875,  Fidalgo  Island  contains  about  25,000 
iicres,  and  combines  a  remarkable  variety  of  scenery,  soil,  and  climate.  The 
eastern  portion,  fronting  on  Swinomish  Slough,  is  connected  with  the  nmiu 
island  only  by  a  narrow  peninsula,  and  is  occujdcd  as  the  reservation  of  the 
Swinomish  Indians,  containing  about  7,000  acres.  The  first  white  settlement 
was  made  on  Fidalgo  liay,  probably,  by  William  Monks,  Tho  i.slaud  has  a 
iiiiniljcr  of  bays  ofliring  attractions  for  settlement — Simelk,  Fidalgo,  Padilla, 
and  Squaw  bay.s,  !Mount  Erie,  1,250  feet  high,  ri.ses  about  2  miles  south-west 
of  the  head  of  Fidalgo  Bay.  Lake  Erie,  and  several  small  lakes,  add  diver- 
sity to  the  landscape.  Mi)rse'n  \V(i.fh.  7'e)'.,  MS,,  xvi,  25-0,  Guemes  Isiland, 
lirst  settled  in  1802  by  J,  F,  Mathews,  contain.^  about  7,000  acres,  most  or 
wliich  is  occupied.  There  is  a  post-office  and  steamboat  landing  on  Ship 
Harbor  channel.  There  is  a  copper  mine  on  this  Lsland,  discovered  by  Hugh 
D.  ().  Bryant,  born  in  Georgia,  one  of  the  Or,  pioneers  of  IS4I>.  lie  removed 
to  I'li^'ut  Sound  in  1853,  residing  first  at  Olympia,  but  settling  on  Guemes 
Island  in  1801),  Tlio  copper  mine  is  on  his  farm,  and  was  located  and  tested 
in  1875,  It  is  in  the  hands  of  a  stock  company  at  present.  Cypress  Island 
was  settled  in  1809,  by  J.  M.  Griswold.  It  is  about  five  miles  longand  three 
miles  wide,  has  a  mountain  1,525  feet  high,  with  lakes  and  diversified  acen- 
ery.  Only  a  small  jiortion  of  the  haul  is  tillable.  Secret  Harbor,  Strawberry 
bay,  and  Eagle  Harbor  are  tho  settlements.  Sheep-raising  and  fishing  are 
the  industries  of  the  island.  Sinclair  Island,  sometimes  called  Cottonwood, 
lies  between  Cypress  and  Lummi  islands,  containing  an  area  of  1,050  acres, 
of  which  1,000  are  cultivable.  It  was  setth'd  by  A.  C.  Kittles  in  1808.  Kit- 
tles went  from  Cal.  to  the  Eraser  mines,  thence  to  Orcas  and  Fidalgo  islands, 
and  linally  here.  He  keeps  cattle  and  sheep.  There  were  no  white  women  on 
Siiu  lair  or  Cypress  islands  in  1885.  Tho  first  settlement  on  Skagit  River  was 
made  in  1859  by  William  H.  Sortwell,  formerly  of  Snohomic  .  On  the  Noot- 
saek  the  first  resident  was  Patterson,  who  cut  the  first  cattle-trail  from  where 
Rentoii  now  stands.  There  are  many  Swedes  and  Norwegians  on  the  Sk"ijit 
and  Swinotidsh,  who  make  excellent  farmers. 


■  it     H 


360 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS^ 


Island  CO.  was  establis'  ed  in  Jan.  1S33,  just  before  the  organization  of  the 
territory.  Its  first  liniit.^  were  very  indelinite,  and  Whatcom  county  was 
taken  off  from  it.  Its  present  area  is  2.50  Bcjuaro  miles,  embracing  Caiiiaiio 
and  Whidbey  islands.  The  area  of  the  latter  is  115,000  acres,  of  the  fonucr 
30,000.     Pop.  033;  taxable  property  §372,821.     Co.  seat  Coupeville. 

San  Juan  county  was  estabiished  October  1873,  being  constituted  of  the 
islands  of  tlie  Haro  archijiclago,  containing  an  area  of  280  square  miles,  pop- 
ulation of  838,  and  taxable  property  to  the  amount  of  $182,147.  Co.  seat 
San  Juan. 


The  Haro  Akchipelaoo. 

San  Juan  co.  was  in  dispute  between  Eng.  and  the  D.  S.  when,  during  the 
Fitiscr  lliver  excitonicnt,  it  received  a  first  rapid  accession  of  American  pop- 
ulation. Many  of  these  settlers  will  hardly  come  under  the  Washin(,'tou 
I'ionccr  Society'.s  rule  for  pioneers,  yet  to  all  intents  and  purposes  belong  to 
that  class,  and  deserve  mention.  C.  Rosier  was  a  soldier  in  Co.  D,  'Jtli  U. 
S.  infantry,  under  Captain  Pickett,  from  1855  to  ISGO.  After  his  discluirgc 
lie  settled  on  the  island  of  San  Juan.  Robert  Frasier  settled  in  November 
1859.  Ho  came  to  the  coast  in  1850,  and  went  to  Eraser  River  in  1848.  D. 
W.  Oaks,  a  native  of  JSIaine,  went  to  tlie  Eraser  mines  in  1858  from  Cal,  .uul 
returning  settled  on  the  island  three  weeks  before  Pickett  landed  witli  Am. 
troops,  and  helped  to  raise  tho  first  Am.  flag.  McGarry  was  anotlier  .settler 
of  1859,  whoso  widow  remained  on  tho  island.  S.  V.  Boyco,  a  returned 
miner  of  1859,  erected  tho  first  building  in  tlio  town  of  San  Juan.  Chailcs 
McKay  and  Ilcnry  Quinlan  also  selected  homes  on  tlie  island  tho  same  year. 


Lzation  of  the 
I  county  was 
ciiig  Canuvuo 
of  tho  foniier 
rille. 

ituted  of  tho 
ro  miles,  pop 
47.     Co.  eeati 


^^\ 


'"hf      ■■  •■   • 


HIDBEY  I, 


bicii,  during  tlio 
r  American  pop- 
\w  Wasliington 
poses  belong  to 
J  Co.  D,  9th  U. 
Ir  his  discharge 
ll  ill  November 
brill  1848.    1». 
ifromCal.,iuul 
lulcd  with  -Vm. 
fauother  settler 
ho,  a  retnrned 
inan.     Charles 
[the  sanio  year. 


CLALLAM  COUNTY  AND  SEATTLE. 


361 


Frederick  Jones  came  to  Puget  Sound  in  1854,  left  in  1856,  returned  in  1858, 
liud  .settled  ou  the  cast  side  of  San  Juan  Island,  south  of  Fridaj'  Harbor.  He 
is  a  sheep-farmer  and  fruit-grower.  Rev.  Thomas  J.  Weeks,  the  first  prot- 
cslant  minister  to  settle  ou  tSan  Juan,  ac(iuircd  title  after  the  abandonment 
ot  Camp  Pickett  to  the  quarters  formerly  occupied  by  the  ofUcer  in  command, 
mill  ho  and  Kobert  Firth  secured  possession  of  this  historic  ground.  Morse'* 
W'aah.  'J'er.,  MS.,  xv.  3G-4'J.  Morse  gives  many  other  names  from  1862  to 
lb70.     Tho  part  of  the  settlement  has  been  made  since  1870. 

Clallam  co.  Avas  organized  by  the  first  tcr.  leg.  in  April  1854.  Its  area  is 
'2,050  Kqu;>ro  miles,  population  469,  taxable  property  §154,351,  co.  seat  New 
Diin^^'cness.  jVeit;  Tacoma,  N.  P.  Coast,  Feb.  1,  1880.  Jefferson  co.  was  cs- 
tablidlicd  in  1852  by  the  Or.  leg.  Its  area  is  2,500  s(iuarc  miles,  population 
1,4'J7,  taxable  property,  $409,161,  co.  seat  Port  Towusend.  Kitsap  co.  was 
fstahlished  iu  Jan.  1857,  under  tho  name  of  Slaughter,  in  memory  of  tho  gal- 
hiiit  <'ilicer  of  that  name  who  defended  the  firesides  of  the  early  settlers 
auiiuist  the  hostile  chief  whoso  name  tho  com.  finally  adopted,  and  whose 
hunie  was  on  the  peninsula  which  constituted  the  co.  between  Admiralty  In- 
let and  Hood  Canal.  Tho  first  board  of  co.  com.  were  Daniel  S.  Howard,  G. 
A.  Meigs,  and  Cyrus  Walker;  sheriff,  G.  A.  Page;  auditor,  Dclos  Waterman; 
assessor,  S.  B.  Hines;  treasurer,  S.  B.  Wilson;  justices  of  the  peace,  William 
Hubnor,  William  Kenton,  and  M.  S  Drew.  Wash.  Stat.,  1856-7,  52.  A  sup- 
plementary act  provided  that  the  legal  voters  of  Slaugliter  co.  should  at  the 
next  annual  election  decide  upon  a  name  for  the  county,  which  they  tlid.  A 
third  act  appointed  Henry  C.  Wilson  probate  judge  for  the  county.  The  area 
of  Kitsap  is  540  square  miles,  pop.  1,799,  taxable  property  §1,044,673,  co.  seat 
I'ort  Madison.  Quillehyute  co.  was  created  in  Jan.  18G8,  out  of  that  portion 
of  till'  coast  south  of  the  Quillehyute  River,  north  of  Chchalis  co.,  and  west 
of  tiie  Olympic  range;  but  there  being  not  pop,  enough  to  fill  the  co.  offices, 
tlio  act  was  repealed  the  following  year.    IVa^h.  S/at. 

Taking  tho  population  and  wealth  of  the  first  district,  Ai'hich  is  purely  an 
agricultural  one,  and  comparing  it  with  that  of  tlic  other  two,  which  arc  largely 
commercial,  it  appears,  according  to  the  statistics  for  1879,  furnished  by  the  co. 
olliccrs,  that  eastern  Washington  had  at  that  time  a  pop.  in  its  six  counties  only 
livi^  thou.sand  less  than  western  Washington  with  its  eighteen  counties,  aud 
hail  tjixablc  property  to  tho  amount  of  §8,185,774,  against  §12,761,080  ou  the 
west  side  of  tiie  mountains.  Four  counties  were  organized  since  1879  in  tho 
eastiiii  division.  The  growth  of  the  country  on  both  sides  of  tho  Cascades 
has  been  rapid,  almost  doubling  its  poiiulation  in  five  years,  and  adding  50 
per  cent  to  its  capital,  which  in  a  new  country  is  a  large  increase. 

Seattle,  the  metropolis  of  Washington,  in  1880  hp'l  7,000  inhabitants,  and 
property  vaked  at  something  over  four  millions.  Its  manufactures  com- 
prisid  threu  ship-yards,  three  founderies,  two  breweries,  one  tannery,  three 
ioikr  shops,  six  sash  and  door  factories,  live  machine-shops,  six  saw-mills, 
three  briek-yards,  three  lish-paeking  factories,  one  fish,  cannery,  one  barrel 
factory,  one  ice  factory,  one  soda-water  factory,  besides  boot  aud  shoe  shops, 
tin-shops,  uiid  other  minor  industries.  The  commerce  of  Seattle  with  the  coast 
line  of  sctilemcnts  was  considerable;  but  tho  chief  export  is  coal  from  the 
mines  east  of  Lake  Washington.  There  were  few  public  buildings  except 
chnrciu's,  of  which  there  were  ten,  besides  tho  hall  and  reading-room  of  tho 
Youiil;  j\lcn's  Christian  Association.  Tlic  univer.sity,  wliose  early  history 
lias  been  given,  was  in  as  flourishin^r  a  coudition  as  an  institution  without  a 
plcntifid  endowment  could  bo.  In  connection  with  tho  university  there  wa« 
a  society  of  naturalists  numbering  '23  young  men,  whose  cabinet  was  valued 
at  §H,(mo.  The  building  occupied  by  their  cabinet  was  furnished  by  A.  .\. 
l)enny.  to  be  enlarged  as  required.  The  oliicers  were:  W,  Hall,  president; 
Iv  S.  Moany,  vice-president;  H,  Jacobs,  si'cretary;  F.  M.  Hall,  assistimt 
Becretny;  C.  L.  Denny,  librarian;  A.  M.  White,  treasurer;  and  J.  D.  Young, 
marslial.  Scallle  Evening  Herald,  Dec.  22,  1883.  Tho  lesser  towns  of  King 
cuiuity  arc:  Newcastle,  Renton,  Dwamish,  Black  River,  Fall  City,  Slaughter, 
White  River,  Snoqualimich,  Squak,  Quilleyute,  and  tiuillieeuo. 


M 


■mm 
M 


302 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS, 


;;;  -.\ 


't?:!: :    !  ■ 


Tlie  second  town  in  size  on  Puget  Sound  in  1885  was  New  Tacoma,  popn 
latiou  4,000.  Old  Tacoma,  become  a  suburb  of  \t^  younger  rival,  was  a  prottv 
village  facing  the  bay  around  a  point  a  little  to  the  west  of  the  new  towii'. 
The  first  to  project  a  town  on  Commencement  Eay  was  Morton  M.  McCarver. 
who  belonged  to  the  Oregon  immigration  of  1843.  In  1868  he  visited  I'u-.'it 
Sound  in  searcii  of  the  probable  terminus  of  the  Northern  PaciKc  railway, 
and  fixed  upon  Commencement  Bay.  Together  with  L.  M.  Starr  and  Jan>>  > 
Steele  he  purcha'^d  the  land  of  Job  Carr  and  laid  off  the  town  of  uU 
Tacoma,  built  a  house,  and  induced  Ackerson  and  Hanson  to  erect  a  mill 
tliere.  Ho  gave  200  or  300  acres  to  the  railroad  company,  and  purchased  stv 
cral  thousand  more  for  them,  the  terminus  being  located,  as  it  was  believLi, 
on  this  land  .July  14,  1873.  He  died  April  17,  1875.  Letter  of  Mrs  Julia  A. 
McCarver,  in  Historical  Correspondence,  MS.  McCarver  was  born  in  Lcxin.-- 
ton,  Ky,  Jan.  14,  1807.  He  settled  in  Galena,  111.,  in  1830.  He  took  part 
in  the  Black  Hawk  war,  founded  the  town  of  Burlington,  Iowa,  had  a  stake 
in  Chicago  and  Sacramento,  but  lost  heavily  by  fire  in  Idaho,  and  suflcrcd  hy 
the  failure  of  Jay  Cooko  &  Co.  Pacific  Tribune,  April  23,  1875;  I'orllittid 
Welcome,  March  28,  1875;  Olympia  Courier,  April  24,  1875;  Or.  Citij  Enia- 
]irise,  April  23,  1873;  Gilbert's  Loijfjimj  and  It.  I{.  Buildiwj.  Tacoma  was 
called  by  Ackerson  after  the  Indian  name  of  Mount  Tokomah,  meaning  great- 
ness. Wash.  Scraps,  2,30.  New  Tacoma  was  laid  out  principally  on  the  dona- 
tion claim  of  I'eter  Judsou  of  the  immigration  of  1853,  while  old  Tacouii 
site  was  purchased  from  Job  Carr,  a  more  recent  settler.  New  Tacoma  owi  > 
its  lirst  rapid  growth  to  the  promise  of  the  manipulators  of  the  Nortliciu 
Pacific  railroad  to  make  it  the  terminus.  It  was  laid  out  by  Ex-survcyni- 
gencral  .Tames  Tilton  and  Theodore  Hosmer  on  the  heights  overlookiu;^'  tiiu 
bay,  about  two  miles  south-east  of  the  old  town,  and  was  divided  into  r)00 
blocks  of  six  lots  each,  and  planned  by  Olmstead,  modelled  after  Mi.'li)uurin  , 
'i'he  site  is  fine,  being  high  above  the  watci',  with  the  Puyallup  Valley  at  its 
door  and  Mount  Tacoma  rearing  its  triple  crest  high  above  the  Cascade  rank's.- 
directly  to  the  cast,  and  seeming  not  an  hour's  journey  away.  The  iiist 
nninicipal  election  of  New  Tacoma  was  held  on  Monday,  June  8,  1874.  Jub 
Carr,  A.  C.  Campbell,  J.  W.  Chambers,  A.  Walters,  and  S.  C.  Howes  wciv 
elected  town  ti'ustees.  It  was  chosen  the  seat  of  Pierce  county  in  \'^^^y 
Tacoma  Tribune,  Jime  12,  1874. 

Olympia  in  18S5  was  next  to  New  Tacoma  in  point  of  population,  nuinl/'  ■  - 
iiig  3,500.  The  first  land  claim  taken  on  the  site  was  located  in  ISKi  liv 
Levi  L.  Smith,  and  held  in  partnership  with  Edmund  Sylvester.  First  i.u-- 
torn-house  established  at  Olympia  Nov.  10,  1851.  First  weekly  mail  to  tli..- 
Cohunbia  from  this  place  in  1851;  first  mail  from  here  down  the  Sound  car- 
ried in  1854.  First  uewapaiicr  published  hero  Sept.  11,  1852.  Fir.st  stoic  <  ■ 
American  tradiug-liouso  opened  here  by  M.  T.  Simmons  in  1850.  There  \\\iA 
been  a  tradhig-houpe  on  the  east  f>idc  uf  Budd  Inlet  previously,  at  the  catb  ■ 
lie  mission.  Tlio  lirst  child  born  in  Olympia  was  a  son  to  S.  P.  iMoscs,  th  ■ 
first  collector  of  customs.  The  first  marriage  of  Americans  in  the  territory 
Mas  at  Tnmwater,  a  suburb  of  Olympia,  in  ISIS,  between  Daniel  ]>.  Kiusty 
and  Kutli  Brock,  ^I.  T.  Simmons  olliciating.  Fir.<t  school  in  the  tcrritn'v 
ta'it;ht  in  1852,  in  a  small  building;  on  llie  .'^ite  of  the  present  post-ofiicc,  I  y 
A.  \V.  jMooro.  First  term  of  court  held  ou  Pn;,'ot  Scunul — cxcci)t  the  extrai  !■ 
dinary  one  of  IStO-i-was  held  at  Olynijjia  Jan.  20,  1852.  The  first  sessi-  'i 
of  the  legislature  was  held  in  the  building  now  occupied  by  BrcckenlirM  :i  i  i 
tobacco-store.  First  town  incorporated  on  Puget  Sound  vas  Olympia,  i:i 
1850.  First  trustees  were  (ieorge  A.  Barnes,  .Joseph  Cushman,  dames  (.'us!  - 
man,  T.  V.  MclOlroy,  and  ]''.hvood  Evans.  First  marslial,  W.  II.  Mitclul!. 
Wash.  Standard,  Jaii,  1.'!,  I.S72.  First  hotel  put  up  in  1851,  the  ('olunil)ia;  . 
was  torn  dow-  in  1872.  ohiwpia  Transcript,  !March  0,  1872.  Swantoii,  .i 
suburb  of  Olympia,  separated  from  it  only  by  a  creek,  and  a  thriving,'  villa^'  . 
was  named  after  John  M.  Swan,  its  oiiginal  proprietor,  and  a  nuiscryiiian. 
Syli'vsler'sOhpnpiu,  MS.,  11:  Morse's  Wash.  T<r.,  MS.,  ii.  22;  Oli/mpi'iClnh. 
Ms.,  1-20.     The  first  brick  building  erected  in  Olympia  was  the  bankin,'- 


RAILROADS. 


house  of  George  A.  Barnes,  one  of  its  earliest  settlers,  the  plan  being  furnialied 
by  R.  A.  Abbott,  and  the  structure  completed  in  1870.  Other  brick  build- 
ings followed  in  the  business  portion  of  the  town,  but  wood  is  still  the  nm- 
terial  chiefly  in  use  for  architectural  purposes,  from  which  circumstance  the 
pliico  has  been  subjected  to  loss  by  several  devastating  fires. 


FOh''   COLVIL'Lt 


Railroads  of  Eastern  Washinctox. 


Previous  to  the  location  of  the  railroad  the  people  of  Olynipia  ha<l  expcctod 
tliat  their  (dtj'  would  bo  the  torniinal  point,  funndiiig  tlicir  cxpoctiitions  upnn 
the  nat\irul  julvantagcs  of  th(!  place,  the  import .iiico  of  Tuiuwator  Falls  to 
laanufacturi'S,  and  nearness  to  the  Colunibia  and  Portland,  to  w  hicli  place  the 
tniiipaiiy's  charter  compelled  them  to  build  their  road.  Biitas  steam  liad  reii- 
dired  inaiuilactures  comparatively  indepenilent  of  water-power,  raihuail 
iimiiKUiie:)  preferred  to  select  town  sit e.i  for  themselves,  and  there  was  the 
cwtaiiity  that  whenever  a  railroad  should  be  eonstriuteil  over  the  C.(-('a(lo 
.Moiintiims  it  w^iuld  seek  a  terminus  nearer  the  .strait  of  Fiic;i.  Thesu  and 
"llicr  c(insi<lerations  caused  the  company  to  fix  upc)n  Taconia,  whence  at  any 
time  they  could  withdraw  to  a  still  more  northern  terminus. 

The  Ideation  of  their  lino  fifteen  miles  eastof  Olympia,  and  the  depression 
ill  business  to  whieli  this  action  led,  lei't  the  town  almost  stationary  f(jr  seveial 
years.  ELiiolCn  Pinjit  Sound,  MS,,  7-S.  In  the  mean  time  a  grant  was  oh- 
tiiined  from  congress  by  the  Olympia  Brancii  Railroad  to  I.IWO  or  1,  :()(•  acres 


364 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS. 


•m-;^ 


of  tide -flats  at  the  south  end  of  Budd  Inlet,  and  connection  made  with  the 
Northern  Pacific,  in  1878. 

Samuel  Holmes,  who  came  to  Puget  Sound  in  1852,  died  at  Swanton 
Nov.  5,  1873,  aged  56  years.  F.  K.  Perkins,  a  settler  of  1852,  died  at  Susan 
vilk-,  in  Cal.,  after  20  years'  residence  in  Olympia,  July  22,  1872.  Leri 
Shclton,  a  native  of  Nortli  Carolina,  immigrated  to  Puget  Sound  in  1852,  ic- 
siding  at  01ymi)ia  and  taking  part  in  public  affairs.  Ho  died  in  August  1878, 
aged  G2  years.  James  Allen,  who  settled  in  Washington  in  1852,  died  ut 
(ilympia  in  Nov.  1868,  aged  74  years.  Dr  Uzal  G.  Warbass,  bom  in  New 
Jersey  April  4,  1822,  came  to  Washington  in  1854,  settling  in  Olympia  in 
1 858.  lie  served  as  surgeon  in  the  Indian  war  of  1855-G,  was  a  reprcscnU- 
tive  in  the  legislature,  and  territorial  treasurer,  besides  practising  mcdicint.'. 
Ho  died  in  July  1863.  Dr  G.  K.  Willard  was  born  in  New  York,  and  carac 
to  the  I'ucilic  coast  in  1852,  settling  in  Olympia.  He  was  surgeon-general 
under  Stevens  in  1856.  His  death  occurred  in  Dec.  1866.  H.  1{.  Woodward, 
bom  in  N.  Y.,  emigrated  from  Mich,  in  1852,  settling  near  Olympia.  He  was 
.1  scientific  agriculturist.  He  died  in  Nov.  1872.  Joseph  Shaw  came  to  Puget 
Sound  at  the  ago  of  21,  and  settled  on  the  east  side  of  Budd  Inlet,  about  4 
miles  below  Olympia.  Ho  was  accidentally  killed  in  July  1869.  G.  W.  Dun 
lap,  bom  in  Maine,  was  educated  at  Bowdoin  college,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1845.  He  shipped  before  the  mas  ton  a  whaler  from  New  York  in  1847,  oniis- 
ing  in  the  Pacific  two  years,  and  residing  for  a  period  in  Honolulu  as  Ijook 
keeper  to  a  mercantile  lirm.  In  1854  he  came  to  Puget  Sound  as  agent  for 
this  house,  but  remained  and  went  into  business  for  liimself  at  Olympia.  For 
a  few  months  he  was  clerk  of  the  Indian  department  under  Kendall.  He  died 
June  16,  1862,  aged  30  years,  and  every  business  house  in  Olympia  closed  its 
doors  on  tlio  day  of  his  funeral.  Silas  Gallihcr  immigrated  to  Olympia  from 
the  western  states  in  1854  with  his  family.  He  built  the  Tacoma  House  and 
conducted  it  for  19  years.  His  death  occurred  in  April  1873,  at  the  age  of 
46.  His  wife  and  six  children  survived  him.  J.  H.  Kellet,  another  pioneer  of 
Olympia,  died  in  April  1873.  He  was  for  many  years  sheriff  of  Tlmrstou  ai., 
;ind  a  successful  tradesman.  Gideon  Thompson,  bci'n  in  Ohio  in  1829,  came 
to  Washington  in  1857,  settling  3J  miles  from  Olympia;  died  in  October  1801. 
Isaac  Wood,  .vho  settled  in  Olympia  in  1857,  died  April  16,  1869.  Tliomaa 
James,  born  in  England  in  1838,  emigrated  thence  to  the  U.  S.  in  1812,  auJ 
to  Washington  in  1851,  settling  near  Olympia  with  his  parents  after  a  tempo- 
rary residence  in  Victoria.  He  died  in  Feb.  1872.  William  F.  O.  Iloover,  ^ 
settler  of  1852,  died  suddenly  of  heart  disease  in  Oct.  1875,  aged  59  yivun. 
Charles  Graham,  born  in  N.  Y.,  came  to  the  Pacific  coast  in  1850,  and  iu  18,V2 
to  Puget  Sound,  residing  in  Thurston  and  Mason  counties  down  to  the  time 
of  his  demise  in  Feb.  1877,  at  the  ago  of  78  years.  Jarcd  S.  Hurd,  born  in 
N.  Y.,  came  to  Olympia  in  1852  or  1853  from  Cal.  He  was  a  civil  engineer 
and  surveyor.  In  the  Indian  war  of  1855-6  he  served  as  maj.  of  vol.  Ho  died 
iu  May  1873.  Edwin  Marsh,  a  native  of  Conn.,  came  to  Olympia  about  1851 
;ui(l  took  a  claim  on  the  west  side  of  the  inlet,  which  was  sometimes  called 
Itarshvillc.  He  was  employed  for  a  short  time  in  1862  on  the  Queniult 
reservation,  but  with  that  exception  resided  constantly  in  Olympia.  lie 
\\i\H  appointed  i-ogistcr  of  the  land-office  by  President  Lincoln,  which  oHieo  ho 
licld  until  1808.  He  was  afterward  incumbent  of  several  municipal  olDei^, 
and  was  justice  of  the  peace  in  1879,  when  he  mysteriously  disappeared,  and  it 
was  conjcctureil  that  he  might  have  committed  suicide  in  a  despondent  mood 
occasioned  by  ill  health.  A  pioneer  of  Thurston  co.  was  Steven  Hodgdoii, 
who  was  born  in  Portland,  Maine,  in  1807.  He  came  to  Cal.  in  1849,  and  in 
1851  to  Washington,  where  he  was  industriously  cmploj'cd  as  a  carpenter, 
and  took  a  donation  claim  of  640  acres  at  the  present  site  of  Tcnino.  lie  lived 
on  his  land  most  of  the  time  until  his  death,  Sept.  26,  1882.  His  only  child 
was  married  to  J.  H.  Long  of  Chchalis.  Ashcr  Sarjcnt  was  an  immignmt  of 
1850,  accompanied  by  his  sons  E.  N.  and  A.  W.  Sarjcnt.  In  1852  ho  re- 
turned to  the  east  and  broughtout  his  wife  and  remaining  children — a  sou  and 
two  daughtoi-s — being  captain  of  a  company  of  25  families  in  1853.    '^^■-'-  " 


Nelson 


TUMWATER  AND  VANCOUVER. 


365 


lade  with  Uic 

at  Swanton 
[ied  at  Susan- 
1872.     Lcfi 
d  in  1852,  re- 
August  1878, 
1852,  died  ut 
bom  in  New 
a  Olympia  in 
a  reprcscnta- 
ing  medicine, 
jrk,  and  catnc 
irgeon-gcncral 
.{.  Woodward, 
npia.    He  was 
came  to  I'uget 
Inlet,  about  4 
.    G.  W.Dun 
h  he  graduated 
Lin  1847,  eniis- 
tolulu  as  Iwok 
d  as  agent  for 
Olympia.    For 
adall.    He  died 
mpia  closed  itn 
)  Olympia  from 
oma  House  and 
1,  at  the  age  of 
other  pioneer  of 
,f  Thurston  co., 
in  182!),  cami! 
[n  October  1801. 
11869.     Thomaa 
S.  in  1842,  and 
js  after  a  tempo- 
, .  O.  Hoover,  .-x 
|agcd  59  years. 
150,  and  in  18,')2 
iwn  to  the  time 
Hurd,  born  in 
civil  cngiiiei^r 
if  vol.    Ho  died 
lipia  about  1851 
Imetimos  calletl 
the  Queniult 
Olympia.    He 
1  which  olBeo  he 
inicipal  olheca, 
i,ppcarcd,andit 
[spondrnt  mood 
iven  Hodgdon, 
n  1849,  and  in 
3  ft  carpenter, 
nine.    Ho  lived 
His  only  eliiM 
II  immigrant  of 
u  1852  ho  re- 
Iron— a  sou  and 
1853.     Nclsou 


Sarjent  met  them  on  the  new  immigrant  road  through  the  Nachess  Pass  and 
piloted  theni  through.  Sarjent  took  up  a  claim  on  Mound  prairie,  wliere  he 
resided  during  the  remainder  of  his  life,  except  a  brief  period  when  he  was  on 
the  Queen  Charlotte  Island  expedition  and  a  prisoner  r.-r.ong  the  northern 
Indians.  He  was  bom  in  Maryland,  but  when  young  removed  to  Indiana. 
Olympia  Standard,  Feb.  16,  1883.  Other  immigrant.!  settled  on  Mound 
prairie  in  1854;  namely,  Van  Warmer,  Goodell,  and  Judson.  Ebei/s  Journal, 
ihS.,  ii.  108.  An  examination  of  the  map  in  the  sur.-gen.'s  office  shows 
claims  to  have  been  taken  under  the  donation  law  on  Budd  Inlet,  or  near  it, 
l)y  1).  K.  Bumtragcr,  E.  L.  Allen,  John  Butler,  G.  W.  French,  B.  F.  Brown, 
n.  Ilurd,  'i\  B.  l3ickcrson,  E.  W.  Austin,  W.  Dobbins,  S.  I'ercival,  Waison, 
.S.  Hays,  Nelson  Rarnes,  R.  M.  Walker,  E.  H.  Wilson,  L.  OfFut,  J.  C.  Head, 
G.  Agnew,  D.  II.  Bigelrw,  C.  H.  Hale,  Pascal  Ricard,  Hugh  P.  O'Bryant,  (J. 
Whitworth,  D.  Hays,  W.  Billings,  A.  Moore,  W.  Lyle,  and  DofHcmeycr,  in 
addition  to  the  pioncjrs  above  named. 

Tumwater,  the  initial  point  in  the  history  of  the  settlement  of  Paget 
Sound,  was  incorporated  in  Nov.  1869.  In  time  it  numbered  more  manu- 
factories than  any  other  town  on  the  Sound. 

Vancouver  was  the  fourth  town  in  size  in  western  Washington,  having  in 
1880  about  3,000  inhabitants.     It  was  made  the  county  scat  of  Clarke  co.  by 
the  first  legislative  assembly  of  Washington,  in  March  1854,  its  pioneers,  both 
English  and  American,  long  retaining  their  residences.     Among  the  early  sct- 
tlcra  were  James  TurubuU,  born  in  England,  came  to  Washington  in  18.52, 
and  with  him  William  Tumbull,  his  nephew,  long  kno^vn  in  connection  with 
steamboating  on  the  Columbia.     Both  died  in  1S74.     P.  Ahem,  born  in  Ire- 
Li.nd,  came  to  Vancouver  with  troops  in  1852.    Was  elected  co.  auditor  in  18.55, 
ind  representative  in  1857.     Stephen  P.  McDonald,  born  in  111.,  came  with 
ttic  immigration  of  1852  to  Washington.     Engaged  in  printing,  and  was  pub- 
lislicr  of  tlie  Vancouver  li€f/infer  for  a  time.     He  represented  Clarke  co.  in  the 
legislature  in  1869,  after  which  he  was  city  recorder  and  clerk  of  the  city 
council.     Ho  died   Oct.  24,  1876.     J.  S.  Hathaway,  a  native  of  N.  Y.,  re- 
moved to  Mich,  when  young,  married  in  that  state  in  1847  and  came  to  Clarke 
eo.  in  1852.     He  was  active  in  the  volunteer  service  during  the  Indian  war, 
and  was  afterward  co.  judge.     Ho  died  Jan.  12,  1876,  at  the  age  of  52  years. 
Levi  Douthitt,  born  in  N.  C,  immigrated  in  1852,  settling  near  Vancouver, 
where  he  resided  until  1870,  when  ho  removed  to  Marion  co..  Or.,  where  he 
died  in  Dec.  1872,  aged  61  years.     A.  G.  Tripp,  a  native  of  11.  I.,   immi- 
grated to  the  Pacific  coast  in  1849.     He  was  employed  in  government  service 
at  Benicia,  California,  The  Dalles,  Oregon,  Sitka,  Alaska,  and  Vancouver. 
He  settled  at  the  latter  place  in  1857.     He  was  chosen  to  represent  Clarke  co. 
in  tlio  legislature,  but  did  not  serve  owing  to  absence  in  service  of  the  gov- 
ernment.    He  was  mayor  of  Vancouver  for  several  years.     His  death  occurred 
Sept  17,  1875,  at  the  age  of  64  years.     William  Kelly  came  to  the  Pacific 
coast  as  sergeant  in  Co.  G,  4th  U.  S.  inf.,  and  was  transferred  from  Cal.  to 
Fort  Vancouver,  where  ho  remained  until  discharged  in  1854,  when  he  settled 
in  tile  town.     In  1800  he  was  made  a  capt.  in  the  8th  U.  S.  cav.,  and  was 
stationed  in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.     Hi  died  at  Denver,  Colorado,  while 
en  route  to  Vancouver  to  visit  his  wife  and  cliildren.     Charles  Proux,  a  Cana- 
dian voyageur,  h  :ided  near  Vancouver  since  1833  and  acquired  a  hand- 
Bomo  property,     ilo  died  Jan.  10,  1808.     IngersoU  Stanwood  and   his  wife, 
Matilda,  came  from  111.  to  Or.  in  1852,  settling  near  Vancouver.     Mrs  Stan- 
wood  (lied  in  April  1882,  leaving  11  children  with  their  father.     Thomas 
Nertoi.i,  born  in  Eng.  in  1822,  married  Eliza  Lakiu  in  1852,  and  immigrateil 
to  Or.  the  same  year.     Ho  settled  in  Washington  in  1855,  residing  in  Chirka 
wj.  until  his  death  in  Sept.  1882.     Ho  left  a  wife  and  13  children.     II.  Mar- 
tin, a  veteran  mountain  man,  a  North  Carolinian  by  birth,  settled  north  of 
the  Columbia  in  or  about  1840.     Ho  planted  8  orchards  in  Washington,  and 
ate  of  the  fruits  of  each  successively.     He  died  in  Juno  1802,  aged  85  years. 
I'Vederick  Shobert,  a  native  of  Pcnn.,  came  to  Or.  in  1851,  settling  in  Clarke 
«o.    He  died  in  Sept.  1871,  aged  05  years.     Two  pioneers  of  1848,  Felix  Dodd 
wid  Uunry  Bcekmon,  residents  of  Clarke  co.,  died  in  April  1879,  penniless. 


■til' 


i 


1'^! 


360 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS. 


Port  Townsend,  situated  on  Quiinper  peninsula,  ranked  fifth  in  point  of  pop. 
ulation  among  the  towns  of  western  Washington.  It  'vas  incorporated  in  J  fS(iO, 
the  act  being  amended  in  1871  and  1873.  Occupyint!  a  commanding  position, 
it  was  regariicd  as  the  key  of  Admiralty  Inlet  as  well  as  Port  Townsend  V,ny. 
There  is  a  tradition  that  had  the  original  owners  of  the  town  site  het^n  more 
liberal  they  might  have  benefited  tliemselves.  Brigi/'s  Port  Tou-nftciid.  MS., 
20-8.  Loren  IJ.  Hastings,  came  to  Or.  in  1847  and  settled  at  Portland,  .ukI 
waa  a  member  of  tlic  1st  municipal  council  of  that  city.  On  tlie  20111  of  Oct. 
1851  he  set  out  for  Puget  Sound,  travelling  by  canoe  to  Cowlitz  lauding,  ami 
on  foot  from  there  to  the  Sound.  Hastings  was  successful  in  business,  utkI 
filled  the  various  ofFices  of  justice  of  the  pe.acc,  county  treasurer,  and  repre- 
sentative in  the  legislature.  He  died  in  June  1881,  and  was  buried  with 
masonic  ceremonies.  Port  Townsend  Puget  Sound  Anjiis,  June  17,  1 881. 
Thomas  Stimpson,  a  settler  of  Port  Townsend,  and  a  native  of  Maine,  was 
swept  overboard  from  the  deck  of  the  fishing  schooner  Shooting  Star  Soptciii- 
her  15,  1870,  and  drowned.  He  was  the  pioneer  captain  of  the  fishing  flort, 
and  much  regretted  by  the  people  among  whom  he  lived.  His  wife  and  2 
children  survived  him.  Frederick  A.  Wilson,  born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  caim; 
to  Puget  Sound  about  1856,  and  was  ccjlleetor  of  customs  for  several  years. 
He  i-emoved  to  Cal.  about  1866,  and  died  at  San  Kafael,  Dec.  28,  187(i. 
Seattle  Pac.  Tribune,  Jan.  26,  1877.  Edward  Lill,  a  native  of  Eng.,  came  Id 
Puget  Sound  in  1853,  and  settled  on  Colseed  Inlet.  He  died  at  Port  Towns- 
end,  Juno  1876,  aged  48  years.  Objmpia  Transcript,  June  10,  1876.  1).  V. 
H.  Kothschild,  merchant,  settled  in  Port  Townsend  in  1858.  Ho  caino  to 
Cal.  in  1849.  Portland  West  Shore,  Dec.  1876,  64.  Henry  L.  Tibbals  also 
settled  in  1858.  He  died  in  Jan.  1883.  Oliver  Franklin  Gerrish  settled  iu 
1863,  too  late  to  be  a  pioneer,  but  was  identified  with  the  affairs  of  .Tofibisoii 
to. ,  and  had  attained  the  highest  degree  of  free-masonry.  He  waa  a  native  of 
Portsmouth,  X.  H.,  born  April  14,  1830,  and  died  at  Victoria,  B.  C,  Oct.  '.', 
1878.  Port  Townsend  Argus,  Oct.  3,  1878. 

Steilacoom,  the  contemporary  of  Olympia,  is  most  beautifully  situated, 
Liifayette  Balsh  erected  tlie  first  house,  having  brought  tlic  material.^  fmm 
tlie  east  in  his  vessel.  The  first  liouso  built  out  of  native  wood  was  i)ut  up  Itv 
.lohn  Collins,  a  discharged  soldier.  Collins  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  born  in 
1812,  emigrated  to  the  U.  S.  in  1840,  was  in  the  Mexican  war,  in  whieh  lir 
won  a  medal.  Morse's  Wa^h.  Tcr.,  MS.,  ii.  111-15.  William  Bolton,  i 
deserter  fiom  the  English  shipyl//;io»  in  1850,  located  a  claim  two  miles  iiortli 
of  Steilacoom,  where  he  had  a  ship-yard  and  built  several  of  tJie  early  sloops 
which  traversed  the  waters  of  the  Sound.  Evans'  Notes,  MS.,  v.  Leniuel 
Hills,  a  native  of  Vt,  came  to  I'ngot  Sound  about  1851  and  settled  at  Steihi 
coom  soon  aftei-.  Ho  died  in  August  1875,  aged  73  years.  Steifaeooni  ysV/i/v-v. 
Aug.  12,  1875.  Bills'  claim  joired  Balch'a  on  the  cast,  .\bncr  Martin,  iMtiw 
of  Va,  immigrated  iu  1 852,  settling  in  Pierce  co.  the  same  fall.  He  died  in 
April  1880,  nt  the  ago  of  80  years.  Hill  Harmon  came  to  Puget  Sound  oi 
1850,  engaged  in  various  enterprises,  was  iu  charge  of  the  insane  'syluni  :;t 
ouc  time,  owned  a  loL'ging  camp,  built  the  Harmon  hotel  at  Steilacoom  and 
resided  there,  and  had  nn  extensive  incquaintanco  with  the  mo.st  proniineiit 
men  in  this  eonntry.  His  wife  was  tlu;  lir.st  white  woman  at  Port  Cand)!' , 
her  daughter  Emma  being  the  first  white  child  boiu  at  that  place.  Mis 
Harmon  die<l  in  Dee.  1876,  soon  after  returning  to  Steilacoom  from  her  for 
mer  home  in  Maine.  Mason  Cnes.«,  an  immigrant  of  1S53,  and  a  volnnie'i- 
iu  the  Indian  war,  resided  at  Steilacoom,  and  carried  the  mail  from  lliiit 
place.  John  Walker  came  to  tho  Paeilic  coast  fi-om  Xewark,  K.  d..  iu  ISID. 
and  .settled  in  KS.')1  or  IS.VJ  in  Pierce  co.  Ho  died  in  ISti!)  in  the  Puyaliup 
Valley.  William  i\l.  Kineaid,  born  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  who  belonged  toilio 
immigration  of  1853,  with  his  7  children,  4  boys  and  3  girls,  his  wife  being 
dead,  settled  in  the  Puyaliup  \  alley,  and  vas  driven  out  by  the  Indian  war, 
but  rctnrned  after  several  ycar.J.  Mis  death  occurred  in  Feb.  I87tl.  :it  the 
age  of  71  years.  .John  K.,  .losepli,  and  Christopher  Kineaid  are  his  .sons. 
Seattle  IntMigencer,  Feb.  21 .  1870.    .1.  B.  Webber,  K.  A.  Light.  James  Hiiglu's, 


WHATCOM  AND  CONNER. 


367 


tifuUy  situatod. 


Samuel  McCaw,  and  Rodgera  were  among  the  early  settlers  of  Sttilac^om. 
The  donation  claimaiita  in  the  immediate  vicinity  were,  after  L.  Balch,  C. 
Chapman,  and  L.  Bills:  Thomas  Chambers,  J.  Van  Buskirk,  W.  ^Va"  i 'e,  M. 
Byrd,  Jolni  Iligney,  W.  P.  Dougherty,  L.  Reach,  Jamrs  H.  Mins-fin,  M.  Faley, 
i;.  <;ibbs,  Peter  Smith,  J.  Faucctt,  I.  Talentire,  W.  P.  .Melville,  Henry  Johns, 
\\ .  1).  Bushaker,  C  Mahan,  W.  Downey,  \V.  N.  Savage,  T.  Sears,  H.  Barnes, 
W.  Nortliover,  II.  M.  Percy,  J.  Thompson,  Jesse  Dun' -p,  K.  Meeker,  J. 
Mout^omcry,  Frederick  Mayer,  G.  Brown.  Otiier  towns  of  Pierce  co\nit> 
were  Puyallup,  in  the  hop-growing  region  of  that  vmUcj-,  Fn.nkliu,  Alcrlui., 
(Jrting,  Wilkeson.  Lake  View,  Sunnier,  Elhi,  and  Niscjually. 

Of  towns  that  once  had  the  promise  of  a  great  future,  Whatcom  is  one. 
It  was  named  after  a  chief  of  the  Nooksacks,  wliuse  grave  is  a  mile  above  the 
I'uUiiigluini  Bay  coal  nunc.  For  a  bhort  time  during  tlic  Fruser  River  furore 
it  liad  10, (KX)  people,  and  a  fleet  of  ves.sels  coming  and  going.  The  order  of 
iKiiiglas,  turning  traffic  to  Victoria,  caused  all  the  better  portion  of  the 
l.iiildiiigs  to  be  taken  down  and  removed  thitiier.  The  single  brick  house 
.  rccti'd  liy  .lohn  Alexander  I'emained,  and  was  converted  to  the  use  of  the 
(iiinty.  Klilriilfje^s  Sketch,  MS.,  31-'2;  Coleman,  in  //arper's  Jfa<inzine,  xxxix. 
TUG;  Wudduiiiloii,  8-9;  RosfVn  Soiiroiirn,  loli-?.  After  this  turn  in  the 
tiirUiMi  s  of  Wliatcom  it  remained  uninhabited,  except  by  its  owner.-)  and  the 
(Mill  ((impaiiy,  for  several  years,  or  until  about  1S70,  when  the  N.  P.  R.  Co. 
•jinRil  attention  to  Bellinghani  Bay  as  a  possible  terminus  of  their  road,  and 
,  11  Ihc  available  land  fronting  on  the  bay  was  bought  up.  In  1882  the  agent 
.it  ;i  Kansas  colony,  looking  for  a  location,  fixed  on  Whatcom  county  and  town, 
and  made  arrangements  for  settling  there  G(X)  immigrants.  The  owners  of 
the.  town  site  agreed  to  donate  a  half-interest  in  the  town  site  to  the  colo- 
nists, iiut  refused  after  tlie  latter  liad  complied  with  the  stipulations.  New 
Whatcdin  was  thereupon  laid  oft' on  the  opposite  side  of  the  creek,  and  also  a 
town  called  Fairhaveu  west  of  that,  while  other  colonists  settled  at  Sehome, 
niiii;ud  after  a  chief  of  the  Samish  tribe,  and  laid  oil'  l>y  K.  C.  Fitz- 
liiigh,  James  Tilton,  and  (".  Vail,  on  the  land  claim  of  Vail  and  T)t'  Lacy, 
in  IS."iS.  Another  town  to  which  the  mining  rush  gave  birth  was  Semial  noo, 
on  the  beautiful  land-locked  bay  of  that  name,  ten  miles  east  of  Point  liob- 
ii'ts,  ami  just  below  the  southern  boundary  of  B.  C. 

Of  till'  tiiwns  founded  since  the  pioneer  period  in  this  region,  La  Connor 
w;w  fur  some  year.i  the  chief.  It  was  founded  by  J.  8.  Conner,  and  named 
after  ills  wife,  Louise  Agnes  Connor,  the  first  white  woman  who  settled  on 
the  llats.  The  post-oflice  was  established  in  1870,  a  school  in  1873,  a  catho- 
he  chinch  in  IS74,  aiu!  a  grangers' hall  in  1875,  which  served  for  all  public 
uses  and  county  ollices.  (Conner  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1838,  and  camo  to 
the  U.  S.  ill  I8il).  He  marrieil  Miss  L.  A.  SeigfriiMl  in  1803,  and  came  to 
Wash,  ill  ISiJO,  jiurcliasing  a  small  trading-post  and  some  land  from  lii.-i 
'iin.siti.  J.  .J.  ('onnrr,  and  taking  a  pre-eiiiptioii  claim  I'li  the  tide-lauds.  He 
soiiH  liitciiiie  wealthy,  but  <lied  iu  I8S4,  his  wife  aud  '.)  children  sui'viving 
lum;  Ida  U,  who  married  W.  H.Talbot;  Herberts.,  vlio  managed  tii.u'state; 
Liiliun  .1..  Mary  V.,  Francis  J,,  Louis;i  .V.,  <luy  W..  Martin  K.,  aud  William. 
.Vuiitiier  iif  the  thriviiii;  'uoderii  iKirtluu'ii  towns  is  Snohouiish  City, 
situated  at  the  lieail  of  navigtitioii  on  the  Siioiiomish  Ki\  er,  in  the  midst  of  an 
cNlciisive  tract  of  tigriiultiiral  ami  timbered  e<-iiiitrv.  Its  fciiinderwas  Iv  C. 
l''fr;:ii.suii,  who,  assisted  by  other  piM;,'ressive  citizens,  imparted  to  the 
I'liiec  a  chaiiicter  for  enterprise  uiiu.sual  in  tdwiis  of  its  size  and  age  which 
have  liecii  ]ihiiited  in  a  new  aLjricultmfd  and  lumbering  country.  Fcf.;ii.soii 
was  Ihhu  ill  N.  Y.  in  1S3'2.  He  came  to  Cal.  iu  ISoL  and  went  to  Fraser 
Kivir  iu  1,S.'>!S.  Returning  unsucces.sful,  he  tarried  a  while  in  Steilacomn.  and 
lahun.lat  carpentering  until  1800,  when  he,  with  ]•].  F.  Cady,  located  upon 
the  laud  where  Snoliomish  City  now  stands.  They  were  successful  from  the 
tiiBt  iu  their  undertakings.  Ferguson  has  been  a  mendiant,  has  held  sexeral 
"luiity  (illices,  has  served  four  teinisin  the  legislative  council  of  the  territory, 
mill  one  in  the  lower  house.   Mor.<e'.'<  Wn.'^h..  To:,  MS.,  xxi.  13-14;  Portland 


m:n 


368 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS. 


West  Shore,  Dec.  1876;  Seat'k  Tribune,  Oct.  22,  1875.  Then  there  were 
Ciaik  and  Thcron  Ferguson,  Isanc  Cathcart,  a  native  of  Ireland;  A.  (J.  Kol- 
8om,  bom  in  N.  H.  in  1S27,  a  man  of  travel  and  nnmcrous  adventtaefl  in  the 
service  of  the  government;  J.  H.  Plaskett,  George  G.  England,  L.  Willaii 
from  Michigan,  the  Blackburn  brothers  and  J.  H.  Hilton  from  Maine,  Henry 
F.  Jackson,  W.  H.  Ward,  William  Whitfield  from  England,  H.  A.  Greguij , 
audC.  A.  Mis.sinicr.  Mr  Morse,  from  whom  I  obtained  a  valuable  series  of 
manuscripts  on  Washington  in  23  vols,  was  a  resident  of  Snohomish  <jitv, 
whore  he  jjublished  the  Northern  Star  newspaper  in  1876-9.  He  was  ho.n 
in  Ct,  April  14,  1847.  At  the  age  of  18  he  enlisted  in  tlie  battalion  of  oii;:J- 
neer  troops,  U.  S.  A.,  and  was  discharged  at  the  end  of  3  years  in  .S.  K., 
whence  he  returned  to  Ct  and  removed  to  Iowa.  In  1870  he  graduated  fniiii 
the  law  school  of  the  Michigan  university,  and  practised  in  AUiia,  Iowa, 
until  1872,  when  he  came  to  Snohomish  City  and  engaged  in  law  practice 
there,  starting  the  first  newspaper.  After  discontinuing  his  paper  lie  trav- 
elled extensively  about  the  Sound,  picking  up  every  species  of  iniVirmatiun.  ,i 
portion  of  which  I  have  embodied  in  this  history.  Morris  H.  I'rost  wa.s  a 
pioneer  at  Mukilteo.  He  was  born  in  N.  Y.  in  1806,  removing  to  Midi,  in 
1832,  and  to  Chicago,  111. ,  in  1849,  immigrating  thence  in  1852  to  Or.  and  Sfttliiij; 
at  Steilacoom  the  following  summer.  In  1856  he  was  appointed  collector  ot 
customs  in  place  of  I.  N.  Kti  y,  which  position  he  occupied  until  1800.  It  is 
claimed  that  ho  erected  the  tirst  brick  building  on  Puget  Sound  in  1857  for  ii 
custom-house,  the  same  It  ter  occupied  by  N.  D.  Hill  for  a  drug-store.  In 
1861  ho  removed  to  Mukilteo  with  Jacob  D.  Fowler,  another  New  Yorker, 
where  they  were  engaged  in  merchandising,  fishing,  beer-brewing,  and  hotel 
keeping.  With  the  selfish  policy  whicli  hindered  other  new  settlements,  tiny 
refused  to  sell  real  estate;  hence  when  other  towns  sprang  up  which  com 
peted  for  the  trade  of  the  country,  they  had  no  settlers  near  them  to  sustain 
business.  About  1880  they  consented  to  sell,  and  quite  a  settlement  spruni; 
up  at  Mukilteo,  which,  lying  in  the  path  of  all  the  steamboats  that  pi}'  cast 
of  Whidbey  Island,  caught  considerable  trade.  Besides  Mukilteo,  on  tin; 
Sound,  VIS  Lowell,  nine  miles  up  the  Snohomish  River,  Tulalip  Indiuii 
agency,  at  the  mouth  of  that  river,  Qualco,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Skikomisli, 
and  Stamwood,  on  the  tide-flats  of  the  Stillaquamish,  whicli  in  1884  were  all 
the  towns  in  Snohomish  county.  The  last-mentioned  settlement  is  laiLrely 
Norwegian.  That  people  have  a  neat  church,  lutheran,  at  Staniu'"iii, 
erected  in  1879,  and  a  pastor  of  their  own  nationality.  The  main  Ni^rwt- 
gian  settlement  was  made  between  1876  and  1880,  both  on  the  tidc-flat.s  ami 
up  the  river.  Martin  and  Christian  Tafteson  immigrated  to  the  U.  S.  from 
the  north  of  Norway  in  1848,  and  to  Puget  Sound  in  1851,  settling  at  Oak 
Harbor,  near  tlie  mouth  of  the  Skagit.  Christian  Tafteson  was  born  in  ISlli 
and  married  in  1840.  From  1833  to  1845  he  was  a  trader  at  Alteu  Paiisli,  50 
miles  south  of  Haminerfcst,  west  Lapland.  He  afterward  resided  in  cast 
Lapland,  and  was  a  landsman,  or  shcrifT,  as  well  as  municipal  chairman  ami 
court  interpreter  of  the  Tapish  and  Finnish  languages,  with  which,  ami  tlic 
Swedish  and  English,  he  was  well  acquainted.  A  thriving  agricultural  set- 
tlement was  pioneered  by  H.  D.  Morgan  and  sons,  millmen,  on  the  Till 
Chuck  Creek,  a  stream  flowing  into  the  Snohomisli  just  above  Snoliomish 
City.  H.  D.  Morgan  was  Indian  agent  at  Tulalip.  Ho  was  of  service  in  tlie 
Indian  war  in  controlling  the  neutrals,  and  established  the  reservation  mi 
Squaxon  Island  in  Nov.  1855.  Morse,  MS.,  iv.  110.  He  was  not  one  of  the  eaili- 
est  settlers  of  the  co. ,  but  located  there  about  1874.  W.  B.  Sinclair,  fornu  rl y 
of  Port  Madison,  was  ten  years  earlier,  and  Mary  E.,  his  wife,  was  tlio  tirst 
white  woman  wlio  settled  in  tlie  county.  She  was  a  daughter  of  J.  N.  Low 
of  Seattle,  pioneer  of  Alki  Point.  Sinclair  was  tlio  first  regular  merchant  of 
Snohomish.  He  died  about  1870  or  1871 ;  Mrs  Sinclair  continued  to  resile  at 
Snohomish  City. 

The  Snoqualimich  prairie,  which  is  in  King  county,  above  the  Snofpiaii- 
mich  Falls,  was  first  settled  in  1859,  by  J.  Borst,  Spencer  Kellogg,  (».  l^- 
Kellogg,  and  A.  0.  Kimball.   About  the  same  time  Frederick  Dunbar,  H.  Bizer, 


MINOR  SETTLEMENTS 


t  there  were 
d;  A.  0.  Fol- 
ntiiies  in  tlie 
1,  L.  WiU-ur 
Iklaine,  Henry 
.  A.  Gregur) , 
able  aeries  of 
ihomisli  Citv, 
He  was  bui  ii 
;alion  of  onj.'!- 
ears  in  -S.  F., 
■atluatcfl  from 
I  AUiia,  Iowa, 
a  law  practice 
)aper  lie  trav- 
information,  ii 
i.  I'rost  was  a 
ig  to  Midi,  in 
Or.  and  settliii^' 
ted  collci^,or  nf 
itil  1800.     It  is 
id  in  1857  for  w 
drug-store.    In 
r  New  Yorker, 
iring,  and  liotci 
ittlcments,  tluv 
up  which  com 
them  to  sustain 
;tlement  sprun;: 
its  that  ply  east 
;ukiUeo,  on  the 
Tulalip  Iiidiiin 
the  Skikoniisli, 
in  1884  were  all 
ment  is  lar.^'ely 
at  Stani\v<"<(l, 
main  Norwi- 
10  tide-flats  ami 
the  U.  S.  from 
settling  at  Oak 
_as  born  in  ISU) 
Uteu  Parish,  50 
resided  in  east 
I  chairman  ami 
which,  and  the 
aricultural  set- 
n,  on  the  Till 
ovo  Snohomish 
,{  service  in  the 
reservation  on 
loneof  thoearli- 
^iclair,  fornunly 
J,  was  the  first 
[r  of  J.  N-  Low 
lar  merchant  of 
led  to  rcsi'lc  at 

,  the  Snofinali- 
iKellogg,  t.»;  K. 
Inbar,  R.  Bizer, 


Tattcrson,  and  one  other  man  located  themselves  on  Griffin  prairie,  below  the 
fall  i;  and  the  following  year  Peter  Peterson,  M.  Pctcnson,  Robert  Smalhnan, 
Joseiih  Ferris,  and  liis  wift  Lucinda,  on  Snoqualiinich  prairie.  Mrs  Ferris 
was  the  first  white  woman  in  the  .Snoqualiniich  valley.  Fall  City  is  tlio 
name  of  a  .settlement  two  or  three  miles  below  the  cataract  of  the  Sno  juali- 
mieli  river.  Other  post-oihce  stations  to  the  number  of  ten  or  a  dozen  were 
all  to  1)0  found  in  King  county  in  1884. 

In  Clallam  county  were  Neah  bay.  New  Dungeness,  and  the  remains  of 
Port  Aimolcs.     Jeifer.son  co.,  besides  Port  Townsend,  liad  the  ports  of  Lud- 
low, Discovery,  and  the  new  mining  town  of  Irondale.    Island  co.  had  Coupe- 
ville,  founded  by  Thomas  Coupe,  who  settled  on  the  south  side  of  I'cnn  Cove 
ill  1S,"»:>,  and  Covcland,  on  the  west  end  of  the  Cove,  both  on  Wliidboy  island, 
and  Utsalady,  on  the  north  end  of  Camatin  island.   Kitsap  co.  liad  fourinilling 
towns — Port  ISIadison,  Port  Blakeley,  Port  (ramble,  and  Seabeck.    Mason, 
besides  the  county  peat,  had  but  Arcadia,  Kamilchic,  Skokomish,  and  Union 
City,  none  of  them  of  any  commercial  importance.    Thurston  co.  liad,  besides 
Olyniiiia  and  Tumwater,  Tenino,  Oakville,  B?aver,  an<l  Tenalqnot,  all  insig- 
nilieaiit  places.    Lewis  co.  had  not  a  single  town  of  any  conseciucncc.    After 
Cliehulis,  the  county  seat — which  was  laid  off  in  187^5,  on  the  donation  claim 
of  S.   S.   .Saunders  and   wife,    and  called   Saundersville   until    recently — 
eome  Cla(|uato,  Skookum  Chuck,  Mossy  Rock,  Napavine,  Newauknin,  Silver 
Creek,  Winlock,  (Hen  Eden,  Boisfort,  Little  Falls,  and  Cowlitz,  all  without 
interest  in  this  history,  except  Claquato,  which,  being  a  prettily  situated 
jilaee,  the  earliest  American  town  in  the  county,  and  for  a  long  time  the 
county  scat,  deserves  more  than  a  passing  mention.    It  was  the  centre  of  an 
au'rieultural  district,  and  before  the  completion  of  the  Olympia  atid  Tenino 
railroad  was  upon  the  mail  route  from  the  Columbia  to  Pi'get  sound,  as  well 
as  at  the  liead  of  navigation  on  the  Chehalis,  and  had  several  roads  radiat- 
ing from  it.     Julien  Bcrnier,  native  of  Quebec,  died  June  8,  1871,  at  Ncwau- 
kuni  [irairie,  aged  87   years.     He  came  to  Astoria  with  the  Astor  co.    in 
KSIl',  and  remained  in  the  service  of  Astor 's  successors.     He  went  to  Red 
river,  married,  and  resided  there  a  few  years,  Ixit  returned  to  AV'ashiiiqton 
to  settle  permanently.     His  son  MarccUus  became  a  resident  of  Nuwaukuni 
prairie.     Oh/mpi't  Transcript,  June   17,  1871.     Lewis  H.  Davis,  a  native  of 
Vt,  ero-^sed  the  plains  in  1851  from  Ind.,  and  settled  in  Claqi'.ato.     Ho  died 
Nov.  IS,  I8G4,  aged  72  years.     He  had  prospered  greatly  in  his  new  home. 
Ohjiiqili  S/'nidnnl,  Nov.  26,  18G4.    Turner  Richerson  Roundtrcc  was  the  old- 
est son  of  Dudley  Roundtree  of  Green  River,  Ky,  where  be  way  born  in  1 705. 
He  served  under  Harrison  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  took  part  in  the  battles  of 
Tiiaines,  Maiden,  etc.     He  married  Miss  Ferguson,  a  Scotch  woman,  a  cousin 
of  Patriek  llcnry.    In  18H0  he  removed  to  111.,  serving  as  a  lieut  in  the  Black 
Hawk  war.    He  was  frequently  tenderctl  nominations  for  oHice,  but  invaria- 
bly cleelincd.     On  coming  to  Washington  in  18515  he  settled  en  Boisfort  prai- 
rie, where  he  amassed  a  comfortable  fortune,  liesides  exiicnding  his  means 
freely  upon  public  works,  and  in  hospitalities.     His  family  consisted  of  7 
chiMren,  "5  grandchildren,  and  10  great-grandchildren.     He  died  March  21, 
ISCiS.  on  board  tiie  steamer  Carrie  Darin,  en  route  to  his  home  from  Claquato. 
Other  early  settlers  were  H.  Buchanan  1852,  A.  F.  Tiillis  ]S,");{,  .Tohn  Hague 
1S,VJ,  Cporgc  Hague  1854,  C.  F.  White  1852,  Albert  Purtell  1851).     J/orse',* 
»'(!..//.  7V,-.,M,S.,  ii.  70-1. 

Montesano  became  the  principal  town  in  Chehalis  county.  At  Gray  Har- 
bor rosiilcd  Alexander  C.  Smith,  who  was  a  native  of  Jacksonville,  111.,  and 
came  to  Or,  in  1852.  He  finally  sottle<l  in  Pacific  co.,  but  was  at  one  time 
a»soe:at!!  justice  of  the  sup.  ct  of  Idaho.  Ho  died  at  Kalania,  May  !>,  1875. 
ir.i/'r  IVitllii  (Jnim,  May  22,  1875.  Cosmopolis,  Elma,  Satsop,  Sharon, 
Ceilarville,  and  Hoquiam  were  the  other  settlomcuts  in  thi.s  county. 

OysN'rvillo  was  made  the  county   seat  of  Pacific  county.      The  origi- 
nal owner  wai  J.   A.  Clark,  who   located  it   in    1854.     The    other  settle- 
ments were  Willopah,  Brucoport,  Centreville,  or  Bay  Centre,  South  Bend, 
Kiverside,  Woodard  Landing,  Ilwaco,  Chinook,  Knappton,  Gray  River,  and 
II I  ST.  \V.\su.— 2i 


m 


970 


COUNTIES  AND  TO^VNS. 


BrookfioM.  Bruccport  was  the  oldest  settlement.  I  have  given  elsewlioro 
80IUU  naiiHis  of  the  iirst  comers.  Jolin  ]5riscoc,  from  Xewtown,  sctllcd  (in 
Shoahvater  Day  in  Sept.  18.J2.  B.  Loomis,  from  N.  Y.,  arrived  in  Cal.  in 
1849,  and  camn  to  racifio  co.  in  1850.  G.  Y.  Eaaterbrook,  from  R.  I.,  hroii'^ht 
the  hhip  Parijic  to  .S.  F.  in  1849.  In  18jO  he  came  to  Or.,  and  settled  in  Is.vj 
at  West  Beach,  Shoalwatcr  Bay,  giving  up  tlic  sea  in  1S.'J9.  J.  L.  Stmit, 
born  in  Ohio  in  18"22,  came  to  Cal.  in  18.")0,  and  the  same  year  to  Or.,  Ijiit  <liil 
not  settle  at  Oysterville  till  IS-jO.  Other  settlors  were  Benjamin  Ilutlon,  Oa. 
borne  (louUer,  Espy,  and  Albert  Fislicr.  Morxt's  W'lmh.  'J'er.,  MS.,  ii.  ,S,">-7. 
Mrs  (Jill)ert  .Stevens  was  the  iirst  white  woman  who  settled  at  Oysteixillc. 
She  died  ]\Iarch  1,  1877,  aged  55  years.  Oli/mpia  Traimcrliit,  March  7.  1S77. 

Kaltima  was  made  the  county  seat  of  Cowlitz.  It  came  into  existence  in 
Feb.  I!i7l)  as  the  initial  point  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railway  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  Columbia  in  western  Washington,  and  aftf.T  a  brief  pci  ioil  df 
pros]ieiity  fell  into  decay.  The  other  towns  of  Cowlitz  co.  were  .Mjiian's 
Bluir,  ("arroll,  Montjcello,  Freeport,  Mount  Coffin,  Oak  Point,  Cowlitz,  I'l  kin, 
Silver  Lc.kc,  and  Olcqua.  Scth  Catlin,  a  pioneer  of  Freeport,  was  a  iiiLinl.icr 
of  the  (irst  territorial  legislature,  and  was  elected  to  the  Oregon  legislatino  in 
1852  to  liU  a  vacancy  in  the  council  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Liiiicas'ici'. 
lie  way  president  of  the  council  of  Washington  in  1855  and  1850.  His  i-on, 
Robert  Catlin,  was  appointed  to  West  ''oint  by  delegate  Stevens,  .ind  l'ivkI- 
uatcd  with  honor,  receiving  his  comn.^ssion  as  lieut  of  the  5th  art.  in  l:.(i;i. 
In  187 1  Seth  Catlin,  while  en  route  to  Texas,  was  drowned  in  the  Arkansns 
River.  Uhjmpia  Tribiive,  Aug.  20,  1871;  JIancrojVs  Iland-Uool;  1804,354; 
IF.   \V.  .Statesman,  Oct.  17,  180.3. 

(.'athlanict,  county  seat  of  Wahkiakum  coimty,  bnilt  upon  a  bench  of  Inml 
on  the  north  bank  of  the  Colundiia  thirty-live  miles  from  its  mouth,  had  low 
inhabitants,  and  little  business  liesides  Warren's  lishcry.  James  liiniie,  one 
of  the  oldest  II.  15.  Co. 's  men,  lived  here  many  years.  James  Allen,  .ilsd  of 
the  eompanj',  lived  some  time  with  the  family  of  Birnie.  Hero  died  (lcoi':.'e 
B.  Roberts,  whose  biography  forms  an  interesting  portion  of  the  hi.stcry  of 
western  Washington.  Kagle  Cliff  was  a  fishing  establishment  and  vilia;,'e, 
Skanidkawa  a  farming  settlement  on  a  creek  of  that  name,  and  Wateii'ord, 
the  most  eastern  river  settlement  of  tiic  county.  Salmon-canning  and  luitter- 
making  were  in  1885  leading  industries  in  all  these  places,  llapgood  and 
William  Hume  planted  the  pioneer  salmon  cannery  at  Eagle  Clitl'. 

V>'iiliam  Hume  came  to  Cal.  in  lS.')Ofroni  Augusta,  Me,  and  engaged  in 
salmon-lishing  in  the  Sacramento  River,  and  was  joined  in  a  year  or  two  hy 
his  brothers,  (Joorgc  W.  and  John.  (Jcorge  \V.  returned  to  Maine,  and  meet- 
ing an  old  schoolmate,  Andrew  S.  Hapgood,  who  was  a  tinner,  and  wIid  iuul 
BOine  knowledge  of  canning  ilsh,  they  together  formed  a  plan  for  lisli-caiining 
on  the  Sacramento  should  it  meet  NVilliam  Hume's  views,  who  touiid  it  sit- 
isfactory,  and  who  sent  for  Hapgood  and  his  brother,  Robert  1).  Iliiiiie,  in 
1804.  For  various  reasons,  it  was  ftntnd  unprofitablo  canning  saluinn  at  Sae- 
ramento.  They  then  doterndncd  to  try  the  lish  and  climate  of  the  Ci.i.uiiliia 
River,  sending  William  Hume  in  1800  to  spy  out  the  laud.  The  oidy  li-liei'- 
ics  on  the  Washington  side  of  the  Columbia  at  this  time  were  three,  whlAi 

Eut  u})  fish  in  barrels:  one  owned  by  Reed  &  llodgkins  at  Oak  I'oiiit.  one 
y  Fitz;5atrick  at  Tenas  Illihco,  and  another  by  Welsh.  William  was  jnininl 
by  Ccol.^e  W.  Hume,  and  an  establishment  was  erected  in  1800  at  Kiu'lc 
Ciifl',  V.  Inch  in  the  following  year  put  up  4,000  cases  of  salmon,  which  louml  ;i 
ready  sale.  In  1807  Cieorgo  \V.  retired  from  the  business  at  Eagle  ClilV,  :uiil 
built  a  second  factory  one  i'ourtii  of  a  mile  below  the  first,  William  and  Hap- 
good carrying  on  the  business  of  Hapgood,  Hume,  &  Co.,  and  Robcit  1).  soon 
after  withdrawing  from  the  firm  to  join  his  brother  George  W.  at  the  lower 
fishery.  In  1S70  Hapgood  and  Hume  sold  their  establishment  to  Roheit  D. 
Kunie,  who  subsequently  also  sold  it,  and  built  another  at  Bay  Vicu ,  and 
also  one  on  Rogue  River.  The  Humes,  who  were  the  pioneers  in  .salniou- 
caunin^^,  have  made  half  a  million  dollars  each  in  the  business.  From  a  dkla- 
tion  by  lioberl  D.  Hume,  MS. 


WALLA  WALLA  AND  DAYTON. 


871 


The  principal  town  of  eastern  Washington  in  1887  was  Walla  Walla. 
From  its  lirst  settlement  it  was  the  business  centre  for  the  region  east  of  the 
( 'iiscadcs,  whence  radiated  routes  to  the  mines,  and  later  to  all  tlic  other 
jji.ints  in  that  division  of  the  country.  The  place  was  laid  out  on  the  land 
claim  of  A.  J.  Cain,  and  lirst  called  Steptoc  City,  after  Col  .Steptoi;,  in  coni- 
iii:iii(l  of  Fort  Walla  Walla,  but  was  incorporated  as  Walla  Walla  City  l)y  an 
act  of  the  legislature  passed  Jan.  1 1,  180'J.  Cain,  who  was  born  in  Ind.,  came 
to  \Vasliington  as  one  of  Stevens'  secretaries,  and  was  afterward  Indian  agent, 
lie  jiractiscd  law  at  Walla  Walla,  and  was  prosecuting  attorney  for  the  dis- 
trict. He  was  connected  with  several  newspapers,  and  started  the  Uniali'la 
/';-t' S  the  Walla  Walla  lical  Extate  Gazette,  and  J)ai/toii  Xrws,  the  latter  in 
IsTl.  Ho  died,  aged  about  50  years,  in  July  1870.  Wa'la  Walla  Union, 
July  V2,  1879;  Waitsbiinj  Times,  July  10,  1S79;  Columbia  Clirovicle,  July  1"2, 
LsTI).  The  olHccrs  appointed  by  the  legislature  to  hold  until  tlic  lirst  election 
were  B.  P.  ytanderfcr  mayor,  James  Gailbrcth  recorder.  II.  C.  Coulson,  li.  F. 
AVlutnian,  D.  S.  Baker,  and  .Schwabacl;er  membei's  of  the  council,  (Icorgo 
It.  I'ortcr  marshal.  Wash.  Stat.,  lSGl-2,  lG-2-t.  As  Walla  Walla  was  a  di-strib- 
uling  point  for  the  mines  from  18C0,  its  early  history  was  markwl  by  scenes 
of  disorder.  Walla  Walla  county  had  few  towns.  Wallula.  f<junded  on  the 
site  of  the  Fort  Walla  Walla  of  the  H.  IJ.  Co.,  was  laid  off  by  J.  M.  Van 
iSyUle,  who  kept  a  ferry  at  that  place  in  mining  times.  It  became  the  land- 
ing of  tlic  O.  S.  N.  Co.'s  boats.  Whitman,  or  Frenchtown  as  it  is  soiuelinics 
culled,  was  a  settlement  formed  near  the  ^Vaiilatpu  mission  by  the  catholic, 
French,  and  balf-casto  population,  between  1847  and  IS.w,  situated  on  the 
Walla  Walla  and  Wallula  railroad  a  few  miles  west  of  Walla  W'alla  City. 

Van  Syklo  was  a  native  of  Ohio  who  came  to  Cal.  in  early  mining  times, 
and  was  emi>loycd  as  express  agent.  From  Stockton  ho  went  to  Portland, 
and  served  in  the  same  capacity  there  until  he  went  to  Wallula.  He  engaged 
in  general  business  at  that  place,  where  lie  remained  from  18.")',)  to  ISGI,  when 
he  removed  to  Walla  ^V'alla.  lie  represented  his  district  in  the  legislature  as 
councilman  for  one  term,  and  was  a  writer  of  good  al)ilities.  lie  died  Marcli 
4.  187.').  Walla  Walla  Union,  March  G,  lS7o;  Walla  Walla  Spirit  of  the  We.-I., 
March  5,  1875. 

Dayton,  now  the  county  seat  of  C  umbia,  was  founded  by  S.  M.  Wait, 
the  former  proprietor  of  Waitsburg,  some  time  between  1870  and  187.5,  when 
the  new  county  was  set  off.  It  had  the  only  woollen  factory  in  Wasliiiigton. 
liesidc  Colfax,  the  county  scat,  there  were  in  1887  in  Whitman  co.  C range 
City,  Texas  Landing,  Panawawa,  Almota  on  Snake  lUvcr,  Lcitchvillc,  Oweiis- 
bmg.  Ewartsville,  Union  Flat,  Palousc,  Lincoln,  Cedar  Creek,  Stcptoc,  Wal- 
ton, and  Kosalia.  Spokane  Falls  became  the  county  seat  of  Spokane  county 
by  reason  of  its  great  water-power  and  prospective  importance.  There  were 
a!s()  in  Spokane  co.  Deep  Creek  Falls,  Fair  View,  Larcne,  Marshall,  Miles, 
I'hiza,  Rock  Creek,  llockford,  Scdalia,  Spangle,  Sprague,  Crab  Crock,  Four 
Lakes,  and  Pine  Grove.  Colville,  not  the  II.  B.  Co.  's  fort  at  Kettlo  Falls,  nor 
tlie  United  States  post  at  a  few  miles  distance  cast  of  that  spot,  formerly 
called  I'inkney  City,  but  a  little  town  near  by  the  latter — all  having  the  same 
appellation — was  chosen  the  county  seat  of  Stevens  co.  A  settlement  was 
formed  at  Walker's  prairie,  the  place  of  the  former  presbyterian  mi.~sion. 
(ioldendale  in  Klikitat  county  was  the  seat  of  justice,  Ijesidcs  which  there 
veru  iu  this  co.  Klikitat  City  and  Columbus.  Yakima  City  was  made  tho 
CO.  scat  of  Yakima  co.  Tlic  Kittitass  and  Ahtanam  and  upper  Yakima  val- 
leys contained  several  settlements  in  1887,  among  which  were  Pleasant  CJrovc, 
Kittitass,  Namun,  and  EUenburg.  Half  a  dozen  small  qmirtz-niills  were  in 
operation  in  the  Fchastin  district,  seventeen  miles  from  Fllcnburg,  in  iS78. 
iSevcn  new  counties  were  created  by  the  Washington  legislatui'c  of  ISSIl: 
Skagit,  cut  from  Whatcom,  witli  Mount  Vernon  as  co.  seat;  Assotin,  cut  from 
Garlield,  with  Assotin  City  as  co.  seat;  Lincoln,  cut  from  Spokane,  with 
Davenport  as  co.  seat;  Douglas,  also  cut  from  Spokane,  with  Okanagan  as 
CO.  seat;  Kittitass,  cut  from  Yakima;  Franklin  from  Whitman,  and  Adama 
from  AVhitnian.  S.  F.  Chronicle,  Dec.  3,  I8S3;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Dec.  3,  1883. 


L'    'n 


i 


372 


CHURCHES,  SCHOOLS,  AND  NEWSPAPERS. 


(..<:. 


CHURCHES,  SCHOOLS,  AND  NE^VSPAPERS  OF  WASHINGTON. 

Wlicn  tho  first  American  itnmi;?rants  to  Puget  So»ind  arrived  in  ]S4.'>  at 
the  liciTil  of  Bndd  Inlet,  tlicy  found  the  mctlioilist  mission  at  Aniiniciin  L^ik'', 
near  Ni-(i|ually,  almndoncd.  Tiic  catholics,  however,  still  held  their  giMuiid 
among  the  natives  and  H.  B.  Co.'s  servants;  and  there  w.;s  tlic  mission  rhuixli 
of  St  Francis  Xavier  at  Cowlitz  farm,  and  wliat  was  claimed,  for  prci'iii|itiou 
purposes,  to  be  a  chapel,  on  Whidhey  Island.  At  Vancouver  in  I  SKI  the 
church  of  St  James,  begun  the  year  pi'eviou'i,  was  completed,  by  wliirli  the 
catholic  clnirch  subsequently  endeavored  to  hold  the  town  situ  of  ViiufouMT, 
and  tlic  garrison  grounds  with  property  which  was  worth  a  million  of  (li)l'rtr.-i. 
I'ias  claim,  as  well  as  tho  one  on  \Vhidbey  Island,  failed  after  long  liti'^'utiDii. 
East  of  the  Cascades  in  ISKJ  were  already  established  the  mission  of  St  I:;Ma- 
tins  in  the  Flathead  country,  tlie  chapel  of  St  Paul  near  Fort  Colville,  w  liila 
St  Francis  Regis  in  the  Colville  Valley  was  projected.  Tiicsc  were;  the  works 
of  the  Jesuits  under  De  Smct.  In  tho  Stillaquamish  Valley  Hancock  in  ls4'J 
found  the  Indians  making  the  sign  of  the  cross.  Jlaucock'n  Thirlrnii  )'i-/,x, 
MS.,  IGO.  Tlio  year  previous  Pascal  llicard  of  the  Oblato  fathers,  witli 
some  lay  brethren,  established  tho  mission  of  St  Joseph  on  tho  east  side  of 
IJudd  Inlet  a  mile  north  of  Olynipia,  on  tho  14th  of  June,  securing  by  a  (.'on- 
tinuous  rcsi'ience  <a  donation  claim  for  his  church.  At  tho  same  time  m-  a 
little  cai'lier  the  same  order  estal>lished  the  Ahtanam  irnssion  in  the  Yal.iiii;!, 
country.  The  Cay  use  war  and  other  causes  operated  against  ndssionary  work 
among  the  Indians;  but  Blanchet,  bishop  of  Walla  Walla,  remained  for  scjiiio 
time  in  tlio  Cayuso  country  and  stationed  a  ]iriest  in  the  valley  wh-ii  lie  loft 
it  to  go  abroad.  Father  Lionnct  took  up  his  residence  among  the  (.'liiiiooka 
in  1S31,  accompanied  by  an  associate,  Le  I'rctre.  According  to  Swan,  tiuy 
made  little  progress  beyond  baptizing  tlieir  so-called  converts.  Near  tho 
forks  of  tho  Chehalis  river  the  chuich  secured  040  acres  of  land,  and  the 
claim  formerly  occupied  by  Tliihault,  at  Monticello. 

After  tlie  close  of  the  Indian  war  on  Puget  Sound,  in  1S.")7.  the  diocese  of 
Nisqually  being  divided  into  four  districts,  Blanchet  appointed  tlic  al.liii 
Rossi  cure  of  Puget  Sound,  to  minister  to  those  of  his  denomination  wiioin  ho 
might  find  there,  and  to  act  as  vicar  of  tho  lay  brethren  estaiilislied  aiiMiig 
the  natives.  IIo  established  himself  near  Fort  Stcilacoom,  whcio  was  ercctcii 
for  him  a  rude  chapel  and  residence,  and  where  lie  could  enjoy  t!ie  society  nf 
the  ollicers  of  the  garri.-son,  as  well  as  endeavor  to  restrain  tlie  iiiteiiiiicniiire 
of  the  .soldiers.  During  the  si.K  years  of  his  residence  in  Washington  half  V'.a 
congregation  were  non-catholic.  I)uring  his  stay  ho  ba])tized  400  or  5"!)  native 
children,  performed  20  marriages,  erected  six  churches,  and  r''ciived  tlio 
alijurgation  of  three  protcstaiits.  The  church  at  Port  Townsend,  fur  whicii 
5,000  francs  had  been  collected,  called  Ktoilo  do  la  Mer,  was  erected  in  IS.VJ 
-00.  The  church  at  Olynipia  was  small,  but  must  have  been  sutlicicut  for  the 
congregation,  whicli  numbered  but  iifteen  parishioners,  including  chiMica 
learning  the  catechism.  Six  lay  fathers  had  an  establishment  an  hnur'.^  liilo 
south  west,  from  Olympia,  wliero  the  superior  had  taken  a  claim  of  hall  ii  sic- 
tion  of  land,  and  where  there  was  a  dwelling-hoii  e,  chapel,  huts  fur  tlio 
Indians,  a  garden,  and  (  chard.  In  IS.'iS  the  superior  of  this  coiiiiiiuiiity 
returned  to  i'^urope,  and      -o  others  established  a  mission  on  tlio  Siiuiiomish 

ssion  at  Esquimault,  and  the  youngest  two  juimd 
Tho  Snohomish  mission  was  but  a  hut  ot  haik, 
V  thatch. 

'  Voi/ni/e  en  Orrffon  et  en  Californie — appears  to 
9  have  preached  wdicnover  occasion  olicivil,  to 


River,  another  opened  a  \ 
the  t\\  o  priests  at  Olymp 
with  a  few  hoards,  and  st 
Rossi — SCO  Son  emirs  d 
have  been  industrious,  and 


e.     Li  18,")!)  ho  prevailed  upon  tho  legislative 
isters  of  Charity  at  Vancouver,  where  they  hail 


catholics  and  protestants  ai 
assembly  to  incorporate  the 

established  an  orphanage,  fi  d  it  was  greatly  through  his  iufluenco  that  the 
caro  of  the  insane  of  tho  territory  was  connnitted  to  them.  He  left  Wash- 
ington for  Cal.  in  ISGO,  but  did  not  abandon  the  territory  definitely  until 
18G3. 


MKTHODLSTS  AND  PRE3BYTKRIANS. 


373 


Til  the  liittcryciir  J.  B.  Brouillettc  purcliaseil  forty  ncms  of  Innil  from  E. 
11.  r.iiriiiii  iKnr  WiilLi  WalLi,  and  eicctcil  on  it  St  Vincent's  Acailiiiiy  for 
I'iil.-,  wliicli  \v;i3  oiieiicd  in  IS()4.  A  (.■liapol  %viis  iilso  oroctcil  on  tlic  lund  of 
\Viili:nn  .Mcl'ean  on  the  W.-illa  Walhi  Itivcr  at  or  near  tlu^  site  of  l!io  modern 
\Vliitiu;in.  iSt  Joseph's  school  for  lioys  was  opouud  at  Walla  Walla  al)oiit 
the  huiiic  time,  iuid  in  I8u">  a  churcli  was  dLilicatcd  at  that  jilaee,  futhera 
llc)lilu  and  Uolahunty  ofliciiiting.  Father  L'hi  rouse,  w  lio  waa  formerly  at 
Waila  Walla,  waa  in  ISlkS  concliicting  an  Indian  boys'  seliooi  at  'I'lilalip 
rc-^ervatinn.  A  Iniildin;^  was  subsequently  erected  for  girls,  who  were  in- 
gtruitcd  by  iSiatcra  of  Charity. 

The  lirst  catholic  church  dedicated  in  Olympia  was  in  isyO;  the  lirst  in 
Seattle  in  1!<71,  tho  latter  bei!i}^  built  under  the  superintendence  of  Father 
rretoiit.iinc.  SraHle  Tinicn,  April  "J,  1871. 

In  i'.VJ  the  methodist  conference  of  Oregon  assif^ncd  Benjamin  Close  to  a 
pastorate  at  Olympia.  He  preached  his  Ih'st  sermon  on  tlie  "JOth  of  i)ec.  in 
(I  sclioul-houso  just  erected  in  that  place.  The  eongreijation  had  but  just  left 
it  Vilun  the  roof  fell  in  from  tho  weight  of  aeeumulatcd  snow.  O'l/iniiia 
Cuhtiiiliiaii,  Dec.  '25,  18.V2,  and  Jan.  1,  IS.").'!;  Hodir'.f  JJclliii'j/Ktm  Jiti;/,  MS., 
18.  'liic  iiiowfall  of  lS.72-:t  was  cxecssive,  iieiuL;  abont  4  feet  in  deptii.  A 
iiieelin,h')u;;c  was  erected  in  the  following  Api''l,  services  being  held  in  tho 
mean  tuiio  in  i;ny  rooms  which  could  lie  obtained.  The  same  montli  Close  and 
aaa-soeiatj,  .Morse,  madca  tour  of  tiie  settlements  down  tiie  Sound,  and  Morse 
va<  a.-si":;cd  to  dut}'.  A  methodist  cluircli  was  dedicated  at  Steilaeoom  in 
Feb.  I'i.jl,  liio  paator  being  .f.  F.  Dcvoi'e,  who  preachctl  the  dedication  ser- 
iniiu,  an  aJdrosa  being  delivered  also  l)y  I.  1.  Stevens,  tiio  newly  arrived 
governor.  Dcvorc,  pclitician  as  well  as  preacher,  arrived  by  sea  in  August 
185.'{.     At  tho  same  time  arrived  1).  Blain,  who  was  stationed  at  Seattle. 

In  the  s;)ring  of  1,SJ4  Keorgc  F.  Whitworth  arrived  at  Olympia,  having 
iinmiyraicd  iVom  Ind.  tho  previous  autumn,  and  wintered  at  I'orlhuid,  where 
tlie  (Jr.  presbytery  iiad  assi'^nctl  him  to  I'uget  Sound  as  the  lirst  missionary 
of  till;  1  rc.djyterian  churcli  since  the  destruction  of  the  mission  in  tlio  ( 'ayuse 
counlry,  ar.d  the  abandomnent  of  tliosoof  Lapwai  and  Cheniakane.  He  iiegan 
pi\aclu:i','  in  the  hall  of  representatives  in  July,  organizing  a  sabbath-school, 
aail  I'.ividhig  liia  time  between  Olympia,  Orand^Iound  prairie,  and  (Jhiiiuato, 
luitil  tlie  Indian  war  interrupted  travel  lietween  tiiesc  jioints  and  forced  the 
lijttlcrs  into  block-houses.  Oli/iiijiia  /,'(7/o,  July  .'U,  187J;  Wli'ilirortlCs  Stiile- 
iii'u',  .MS.,  l-;{.  The  lirit  presbyterian  church  of  Olympia  was  organized  ijy 
AVhitv.orili  in  1S.")4,  and  according  to  Edward  K.  (icary,  who  wrote  a  cen- 
tennial history  of  the  Oregon  i)n!sbytery  in  1870,  Mr  OoodscU  of  that  organ- 
izati;)n  formed  the  church  at  (Irand  ilound  prairie.  ^Vhitworth  continued 
picaeliing  and  teaching,  being  at  one  time  in  charge  of  the  territorial  univer- 
sity at  Scat'ilc,  and  engaging  subsequently  in  various  enterprises  more  prolit- 
able  than  those  per'Laining  to  his  profession  in  a  new  country. 

Th';  liist  presbyterian  churcli  incorporated  ))y  legislative  enactment  was 
that  (It  Chambers'  prairie — the  I'resbyterian  Church  and  School  of  Chamliei-a' 
Prairie— Fub.  1,  18."i8,  with  A.  J.  Chambers,  Joseph  White,  A.  W.  Stewart, 
Maivns  ?iIeMillan,  Daviil  Chambers,  and  Abijah  O'Xcal  as  trustees.  Wa^li. 
Slut.,  lS."i7-S,  4(1-7 — and  the  seconil  that  of  (Jlympia  in  ISOQ— trustees  T, 
M.  lieed,  W.  O.  Dunlap,  R.  L.  Doyle,  J.  K.  Hail,  and  llutlcr  P.  Anleison. 
In  IS'iS  the  ])rcsbytcry  of  Puget  Sound,  embracing  all  Washington,  was 
erected,  tho  members  being  (ioodscll,  Whitworth,  and  CI.  W.  Sloanc.  (iood- 
Sfll  (lied  in  ISOO,  and  about  this  tinv:  Mr  l]vans  arrived  at  Olympia  from  I'a 
ainl  tuiik  his  place,  but  he  too  soon  sank  under  the  hardships  of  pioneer  life. 
Befiire  l8(i(J  the  Puget  Sound  presbytery  had  lapsed,  and  the  churches  coming 
niidir  the  care  of  the  Oregon  presbytery,  Anthony  Simpson  was  assigned  to 
•Jlyiiipia  in  this  year.  In  1808  John  11.  Thompson,  a  native  of  J'rince  Ed- 
ward l;,land,  and  educated  in  Scotland,  succeeded  to  the  ministry  of  tho 
cluucli  ill  Olympia,  where  he  remained.  In  1S7.'J  this  church  was  repaired, 
refurnished,  and  rcdedicated,  a  tower  and  spire  b<jing  added.  In  187.'3  II.  P. 
Dniniing  began  preaching  to  a  congregation  of  presbyterians  at  Seattle,  and 
a  cLuicli  edilico  was  later  erected. 


I 


'! 


IS-ilH 


\>A  • 


374 


churche::,  schools,  and  newspapers. 


I 


ly' 


!      i 


In  May  1854  Thomas  F.  Scott,  missionary  bisliop  of  the  episcopal  cliurch 
for  Oregon  and  Wasliin^toii,  visited  Olympia,  holding  services  in  tlic  hull  of 
representatives,  lint  it  was  not  until  about  18G5  that  lie  was  able  to  sciul  a 
clergyman  to  take  charge  of  tlic  episcopal  society  in  tlic  capital  of  Wasliiii;,'. 
ton,  when  P.  E.  llylantl  resigned  the  rectorship  of  Trinity  church,  Porthuul, 
to  assume  this  duty.  In  the  mean  time  the  bishop  and  occasional  missionary 
clerL'y  had  ministered,  the  communicants  numbering  ten  at  Olympia.  Winn 
Ilyland  settled  here  a  churcli  cditicc  was  already  completed  by  this  siii.ill 
ntniilicr,  none  of  whom  were  ricli.  The  consecration  of  8t  John's  Episcopal 
Church  of  Olympia  took  place  iSeptember  .'J,  1SG5.  There  was  i-t  the  same 
time  at  Seattle  a  lay  reader,  C.  Bennett,  who  also  superintended  a  sunday- 
school.  At  Port  Townsend  a  church  that  had  been  three  years  in  building 
was  completed  in  18Gr>.  After  tlie  death  of  Scott,  which  occurred  in  IhiiT, 
little  advancement  was  made  until  the  arrival  of  the  newly  elected  missionary 
bishop,  B.  Wistar  Morris,  who  displayed  much  energy  in  founding  churches 
and  Kchools.  Tlie  number  of  episcopal  churches  and  chapels  in  1880  was  as 
follows:  St  Luke's  churcli  of  Vancouver,  communicants  35;  St  John's  church 
of  01vm[iia,  com.  37;  Trinity  cliurch  of  Seattle,  com.  77;  St  Paul's  churcli  of 
Port  Towiiaend,  com.  '21 ;  St'Paul's  church  of  Walla  Walla,  com.  '20;  St  IVti-r's 
chapel  of  old  Taconia,  com.  1 1 ;  St  Luke's  church  of  New  Tacoma,  com.  4; 
St  Andrew's  chajicl  of  Jvalama,  congregation  small;  Upper  Columbia  mission, 
com.  17;  other  communicants  100. 

The  fourth  denomination  in  Olj'mpia  to  erect  a  bouse  of  worship  to  the 
same  deity  was  t'  baptist  sociotj',  which,  although  somewhat  numerous,  did 
not  lile  articles  ot  incorporation  until  the  15th  of  Alarcli,  1S7'2.  The  board  of 
trustees  were  William  IF.  Mitchell,  Bennett  W.  Johns,  JI.  E.  Travcr,  F.  W. 
Fine,  and  Uogcr  S.  CJreene.  ()/i/mpia  Standard,  Dec.  '28,  1878.  Two  years 
afterward  a  church  was  erected  and  paid  for,  the  pulpit  being  successively 
filled  by  .Toseph  Castro,  Roger  S.  (Jrcene,  and  J.  P.  Ludlow;  one  was  also 
built  at  Seattle.  In  1877  the  baptist  association  of  Pugct  Sound  proposed  to 
place  a  gospel-ship  on  the  waters  of  the  Soi;nd — a  iloating  missionary  estah- 
lisliineut,  propelled  by  steam,  which  could  visit  all  the  out-of-the-way  jiiai  cs 
on  the  Sound  and  in  B.  C.  waters.  '  We  Mould  thus  have  work  for  oar  pas- 
tors, gospel  bands,  or  general  missionaiy,  the  readiest,  cheapest,  ami  most 
practical  cimveyanco  for  years  to  come,'  said  the  circular.  Ludlow,  (Jrccii'>, 
and  Wirth  were  appointed  a  committee  to  present  the  matter  to  the  churches. 
(Jliimpla  Wash.  Standard,  Dec.  '29,  1S77.  In  time  the  little  steamer  was 
built  and  furnished — and  used  as  a  tug-boat. 

There  were  several  preachers,  chiefly  nicthodists,  who  followed  the  mining 
exodus  from  the  Willamette  Valley  in  lS((2-4,  and  who  held  services  wcikly 
wherever  a  congregation  could  be  had.  Ehrj/\iJoiiriiaf,  JIS.,  8,  77.  The  lii'st 
minister  settled  in  eastern  Washington,  not  of  the  Roman  church,  wa-i  T.  li. 
Cliamberlain,  who  in  the  spring  of  1801  purchased  a  building  known  as  Ryan's 
Hall  and  fitted  it  up  as  a  church,  where  he  made  war  on  wickedness  v.itli  a 
singleness  of  purpose  rare  in  modern  times.  Cha'.nberlain  founded  the  Iii4 
congregational  ehurL.i  in  Washington.  Nine  years  afterward  acliurcli  of  this 
denomination  was  organized  at  Olympia,  which  purchased  tlio  lot  and  l)uild- 
ing  formerly  owned  by  the  catholic  eiiurch  on  Main  street  for  a  few  luiiidnil 
dollars,  and  in  Sept.  1874  repairti  had  made  the  edifice  fit  to  bo  a^yiiii  ilc  li- 
cated  to  religious  worship.  Services  were  kept  up  to  1S70  by  volunteer 
j)reaching,  C.  A.  Huntington,  (leorgo  H.  Atkinson,  and  Cashing  l']el!s  olliei- 
atiug.  Tlio  first  regular  pastor  was  G.  W.  Skinner,  who  remained  but  six 
months,  when  ho  returned  to  Kansas,  and  D.ivid  Thomas  Rueceedcd  him. 

In  1885  there  were  in  Olymjiia  seven  churches,  including  the  modi'in  Ho- 
man  catholic  and  the  unitarian,  the  latter  in  charge  of  1).  N.  I'lcr. 
•Seattle  had  six.  Port  Townsend  three,  and  the  whole  number  for  west  era 
Washington  was  about  thirty.  The  wiiole  number  in  eastern  Washinglon  wa-i 
given  at  nineteen,  s^  ven  of  these  being  at  Walla  Walla,  namely,  the  m  tlKJ- 
dist,  Cumberland  prosbyteriaii,  episcopal,  congregational,  catholic,  scNculh- 
day  adventists,  and  united  brethren. 


EDUCATION. 


375 


A  school  was  opened  in  Olympia,  Nov.  22,  1852,  by  A.  W.  Moore,  first 
tcricliLT  and  postmuster  on  Pugot  Sound  after  its  settlement  by  American 
cnloiiists.  Mooro  died  in  187."),  aged  o5  years,  having  always  labored  for  the 
Jpcfit  interests  of  society.  The  first  scliool-house,  it  is  claimed,  was  on  the 
Kiiuhx'd  fanii,  on  Hush  prairie,  and  was  erected  by  tlie  Kindred  family  and 
tiK'ir  iici^'hbors.  Phillips  first  taught  iu  this  place.  During  the  winter  of 
l,s  rJ-IJ  a  tax  was  levied  on  the  Olympia  precinct,  and  money  collected  to  erect 
ii  [iililio  scliool-house,  which  was  <lemolishcd  by  the  heavy  snow  of  that  win- 
t  r,  a)  before  related.  The  Colnmhimi  of  July  ll>,  1853,  remarks  that  it  had 
kii'iwa  ijf  only  three  schools  north  of  Cowlitz  landing,  one  in  Olympia,  taught 
1  y  I'-  A.  Bradford,  one  at  the  house  of  William  Packard,  taught  l)y  Miss 
A\'iiitf,  and  one  near  the  house  of  IS.  D.  Ruddell,  taught  by  D.  L.  Phillips, 
piu'iiilily  the  one  above  mentioned. 

Alioub  this  time  the  owners  of  the  Seattle  town  site  offered  a  liberal  dona- 
ti  m  ut'  land  to  the  niethodist  church  if  they  would  erect  an  institution  of 
le  iniiii'v',  to  be  called  the  Seattle  Institute,  within  '2  years.  The  matter  was 
laid  b  ioro  the  conference  l)y  Benjamin  Close,  but  the  offer  docs  not  appear  to 
li:iv  i  liccn  accepted.  Meantime  tlic  common  school  at  Olympia  was  continued, 
Jliisi'S  Hard,  0.  II.  Hale,  and  D.  R.  Bigelow  being  trustees. 

Ill  May  1S.")1  liernard  (Joruelius,  from  Victoria,  V.  I.,  and  graduate  of 
Trinity  college,  Dublin,  took  charge  of  the  Olympia  school,  and  seems  to  have 
k(  I  a  competent  and  industrious  educator.  He  proposed  to  establish  a 
'ciis  ii'al,  mathematical,  eonnuercial,  and  training  school,'  and  conducted  the 
pulilio  instruction  of  the  youth  of  the  district  for  one  year  satisfactorily,  when 
lie  sei  \\[^  a  private  school,  with  what  success  I  know  not.  In  Dec.  1850  the 
nii\ii  ulistj  incorporated  the  Puget  Sound  Wesleyan  Institute,  located  on  » 
jioint  of  luul  midway  between  Olympia  and  Tumwater.  The  school  opened 
tlui  year  under  the  charge  of  Isaac  Dillon  and  wife.  The  trustees  were  D. 
It.  KiL,ciow,  (i.  A.  Barnes,  C.  B.  Baker,  V.  A.  Chenoweth,  A.  A.  Denny,  (i.  M. 
IJ  ■nv,  11.  l\.  Lansdale,  A.  S.  Abernethy,  James  Biles,  W.  S.  Parsons,  Wil- 
li n;i' Wright,  J.  S.  Smith,  W.  D.  Van  Burcn,  T.  P.  Berry,  B.  F.  Yantis,  W. 
\.  Ayrc.^,  Edward  Lander,  W.  W.  Jliller,  J.  F.  Devorc,  John  Briscoe,  (x.  K. 
\\'i  laiil,  Isaac  Dillon,  L.  A.  Davis,  W.  Rutledge,  Morris  Littlejohn,  U.  M. 
AViillici',  C  II.  Hale,  and  Elwood  Evans.  In  Ebcii's  Journal,  MS.,  iii.  45,  I 
li;ul  mention  of  a  schoolhonso  erecteil  at  Por'u  Townscnd  iu  IS.'io,  where  a 
Mr  Taylor  had  opened  a  school;  and  I  find  that  the  public  school  of  Seattle 
w.iH  closed  in  0^'t.  ISGO,  owing  to  the  mining  e.Kcitemeut  having  carried  off 
tlu'  toaelKM-,  while  other  schools  at  Port  Madison,  Tcekalet,  Whidbey  Island, 
I'oit  Tiiwnsend,  and  Olympia  were  in  a  flourishing  condition. 

As  tlicrc  was  no  school  rand  from  the  sale  of  tlio  llith  and  .SOth  sections 
until  the  same  should  bo  surveyed,  and  theeomniissionerof  the  laud-olliee  hav- 
in;^'  il.  ciiled  that  the  grant  was  not  available  until  the  territory  shoukl  become 
n  state,  the  common  schools  were  supimrtod  l)y  a  tax  annually  levied,  and  by 
tines  arising  from  a  breach  of  any  penal  laws  of  the  territory. 

( 'oiinty  HUperintendents  wev'>  provided  for  by  the  law  of  1854,  to  bo  elected 
at  tliiNinnual  elections.  In  \bi)\  it  was  enacted  that  a  ter-'itorial  superin- 
toMiJent  .should  bo  chosen  triennially  by  the  Icgislaturo,  whoso  duty  it  sliouhl 
lie  to  eulleet  such  inforinalion  as  might  be  deemed  important,  reporting  an- 
nually to  that  body,  and  supervising  the  expenditure  of  the  school  fund.  An 
aet  approved  Nov.  21),  1871,  provided  that  the  territorial  superintendent 
sIkhiIiI  1)0  elected  in  joint  convention  of  the  legislature  during  that  and  every 
Bnli.se(|uent  session,  his  dutie-i  beiiv.;  to  disseminate  intelligence  in  relation  to 
the  methods  and  value  of  education,  to  i.ssao  certificates  to  teachers,  call 
teailiers'  conventions,  consolidate  the  reports  of  county  superintendents, 
rei'  innneijd  text-books,  and  report  to  the  legislative  assembly,  for  all  of 
\\\\\A\  he  was  to  receive  §1100.  Nelson  Rounds  was  the  first  sup.  un<ler  the 
tliii  law,  and  gave  nn  elaborate  report.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Hamilton  uni- 
versity, and  was  in  the  inethodist  ministry  nearly  4U  years.  During  this  time 
he  w.vA  connected  with  several  schools,  and  was  four  years  editor  of  the  North- 
trii  Clirisliau  Adcocale.    Ho  camo  from  Binyhamptou,  N.  Y.,  to  take  the  preai- 


III 


1$ 


376 


CHURCHES,  SCHOOLS,  AND  NEWSPAPERS. 


dency  of  the  Willamette  University  in  1868,  Init  resigned  in  1870  and  removp'l 
to  Wasliington.  He  died  at  Union  Ridge  Jan.  2,  1874.  Olipnpia  Stau'lur'l, 
Jan.  10,  1874.  Congress  passed  a  special  act  in  1873  providing  that  the  tcr. 
supt  should  be  appointed  by  the  gov,  and  confirmed  by  the  council.  In  a 
syno[)sis  of  the  reports  of  the  public  sclioolsof  Washington  by  (.1.  II.  Atkin- 
son for  the  centennial  of  1876,  it  is  stated  that  tlie  number  of  school-houses 
reported  was  !2S3,  the  number  of  pupils  enrolled  7,110,  the  amount  paii.1  to 
teachers  about  655,000  in  1875,  and  other  minor  facts. 

Eastei-u  Washinpiton  was  in  a  somewhat  more  chaotic  state  with  regar'l  to 
education.  Walla  Walla,  however,  being  the  historic  battle-ground  of  stc- 
tarianisni,  derived  a  benefit  from  it  in  the  way  of  schools.  Whitman  Suiid- 
nary  was  chartered  in  1859-00,  and  built  in  1SG7,  to  commemorate  theluliors 
and  tragic  death  of  Marcus  Whitman,  missionary  to  the  Cayuses. 

The  first  private  school  taught  in  Walla  Walla  was  opened  in  1804.  l,y 
P.  B.  Chamberlain  and  wife.  There  was  also  a  public  school  of  03  pujiil.-i. 
The  catholic  schools  for  boys  and  girls  were  well  sustained.  There  was  also 
St  Paul's  episcopal  seminary  for  young  women,  and  two  other  private  insti- 
tutions of  learning,  besides  the  three  free  schools  of  the  city.  Tiie  catholics 
established  the  hospital  of  St  Mary's,  with  accommodations  for  about  70 
patients. 

Vancouver  had  a  greater  number  of  academies  in  proportion  to  its  popu- 
lation in  1885  than  any  other  town  in  Washington.  The  Sisters'  House  (if 
Providence,  established  in  1850,  was  tho  oldest  academy  then  in  the  territory, 
besides  which  the  mcthodists  and  episcopalia'ia  had  a  seminary,  and  thcc;'.tii- 
olics  a  boys'  school,  in  addition  to  the  public  school.  Tho  EUcnsburg  Acad- 
emy, located  at  Ellensburg,  Kittitass  co.,  was  founded  in  18S4,  by  .lames 
H.  Laurie.  It  had  a  good  attendance  from  the  start.  IJy  act  of  con- 
gress ajiproved  July  2,  1802,  30,000  acres  of  land  for  each  senator  and  rep- 
resentative to  whicli  tho  states  were  respectively  entitled  was  granted  for 
agricultural  colleges.  Under  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  legislature  of 
1864-5  passed  an  act  establishing  AVashington  College  at  or  near  \'ancouver, 
and  vested  its  government  in  a  board  of  trustees,  of  which  the  governor  was 
ex  oflicio  a  mcnd)er.  Trustees — K.  S.  Fowler,  M.  Wintler,  John  Sheets.  S. 
W.  Brown,  Gay  Ilaydcn,  and  John  II.  Timmons.  Waah.  Stat.,  1804-5,  ;i'.'-(). 
At  the  following  session  congress  was  informed  by  memorial  of  the  selection 
of  a  site,  the  purchase  of  which  was  contracted  for,  and  the  lands  si^leeted, 
but  that  upon  attempting  to  enter  this  land  the  trustees  had  been  nr^tilied  hy 
the  comnussioncr  of  the  general  lund-otficc  that  the  act  of  congress  was  only 
applicable  to  states.  The  memorial  prayed  for  the  extension  of  the  beneliis 
of  the  act  to  Washington  territory.  This  gift  was,  however,  withheld  until 
tiic  state  should  become  entitled  to  it  under  tho  act. 

Of  libraries,  the  territorial  was  tho  first,  being  a  part  of  the  cmlowmcnt  of 
tho  general  government  on  tho  establishment  of  the  territory  of  Washin.Ljtoii. 
'I'hc  books  were  purcliased  by  Gov.  Stevens,  and  numbered  about  2.()0il,  in- 
cluding uuboinid  documents,  with  a  pair  of  globes,  and  live  mounted  maps. 
B.  F.  Kendall  was  appointed  first  librarian,  and  held  ollicc  uutilJan.  1n.")7, 
wiicn  Henry  R.  CrosLio  was  elected.  At  this  cession  of  tholegishituie  the  li- 
brarian  was  nuide  tcnitorial  auditor,  the  joint  salaiy  amounting  to?325.  Tliis 
arrangement  lasted  till  1802.  Urban  E.  Hicks  succeeded  Orosbic  in  1S."),S 
followed  by  A.  J.  Moses  in  18.50,  and  J.  C.  Head  in  1800,  who  was  rcelceied 
in  1801.  In  1802  Thomas  Taylor  wna  chosen  librarian,  and  R.  M.  Walker 
elected  auditor.  In  Feb.  1858  an  act  was  passed  incorporating  the  Steilaeooiii 
Library  Association.  1'ho  incorporators  were:  A.  B.  Deelin,  A.  F.  l'>vid, 
E.  A. 'Light,  W.  H.  Wallace,  W.  R.  Downy,  W.  P.  Dougherty.  William 
Lane,  S.  McCaw,  B.  Pierce,  Frank  Clark,  Sherwood  Bonoy,  O.  II.  White, 
E,  M,  Meeker,  William  N.  Savage,  and  Nathaniel  Orr.  Was/i.  Slat.,  lS."i7  s, 
47-8.  In  1800  a  library  of  300  vols  was  established  at  Port  Madison.  .\t 
Seattle,  in  1802,  the  university  library  was  established.  It  numbered  in  JMIJ 
800  vols.  The  Temperance  Tacoma  Lodge  of  Olympia  established  a  lii)iai;; 
in  1809  of  700  vols.    A  catholic  library  was  organized  at  Vancouver  in  l!>70 


LIBRARIES  AND  PRINTING. 


377 


wliich  in  1872  numbcreil  1.000  vols.  In  the  following  year  at  a  meeting  of 
the  citizens  of  Vancouver  a  liijrary  association  was  formed,  and  in  137-  Tum- 
\v;itcr  followed  with  a  collection  of  'JJO  vols.  Walla  Walla  organized  a 
library  association  and  free  rcadiny-rooni,  which  was  supported  Ly  citizens 
for  t!io  benefit  of  strangers,  and  had  a  literary  and  lecture  society,  to  which 
the  olHccrs  from  the  garrison  gave  much  time.  The  literary  society  was  es- 
tablished as  early  as  ISGo. 

'I'lio  first  printing  done  in  this  section  was  at  the  missionary  station  of 
La;iwai,  in  what  was  then  Oregon,  and  was  afterward  Washington,  and  linally 
Llalio.  The  printer  was  Edwin  O.  Hull  of  the  1  [onolulu  mission,  subse([uently 
editor  of  the  Pobjnedan.  Accompanied  by  his  wife,  ho  visiti^d  Liijnvai  in  tlio 
spring  of  1830,  bringing  witli  him  a  small  press  and  material,  to  tlic  value  of 
JiiDO,  a  present  from  the  Honolulu  converts.  With  this  ho  instructed  tSniith 
iinil  liogL-rs  of  Lapwai  in  the  printing  art,  remaining  until  1S41,  durin.;  which 
tiiiio  translations  of  a  part  of  the  book  of  Matthew,  some  hynms,  and  school 
]i!imc'ra  were  printed  in  the  Ncz  I'ercu  language  for  Spalding's  use  in  tcacliing. 
Tlic  historic  press  was  placed  among  the  public  relics  of  Oregon. 

T.io  earliest  newspaper  )iublished  in  Washington  was  the  Colttmhian,  first 
is>uccl  at  Olympia,  Sept.  11,  1S.")'2,  by  J.  W.  Wiley  and  T.  V.  McElroy.  The 
pro.ij  on  which  it  was  printed  was  the  one  on  which  tlic  first  number  of  the 
Ori'inii'taii  was  printed.  It  was  an  old  Ilamage,  and  was  discarded  by  Dryer 
alter  a  year  or  two,  purchased  for  Olympia,  sent  to  Port  Towii.-ieinl,  and 
tlic'.ic,'  oil  L.  B.  Hastings'  scliooner  to  its  destination.  In  March  18J3  Wiley 
retire  1  from  the  Columbian,  which  had  remained  neutral  in  jiolitics,  devoting 
itic'.f  to  the  establishment  of  the  territory,  and  was  succce<led  by  J.  J.  Dcebe, 
who  r.'iiiainod  in  tlio  firm  only  four  months,  retiring  .Inly  \'Mi. 

Oil  the  17th  of  Sept.  ^IcKlioy  retired,  and  Matt.  K.  Smith  took  charge  of 
t'lio  pa;ii'r.  This  proprietorsliip  lasted  until  Dec.  3d,  when  .T.  \V.  Wiley  and 
A.  ^1.  llerry appeared  as  pnlilislieis,  Wiley  being  editor,  and  the  ('olnmlnaii 
\v,  s  rli.iiig'd  to  the  iVnshiiiiiloii  I'loiiccr,  'a  straight-out,  radical  democratic 
i  ;iini,.l.'  In  Feb.  18.J4  the  name  waschanged  to  I'ioiirr ranil  l)<iiVicrat,  which 
u  retained  during  the  most  interesting  portion  of  territorial  history.  At  the 
sanio  time  R.  L.  l)oyle  joined  the  publishing  firm,  and  Berry,  going  east  to  at- 
.iiil  to  tlio  printing  of  the  territorial  statutes,  for  which  they  had  taken  a  con- 
tract, died  in  Aug.  at  (irecnland,  X.  H.  Doyle  had  issued  a  prospectus  of  a 
j'liu'iial  to  be  called  tlio  Norlliircd  Jh'inocrat,  in  Nov.  18.")3,  but  was  induced 
1 1  c'lme  into  tho  arrangement  v.ith  Wiley  as  al.>ove.  On  Dec.  1(5,  1S.14,  (ieorgo 
1).  (I  iiily  becama  Jissociated  with  tlicpublisliersof  th^  Pioiici  r  mid  JJi  morrut, 
ami  ill  Aug.  IS.").")  became  Kolo  pulilishcr,  Wiley  remaining  editor;  but  in  Aug, 
bj;i  letiied,  and  C.  Fiirste  became  publisher  in  connection  with  Wiley.  Tho 
latter  soon  drew  out  of  the  publishing  Inisiiicss,  leaving  Furste  to  conduct  it 
iilouo,  who  also  joined  the  editorial  stall"  in  Feb.  1S.')7.  In  May  ]S.">;S  Fursto 
liccanie  Kile  editor  and  proprietor.  He  sold  the  paper  to  James  Lodge  in  Nov. 
l>>iiit  who  assumeil  the  entire  control,  but  the  jiaper  was  discontiiuieil  in  tho 
i-inin,'  of  IS()1.     Wiley  died  starch  30,  IS(if),  at  Olympi;i,  in  his  -IOlIi  year. 

The  second  newspaper  published  in  Washington  was  tho  I'tKjd  Sound 
''•.(//•;i/',  11  whig  Journal  issued  at  Steilacoom  May  11),  18.').j,  by  \VilIiam  B, 
.\llkekand  F.  T.  (luiin  for  about  one  year.  The  ('o«)V' r  was  revived  in 
Olyii'iiia  ill  Jan.  1871,  and  issued  weekly' liy  the  I'nget  Sound  Printing  Co. 
I'aJey  niid  Harned  published  it  from  Juno  I  to  Nov.  1."),  187."1,  when  tho 
liiai  beraiuc  C.  B.  Bagley  &  Co.,  and  in  Nov.  187.")  C.  15.  Bagley  alone.  Tiie 
jirst  miiiiber  of  tho  i'((;/i«  iS()(n((<  hailij  C'i(i(C((r  was  issued  in  Jan.  1 87-,  and 
iulKc.  );i71it  susiieiided  for  lack  of  support,  but  reissued  as  tho  J)(iili/ 
''o'ovVc  early  in  1877,  having  consolidated  with  tho  Olympian,  which  had  u 
I'iiif  e\i;ieiice.  'J'ho  Wdsliiiiijloii  iiVpublirfui  was  first  publislied  at  Steila- 
cumiApril.'J,  1S,")7,  Frank  Ba'icli  editor,  tiiid  \V.  15.  AUlcck  iirinter.  It  was 
•lisiu'iinl  to  promulgate  tho  principles  of  the  then  new  republican  party,  and 
alv.KMtc  the  election  of  W.  11.  Wallace  to  the  ollieo  of  delegate  to  congress. 
\\lit;u  It  hud  served  its  purposo  it  mispeudcd.  Ebey'a  Journal,  Ms>.,  v.  iOi 


Pi     V  . 


378 


CHURCHES,  SCHOOLS,  AND  NEWSPAPERS. 


The  Pnget  Sound  Herald,  publislicd  by  George  W.  Lee  and  Charles  Prosch 
at  Stcilacoom,  March  12,  1S38,  was  printed  on  the  press  wliich  had  scrvcil  for 
tho  Courier  and  Jkpublicaii  iu  turn.  It  passed  entirely  into  the  hau(!'\  of 
Proscli  Iho  second  month  of  its  existence,  who  undertook  the  somewhat  il.lli- 
cnlt  task  of  publishing  an  impartial  and  politicrdly  independent  nowsjwpcr. 
That  he  succeeded,  by  laboring  for  the  material  interests  of  the  Pngct  fSumid 
region,  in  keeping  his  journal  alive  througli  several  years  of  the  most  clcprcss- 
ing  period  of  its  liuancial  history,  proves  his  ability  as  a  journalist.  The 
Northern  Lhiht  was  started  at  Whatcom  about  the  1st  of  July,  1S3S,  by  \V. 
Bausmau  &  Co.,  but  suspended  iu  Scjjt.  when  that  place  was  deserted.  Tho 
Port  Town-'icnd  nc<jhtcr,  conducted  by  Travers  Daniels,  was  first  issued  at 
that  place  Dec.  23,  IS-'/O.  It  w:i3  devoted  to  news,  literature,  and  local  inter- 
ests. Iu  March  18G0  Daniels  returned  to  Va  and  Mr  Whitacrc  took  char^jc. 
The  paper  did  not  long  survive,  being  suspended  in  August.  It  was,  how- 
ever, sabaequently  revived  by  P.  M.  O'Brien  and  H.  M.  Frost  as  publishers, 
and  II.  L.  .Sutton  editor,  with  democratic  politics.     The  North-  Wext  began  its 

Erecarious  existence  early  in  July  ISGO  at  Port  Townscnd.  It  was  conducted 
y  I'].  S.  Dyer  in  the  beginning,  who  was  independent  in  politics.  Tie  i.^oued 
but  one  or  two  numbers,  however,  before  John  F.  Damon,  the  publisher,  took 
tho  editorial  chair,  who  conducted  a  republican  paper  for  a  time  with  no  very 
encouraging  prospects,  when  it  expired  in  Deo.  IStJI.  The  Vancouver  Chron- 
icle was  started  iu  July  ISGO  by  L.  E.  V.  Coon  and  John  M.  Murphy,  and 
devoted  to  the  material  interests  of  tho  territory.  In  tho  following  ^!L'pt. 
Murphy  retired  from  the  Chronicle.  H.  G.  Strvivc  edited  it  until  aliout  the 
close  of  loOl,  when  tho  name  was  changed  to  Vunco^iver  Tclejrajili,  and 
Urban  E.  Ilicks  assumed  editorial  conti'ol.  The  Register  was  subscvpuiiitly 
revived  and  is  still  published. 

The  O'l/mpia  Washington  Slrnidard  was  founded  by  John  Miller  ^lurpliv 
Nov.  17,  18G0.  In  JIarch  ISOl  was  founded  the  Weelhj  Pacific  Tribnm'  Jf 
Olympia,  a  republican  paper,  which  at  first  appeared  without  individual 
sponsors,  but  wdiich,  having  the  territorial  patronage,  took  a  longer  Ica.so  of 
life  than  many  of  its  predecessors.  Iu  18G0R.  W.  Hewitt  had  charge  of  the 
paper,  followed  in  1SG7  by  Charles  Prosch  &  Co.,  in  1SG3  by  Charles  Trosch, 
later  by  Charles  Prosch  &  Sous,  in  1S70  by  Charles  Proscli  &  Son,  and  in 
1872  by  Charles  Prosch  again,  and  in  1873  by  Thomas  W.  Prosch.  In  Deo. 
1SG7  an  attempt  was  made  to  establish  a  daily,  whicli  was  not  successful;  but 
on  tho  4th  of  Oct.,  18(i9,  a  daily  was  published,  tho  first  of  tho  Oti/miAa 
JJaifi/  Pncific  Tribune  regular  issues.  Tho  Daily  Pacific  Tribune  appcaivd  in 
'J'aconia  in  1S74,  with  Thomas  W.  Proscli  editor,  and  in  Seattle  in  l^^To 
with  the  same  editor,  who  was  sn  'ceedcd  iu  1873  by  E.  A.  Turner,  Charles 
Prosch  remaining  publisher.  Tue  Overland  Presi  was  next  starUil  at 
Olympia  by  Alonzo  M.  Poo,  publisher  and  editor,  presumably  to  fill  the  placo 
of  tho  Pioneer  and  Democrat  with  tho  democratic  party.  It  was  first  issued 
in  July  ISGI,  and  survived  for  a  year  or  two,  being  edited  by  li.  F.  Kciulall 
at  tho  time  of  his  death  iu  Jan.  lSu2,  soon  after  which  it  suHpended.  In  ihe 
mean  time,  the  eastern  portion  of  NVashington  being  rapidly  settled,  a  paper 
was  started  at  Walla  Walla  called  tho  Norl/ierii  Lii/ht,  in  September  ISGI,  liy 
Daniel  Dodge,  who  had  contemplated  setting  up  his  establiahmeut  at  Soaltlo. 
It  had  a  brief  existence. 

Tho  Wushlnijton  iitatei*man  followed  on  tho  29th  of  November,  published 
by  N.  Northrup,  R.  B.  Smith,  and  11.  R.  Roes.  It  was  subseipiently  pur- 
chased by  W.  H.  Newell,  formerly  connected  with  tho  Dulles  Jfouiila'unr, 
who  used  it  in  support  of  dciiiocratio  principles  down  to  tho  time  of  hi.i  d'  atli, 
twenty  years  later.  It  was  ably  conducted,  and  prospered,  its  name  btiiig 
changed  to  Walla  Walla  filatesmuii  after  a  few  mouths.  Neheiiiiah  Xortlii'op 
was  a  native  of  New  York.  In  18J3  ho,  in  company  with  his  brother  Heuiy 
and  Alonzo  Leland,  published  tho  Portland  Deniorratlc  Standard.  Iu  1  >");)  ho 
was  ono  of  tho  proprietors  of  tho  San  Francisco  Evcninri  Journal,  but  snhl  hia 
interest  in  18G0,  and  tho  following  year  removed  to  Walla  Walla.  1I'>  died 
in  Feb.  18G3  of  consumption,  at  tho  ago  of  'J7  years.  Olympia  Wa^h.  Uland- 
urd,  Feb.  '^S,  1$G3. 


i!  i 


»!;■'   1 


I   ! 


THE  WASHINGTON  PRESS. 


379 


harlcs  Prosdi 
lad  scrvct'  for 
tlio  baud  1  of 
micwliat  (lilli- 
[it  newspaper. 
!  Puget  Soiiiiil 

I  most  ilcpiTss- 
urnalist.  The 
f,  ISoS,  by  \V. 
Icsertcd.  The 
\  lirst  issued  at 
and  local  inter- 
i-c  took  ch:ir;;c. 

It  was,  bow- 
;  as  publishers, 
i.irMbp;,a""3 
;  was  couductcil 
;ics.  llo  isouc  I 
;  publisher,  tiok 
nc  with  no  very 
'ancouvcr  Chroit- 
I.    Murpby,  and 

foUowin:;  ^<ept. 

until  al)out  the 
■  Tekjrai'h,  and 
raa  subsetiueutly 

II  TMillcr  Mnrphy 
^aafic  Ti-\hii,i<-  of 
thout  individuid 
a  longcf  lease  of 
)ad  charge  of  the 

Cbarlcd  Troscli, 
ih  &  Sou,  and  in 
IProsch.  In  Dec 
lot  successful;  but 

of  the  Objmi.M 
'  6  iUiC  appeared  m 
li  Seattle  in  l^iJ 
1.  Turner,  Charles 

next  started  at 
lytofillthephiee 

t  was  first  i-^sneil 
Iby  11.  V-  Kendall 
Lpeudcd.     Inilio 

y  settled,  a  pap'-'" 

iptcuiber  b-iOl,  I'y 

iimcut  at  Seattle. 

icmbcr,  published 
lubscfiucntly  par- 
Wvs  Jfoiiiitnuii'i; 
Itimo  of  hi.i  cUalli, 
its  name  beiiig 
[(icuiiah  Northrop 
iia  brother  IK-.iry 

ktrd.     lu  I  ^■'■'1'.'^ 
Inia?,  but  sold  his 

1  Walla.     H"  ^l^*^'/ 


The  Golden  Age  was  first  published  at  Lcwiston,  then  in  Washington  terri- 
tory, August  11.  1SG2,  by  A.  S.  Gould,  who  bad  been  connected  with  a  Port- 
laii'il  paper,  and  was  subsequently  engaged  in  journalism  in  Utah.  It  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Alonzo  Leland,  who  has  conducted  it  for  many  years.  In 
politics  it  was  republican  under  Gould  and  democratic  under  Leland.  The 
H'(//rt  Walla  MfKxenger  was  started  at  that  place  by  R.  B.  Smith  and  A. 
Li  land  in  Aug.  18G2,  but  was  not  long  published.  On  the  L'th  of  August, 
l,S(j;!,  the  lirst  number  of  the  Wanlniirjtuit  Gazette  appeared  without  the  names 
of  editor  or  publisher.  On  the  10th  day  of  Dec.  it  reappeared  as  the  Seattle 
Gicxlli;  with  W.  B.  Watson  editor,  and  ran  until  Juno  18G4,  when  it  sus- 
)iendc(l,  Watson  being  elected  to  the  legislature  on  the  republican  ticket. 
Tiio  Vi'ashiiKjton  Democrat  wasncvt  started  at  Olympia  in  Nov.  iS04,  which, 
(li  iis  name  indicated,  was  devoted  to  anti-admiuistration  politics,  its  editor 
being  U.  E.  Hicks.  It  had  but  a  brief  existence.  The  Far  West  was  a  mag- 
nzino  published  by  E.  W.  Foster  at  Olympia,  devoted  to  morals,  religion, 
lu  aKI),  cdueatioii,  and  agriculture.  Like  all  other  such  pxd)licationg,  it  failed 
bceause  it  could  not  compete  with  better  ones  received  daily  from  older  com- 
iiuuiiiies.  It  was  first  issued  in  ISO.").  The  Olympia  Transcript  lirst  appeared 
November  30,  1SG7,  published  by  E.  T.  Gunn  and  J.  N.  Gale.  The  follow- 
ing year  T.  V.  McElroy  and  S.  D.  Howe  were  principal  owners,  but  about 
IbTd  it  passed  entirely  into  the  hands  of  Gunn,  who  owned  and  conducted 
it  to  the  time  of  his  death  in  1885.     In  politics  it  was  independent. 

The  Wieldy  Mcamge  was  first  published  at  Port  Townseud  by  A.  Petty- 
grove  in  May  1SG7.  It  was  a  small  sheet,  with  only  a  local  interest.  It  was 
suceeedcd  by  the  Argus,  also  edited  by  Pcttygrove,  and  later  by  C.  \\.  Phil- 
lirick.  The  Territorial  liepithlican  issued  its  lirst  number  Aug.  10,  ISGS,  i)ub- 
lished  by  J,  R.  Watson.  As  its  name  implied,  it  was  iu  the  iiitcrc;^t  of 
republicanism.  After  running  one  year  the  Republican  Printing  Co.  boeumo 
its  publishers,  but  it  was  extinct  before  1872.  The  WerUy  Ji/tdHgenrt  r,  of 
Seattle,  published  its  initial  number  on  the  flth  of  Aug.,  1SG7.  It  was  neutral 
in  politics,  and  issued  by  S.  L.  Maxwell.  It  began  publishing  a  tri-wcckly 
Aug.  !),  1870,  and  a  daily  iu  Sept.  following.  The  W((lla  Walla  Union,  tho 
first  republican  paper  published  iu  tho  Walla  Walla  Vallej',  iusucd  its  initial 
number  on  tho  17th  of  April,  18G9,  being  published  by  an  association  of  citi- 
zens. In  May,  R.  M,  Smith  &  Co.  were  announced  as  publishei's.  lb  continued, 
wi.h  P.  B.  Johnson  editor,  as  an  able  country  journal.  Tho  Wal/a  Walla 
Vi'dfrhman  was  a  dcnouiiuational  papei".  The  Alanka  Tinus,  conducted  by 
Thomas  G.  Murphy,  was  lirst  issued  at  Sitka,  April '23,  IbG'J,  but  owing  to 
lack  of  support  and  changes  in  tho  military  department,  was  removed  to 
Soattlo  October,  23,  1870,  where  it  was  published  weekly  as  a  Sunday  paper 
for  a  year  or  two  longer,  when  it  suspended.  The  Piigit  Sound  Jiisjialrh  was 
foiuuled  iu  18G9  by  C.  II.  Larrabco  and  Beriah  Brown.  Brown  was  from 
Wisconsin,  and  had  been  editor  of  a  republican  paper  at  Sacramento,  Cal. ,  and 
of  a  democratic  jiaper  at  San  Franc: isco,  and  was  what  was  known  as  a 
copperhead  in  war  tin)es.  Though  an  able  writer,  Larrabec  soon  dropped 
out  of  the  journal,  and  Brown  conducted  it  alone  in  tiie  interests  of  democracy. 
Ill  Ui78,  after  several  changes,  it  was  merged  in  tho  Intvlinjenccr.  It  was 
tiie  first  paper  to  publish  a  daily.  Tho  Nortk  Pacijir  Rural,  a  farmer's  journal, 
and  i\\ii  Post  were  both  started  in  1878.  ']l\\o  Post  was  soon  consolidated 
^vith  ihc  I ntclliijenccr.  TlUo  Seattle  Kvening  Herald  was  first  issued  July  5, 
ISSJ,  by  a  company  consisting  of  W.  G.  0.  Pitt,  T.  II.  Bates,  and  TlnuUlens 
Ilaiiford.  It  was  printed  with  the  material  of  the  old  Parijlc  Trihnn<'.  Tho 
Mimir  was  is'iued  as  a  tempcranco  journal,  the  Sunday  Star  a  sneiety  paper, 
iwth  of  Seattle.  The  Temix'rance  Echo  was  publislRnl  at  Olympia  by  J.  II. 
Munsun,  iu  1872,  as  tho  organ  of  tho  grand  lodge  of  the  good  tciiiplars,  do- 
voti'd  to  temperance,  education,  and  morality.  Tho  Kalmna  Jhai-nii,  issued 
lirt  in  May  1870,  was  owned  and  controlled  by  tho  Nortliein  Paci lie  railroad 
company,  and  published  in  its  interest.  It  was  suspended  when  tho  railroad 
wuik  was  temporarily  discontinued  in   Washington   territory.     Tiio  A'orth 


'  ;i's 


■  it 


lid 


djie  C'ocuy,  a  scmi-mouthly  journal  devoted  to  tho  disscmiuatiou  of  iufornia- 


1.'": 

'& 

i         ■' 

m 

J'^ 


380 


DTDIAN  RESERVATIONS. 


tion  concerning  Washington,  was  first  pul)lishe(l  at  Xew  Tacoma,  I>cc.  1."), 
1870,  preaunuiidy  in  the  interest  of  tlie  land  departiiicnt  of  the  Nortln m 
Pacilii;  railroad  comiiauy.  No  names  of  publishers  or  editors  appe.ircd.  'I'iiu 
Wcuhly  Li-dijir,  ail  inilepcndeiit  journal,  'dc  /oteil  to  tiie  development  of  the 
resources  of  Washington,'  be.Ljan  inihlieatioi  at  New  Taeoma  by  R:i(k4)ani,'li 
&  Co.  in  April  I8H0.  Tiieu  there  was  the  Tacoina  Kfwx;  also  the  BvULiijhiim 
Jluy  Mini,  edited  and  pul)lished  by  .Janies  Powers,  republiean  in  polilics;  tlic 
Vdiironrfr  Jii(l</ieiidriil,  \V.  Byron  Daniels  editor;  iho  S/nri/  of  the  W<sf,  Walla 
Walla,  li.  M.Washburne  editor,  independent  in  politics;  (J/i/mjiin  Xcrlkni  4 
Farmer ;  the  Daijlon  Xiu-s,  founded  in  1874  by  A.  J.  Cain;  the  H'ai'.sl,!!,;/ 
Tiinci;  and  Columbia  Chroiiiclf,  of  eastern  Washington;  and  the  weekly 
Puijtt  Sound  Exjtitis,  Steilaeoom,  Julius  Dickens  editor. 

W^ASHINGTON  INDIAN  RESERVATIONS. 

Tlie  Indian  reservations  of  Washington  occupy  land  as  follows:  There  wcrn 
five  reserves  belonging  to  one  agencj',  the  I'uyallup,  covering  altogctln'i- 
about 'J!  1,01)0  acres.  1'l:c  reservation  .situated  on  tiiis  river  contained  ii\.f 
18,000  acres,  for  the  most  part  heavily  timbered.  The  agg''egate  of  liiml 
under  cultivation  was  in  188.">  less  than  1,000  acres,  thongh  over  1,")0  hcmic- 
stcads  bad  lieen  taken,  chielly  in  forty-acre  lots.  Nisfpially  reservation,  nu 
that  river,  contained  4,717  acres.  The  (,'hehalis  reservation,  half  of  which 
was  go(»d  agricultural  land,  contained  4,'2'24  acres.  (Jn  Shoulwatcr  IJay  \uic 
reserved  .S40  acres.  The  Squoxiu  reservation  covered  an  island  in  .Mason  cu., 
containing  about  1,.")00  acies,  little  of  which  was  improved.  Tulalip  a^'inry 
embrace<l  the  reservations  of  Tulalip  Ray,  Muckleshoot  prairie,  I'ori  ^iaili- 
son,  Swinomifh  River,  and  Lunnni  delta,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Xoousark 
River,  comprising  r>i2,(»48  acres.  The  headquarters  for  these  various  resLi\a- 
lions  was  at  Tulalip  Hay,  where  theic  were  lictwcen  1."),01J0  and  "JdjOOO  acres  uf 
t!ie  richest  land.  This  agency  was  in  charge  of  the  catholics,  who  had  ,i 
chapel  on  each  of  the  reservations.  Schools  were  taught,  and  about  thi\e 
fourths  of  the  Indians  cultivated  gardens  or  farms.  The  Indian  town  was 
built  in  a  tiiangular  form  around  a  llag-stairand  crucifix.  Neah  IJay  ag<  ;uv, 
located  in  the  extreme  north-v.est  corner  of  the  county  of  Clallam,  cijutaiiv  d 
2.1,000  acres  for  the  use  of  the  .Makahs,  who  numbered  between  oOO  and  (i;iil. 
The  land  was  chiefly  mountainous  and  heavily  tind)ere<l,  and  the  Indians,  who 
were  a  sca-;,'oing  tril)e  ami  lived  by  seal-hunting  and  otter-lisliing,  had  imt 
adopted  a  civilizeil  mode  of  living  to  any  ex  tent.  Tliese  Indians  .ad  a  mctlimHst 
teacher.  The  Queniult  agency  comprised  the  Qucniults,  Queets,  Hohs,  .iml 
Quillcliutes,  none  of  them  numerous  tri))es,  and  (jnly  the  first  two  living  n\v<n 
the  i-escrvation,  whicii  contained  ■2'J4,000  acres  of  heavily  timbered  land,  ni- 
accessible  for  half  the  year.  Only  al)out  twenty  acres  were  eultivatrd  in 
188."),  but  these  people,  like  the  Makahs,  lived  on  the  products  of  the  ocraii 
iishcries,  and  were  by  no  means  poor,  their  houses  being  comfortable  ami 
themselves  well-fed.  Little  jjrogress  was  made  in  changing  their  nio.U'  uf 
life.  The  Skokomish  agency  on  the  .Skokomish  River  comprised  sain- 
thing  over  5,000  acres,  of  which  aliout   l,.'i()0  were  suitable  for  tillage  ,r.iil 

f)asturagc,  tiie  remainder  being  cither  in  heavy  forest  or  valueless.  The  trihis 
ocated  hero  were  the  Sklallams  and  Twanas,  later  making  consiileralilo 
progress  toward  comfoi'table  living.  The  Twanas  resided  on  the  rescrx.ilion 
and  sent  their  children  to  school,  also  clearing  and  planting,  and  cutting  siiw- 
logs  for  sale  to  the  mills.  Rut  tho  Sklallams  liveil  in  a  number  of  v.llagis 
some  50  or  75  miles  from  tho  agency,  often  near  milling  establislnnents.  At 
Jamestown,  the  largest  of  their  towns  and  the  residence  of  the  chief,  the  Ind- 
ians had  purchased  tiie  land— 'JOO  aci'cs— -and  erected  a  school-house  and 
ciuirch.     Their  haliits  were  temperate  and  industrious. 

East  of  tho  Cascade  Mountains  the  ^'akima  agency  extended  over  a  icsei  \  a- 
tion  containing  nearly  !HU),000  acres,  with  a  population  of  ;t,000,  whicii  W'ulil 
give  to  every  man,  woman,  and  child  belonging  to  the  agency  some  '-'."lO  aeus. 
Tho  actual  amount   under  any   kind    of   improvement   was  about    5,O0U. 


INDIANS. 


381 


Larctc  herds  of  cattle  and  horses  roamed  over  tho  remainder,  nil  of  which  was 

giHiil  t'ariiiiug  and  grazing  land.  Tlio  C'olville  aj^cncy  had  nominal  control  of 
iiL'lit  (liU'crL'nt  tribes,  ajjgrcgatiiig  over  ;{,000  persons,  including  the  Colville, 
Oi.an.igau,  Spokane,  Kulispcl,  Sun})oil,  Mithow,  Nespilcni,  ant  Lake  Chelan, 
liamld  mainly  of  non-treaty  Indians,  and  some  of  them  refusing  to  admit 
till'  authority  of  the  U.  .S. ,  though  i)oaceal)ly  disposed.  During  nuidng  times 
ill  tlio  following  years  the  Yakima  war,  the  supt  made  use  of  the  ol'iccr  in 
coiiiiiiandasalocal  agent  to  ieguhitethi;ir  intercourse  witli  the  while  population 
and  pip-;ervc  the  peace.  It  was  not  until  A])i  il  !l,  IS7-,  that  a  reservation 
was  set  apart  for  tliem  hy  executive  order,  including  tlie  C'olvilU-  VaUey,  and 
wiih  w  hicli  they  were  pleased.  Against  including  this  valley,  in  which  there 
w(  re  aliout  sixty  white  settlers,  there  was  an  immediate  [jrotest,  which  led 
the  president  to  issue  an  order  on  tlic  following  "Jd  of  duly  eonliinng  tiie 
reservation  to  the  country  hounded  on  the  east  and  south  liy  the  t'ohmd)ia, 
on  the  west  hy  tlie  Okanagnn,  and  nortli  hy  J'>.  ( '.  <)li/)it/iia  'J'lrinxirijif,  duly 
•27,  Isj-J;  Jf.  J/.'av.  J)oc.,  187.'t  4,  12"2,  4;)d  cong.  1st  scss.  Tins  caused  a 
emuiter-iirotest  from  agents  an<l  Indians.  Tlie  change  was,  howi'ver,  adiiered 
t(i,  hut  the  Colville  Indians  continued  to  oecu|iy  that  valley  in  eoiiimon  with 
white  settlers,  the  Jesuits  taking  charge  of  tiicir  spiritual  ali'aiis.  as  they  had 
iloiie  since  ISIJ.  A  further  grant  was  made  on  the  west  side  of  tlie  Okaua- 
gaii  in  April  1S7!(,  whcrehy  tlie  reservation  was  extcndcil  on  the  west  side 
lit'  the  (fkanagan  to  the  Cascade  Range,  making  the  reserved  land  conii)ri30 
all  tlie  couuti'y  in  cast  \Vasliington  west  ui  the  Columhia  and  notth  of  aliout 
4s  ;>;>',  containing  ahoiit  4, OIK)  .sipiare  miles,  or  lietweeii  two  and  three  niilliou 
aLie.s.  On  the  Otli  of  March,  ISJiO,  a  tract  hounded  on  the  cast  hy  a  line  run- 
iiiii,;  south  from  where  the  last  reservation  crosse<l  the  Okanagan  to  tlie  mouth 
of  said  river,  and  thence  <lown  the  (Jolumhia  to  the  junction  of  the  stream 
wlii'.h  is  the  outlet  of  lake  ( 'Indan,  following  tlic  meauderings  of  that  lake 
oil  the  West  shore  to  the  source  of  the  stream  which  feeds  it,  thence  west  to 


the  44tli  tlcgrce  of  longitude,  and  north  to  the  soutlie 


in  houndary 


if  th. 


serve  of  ISV'.*,  c(mtainiiigal)ont  (i!K).().)0  acres,  wasallowetl  for  a  reservation  for 
the  uoiitrcaty  Indians  under  Chief  Moses,  who  claimeil  it  hy  virtue  of  services 
iTUilered  the  U.  S.  in  ])reventing  an  Indian  war.  ]\'al/a  ]\'ii/'(t  Stri/CKiiiKii, 
.April  l(»,  1S80;  Iiul.  Af.  Hc/i/,  iSl',),  i.  80.  There  were  in  all  about  four 
iuid  a  half  million  acres  of  hind  set  apart  for  the  use  of  some  14,:!0l)  men, 
wiiiiieii,  and  childi-eii  remaining  in  KS70,  giving  ']'2',\  acres  to  each  individual, 
tuitiiiii  and  other  benelits  l)ei;!g  free.  Of  this  land  souk;  was  very  ])oor,  more 
))urtiLulaily  the  Colville  reservation,  but  there  was  much  good  land, 

EXPLORATIONS,  ROADS,  AND  RAILROADS. 

Frerpient  reference  has  been  made  in  the  narrative  of  Wasliington  Instory 
to  till' cipL'iiiug  of  roads  to  give  the  I'uget  Sound  region  laiul  communication 
with  oilier  [larts  of  the  country,  and  open  a  way  for  the  mails.  In  KSo'J  the 
only  means  of  access  from  the  Columbia  River  was  liy  a  cattle-trail,  while 
iiiiiiiiijiaiits  and  their  luggage  were  conveyed  in  canoes  up  the  Cowlit/  River, 
iittei-  u  liieh  they  were  coin])elled  to  take  to  the  rude  trail  cut  liy  the  imini- 
piautsof  IS4.").  Warbass  &  'i'ownsend,  storekeepers  at  .Monticcllo,  adver- 
tised ill  Dec.  1S.V2  to  forward  passengers  and  freight,  saying  that  tln^  mail- 
Imat  would  leave  for  Cowlitz  landing  every  'J'ucsday  morning  at  0  o'clock. 
Till  y  had  some  '  very  large  bateaux  running  on  tlie  river  ea[iablo  of  accommo- 
dating S  or  10  families  and  their  plmidcr,  inchuliug  wag<ins,  yokes,  chains,' 
etc.  A  bateau  managed  hy  8  or  9  expert  Indians  would  reach  Cowlitz  land- 
iii;^  ill  about  three  days,  the  distance  from  Jmix's  hindin^r,  nr  Rainier,  on  tho 
Coluiiiliia  lieing  ;i4  miles.  Oli/iiipia  Cohimliin:',  .M.iy  1  1,  18.");!.  Five  days  were 
otteiH  r  recpiireil  for  the  passage,  and  the  charges  were  heavy.  Subscriptions 
wove  taken  in  Dec.  IS.VJ  to  raise  money  to  construct  a  wagon-way  up  the  cast 
siile  III'  the  Cowlitz  to  connect  at  the  landing  with  this  road.  A  petition  was 
also  ciivulated  for  signatures  praying  tlie  Oregon  legislature  for  an  appropri- 
ation to  aid  the  citizens  of  northern  Oregon  in  surveying  and  completing  a 


:] 


382 


EXPLORATIONS,  ROADS,  AND  RAILROADS. 


territorial  road  from  the  Columbia  to  the  head  of  Puget  Sound,  a  distance  of 
eighty  miles.  This  road  was  put  under  contract  in  ISM.  A  mo.-eiueiit  was 
at  the  sanic  time  sot  on  foot  to  oiien  a  road  over  the  Cascade  Moiiitaiiis  to- 
ward Walla  Walla.  In  the  summi-r  of  IS.Vi  11.  H.  Lansdalo  explo  cd  a  r  mto 
up  the  Snoliomish  River  via  the  iSnuqualimieh  fork  to  the  grea;  fal  s,  ami 
thence  eastward  to  the  base  of  the  mountains,  where  it  followed  u_>  the  s^iiitli 
fork  of  the  '  Dewampa  or  Black  River'  to  tlie  summit  of  the  mountain;;,  'ilie 
trail  tlieu  turned  directly  toward  tlie  head  waters  of  the  middle  fork  of  ilie 
Yakima,  and  thence  down  the  mountains  towards  the  Columbia.  Thi:,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  the  lU'st  survey  of  the  Yakima  pass  by  citizens  of  tiiu  V. 
iS.  A  portion  of  this  route  was  an  old  Indian  trail  which  could  then  have 
been  traversed  by  paektrains  without  serious  inconvenience.  Lansdale,  who 
resided  on  \Vhidl)cy  laland,  proposed  to  begin  the  construction  of  a  road  ovui- 
tiiis route  in  the  following  spring,  which  would  have  brought  the  iinnii','ialii)a 
to  the  lower  )iorliou  of  the  .Sound.  Ebey,  the  member  of  the  Oregon  l(;,'i.sla- 
ture  from  that  region,  failed,  however,  to  obtain  the  approval  of  that  liody  to 
estaljiish  a  territorial  road  from  .Snoliomish  falls  to  Fort  Walla  Walla,  the 
assembly  preferring  to  memorialize  congress  fcr  a  military  road.  But  lie  se- 
cured instead  a  road  law  for  the  counties  on  I'uget  Sound,  which  partly  ac- 
conipliahed  the  object  desired.  This  law  provided  for  the  aecumulatii):i  of  a 
road  fund  out  of  a  tax  of  four  mills  on  the  dollar,  which,  with  the  assistance 
of  subsciijjtions  by  persons  interested,  would  be  sufficient  to  construct  a  g  wd 
vagon-road  from  the  mouth  of  the  Cowlitz  to  Olympia,  and  of  another  across 
the  Cascade  Mountains.  Before  work  could  bo  begun  in  the  spring,  news  w  as 
received  that  congress  had  appropriated  §20,000  for  a  military  road  from 
l'"ort  iSteilacoom  to  Fort  Walla  Walla.  Fearing  government  delay  in  funii-sh- 
ing  the  money  for  its  construction,  and  wishing  to  have  a  road  opened  for  the 
ne.xt  immigration  to  come  direct  to  I'uget  Sound,  the  people  undertook  the 
work  themselves,  and  endeavored  to  Ijring  the  road  to  Fort  Stcilacoom,  thus 
inviting  congressional  aid,  and  securing  a  tenninus  near  Olympia.  A  sur- 
vey was  therei'oro  made  of  the  Xachess  pass,  and  the  road  Ijrought  down  the 
valley  of  White  liiver  to  the  junction  of  Oreen  River,  where  it  turned  south 
across  the  Puyallup  to  Fort  Steilacoom.  The  road  company  proceeded  to  its 
task,  a))cut  fifty  men  enlisting  for  the  work  on  the  promise  of  some  I.'jO  sub- 
scribers to  the  fund  that  they  sliould  be  paid.  Before  its  completion  j^ov- 
ernment  surveyors  were  in  tnc  field  under  MeClellan  at  the  head  of  the  west- 
ern division  of  the  Stevens  exploring  expedition.  McClcllan's  instructions 
from  the  secretary  of  war,  dated  May  9,  1853,  were  to  use  every  exertion  to 
open  a  road  over  the  Cascade  Mountains  in  time  for  the  fall  emigration;  luit 
as  MeClellan  did  not  arrive  at  Fort  Vancouver  until  past  the  middle  of  .luiic, 
nor  leave  it  until  July  27tli,  whence  he  proceeded  northward,  dividing  liis 
party,  and  examining  both  sides  of  the  Cascade  range,  he  could  do  notiiiiig 
more  than  guarantee  the  payment  of  $1,300  earned  by  the  men  working  on 
the  last  division  of  the  road  west  of  the  mountains,  promise  to  recommend  the 
payment  by  congress  of  S.>,700  still  due  the  citizens'  company,  and  give  his 
approval  of  the  pass  selected. 

The  road  was  so  far  completed  that  a  small  immigration  passed  over  it 
W't]  >,ttgonsand  cattle,  reaching  their  destination  with  less  sulleriiig  than 
usual.  Had  it  been  more  numerous,  it  would  have  been  better  for  the  luxc 
immigration.  But  congress  never  reimbursed  the  road-makers.  In  the  fol- 
lowing summer  Richaril  Arnold  oxliausted  the  §20,000  appropriation  without 
much  improving  the  route,  making  but  a  single  change  to  avoid  the  steep  hill 
on  tho  I'uj'allup,  where  wagons  had  to  bo  let  down  with  ropes.  Thi-s,  like 
all  the  military  roads  on  the  coast,  was  a  nnscrable  affair,  which  soon  fell  into 
disuse,  as  tho  people  were  unable  to  complete  it,  and  the  Indian  wars  soou 
practically  put  a  seal  upon  it. 

Early  iu  18.54  F.  W.  Lander  undertook  at  his  own  cost  tho  survey  of  a 
railroad  route  from  Puget  Sound  by  the  valley  of  the  Columbia  to  the  vicinity 
of  tho  South  pass,  or  Bridger's  pass,  of  tho  Rocky  Alountains,  with  a  view  to 
connecting  Puget  Sound  by  rail  with  a  railroad  to  California,  Lauder's  idea 


i 


.ill). 


I,  a  distance  of 
mo  .■eiiieiit  \v;i3 
Mo  intiins  ti)- 
«plo  ccl  a  iiiutc 
;rea;  f;il  s,  uiiil 
id  U^)  tlio  s;iutli 
lounrain.;.   Tlie 
illu  fork  of  Uie 
ibia.     Tliis  iip- 
izcns  of  tlio  I'. 
)ul(l  thou  lidve 
Liuisdalp,  wli!) 
1  of  :i  ri):i<l  ovii' 
he  iiDini ,'iiUi(m 
Oregon  lc,.;i.sla- 
of  that  liinly  to 
'alia  Walla,  tiie 
id.     But  lie  SL'- 
r'hich  partly  iic- 
cuniulatiiiii  of  a 
li  the  assistance 
onstnict  a  {^  lod 
f  another  across 
pring,  news  was 
itary  road  from 
lelayin  furnish- 
I  opened  for  the 
3  xindertooh  the 
sti'ilacooni,  thus 
lympia.     A  siir- 
[ought  down  the 
it  turned  south 
•oceeded  to  its 
some  I.'jO  iuib- 
completion  j;ov- 
oad  of  the  west- 
's instructions 
■vy  exertion  to 
■migration;  but 
middle  of  .iune, 
■d,  dividing  his 
luld  do  nothing 
icn  working  on 
•econinicnd  the 
,  and  give  his 

passed  over  it 
suiioring  than 
er  for  the  next 
In  the  fol- 
riation  without 
d  the  steep  hill 
les.  This  like 
h  soon  fell  into 
diau  wars  soon 

ho  survey  of  a 
to  the  vicinity 
with  a  view  to 
Lauder's  idea 


SURVEYS  AND  PETITIONS. 


being  that  a  direct  line  to  Lake  Superior  would  be  exposed  to  severe  cold,  in- 
jiirious  to  tlio  material  and  the  service  c.  the  road.  He  objected,  besides,  that, 
in  the  event  of  a  war  with  England,  it  would  be  too  near  the  frontier,  and 
al-o  th.at  a  railroad  on  a  frontier  was  not  in  a  position  to  develop  territory. 
J.'iiidcr'n  ItaUwaii  to  the  Pacific,  10-14.  Lander  made  his  reconnoissancc,  of 
which  I  have  given  some  account  in  my  Iliatorif  of  Oregon,  the  territorial  legia- 
1  ituro  memorializing  congress  to  make  an  appropriation  compensating  him 
for  the  service.  Wash.  II.  Jour.,  18.")4,  107.  His  report  was  publishcil,  and 
congress  appropriated  S5.000  to  defray  the  expense  of  the  survey.  U.  S.  Stat, 
at  Lanje,  1854-5,  645;  Gov,  Stevens  without  doubt  having  influenced  both  the 
territorial  and  congressional  action.  The  legislature,  at  its  first  session,  cn- 
actoil  laws  for  the  location  of  territorial  roads  from  Steilacoom  to  Seattle, 
from  Steilacoom  to  Vancouver,  from  Seattle  to  Bcllingham  Bay,  from  Olym- 
pia  to  Shoalwater  Bay,  from  Cathlainet  to  the  house  of  Sidney  S.  Ford  in 
Tliurston  county,  from  Shoalwater  Bay  to  Gray  Harbor,  and  thence  to  inter- 
sjct  the  road  to  Olympia,  from  Puget  Sound  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia, 
from  .Seattle  to  intersect  the  immigrant  road,  an'l  from  Olympia  to  Monti- 
cd'o.  Wash.  Stat.,  1854,  403-70.  These  various  acts  were  intended  to  pro- 
vide a  complete  system  of  communication  between  the  settlements  as  they 
then  existed.  Others  were  added  the  following  year.  They  were  to  bo 
opened  and  worked  by  the  counties  through  which  they  passed,  the  costs  to 
he  ]iaid  out  of  the  county  treasury  in  the  manner  of  county  roads. 

George  Gibbs  and  J.  L.  Brown  undertook  to  explore  a  route  from  Shoal- 
water JJay  to  Olympia  in  Dec.  1853,  and  had  proceeded  a  part  of  the  way,  when 
they  were  compelled  to  return  by  stress  of  weather  and  scarcity  of  provi- 
sions. The  exposure  and  hardships  of  the  expedition  resulted  in  the  death  of 
Drown.  In  the  following  July,  E.  D.  Warbass,  Michael  SchaiTer,  Knight, 
and  Geisoy  set  out  from  Cowlitz  landing  to  locate  a  road  to  Siioalwater  Bay, 
which  resulted  in  opening  communication  between  the  settlements  on  the 
coast,  and  points  along  the  route  inviting  settlement.  By  this  route, 
also,  Astoria,  the  distributing  point  for  the  mails,  could  be  reached.  The 
first  legislativ'e  body  had  memorialized  congress  relative  to  establishing  a 
mail-route  lietween  Astoria  and  Olympia,  but  by  the  course  marked  out  for 
tlie  territorial  road  to  Cathlamet.  Subsequently,  in  1800,  §10,000  was  asked 
for  to  open  a  wagon-road  from  the  Columbia  at  Cathlamet  to  the  Boisfort 
praiiie,  to  there  intersect  the  road  to  Olympia.  Neither  rerjucst  was 
granted,  though  the  latter  was  repeated  in  1873.  The  legislature  of  1854 
also  required  their  delegates  in  congress  to  endea''or  to  procure  an  appropria- 
tion of  §50,000,  and  a  section  of  land  in  oacli  township  along  the  difiercnt 
territorial  roads,  to  be  located  by  the  road  commissioners,  to  aid  in  the  con- 
struction of  these  highways  and  the  necessary  bridges.  It  asked,  moreover, 
for  .^;i0,000  to  be  expendeil  in  opening  a  practicable  wagon-road  from  Van- 
couver to  Steilacoom ;  for  $25,000  for  a  military  road  from  The  Dalles  to  Van- 
couver; and  for  .$25,000  to  complete  the  military  road  over  the  Cascades,  and 
to  pay  the  people  the  amount  expended  by  tiiem  in  opening  it.  Waxh.  Jour. 
Homo,  1854,  103-0.  To  the  propositions  for  roads  connecting  the  military 
stations,  congress  lent  a  willing  ear  and  granted  the  appropriations  asked  for, 
hut  ;,'ave  no  heed  to  the  appeal  to  complete  and  pay  for  the  road  to  Walla 
Walla,  for  which  tlie  legislature  continued  to  petition  year  after  year.  Dur- 
ing the  summer  of  1855  a  reconnoissancc  was  made  of  a  line  of  road  from  The 
Dalles  to  Vancouver,  and  from  Vancouver  to  Steilacoom.  The  first  was  com- 
pleted Xov.  23,  1850,  but  in  the  following  winter  was  so  injured  by  heavy 
rains  as  to  require  ten  thousand  dollars  to  repair  it,  which  was  expended  on 
it  in  1857.  The  road  to  Steilacoom  was  begun  at  Cowlitz  landing,  on  tiio 
west  side  of  the  river,  and  constructed  as  far  as  Steilacoom  by  Nov.  1,  1 857. 
Upon  petition  from  the  legislature  of  1855-0,  S;55,000  was  appropriated  for 
a  road  from  Steilacoom  to  Bcllingham  Bay,  and  u  reconnoissancc  was  made  tho 
following  year.  In  1803  a  franchise  was  granted  to  complete  the  military 
trail  to  Whatcom,  followed  by  another  petition  in  1864  to  congress  to  continue 
the  road  to  its  northern  terminus. 


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381 


EXPLORATIONS,  ROADS,  AND  RAILROADS. 


In  Jan.  1 8")8  an  appropriation  was  asked  to  construct  a  road  from  Fort 
Towiiaond  <lo\vii  tlio  west  side  of  Hood  Cunul  to  intersect  tlic  road  to  ( 'owlitz 
landing  and  V'anc(juvcr,  wiiicli  was  refused.  Tlio  legislature  of  18.)'J-(i()c(]|ii- 
hined  two  rejected  projects  in  one,  and  asked  in  vain  for  a  military  ro;id  Inmi 
Baker  liiiy,  at  tile  nioutii  of  the  Columbia,  via  Slioalwater  Bay  and  f ini y  Iliir- 
bor,  to  I'ort  Townsend.  Again  a  military  road  was  asked  from  Port  Townsi'inl 
to  False  Duugeness,  where  the  town  of  Cherbourg  was  located,  aftcrwanl 
called  Port  Angeles,  with  a  like  failure.  Another  memorial  in  1800  iir:iyi-'(l 
for  an  appi'opriatiou  for  a  military  road  from  Port  Angeles  to  Gray  Harbor, 
upon  the  ground  that  the  character  of  the  Indians  in  Clallam  co.  deterred  sct- 
tleinent  and  improvement;  and  also  that  in  the  event  of  a  blockade  of  tlio 
straits  by  a  foreign  power  a  road  to(iray  Harbor  would  be  useful  in  transport- 
ing military  stores  to  any  point  on  Puget  Sound.  But  as  no  foreign  war 
tlircatened,  the  other  reasons  were  found  lacking  in  cogency. 

By  act  of  congress  aj>proveil  Feb.  5,  18o.j,  §30,000  was  appropriated,  .it 
the  recommendation  of  {Stevens  and  others  connected  witli  the  Northnrii  I'a- 
citic  railroad  survey,  for  tiie  construction  of  a  military  road  from  the  great 
falls  of  the  Missouri  to  Fort  Walla  ^Valla,  a  distance  not  far  short  of  700  miles, 
John  MuUaii  being  the  olliccr  assigned  to  the  survey.  Sec  MnllaiCfi  Mll'ihu'ij 
J'oml,  in  which  he  relates  the  inception  of  this  project.  MuUan  was  a  iiii'iii- 
))er  of  .Stevens'  exploring  party.  His  report  contains  a  great  deal  of  iiifoniia- 
tion,  and  the  topographical  map  accompanying  it,  the  work  of  T.  Kolecki,  is 
the  best  in  the  whole  series  of  transcontinental  explontti'vis.  This  expeilitioii 
determined  the  existence  of  an  atmospheric  river  of  beat,  varying  in  broadtli 
from  one  to  a  luindred  miles,  giving  mild  winters  in  the  lofty  regions  of  tlio 
llocky  ^fountains.  This  work  was  interrupted  l)y  the  Indians.  In  the  suc- 
cess of  this  road  the  people  of  Washington  saw  the  realization  of  their  dicam 
of  an  immigrant  highway  from  the  east  direct  to  Puget  Sound,  the  iiortlu  in 
location  bemg  peculiarly  acceptable  to  them  for  the  reason  that  it  luado 
necessary  the  completion  of  a  route  over  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

No  didiculty  seems  to  have  been  experienced  in  procuring  appropriations 
for  this  road,  which  was  looked  upon  as  the  forerunner  of  a  Pacific  railway, 
besides  being  useful  in  military  and  Indian  affairs.  As  to  its  use  in  peopling 
the  Puget  Sound  region,  it  had  none.  A  few  troops  and  one  small  party  of 
immigrants  entered  the  territory  by  the  Mullan  road  previous  to  the  ooiniiig 
of  the  gold-.seekcrs,  who  quickly  peopled  two  new  territories.  Next  to  tlio 
original  immigrant  road,  it  has  been  a  factor  in  the  history  of  the  northwest. 
Mullan  was  assisted  in  his  surveys  by  A.  M.  Engell  and  T.  H.  Koleukitujiog- 
raphers,  C.  Howard  civil  engineer,  B.  L.  Misuer  astronomer,  J.  Mullan  [iliy- 
siciun  and  geologist,  Talalem  and  Smith  general  aids,  audE.  Spangler  wa:;oii- 
master.  Or.  iS'^a^(:s??irt/(,  May  10,  18.">9.  His  escort  consisted  of  100  nieiuit' tlio 
9th  infantry  under  N.  WicklifTe.  Lewis  Taylor  was  assistant  surgeon,  ( ieoiijo 
E.  Hale  private  secretary,  Augustus  Solion  and  Kolecki  topographical  ciiu'i- 
necrs.  David  Williamson  superintended  the  advance  working  party.  ■'^'.  /'. 
BuUei'm,  May  20,  1801.  The  cost  of  the  road  was .?2;JO,000.  Mullan's  ri'pt,  iu 
Skh.  Doc,  4.'i,  37th  cong.  ."{d  scss. ;  Bancroft's  IlaiulDook,  ISO.S,  S'21. 

In  Jan.  ISo'J  the  legislature  memorialized  congress  relative  to  a  military 
road  from  Seattle  via  the  Yakima  pass  to  Fort  Colville.  The  merits  of  this 
pass  had  long  been  understood.  Its  repute  among  the  Indians  had  (kti.M- 
mined  the  location  of  Seattle.  BcU'x  Settlement  of  Sealtle,  MS.,  7.  McCkllaii, 
ill  1Sj3,  had  surveyed  it  and  pronounced  it  practicable  for  a  wagon-road  or 
railroad.  In  the  summer  of  ISoO  the  citizens  of  King  co.  had  expended  aliout 
§1,300  in  opening  a  wagon-road  from  Snoqualimich  prairie  to  Kattlrsuake 
prairie,  but  failed  to  receive  an  appropriation  for  their  work.  In  the  siiiiuiicr 
of  ISOO  some  settlers  of  the  Snohomish  Valley  explored  a  route  through  tlio 
Cascade  Mountains  between  the  sources  of  the  Skihomish  Iliver  aud  the 
Wanatchec.  Snocjualimich  pass  was  explored  in  1802  through  the  ell'orts  of 
Robert  Smallman,  who  circulated  a  petition  and  obtained  the  means  to  oiku 
a  horse-trail  by  this  route  to  the  east  side  of  the  mountains,  an  appropiiaviou 
of  two  townships  of  land  being  aaked  for  the  following  year  to  construct  a 


THE  MOUNTAIN  PASSES. 


385 


^ajron-roafl  from  Seattle  to  Walla  Walla,  the  petitioners  averring  that  the 
yuoiualimich  [lass  was  of  less  elevation  than  any  yet  discovered.  As  in  the 
other  instJinccs,  some  work  was  done  upon  this  route  by  tlic  county  of  King 
ami  ))y  tiio  territory,  amounting  iu  1809  to  §13,000,  the  road  being  Btill 
'aliiidst  impassable  by  reason  ot  its  incompleteness.'  Still  other  attempts 
wiTo  made  to  secure  roads  over  which  wagons  could  pass  between  some  point 
oil  I'ligot  Sound  and  the  open  country  east  of  the  mountains,  where,  with  the 
exception  of  some  grading  and  bridging,  natural  roads  existed  in  any  direc- 
tion. A  memorial  setting  forth  the  need  of  a  post-road  from  Bellingham  Bay 
to  lort  Colville,  and  declaring  I'arkc  pass  of  the  Cascades  the  best  hereto- 
furo  discovered,  waa  addressed  to  congress  in  Jan.  18G1,  with  the  usual  failure 
to  gain  the  end  desired.  In  Jan.  1802  the  Nisqually  Road  Company  was  in- 
eoriwnited  by  the  legislature,  with  the  object  of  constructing  a  wagon-road 
from  a  point  on  the  Nisqually  River  near  the  mouth  of  the  soutii  fork,  in  an 
easterly  direction,  to  the  junction  of  the  head  waters  of  the  Cowlitz  River, 
thence  tlirough  the  Nisqually  pass  to  Red  Lake  Valley,  and  thence  to  inter- 
sect tlie  road  leading  from  Simcoe  to  the  Wenass  River  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Xachcss  River.  After  exploring  and  expending  the  means  at  their  command, 
the  company,  tlirough  the  legislature,  asked  congressional  aid  in  January  1864, 
Ijiit  not  receiving  it,  their  work  remained  uncompleted. 

Ill  January  ISGO  a  memorial  was  passed  by  the  legislature  relativ^e  to  es- 
tablisliing  a  military  road  from  Fort  Vancouver  to  Fort  Simcoe  by  a  'good  pass 
■liscovorcd  through  the  Cascade  Mountains  between  McClellan  and  thcColum- 
lii.i  Kiver  passes,  of  less  elevation  than  any  yet  discovered,  except  that  of  the 
ColiinilMa.'  This  could  only  refer  to  the  Klikitat  pass,  which  could  not  be 
saiil  to  have  been  'discovered'  within  the  period  of  American  occupation  of 
the  country,  though  for  all  purposes  of  a  memorial  it  sufficed  to  say  so.  Cant. 
Crane,  in  18.j5,  made  a  reconnoissance  from  the  Columbia  opposite  The  Dalles 
to  the  catholic  mission  on  the  Ahtanam  River,  and  beyond  to  the  Selah 
tishery,  estimating  the  cost  of  a  military  road  to  be  §15,000.  He  also  made 
a  rcoiinoissance  the  same  year  from  The  Dalles  to  the  Blue  Mountains  via 
\Valla  Walla,  placing  the  cost  at  §20,000,  which  showed  no  great  dilliculties  to 
lu  overcome,  the  distance  to  Walla  \Valla  being  170  miles.  S<'n.  Doc,  '20,  40, 
Mkli  coiig.  1st  sess.  In  point  of  fact,  a  pack-trail  had  been  opened  through 
it  to  the  Yakima  country  iu  1858.  Orcjon  Arrjiis,  July  31,  1858;  Portland 
Siaiidard,  Aug.  5,  1858.  But  all  this  interest  in  and  effort  to  secure  roads, 
better  than  a  volume  of  topography,  explains  and  illustrates  the  natural  in- 
accessiUility  of  western  Washington  except  by  the  highway  of  the  sea  and 
the  Fuca  (Strait.  Tiiere  never  had  been  an  immigrant  wagon-road  to  Puget 
Souiiil,  nor  had  all  the  money  apropriated  by  congress  been  sufficient  to  make 
one  ,L;ood  one  from  Walla  Walla  to  Steilacoom,  whereas  it  was  S(juandere(l 
ill  fiiiilless  trail-making  west  of  the  mountain  barrier,  which  for  so  long  kept 
all  the  world  away  from  the  shores  of  that  wonderful  mediteiTancan  sea 
which  bears  upon  its  placid  bosom  the  argosies  of  the  north-west. 

Naturally  there  has  been  much  rivalry^betwecn  the  towns  situated  nearest 
the  ililLrent  passes  as  to  which  should  secure  the  terminus  of  a  government 
load  or  railroad.  Taking  them  in  their  order  north  of  the  Columbia  pass, 
there  are  the  Klikitat,  the  McClellan,  the  Cowlitz  or  Nisqually,  the  Nachess, 
the  Yakima,  the  Snoqualimich,  the  Cady,  and  the  Parke  passes,  that  were 
explored.  The  first  is  a  short  pass  from  the  Columbia  River  to  the  Yakima 
Valley.  The  JilcClellan  pass  is  at  the  head  of  the  Cathlapootlc  River,  trend- 
ing south  and  cast  around  the  spurs  of  Mount  Adams,  and  entering  the  Ya- 
kima country  by  the  most  western  fork  of  the  Klikitat  River.  Pdc.  It.  R. 
IJfj.t.i,  i.  '203-4.  The  Cowlitz  jiass  appears  from  the  best  descriptions  to  be 
i'leiitical  with  the  Nisqually  pns:i,  both  rivers  heading  at  nearly  the  same 
fioint  ill  the  Cascade  Range,  whence  the  trail  runs  north-east  by  a  branch  of 
the  Xaclioss  to  the  Nachess  trail  and  river.  This  gap  was  partially  explored 
ill  bo8  by  William  Paekwood  and  James, Longmire,  the  legislature  of  that 
winter  passing  an  act  to  locate  a  territorial  road  through  it,  and  appointing 
IIlsT.  AVash. — 26 


38C 


EXPLORATIONS,  ROADS,  AND  RAILROADS. 


m  ' 


the  explorers  commissioncra  to  make  the  location,  in  company  ivitli  O.  C, 
Bhinkonsiiip.  A  further  survey  was  made  the  following  summer,  rcsuliiuif 
in  the  incorjjoration  of  the  Nisfpally  Road  Company,  already  mentioned,  in 
1862,  wlioao  road  was  never  completed.  The  height  of  the  Cowlitz  piu.s  U 
given  by  the  surveyors  of  the  Northern  Paciflc  Railroad,  whom  I'ackw  ood 
accompanied  on  their  explorations,  at  4,210  feet.  The  height  of  the  Nai  licsu 
pass,  next  north  of  the  Cowlitz,  was  said  by  McClellan  to  bo  4,890  ftet. 
The  Yakima  pass,  called  by  him  interchangeably  the  Yakima  and  Suoijualnii', 
was  measured  by  barometer  also,  and  found  to  be  3,408  feet.  Pac.  li.  A'.  /.Vy,/^, 
192.  The  railroad  survey  makes  it  nearly  700  feet  higher.  McClellan  tlid 
not  survey  tlio  true  Snoqualimich  pass,  but  the  railroad  survey  niakis  it 
about  330  feet  lower  than  the  Yakima  pass,  which  McClellan  pronnunLxd 
•barely  practicable,'  while  ho  gave  his  preference  to  Seattle  as  a  terminus  of 
the  I'acilic  railroad.  The  elevation  of  Cady  pass  was  given  as  G,  147  Icct, 
and  of  Stampede  pass,  a  recent  discovery,  at  3,090  feet. 

The  difficulties  to  bo  overcome  in  exploring  among  the  mountains  west  of 
the  summit  of  the  Cascade  range  mi^ht  well  deter  the  public  from  a  knowl- 
edge of  their  features  and  resources.  But  a  few  adventurous  spirits 
from  time  to  time  made  some  slight  advance  in  the  practical  study  of  \Vasli- 
ington  topography.  Among  the  earliest  of  these  were  S.  S.  Ford,  Jr,  IL 
S.  Bailey,  and  John  Edgar,  who  subsequently  perished  in  the  Indian  war. 
In  August  1852  these  adventurers  ascended  Mount  Rainier,  or  Taconia,  as  it 
is  now  popularly  named,  being  the  first  Americana  to  visit  this  noblo  piak. 
The  route  pursued  by  them  was  by  the  Nisqually  River,  which  brouglit  tin  lu 
to  the  base  of  the  main  mountain,  53  miles  south-east  of  Olympia.  Utlior 
parties  have  ascended  this  and  other  peaks. 

James  G.  Swan  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  explorer  of  the  Quilleh\  ute 
country;  at  what  date  is  uncertain,  but  in  1809  a  trail  was  cut  from  I'islit 
River,  emptying  into  the  Fuca  Strait  twenty  miles  west  of  Port  Anjjtlcs,  to 
the  Quillehyuto  River,  by  A.  Colby,  John  Weir,  D.  F.  BrowntielU,  J.  C, 
Brown,  and  W.  Smith,  who  took  claims  with  the  intention  of  rcuiaiuinq  on 
the  Quillehyute,  the  legislature  creating  a  county  for  their  benefit.  But  as 
their  example  was  not  followed  by  others,  they  returned  in  1871  to  the  oMtr 
settlements,  since  which  time  a  few  families  have  gone  to  the  lower  Quille- 
hyute prairie  to  reside.  The  Wynoocho  River,  a  tributary  of  I'.iu  Chchalis, 
was  never  explored  to  its  head  Maters  until  Juno  1875,  when  a  comi)any  win 
formed  in  Olympia  for  that  purpose.  They  found  it  a  succession  of  rapiils, 
and  having  a  canon  three  miles  in  length,  with  walls  of  rock  from  200  to  .'KiO 
feet  high.  The  first  party  to  penetrate  the  Olympic  range  to  the  ocean  was 
formed  in  1878,  on  Hood  Canal. 

From  the  day  the  people  of  Washington  learned  that  congress  liad  appro- 
priated money  for  a  survey  terminating  on  Puget  Sound,  their  constant  ex- 
pectation was  fixed  upon  a  transcontinental  railway.  The  territorial  ehmter 
of  the  Nortliern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  was  granted  by  the  legislature! 
Jan.  28,  1857,  to  58  incorporators,  the  road  to  be  commenced  witliiu  three 
and  completed  within  ten  years  after  th<?  pAsaage  of  the  act;  the  capital stoik 
to  be  fifteen  millions  of  dollars,  which  niig'it  be  increased  to  doi'.blu  that 
amount. 

It  does  not  appear  that  the  company  took  any  immediate  steps  to  raise  the 
necessary  capital.  The  legislature  of  '.8.')V-8  passed  anoint  resolution  to  be 
forwarded  to  congress,  giving  reasonb  \>hy  the  road  should  be  built,  and  de- 
claring the  route  surveyed  by  Gov,  Stevens  to  be  the  shortest  and  chei  pest. 

The  political  questions  involved  in  a  Pacific  railroad,  and  the  s  .  uggle 
with  secession,  temporarily  retarded  the  evolution  of  the  grand  piojeet,  al- 
though in  the  end  its  construction  was  hastened  by  the  war.  I  liud  the 
Waaliington  legislature  of  1805-0  passing  a  resolution  of  congratulation  upon 
the  inauguration  of  the  'masterly  project,' and  declaring  its  purpose  to  aid 
by  any  and  all  means  in  its  completion. 

The  next  legislature,  however,  gave  expression  to  its  jealous  fears  lest 


■,iJ:i.       i 


NORTHERN  PACIFIC. 


887 


vith  G.  r. 

,  rcsuUiu^; 
;itioii<j(l,  ill 
litz  iw^.s  is 
l'ack.\\(juil 
lie  Kaclicsu 
4,890  fiut. 

MlOHUulllll', 

?.  n.  lUri^, 

:Clellaii  dill 
y  makes  it 

pi'OlKlUUl-Xll 

turminns  of 
0,147  Ifct, 

ains  west  of 
am  a  know  1- 
rous  siiirits 
ily  of  \Vusli- 
rovd,  Jv,  11. 
Indian  war. 
'acoiiia,  as  it 
noblo  jicak. 
jrought  till  m 
npiu.    Other 

1  Quillchyute 
it  Iroiii  I'islit 
t  Anytlcs,  to 
/ntield,  J.  C. 
Iicinaiuin.;  on 
efit.     lint  as 
to  the  (ildtr 
lower  Quillc- 
1  \w  Chtliulia, 
coniiiuny  \vas 
on  of  rapids, 
m  '200  to  \m 
he  ocean  was 


|ss  had  aiipro- 

constant  ex- 

torial  eluu'ter 

|io  IciiibUiture 

within  three 

capital  .stoek 

do'dilo  that 

Uto  raise  the 
plution  to  he 
[juilt,  and  de- 
|id  chei.  [lest. 
thcfi  .iigsle 
project,  al- 
I  liud  the 
tulation  uiiou 
^rposc  to  aid 

Lu8  fears  lest 


fflvorltism  should  prejudice  the  interests  of  the  territory,  congress  li.iving 
granted  u  magnificent  subsidy  in  lands  and  money  to  the  central  and  south- 
ern roads,  without  having  done  as  much  for  the  northern  by  several  millions. 
The  memorial  represented,  first,  that  Washington  by  its  poverty  was  entitled 
to  the  bounty  of  tiio  government,  while  California  possessed  suflicient  private 
cqiital  to  construct  a  transcontinental  road  without  a  subsidj-;  and,  sec- 
ondly, tliat  from  its  geographical  position  tlie  northern  road  would  build  up 
a  iiaiioiial  and  international  commerce  of  far  greater  extent  and  value  than 
the  eentral,  from  the  nature  of  the  soil  along  its  whole  extent,  which  guar- 
anteed a  rich  and  powerful  agricultural  population,  in  view  of  which  facts 
coiiL^rcs,s  was  asked  to  grant  the  same  privileges  to  the  Northern  Pacitic  that 
were  granted  to  the  Union  Pacific  company.  Meanwhile  the  other  railroads 
were  rapidly  progressing,  and  the  people  of  Oregon,  who  were  alive  to  the 
beiielits  of  a  terminus,  were  desirous  of  a  branch  from  the  central  road  to 
Portland,  Should  this  scheme  be  carried  out  it  would  delay,  if  not  frustrate, 
the  original  design  of  a  railroad  from  Lake  Superior  to  Fnget  Sound.  Ilcuce 
eont^ress  was  again  memorialized  that  the  adoption  of  the  proposed  braneli 
fioni  the  Ilumlxddt  Valley  to  Portland  would  be  'a  ruinous  and  calamitous 
mistake,  detrimental  alike  to  the  nation  and  its  interests  on  the  Pacific  coast." 
'J'hiis  wc  see  with  what  anxiety  this  isolated  community  were  clingiu;^  de- 
votedly to  the  shores  of  their  wonderful  sea,  and  how  they  regarded  the 
action  of  tiie  government  and  the  railroad  companies.  On  the  granting  of 
the  railroad  subsidies  in  ISCO,  the  Northern  Pacitic  just  failed  of  being  char- 
tered by  congress,  as  it  had  been  by  the  Washington  legislature,  with  I.  I. 
Stevens  as  one  of  the  board  of  commissioners.  Pefore  the  friends  of  this 
route  could  again  obtain  the  favc  of  congress,  Stevens  had  died  upon  the 
b:ittlcticld.  However,  on  the  '_'d  of  July,  18G1,  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 
road Company  received  its  charter,  signed  by  I'residcnt  Lincoln. 

The  bill  as  passed  withdrew  tlie  money  subsidy  and  increased  tlie  land 
grant,  thus  giving  the  commissioner  much  more  to  do  to  raise  the  means  for 
tlic  construction  of  their  road  than  had  been  required  of  the  other  transcon- 
tinental companies.  When  the  two  years  allowed  in  the  charter  for  begin- 
ning the  road  had  expired,  no  money  had  been  found  to  coniniencc  with,  but 
by  the  liel],  -.A  Thaddcus  Stevens  another  two  years  of  grace  was  permitted 
to  the  company,  which  were  wasted  in  an  attempt  to  secure  a  government 
loan.  Again  congress  extended  the  time  for  beginning  operations  to  1S70, 
but  limited  the  time  for  completion  to  1877.  The  first  firm  step  forward  in 
financial  affairs  was  in  1869,  when  congress  authorized  the  company  to  i.ssuo 
nuirt,i:agc  bonds  on  its  railroad  and  telegraph  line.  Anotlier  important  change 
lierinitted  the  company  to  extend  the  Portland  branch  to  Puget  Sound  in 
place  of  the  main  line,  but  required  25  miles  of  it  to  be  built  before  July 
1S7I.  It  was  in  the  last  months  of  the  limit  of  grace  that  the  banking- 
house  of  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.  took  up  the  matter  and  furnished  the  money. 
0)11  tracts  were  let  on  both  ends  in  1870.  The  25  miles  required  in  western 
Washington  were  completed  before  July  of  the  following  year,  extending 
iHiithward  from  the  Columbia  via  the  Cowlitz  Valley,  and  the  work  went  on 
along  the  several  divisions  till  1873,  when  Cooke  &  Co.  failed  and  construction 
was  suspended,  after  barely  completing  the  distance  in  Washington  from 
Kal.iina  on  the  Columbia  to  Tacoma  on  tiie  Sound.  It  was  not  resumed 
until  1875,  after  the  company  had  gone  through  bankruptcy  and  been  reor- 
ganized, after  which  time  it  proceeded  with  fewer  drawbacks  to  its  com]ile- 
tioii  in  Sept.  188.3,  via  the  Columbia  River  pass  and  Portland,  the  n\ain  line 
across  the  Cascade  Mountains  remaining  unfinished  until  1887. 

A  territory  without  the  population  to  become  a  state,  and  having  such  seri- 
ous obstacles  to  overcome,  could  not  be  expected  to  own  many  ndles  cf  rail- 
ruail  bnilt  by  private  enterprise.  The  ambition  of  the  people,  Iiowever,  always 
outran  their  means.  The  first  charter  granted  by  the  legislature  to  a  local 
niihciad  company  was  in  Jan.  1859,  to  the  Cascade  Railroad  Companj',  con- 
Bistiu.,'  of  B.  B.  Bishop,  William  II.  Fauntleroy,  and  (ieorge  W^.  Murray,  and 
their  associates,  to  construct  a  freight  and  passenger  railroad  from  the  lower  to 


\:\\ 


!!li 


388 


EXPLORATIONS,  ROADS,  AND  RAILROADS. 


,  5    ■  .  li 


the  npjor  rnd  of  the  poi'tapo  at  tlic  cascatlos  of  the  Columliia.  Previous  to 
t!iis  Uicrc  liiul  l)C'eii  ii  wooilfu  track  laid  down  for  the  use  of  "thd  military 
dejijulmciit. 

'J  ho  chiirtcr  reqnircd  to  he  constructed  a  'wooden  railroad  within  tliruo 
ycaiK,  and  in  five  years  an  iron  track.  1'liis  road,  which  about  this  time 
Mas  II  necessity,  hceanie  the  property  of  the  (>.  S.  X.  (,'o.  soon  after  its  orf;.iiii- 
zatinn.  Itival  companies  incorporated  at  difl'erent  times,  hut  without  eli'cct. 
In  .l:in.  IS(iJ  a  charter  was  pranted  to  the  Walla  Walla  liailroad  Co.  tooiu-r- 
at'-'  a  railroad  from  Walla  Walla  to  the  Columbia  at  Wallula,  the  road  U:  bo 
completed  hy  Nov.  ISO.').  The  time  was  extended  two  years  in  1804.  Tiiis 
company  seems  to  have  been  nnnhlo  to  accomplish  its  purposes,  for  in  l.S(!S 
articles  of  inccrjioration  of  the  Walla  Walla  and  Columbia  River  I'liilrdiid 
Co.  wei'c  adopted  by  a  new  organi;:ation.  The  survey  was  made  in  the  spring 
of  1S71,  and  work  commenced  in  the  followin<;  Nov.  A  wooden  roal  was 
decided  upon,  owing  to  the  cost  of  iron.  In  187-  suflicicnt  flat  iron  to  strap 
down  the  curves,  and  locomotives  weighing;  each  seven  tons,  with  ten  llat 
ears  were  purchased.  ]jut  the  wooden  rails,  not  answering  expectations 
W(  re  discarcled  in  1875  and  replaced  hy  iron.  In  Oct.  tho  road  was  com- 
j)Ieted,  beinj.' a  tliree-l'ect  gauge,  costing  .?10,.')00  per  u)ile,  tlie  entire  road 
liavini;  been  built  by  private  capital,  except  ^■2r),00()  donated  by  the  citiz(  ns 
of  the  county  of  Walla  Walla.  The  lirst  shipment  of  wheat  was  made  fioin 
Walla  Wiilla  to 'Wallnla  in  this  month.  In  1881  the  road  was  sold  to  tiio 
O.  11.  &  N.  Co.,  when  its  bed  was  changed  to  the  staiulard  gauge.  A  branch 
was  const)  .icted  to  the  IJlue  Mountains.  In  Jan.  18S2  the  Puget  Sound  and 
Cray  llarlior  llailroad  Co.  was  organized,  the  object  being  to  construct  a  line 
of  mail  between  Seattle  and  <!ray  Harbor,  a  distance  of  58  miles. 

An  act  Mas  passed  in  .Ian.  I8(i"J  incorporating  the  Puget  Sound  and  Culuni- 
hia  Ri\er  llailroad  Co.,  which  was  empowered  to  operate  a  road  from  Stcila- 
cooni  to  N'aucouvcr  Mitliin  ten  years  fiom  tho  date  of  their  charter,  but  wliich 
never  availed  itself  of  its  privileges,  the  Northern  Pacilic  railroad  soon  after 
prumising  to  supply  the  needed  comniuuication  with  the  Colunibi;i.  Ita 
clnu'icr  was,  however,  so  amemled  in  ISIil  that  the  road  might  be  extended 
to  a  point  on  the  Coluudiia  ojiposite  Celilo,  and  the  legislature  ol  lS.")7-8  went 
tlirou:^h  the  form  of  memorializing  congnss  for  aid  in  constructing  it,  tliou'Ji 
it  had  no  antecedent  to  justify  a  belief  that  its  prayer  would  lie  granteii. 

In  .Ian.  18(11  tlie  .Seattle  and  Sijnak  Railroad  Co.  was  incorporated,  being 
autliori/ei'  to  locate,   construct,  and   mantain  a  railroa<l  with  one  or  nmro 
tracks,  commencing  at  or  near  the  south  end  of  S<juak  Luke,  in  King  co.,  luiil 
runuui'^'  tlience  to  a  point  in  or  near  Seattle.     It  wasre(|uired  to  begin  work 
within  two  and  complete  the  road  within  six  years.     The  Oregon   liailway 
and  Navigation  Co.  was  incorporated  dune   Lt,  1870.     ]t  was  a  consnliilatiun 
of  the  interests  of  tho  Oregon   and   t^al.  liailroad  Co.,  the  Oregon  Steamship 
Co.,  and  the  Oregon  Steam  Nav.  Co,  all  of  which  was  brought  about  hy 
negotiations  between  Henry  Villard,  of  tiio  Union  Pacific,  and  J.  C.  .Vni.s- 
worlli,  president  of  tiie  0.  S.  N.  Co.     The  O.  R.  &  N.  Co.  built  rapidly,  and 
beside;  puri;hasing  the  Walla  Wall;i  and  Columbia  river  railroad,  extemlul 
its  lines  Houtli  of  tlui  Snake  river  'rom  Walla  Walla  to  Waitsbiu'g,  I)MVicm, 
Gra:i;;    ('ity,  and  Pomeroy,  and  ti)  Pendleton  in  Or.;  and  north  of  Snako 
riv.r  from  the  Nortlu'ru  I'u'ilie  at  Connell  to  Moscow  in  Idaho,  with  biam  lu's 
nortii  li>  t)a'.;es.lale,  in  Whitnrm  eo.,  and  soutii  to  (leuessee,  Idaho,  neai'  tho 
CI 'iruati^r  river.     Tlie  Northern  Paeilio  also  built  several  l)ranehes  in  east- 
ern Wisli.,  ojn'uing   up  tho  wheat   lands    to  market,  and  constructed  llio 
Pu^/.dhiii  branch  in  western  Waili.     An   organization,  known  us  thi^   Or. 
Tr.i.i  i.'ontin 'uial  11.  11.,  eonstrui-cod  in  IS8,'{  a  railroad  from  Stuck  river  to 
Blae!;  river  junction.  'JO  miles,  which  connected  Sealdo  and  Taconia  by  riil, 
und'r  th'i  n:i;ne  of  Puget  Sound  .Shore  R.  R.,  which  his  recently  been  )iur- 
eha  .I'd  by  tho  N.  P.  it.  R.,  which  gives  that  company  an  esitrance  to  Seaiilo. 
Tlie  .Sjitule,  Like  Shore,  and  Kiistern  railway  is  completed  from  Seatilc 
around  the  head  of  lakos  \Vashingtou  and  Union,  and  soiiLli  along  the  ea^t 
Bhor'j  of  Lake  Union  to  Gilman,  whoueo  it  will  bo  extended  eastward  via 


PROJECTED  ROADS, 


'rcvious  t<i 
lo  military 

itliin  tliruo 
,  this  liiuo 
•its  <)rf.';uii- 
limit  clli'ct. 

Jo.   to  OJHT- 

I'Oiid  tc  Ijc 
I8G-4.  Tliis 
lor  in  iSliS 
cv  riiiilroiiil 
u  the  spring 
•11  roivl  W!i3 
iion  to  stiap 
rith  toil  tliit 
•xpcctiitii'iw, 
1(1  was  cmii- 

ciitire  I'oiul 
I  tlio  (.iti/ius 
9  niiide  fiom 
.3  sold  to  the 
c.  A  Id'aui-'li 
ct  Sound  inid 
nstruct  a  line 

3. 

d  and  Colum- 
I  from  Stfila- 
tcr,  1>ut  \vhicli 
oad  Rooii  ai'tiT 
"olumliia.     Its 
t  lie  cxtcnilocl 
1  lS:i7-^«  ^vciit 
iiiij;  it,  thoii'.li 
-  grantud. 
poratcd,  iK'iiig 
Olio  or  iii'>ro 
King  CO.,  i\w\ 
|to  lM'i;in  work 
-oii'i;ail";ay 
(Mmsolidati'iu 
\ia\\  SliMni^liip 
^ht  about  liy 
Pi  J.  (.'.  Anis- 
„  rapiilly,  and 

pad,  (■Xtl'lldcl 

|mrg,  Uayi.iii, 
Irili  of  SnaUo 
Avitlibrau'-l""' 
llalio,  near  tlio 
luclios  ill  ca^-t- 
li«truclt'd  tiio 
li  as  the  Or. 
Ituck  river  t'l 
Icoiiia  hy  i'''''i 
ttly  heeii  r>"'- 
loot.)  Se:itllo. 
from  Se:iUle 
Lloii;;  the  eii.^t 
[eastward  via 


North  Yakima  and  Spokane  Falls.  It  lias  a  branch  to  Earle  and  Snohomish, 
whieii  is  being  pushed  north  to  a  connection  with  tlio  Canadian  Pacitic.  Tlio 
iScattlo  and  Northern  railroad,  incorporated  Nov.  ID,  1S88,  has  for  its  object 
tiie  eonstruction  of  a  road  from  .Seattle  northerly  via  Whatcom  to  a  point  on 
til  •  n(>rtliern  boundary  of  Wash.,  at  or  near  lilaino,  100  miles;  also  fro.n 
wheiu  it  crosses  the  Skagit  up  to  the  mouth  of  the  .Sauk,  and  thence  in  an 
easterly  course  to  .Spokane  Falls,  300  miles;  also  from  the  Skayit  crossing 
Westerly  via  Hidalgo  island  and  Deception  jiass  to  Admiralty  Head,  on 
Wliidbey  island.  Elijah  Smith  is  president,  and  H.  W.  McNeil  vice-prisi- 
tieiit  of  the  company.  The  Columbia  and  Puget  .Sound  railroad,  which  is 
jiariiiiUy  constructed,  is  intended  to  run  to  Waila  Walla  and  the  Columbia 
river.  The  .Seattle  and  West  Coast  railroad  runs  only  from  .Snohomish  to 
WiHiileiivillc  at  present.  Satsop  railroad  runs  from  .Shelton  in  Mason  co.  to 
(li'ay's  Harbor.  The  Puget  Sound  and  tiray's  Harbor  railroad  is  being  liuilt 
from  Little  Skookum  to  Gray's  Harbor.  The  Vancouver,  Klickitat,  and 
Yakima  is  in  process  of  construction  from  Vancouver  to  North  Yakima. 
The  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory  railroad  belongs  to  what  is  known  as 
the  II lint  system  of  roads  in  Or.  and  Wash.  It  runs  from  Wallula  Jnnctiou 
til  Walla  Walla  by  a  circuitous  route,  nearly  paralleling  .Snake  river,  but 
hiaii 'Ling  oil' at  Eureka  Junction  and  going  down  the  other  side  of  a  triangle 
te  W'llla  Walla,  and  thence  to  Pendleton  and  Athens  in  Or.  In  I8S7  some 
busiiies.s  men  of  Pendleton  organized  the  above  corporation  for  the  pur]ioso 
of  seeiiring  an  independent  road  from  Wallula,  with  a  branch  to  Ccntcrville, 
iii.w  Athens.  They  contracted  with  (r.  W.  Hunt,  an  experienced  railroad 
liiiililer,  then  residing  at  Corvallia,  Or.,  who  began  the  work.  He  discovered 
wiieii  he  had  graded  30  miles  that  the  company  had  not  the  money  to  cany 
it  (111,  and  purchased  the  concern  to  save  his  outlay.  Going  ca -t  he  ..b- 
taiiieil  the  necessary  aid  from  C.  B.  Wright  of  Pliiladelphia.  I'rom  this 
time  on  he  made  and  carried  out  his  own  plans,  having  only  one  subsidy  of 
§i()ll,()i)l)  from  Walla  Walla.  He  is  building  linos  into  all  the  rich  farming 
(listnet^i,  and  competing  successfully  with  the  O.  U.  &  N.  Hunt  was  born 
near  .Miiyville,  Chautauqua  co.,  N.  Y.,  May  4,  ISl'J,  educated  at  Ellington 
aea  leiiiy,  went  to  Denver  in  IS.VJ,  his  lirst  interest  in  transportation  being 
in  the  ownership  of  wagons  and  ox-teams  which  ho  earned  in  Cal.  His  first 
iMilreid  I'oiitract  was  on  the  Oregon  Short  line,  for  10  miles  in  Idaho;  and 
.suhsiinu'iitly  on  the  O.  R.  &  N.'s  Hlue  Mountain  lino,  and  in  Wash,  from 
l''anuuiyton  to  Colfa.v,  and  its  I'oineroy  branch;  on  the  Oregon  Pacili.',  and 
(111  the  ( 'a.scade  division  of  the  N.  P.  on  both  sides  of  the  .Stampede  tunnel, 
and  III  miles  of  the  Seattle,  L.  S.,  &  E.  H.  R.  In  l.SOtJ  ho  married  .Miss 
Leiinora,  Gaylord  of  Boise  City,  and  has  a  handsome  residence  in  Walla 
Walh. 

The  Fairhaven  and  Southern  railway  company,  Nelson  Bennett,  prcst, 
witii  a  capital  stock  of  from  one  to  si.f  million^,  is  making  arrangements  to 
Imild  from  Vancouver,  B.  C,  to  Vaneouv.  .  Wash.,  via  Fairhaven  and 
Taoiiina.  The  Manitoba  li.  R.  is  selecting  a  r-  ute  through  Wash,  to  Pimet 
iSeiinil.  Besides  the  nnverihed  rumors  of  the  intentioa.i  of  transcontinental 
roiui.s,  there  are  in  188D  thirty-six  dillereof.  railways  in  progress  of  construe- 
tioii  or  about  to  be  commenced  in  Wash.  The  total  mileage  of  railroads  in 
Wash,  hi  .Ian.  KSSSwas  l,()UOmiIes,  to  which  has  been  added  about  "JOO  miles. 
Tlie  ciiiinilaint  against  high  fares  and  freights  m;is  considered  by  the  legisla- 
ture of  1887-8,  and  several  Ijills  were  olleicd  to  correct  the  evil;  but  the 
liiKirds  of  trade  of  Seattle  and  Vancouvei  ren'oiistrated,  saying  that  legi-la- 
tiiiii  at  that  time  would  drive  away  capital,  and  crush  out  the  new  loeal 
I'lKiils  wiiich  th(!y  depended  upon  to  compete  with  the  great  railro.ids.  In- 
stead (if  r(!strietive  acts,  the  h'gislature  at  their  suygcstion  changed  the 
cxisthiL!  railroad  »•  'uent  law  from  a  tax  on  the  gross  receipts  to  a  tax  on 
all  railroad  propeji^,  m  the  same  manner  as  on  that  of  individuals,  excipt  in 
cisrs  where  otherwise  provided.  The  state  constitution  lays  down  'ho 
saiiir  iniiieiple,  but  gives  the  legislature  power  to  establish  '  reasoLablo 
iiia.\iniuiu  rates  '  for  transportation  services. 


I 


■i-V  u 


;'!|'^i 


800 


EXPLORATIONS,  ROADS,  AND  RAILROADS. 


Mentidn  has  been  made  of  the  rapid  development  of  Washington  in  the 
years  between  18SD  and  1888.     Soini!  account  of  this  change  and  the  c;iu.sij 
of  it  may  be  fairly  considered  essential  to  this  history.     It  was  necessary 
wlion  the  construction  of  the  N.  P.  R.  R.  was  decided  upon  to  fix  a  jioijit 
ui)on   Puget  Sound  which  should  bo  its  terminub,  and  where  its  fni^ht 
might  1)0  transferred  to  foreign  and  coastwise  vessels.     The  agents  (-lioseu 
by  the  coiniiany  to  make  the  selection  were  Judge  R.  D.  Rice  of  Maiiif, 
vice-president,  and  Capt.  J.  C.   Aiusworth  of  Portland,  Or.,  the  managing 
director  for  the  Pacific  coast,  who  reported  after  a  careful  examination  in 
favor  of  Commencement  bay  and  the  town  of  Tacoma,  meaning  tlie  villago 
at  tliat  time  containing  about  200  inhabitants  employed  at  the  saw-iiiiii. 
The  report  was  accepted,  and  the  R.  R.  co.  sold  the  3,000  acres  constituting 
the  site  of  the  present  city  to  tlje  Tacoma  land  company,  except  enough 
land  for  shops,  side-tracks,  depot,  and  w^iiarvcs.     The  land  co.  also  pur- 
chased of   the  R.  R.  CO.   13,000  acres,  being  the  odd-numbered  sectiuris 
within  6  miles  of  the  water  front.     Tliis  company  was  organized  under  the 
laws  of  Penn.,  and  its  corporators  were  largo  preferred  stockholders  of  tliu 
R.  R.  CO.;  its  capital  stock  was  §1,000,000,  divided  into  20,000  shares  at  .<)<) 
per  share,  of  which  the  N.  P.  R.  R.  ownet?.  a  majority,  and  put  brain  and 
money  into  it,  but  as  long  as  the  railroad  reached  Tacoma  only  from  thu 
Columbia  the  growth  of  tiie  town  was  slow.     As  soon  as  the  direct  linn  wai 
establisliod,  the  situation  was  changed,  and  the  event  was  duly  celebrateil. 
To-day  in  place  of  tlio  straggling  village  of  1877,  there  is  a  beautiful  city  of 
30,000  inliabitants,  with  miles  of  streets  80  feet  wide,  and  avenues  1(M»  feet 
wide,  many  handsome  edifices  and  residences,  the  most  inspiring  views  of 
Alount  Tacoma  and  the  Sound,  with  street  railways,  banks,  public  and  pri- 
vate schools,  and  iiU  tiio  accessories  of  modern  civilization.     Tlio  coal-tiilds 
tributary  to  Tacoma  create  a  largo  amount  of  business.     The  lunil)or-niills 
ill  tlic  immediate  vicinity  cut  1,100,000  feet  per  day,  removing  tlio  timbtr 
from  I'.J  square  miles  annually.     Many  manufactures  are  suggested  by  tiio 
wealth  of  iron,  coal,  and  timber  in  tiiis  region,  wliich  it  is  yet  too  soon  to 
i'xi)ect.     According  to  the  Scatde  Junrnal,  the  name  Tacoma  first  ap[)i  ircd 
ill  Theodore  Wintiircp's  book  Canoe  and  Saddle,  being  applied  to  the  moun- 
tain known  to  tiic  Englisli  as  Rainier. 

The  impetus  given  to  tlio  Sound  country  by  the  N.  P.  R.  R.  also  afTcoted 
Seattle,  for  so  many  years  the  chief  city  of  the  Sound.  It  increased  rajii'lly 
ill  population,  and  acliieved  a  population  of  30,000,  wit'i  real  estate  traiis- 
fur-i  of  §1*2,000,000  in  the  year  which  preceded  its  great  catastrophe  liy  liro 
in  the  summer  of  IS80,  by  wliich  $10,000,000  of  property  was  destroyil, 
and  thousands  of  people  rendered  temporarily  hoinele.is.  From  this  hi.ivy 
misfortune  will  arise  a  certain  amount  of  good,  in  an  improved  style  of  cun- 
striiction  of  business  houses.  Tiie  hope  is  entertained  that  the  govt  will 
establish  a  navy-yard  on  Lake  VVi'shington,  connecting  it  by  a  canal  witli 
the  Sounil. 

Spokane  Falls  was  first  settled  by  L.  R.  Scrarion,  J.  J.  Downing,  and 
a  Mr.  IkMijamin,  in  J 872,  they  erecting  a  saw-mill  ia  anticipation  of  tlie 
advent  of  the  N.  P.  R.  R.  The  failure  of  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.  blighti-d  thiir 
exiiectations,  ahmg  with  the  company's,  causing  them  to  sell  out  tlii  ir 
scpiatter  rights  au<l  property  in  1873  to  James  W.  Glover  of  Salem,  Or.,  i"r 
§l,(X)0.  (Jlovcr  formed  a  partnership  with  J.  N.  Matheny  of  Saloin,  and 
Cyrus  F.  Yeatoii  of  Portland,  to  carry  on  milling  and  merchandising.  Tlio 
population  was  scattered,  the  whole  of  Stevens  co.,  which  then  finluM'i  d 
Siiokane,  Lincoln,  ami  Douglas,  containing  no  more  than  350  inhalntaiits 
aside  from  the  garrison  at  Fort  Colville;  but  the  firm  honed  on,  and  ^'l■  itnii 
Was  appointed  post-master,  the  Lewiston  mail  passing  that  way.  In  i'^'i 
tlu'y  were  joined  by  II.  T.  Cowljy  and  a  Mr.  Poole  and  their  faiMilif*. 
Cowley,  who  seems  to  have  Iieeii  a  minister,  started  an  Ind'.  >:  st'lioul  mid 
farm.  A  school  district,  embracing  all  that  territory  !)ctweon  Cohillr  .md 
Sjiangle,  and  between  Idaho  and  tlio  Columbia,  was  organized  into  a  ■*,  li,,ul 
district  for  the  white  aotllura,  and  Swift,  who  lived  near  the  Falls  autl  wa^  a 


MATERIAL  GROWTH.  801 

Iriwyer  by  education,  became  clerk  of  the  district,  Ycatoo,  Poole,  and  M.  M. 
C'owlcy,  trader  at  Spokane  Bridge,  directors,  while  Mrs  Swift  was  teacher. 
At  the  territorial  election  of  1874  the  polls  opened  at  Glover's  Louse,  and 
U.  II.  Wiucpy  was  elected  to  represent  Stevens  co.  in  the  legislature.  D.  F. 
IVrcival  of  Four  Lakes,  and  L.  W.  Myers,  were  chosen  co.  coinuiissiouers, 
iind  Glover  justice  of  the  peace.  In  mid-December  Cowley  jourueyed  to 
('(ilville,  the  co.  seat,  85  miles,  to  curry  the  election  returns,  to  secure  a 
toucher's  certificate,  and  incidentally  to  perform  the  marriage  service  for 
C'aiitaiu  Evan  Miles  and  Miss  Stitzel.  There  was  little  improvement  before 
1S7(5,  wlien  Frederick  Post  removed  his  mill  from  Trent  to  Spokane  Falls, 
which  had  been  laid  out  in  a  town  plat  by  Matheny,  Yeaton,  and  Glover, 
wlio  gave  him  water  power  and  40  acres  of  laud  to  locate  in  the  place. 
Ni.xt  came  Downer,  Evans,  and  Smith.  Evans  set  up  a  cabinet-shop. 
Downer  opened  a  farm,  and  Smith  returned  to  Spangle.  Still  the  few 
settlcri  held  on  until  June  1877,  when  the  Nez  Perce  war  caused  tliom  the 
most  intense  anxiety  and  alarm.  Soon  after  the  war  ended  there  came 
Hcrljcrt  and  Myron  Pcrcival,  L.  W.  Kims,  Dr  Masterton,  and  a  few  oth- 
ers; and  in  the  spring  of  1878,  with  the  revived  hope  of  the  coming  of  the 
N.  r.  K.  It.,  came  also  the  merchant  firm  of  Cannon,  Warner,  &  Co.,  who 
purchased  an  interest  in  the  town-site,  and  gave  a  fresh  impetus  to  the  place. 
Ti'.n  canio  J.  M.  Nosier,  W.  C.  Gray,  Dr  L.  P.  Waterhouse,  A.  E.  Ellis, 
,'"MJ.  "lati  Corbaley.  Gray  built  a  hotel,  in  which  an  entertainment  was  held 
I  ■;•  •  benefit  of  a  public  school-house  being  erectetl  in  town.  In  1879 
t'.'  .as  a  re-survey  of  the  N.  P.  line,  and  the  Spokane  Tiimn  wan  estab- 
1!-:-,im!  l>y  Hon.  Francis  S.  Cook,  member  of  the  territorial  legislature  from 
I'lurcc  CO.  Population  began  now  to  flow  in,  and  the  following  porsons  be- 
f;;in  business  in  Spokane  Falls:  F.  R.  Moore  &  Co.,  J.  F.  Graham,  Frie<len- 
ricli  &.  B-rg,  Artliur  &  Shaner,  J.  N.  Squiei,  McCammon  &  Whitman, 
U.  W.  Forrest,  Louis  Zcigler,  Clark  &  Richard,  Pcrcival  &  Corbalay,  Davis  & 
!  Vii  utlius.  A.  M.  Cannon  established  the  first  bank — bank  of  Spokane  Falls — 
rliuirlies  were  organized,  the  methodist  by  J.  H.  Leard  and  the  congrega- 
tiiinalist  by  G.  H.  Atkinson.  The  legislature  that  winter  authoriiicd  the 
organization  of  Spokane  co.,  and  removed  the  county  scat  to  Spokane  Falls. 
In  ISSO  the  town  of  Cheney  was  laid  out,  and  through  railroad  iufiueneo 
took  the  county  scat  away  from  the  Falls,  and  for  two  years  the  town  Ian- 
^ui>lic(l,  idthough  in  July  1881  the  Spokane  Chronicle  was  established  by 
(.'.  J}.  Carlisle,  and  the  methodist  and  congregational  churches  were  erected, 
ulso  tlie  liist  Ijrick  building,  and  steps  were  taken  to  found  protestaut  and 
latliolic  scliDoLs — the  Spokane  and  Gonzaga  universities.  The  city  was  in- 
iui|iijratcd  in  IScI,  R.  W.  Forrest  being  the  first  mayor,  A.  M.  Cannon, 
b.  11.  .V'hitehou  ..!,  h.  W.  Rims,  F.  R.  Moore,  George  A.  Davis,  and  ^V.  C. 
•  iray,  councilni'.n,  ^.i.'ii  J.  K.  Stout,  city  attorney,  the  population  being  at 
lliis  tii'io  aiiijl  1,0')'),  To  follow  this  history  further  would  bo  to  take  up 
*.  ,.i  in  icli  ppiivo.  ^''lu  i882  to  188i)  the  growth  of  Spokane  Falls  was  re- 
luarkali'e.  elj  i  1  .)i.  'oy  the  wonderful  agricultural  resources  of  tlie  country, 
uiiu  niini:'<  »_■;'  til  ■  (.1  'Ui"  .I'Aleno  region,  and  in  1888  it  was  the  third  eity  in 
\\'a>lunj(,lon.  in  nno  IV'J'J  a  g  'at  fire  consumed  22  whole  sipiares  of 
liuilili.igs  in  the  '"  n  ■  ,  ))ortion  of  the  city,  at  a  loss  of  many  millions  of 
i|oll:ii.-(,  hut  it  is  Kipully  rebuilding  more  solidly  than  before.  Tlie  situation 
of  ■S|Milvane  Falls  is  not  only  beautiful  as  to  location,  but  is  in  the  midst  of 
tlui  f'l-cat  wheat-fields,  rivalled  in  jiroductiveness  by  few  portions  of  the 
ylolii',  and  near  the  Cteur  d'Alono  mines. 

Kllensluu-g  is  another  thriving  town,  which  suflFered  great  losses  by  (iro 
in  .July  1881),  but  which  is  being  rebuilt.  It  has  on  one  liand  an  ayriiul- 
tiiral  counti-y,  and  on  the  other  fjold  and  silver,  coal  ami  iron,  superior  grass 
l.iiiils  mill  timbered  niountain-sicles. 

('Ii;-I'j1u'  and  Uoslyn  are  two  now  towns  in  the  mineral  region  of  Klick- 
itat CO,,  ^  itod  among  the  higher  foothills  of  the  Casc.nles,  on  the  line  of 
tlio  N.  '■  >:  i<  E.xteusive  iron-works  arj  located  at  Clo-Eluui,  and  coal- 
uiiucs  at  i<.  ■'-,    . 


m  -i 


m '. 


a-t 


II     I 


392 


EXPLORATIONS,  ROADS.  AND  RAILROADS. 


Mount  Vernon,  on  the  swift  and  beautiful  Skagit  ri-^er,  was  taken  up 
as  a  land  claim  in  1871  by  Jaapar  Gates,  the  first  house  ,  i  the  river  having 
been  erected  in  18G1  by  Owin  Kincaid.  There  is  a  cranberry  marsh  lure, 
owned  by  a  California  company.  From  80  acres  of  vines,  5,000  buslicls  rif 
cranberries  were  gathered  in  1889.  Port  Townsend,  Whatcom,  and  Schoino, 
long  aj)parently  lifeless,  have  blossomed  out  with  elegant  homes,  statily 
hotels,  and  banking-houses.  Fairhaven,  also  on  Bellingham  bay,  has  a 
charming  situation,  and  is  rapidly  growing. 

Centralia,  Aberdeen,  and  all  the  towns  in  the  fertile  Cheluilis  valley  are 
sharing  the  results  of  agricultural  and  milling  enterprises.  The  following  is 
the  history  of  Aberdeen,  by  Samuel  Benn,  its  founder,  born  in  New  York  in 
18.32,  coming  to  Cal.  in  1850;  worked  in  Tuolumne  mines  until  1859.  when  ho 
came  to  Pugct  Sound,  and  purchasing  a  boat  explored  Black  river,  and  tdol;  up 
a  pre-emption  claim.  In  18G8  he  removed  to  (Jhehalis  valley,  where  he  pur- 
chased 592  acres  of  land,  raising  cattle  and  dairying:  until  1884,  when  ho  laiil 
out  the  town  of  Aberdeen,  devoting  in  all  240  acres  to  the  town-site,  giving 
away  49  acres  in  mill-sites  to  promote  business,  and  also  donated  50  acies  t<i 
J.  M.  Weatherwax,  in  alternate  blocks,  for  the  same  purpose.  Ho  i.s  prin- 
cipal  owner  in  the  W^^hingtonian  cannery;  has  been  sheriff  and  county  enpi- 
missioner,  and  built  'k.  first  boat  to  run  on  the  Chehalis  river.  He  niarrieil 
Martha  A.  llcdmom     i  "         '.nd  has  5  daughters  and  2  sons. 

Gray'g  Harbor  is  ai,t  much  attention,  but  whether  some  settled  or 

some  newly  selected  site  i  the  port  of  the  future  is  not  yet  apparent. 

Kelso,  in  Cowlitz  valley,  .  miles  from  the  Columbia,  has  hopes  of  I'utiiro 
greatness,  callinj^  itself  the  'gate  of  Cowlitz,'  and  claims  superior  advantages 
and  eminent  intoUigcmce,  either  of  which  are  no  mean  recommendations. 

The  assessed  value  of  taxable  property  in  Wash,  has  'iicroasud  fidni 
818,922,922  in  1878,  to  §84,641,548  in  1888,  according  to  tho  report  of  Sec- 
retary Owings— a  gain  of  $05,718,(526  in  ten  years.  The  ricl  est  co.  is  KinL». 
t!ie  8(!Cond  Pierce,  the  third  Spokane,  the  fourth  Whitman,  .lie  fifth  Walla 
Walla,  then  Lincoln,  Clarke,  Columbia,  each  valued  at  neailv  .*.3,0()l),000, 
after  which  the  other  counties  range  from  §2,000,000  down  to  !?,1U0, 000.  Tlio 
area  of  the  state  is  09,994  sq.  miles;  area  of  tide-water  inside,  J, 258  sq.  miles; 
of  shore-line  inside,  1,992  miles;  area  of  Lake  Washington,  41  sq.  miles. 
Estimated  population,  by  Owings,  432,600. 

Among  the  more  prominent  citizens  of  Spokane  Falls  are  tlio  followinij. 

Herl)urt  Bolster  came  in  1885  with  an  established  reputation  as  a  lawer 
and  real  estate  agent.  He  enjoys  the  confidence  of  the  uoiinnunity,  ami  has 
been  intrusted  with  much  valuable  city  property,  together  v.itli  tiie  layin^; 
out  of  numerous  additions.  He  is  a  director  of  the  Washinguon  Water  Power 
Co.,  the  Spokane  Cable  Ry.  Co.,  and  other  leading  corporations. 

A.  M.  Cannon,  a  native  of  Monmouth,  lU.,  came  to  this  coast  in  IWS, 
and  to  Spokane  Falls  in  1878,  now  ranks  among  the  millionaires  of  tliat  city, 
his  wealth  being  aciiuired  solely  by  liis  own  imlustry  and  business  jiulLfinen't. 
To  him  is  mainly  dws  the  building  of  the  Spokane  and  Palousii  railnu.l, 
Spokane  Mill  Co.,  tlu;  Bank  of  Spokane  Falls,  and  other  prominent  entei'- 
prises.  As  mayor,  .-.ad  in  other  public  olhces,  ho  has  gained  tlie  esteem  and 
good-will  of  all  vdacses  of  the  people. 

In  1878  J.  J.  Browne,  a  native  of  Grenvillo,  O.,  settled  at  Spokane  I'alls, 
soon  acquired  an  extensive  hiw  pnictice,  and  l>ecame  one  of  the  loa<lers  of  the 
democratic  party,  his  services  as  a  school  director  being  es[>ecially  vahialile. 
Ill  1889  he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  constitutional  convention,  serving 
with  marked  ability.     He  lias  aided  largely  in  building  up  the  city. 

W.  H.  Taylor,  a  native  of  Mich.,  has  also  contributed  largely  to  the 
devolopmcnt  of  his  adopted  city,  in  1887  as  mayor,  as  president  of  uie 
Spokane  Nat.  Bank  and  of  the  Ijoard  of  trade,  and  in  oth.er  positions. 

Others  worthy  of  note  are  F.  R.  Moore,  a  director  of  the  Washinj,''":. 
Water  Power  Co.,  of  the  cable  lino  company,  and  of  several  bani  s  and 
B.  F.  Burch,  M.  1).,  one  of  the  oldest  residents  of  the  city.  Boili  these  }^en- 
tlomon  are  amonj;  the  wealthiest  and  most  respected  citizens  of  Spokaiio, 


)S. 


was  taken  up 
[le  river  haviui; 
ry  marsh  hiiv, 
,000  Imslicls  (,f 
n,  anil  Sehoinu, 

homes,  statily 
im  bay,  has  a 

shalis  valley  are 
Che  following  is 
in  New  York  in 
il  185'J.  whouhe 
ver,  aufl  took  up 
,  where  he  piir- 
j4,  when  ho  hiiil 
3wn-sitc,  givJM;,' 
atcd  ")0  acres  to 
se.  He  i.s  prin- 
inil  county  cnm- 
jr.     He  niarrinl 

9. 

some  settled  or 
yet  apparent, 
hopes  of  fiilure 
irior  advantages 
mijndations. 

'Hcreased  from 
Hi  report  of  Scc- 
l  est  CO.  is  Kill'.'. 

.lie  fifth  Walla 
avlv  !?;i,000,000, 
.  S3UO,()00.     The 

l,'2o8si[.  niiles; 

I,  41   sq.  miles. 

•c  the  foll(>wini_;. 

Ition  as  a  l.iwver 

luinity,  ami  has 

■itli  till!  laying 

>n  Water  I'owur 

•as. 

coa-st  in  iJSoS, 

■es  of  th.it  city, 

|iness  jnilginciit. 

louse  railroiul, 

■oniineiit  eiitei'- 

the  esteem  and 

I  Spokane  l''alls, 

|e  leaders  ot  tlic 
cially  valiKihlc. 

|ention,  .serving 

le  city. 

1  largely   to  tiie 

tosident  of  lilt 

Lsitioiis. 

tic  \V'a.sliiug'";' 

tal   haul  s  ami 

lloth  these  gou- 

1)1'  iSpokaiie. 


HISTORY  OF  IDAHO. 


CHAPTER  I. 

PHYSICAL  FEATURE,^  AND  NATURAL  WEALTH. 

Territorial  Limits — The  World's  Wonder-Land — Riveks,  MotmTAiNS, 
AND  Valleys  —  Phenomenal  Features  —  Lava-Fields  —  Mineral 
Springs — Climate— Scores  op  Limpid  Lake,s — Origin  of  the  Name 
'loAiio' — Indifference  of  Early  Immi'  rants — Natural  Productions 
—Game  —  Food  Supply  —  Fur- bearing  Animals  —  Fir-w  Mormon 
S'^.TTLEMENT— County  Divisions  of  Idaho  as  Part  of  Washington. 

The  territory  of  Idaho  was  set  off  by  congress 
March  3,  1863.  It  was  erected  out  of  the  eastern 
portion  of  Washington  with  portions  of  Dakotah  and 
Nebraska,  and  contained  32(3,373  square  miles,  lying 
between  the  104th  and  117th  meridians  of  longitude, 
and  the  42d  and  49th  parallels  of  latitude.  It  em- 
braced the  country  east  of  the  summits  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  within  fifty  miles  of  the  great  bend  of 
the  Missouri  below  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone, 
including  the  Milk  River,  White  Earth,  Big  Horn, 
Powder  River,  and  a  portion  of  the  Platte  region  on 
the  North  Fork  and  Sweetwater.  Taken  all  together, 
it  is  the  most  grand,  wonderful,  romantic,  and  mys- 
terious part  of  the  domain  enclosed  within  the  federal 
union. 

Within  its  boundaries  fell  the  Black  Hills,  Fort 
Laramie,  Long's  Peak,  the  South  Pass,  Green  River, 
Fort  Hall,  Fort  Boisd,  with  all  that  wearisome  stretch 
of  road  along  Snake  River  made  by  the  annual  trains 


I 


394 


PHYSICAL  FEATURES  AND  NATURAL  WEALTH. 


\m 


•i!       il 


*■;  , 


of  Pacific-bound  immigrants  since  1843,  and  earlier. 
Beyond  these  well-known  stations  and  landmarks  no 
information  had  been  furnished  to  the  public  concern- 
ing that  vast  wilderness  of  mountains  interspersed 
with  apparently  sterile  sand  deserts,  and  remarkable, 
so  far  as  understood,  only  for  the  strangeness  of  its 
rugged  scenery,  which  no  one  seemed  curious  to  ex- 
plore. 

The  Snake  River,^  the  principal  feature  known  to 
travellers,  is  a  sullen  stream,  generally  impracticable, 
and  here  and  there  wild  and  swift,  navigable  only  for 
short  distances,  above  the  mouth  of  the  Clearwater, 
broken  by  rapids  and  falls,  or  coursing  dark  and  dan- 
gerous between  high  walls  of  roel',  Four  times 
between  Fort  Hall  and  the  mouth  of  the  Bruncau,  a 
distance  of  150  miles,  the  steady  flow  of  water  is 
broken  by  falls.  The  first  plunge  at  American  Falls,' 
twenty-five  miles  from  Fort  Hall,  is  over  a  i)reci- 
pice  GO  feet  or  more  in  height,  after  which  it  Hows 
between  walls  of  trap-rock  for  a  distance  of  70  miles, 
when  :t  enters  a  deeper  canon  several  miles  in  length 
and  from  800  to  1,000  feet  in  width,  emerging  from 
which  it  divides  and  passes  around  a  lofty  pinnacle  of 
rock  standing  in  the  bed  of  the  stream,  the  main  por- 
tion of  the  river  rushing  over  a  ledge  and  falling  180 
feet  without  a  break,  while  the  smaller  stream  de- 
scends by  successive  plunges  in  a  series  of  rapids  lor 
some  distance  before  it  takes  its  final  leap  to  the  pool 
below.  These  are  called  the  Twin  Falls,  and  some- 
times the  Little  Falls  to  distinguish  them  from  the 
Great  Shoshone  Falls,  four  miles  below,  where  the 
entire  volume  of  water  plunges  down  210  feet  after  a 
preliminary  descent  of  30  feet  by  rapids.  Forty  miles 
west,  at  the  Salmon  or  Fishing  falls,  the  river  makes 
its  last  great  downward  jump  of  forty  feet,  after  which 

•  The  name  of  this  stream  was  taken  from  the  natives  inhabiting  its  himlcs, 
and  has  been  variously  called  Snake,  Shoshone,  and  Les  Serpents.  L(  wis 
and  C'larke  named  it  alter  the  former — Lewis  River.  See  Native  Jiaces  vf  Ilia 
Pac'ifr  Slatei^,  and  Ilinl,  yorlhwest  Coanf,  iiassim,  this  sorica. 

'  So  named  f  i  om  tlio  loss  of  a  party  of  Americans  who  attempted  to  navi- 
gate the  river  iu  canoes.  Palmer's  Jour.,  44. 


TOPOGRAPHY  OF  IDAHO. 


393 


it  flows,  with  frequent  rapids  and  canons,  onward  to 
the  Columbia,'  in  soaie  places  bright,  pure,  and  spar- 
kling with  imprisoned  sunshine,  in  others  noisieloss, 
cold,  and  dark,  eddying  like  a  brown  serpent  among 
fringes  of  willows,  or  hiding  itself  in  shadowy  ravines 
untrodden  by  the  footsteps  of  the  all-dominating 
wliite  man. 

This  500  feet  of  descent  by  cataracts  is  made  on 
the  lower  levels  of  the  great  basin,  where  the  altitude 
above  the  sea  is  from  2,130  feet,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Owyhee,  to  4,240  at  the  American  Falls.  The  de- 
scent of  2,110  feet  in  a  distance  of  250  miles  is  suf- 
ficient explanation  of  the  unnavigable  character  of  the 
Serpent  River.  Other  altitudes  furnish  the  key  to  the 
characteristics  of  the  Snake  Basin.  The  eastern  gate- 
way to  this  region,  the  South  Pass,  is  nearly  7,500 
feet  high,  and  the  mountain  peaks  in  the  Rocky  range 
from  io,000  to  13,570  feet,  the  height  of  Fremont 
Peak.  The  pass  to  the  north  through  the  Blackfoot 
country  is  6,000  feet  above  the  sea,  which  is  the 
general  level  of  that  region,*  while  various  peaks  in 
the  Bitter  Root  range  rise  to  elevations  between  7,000 
and  10,000  feet.  Florence  mines,  where  the  dis- 
coverers were  rash  enough  to  winter,  has  an  altitude 
of  8,000  feet,  while  Fort  Boise  is  0,000  feet  lower, 
being  in  the  lowest  part  of  the  valley  of  Snake  River. 
Yet  within  a  day's  travel  on  horseback  are  rugged 
niDuntnins  where  the  snow  lies  until  late  in  the  spring, 
topped  by  others  where  it  never  melts,  as  the  miners 
soon  ascertained  by  actual  experience.  The  largest 
body  of  level  land  furnished  with  grass  instead  of  ar- 
tcinesia  is  Big  Camas  prairie,  on  the  head  waters  of 
Mahide  or  Wood  river,  containing  about  200  square 
miles,  but  at  an  altitude  of  4,700  feet,  which  seemed 
to  render    it   unfit    for   any   agricultural    purposes, 


'ItihkU's  Snake  River  Jier/ion,  yiS.,  2-4;  Sfarr's  Idaho,  MS.,  4;  Idaho 
SrmpK,  27,  35;  JJoisi  Statesman,  July  4,  ISUS;  Portland  Went  Shore,  July 
1S77. 

*  I'hc  mean  altitnde  of  Montana  is  {^ivcu  as  3,000  fuot  iu  Gannetl's  Lid  of 
EkviUions,  101. 


t't'! 


%l 


I  ^f  J 


ii.'ii 


390 


rilYSICAL  FEATURES  AND  NATURAL  WEALTH. 


although  it  was  the  summer  paradise  of  the  United 
States  cavalry  for  a  time,  and  of  horse  and  cattle 
owners. 

There  arc  valleys  on  the  Payette,  Clearwater,  lower 
Snake,  Boise,  Weiser,  Blackfoot,  Malade,  and  Bciir 
rivers,  besides  several  smaller  ones.  They  range  in 
size  from  twenty  to  a  hundred  miles  in  length,  and 
from  one  to  twenty  miles  in  width,  and  ^vith  t)tln.r 
patches  of  fertile  land  aggregate  ten  millions  of  aeius 
in  that  part  of  the  new  territory  whose  altered  boun- 
daries now  constitute  Idaho,  all  of  which  became 
known  to  be  well  adapted  to  farming  and  fruit-raising, 
although  few  persons  were  found  at  first  to  risk  the 
expei'iment  of  sowing  and  planting  in  a  country  which 
was  esteemed  as  the  peculiar  homo  of  the  mineralogist 
and  miner. 

In  a  country  like  this  men  looked  for  unusual  things, 
for  strange  phenomena,  and  they  found  them.  A 
volcano  was  discovered  about  the  head  waters  of 
the  Boise,  which  on  many  occasions  sent  up  smoke  and 
colunms  of  molten  lava^  in  18GG,  and  in  August  1881 
another  outburst  of  lava  was  witnessed  in  the  moun- 
tains east  of  Camas  prairie,  while  at  the  same  time  :in 
earthquake  shock  was  felt.  In  18G4  the  Salmon  liivor 
suddeidy  rose  and  fell  several  feet,  rising  a  second 
time  higher  than  before,  being  warm  and  nmddy.'' 

Notwithstanding  the  evidences  of  volcanic  eruptions, 
and  the  great  extent  of  lava  overflow  along  Siuiko 
River,  the  country  between  Reynolds  Creek  in  Owy- 
hee and  Bruneau  River  was  one  vast  bed  of  organic  re- 
mains, where  the  bones  of  extinct  species  of  animals 
were  found,^  and  also  parts  of  the  human  skeleton  of 

'Bnfliilo  Hump,  an  isolated  butto  between  Clearwater  and  Salmon  livers, 
is  the  niountaiu  berc  referred  to.  The  lava  ovorllow  was  renewed  in  S<'iiti.iii- 
ber,  when  'great  streams  of  lava'  were  'running  down  the  moantr.iii,  ilio 
molten  eul)stiinee  burning  everything  in  its  path.  The  flames  shoot  hij,'li  in 
tlic  air,  giving  at  a  long  distance  tlic  appearance  of  a  grand  conllagiiition.' 
A  rumbling  noise  accompanied  the  overflow.  Wood  1,'iirr  Miner,  Sept.  -1, 
1881;  Idaho  ]\'orlil,  .lune  30,  1800;  SHirr  Cili/  Amlaiichr,  Jan.  '20,  IhSI. 
"Jolin  Kcenan  of  Florence  witnessed  this  event.  Jhiinr  Xfir.s,  Aug.  1  .'i.  1  >^^'>i- 
^  Early  KvenlH,  MS.,  i).  IL  JJ.  Maize  found  a  tusk  1)  inches  in  dianiitc  r  at 
the  base  and  U  feet  long  embedded  in  the  soil  ou  Rabbit  Creek,  lU  miles  tium 


.TH. 


STREAMS  AND  CASOXS  OF  IDAHO. 


W7 


le  United 
ind  cattle 

iter,  lower 
and  Bear 
f  range  in 
jngtli,  aiul 
vith  other 
[IS  of  acres 
ered  boun- 
3I1  became 
Liit-raising, 
o  risk  the 
iitry  which 
ineralogifet 

5ual  tiling.'^, 

tlicni.     A 

waters  of 

smoke  and 

jfust  1881 

10  nioun- 
no  time  all 
mon  liiver 

a  sei'oud 
luddy." 
eruptions, 
)ng  Snake 
k  in  Owy- 
jroanic  re- 

t'  anmuils 
keleton  of 

Salmon  livers, 
k-eil  ill  Sci'tiiii- 
inouiiti'.iii.  iliu 

shoot  liij-'li  ill 
coiitlagriitiiiii.' 
;«(/•,  Scjil,.  -1, 

29,  lSt>l. 
Aug.  i:i.  1SU4. 
ill  ilianictrr  at 

10  miles  tium 


a  size  which  seemed  to  point  to  a  prehistoric  race  of 
men  as  well.  This  portion  of  the  ancient  lake  bed 
seemed  to  have  received,  from  its  lower  position,  tho 
ricliest  deposit  of  fossils,  although  they  were  found 
ill  higher  localities.  All  the  streams  emptying  into 
Snake  Eivcr  at  some  distance  below  the  Shoshone 
nr  (jircat  falls  sink  before  reaching  it,  and  flow  beneath 
tho  lava,  shooting  out  of  the  sides  of  the  caiion  with 
l)eautiful  effect,  and  forming  a  variety  of  cascades.* 
"Snlinon  River,"  said  one  of  the  mining  pioneers,  "al- 
most cuts  tho  earth  in  two,  the  banks  being  4,000 
icet  perpendicular  for  miles,  and  backed  by  rugged 
mountains  that  show  evidences  of  having  been  rent 
hy  tho  most  violent  convulsions."®  Godin'"  or  Lost 
livir  is  a  considerable  stream  rising  among  the  Wood 
liiver  Mountains  and  disappearing  near  Three  Ikittes 
— hence  the  name — thouo'h  cominij  to  the  surface 
afterv.'ard.  Journeying  to  Fort  Hall  by  the  way  of 
]>ig  Camas  prairie,^^  after  reaching  the  lava-tield  you 
]i;iss  along  the  base  of  mountains  whose  tops  glisten 
\vith  perpetual  snow\  Stretching  southward  is  a  sea 
of  cinder,  wavy,  scaly,  sometimes  cracked  and  abysmal. 
Ihuiieau  River  and  the  Owyhee  drain  the  southern 
mid  western  side.  Curious  mineral  springs  have  been 
discovered  in  various  parts,  the  most  famous  of  which 

>^n:ikc  llivcr,  and  a  variety  of  other  hones.  Boinc  Slntcsman,  Oct.  1,  1870. 
Tlii.s  lull  fipjicara  to  be  similar  to  one  wliicli  exists  in  a  sand  deposit  in  south- 
c:isUiii  Oregon,  and  described  by  O.  C.  Appleg.itc  in  Porlland  Wixt  Shore, 
July  1S77. 

"  ll'iUl  fj'n  Suakfi  llivcr  lle'i'iou,  !MS.,  '2-4.  In  this  descriptive  manuscript, 
by  I'lauk  l;il)iett,  surveyor  of  Cassia  county,  sonic  strong  hints  are  tlirowu 
oat.  Rihlctt  s.iys:  'The  lava  presents  phenomena  like  breathing-lioli's,  where 
stroll;;  cuirunts  of  air  liiid  continual  vent. .  .Chasms  going  seemingly  to 
iiiiDieiise  deptlis;  corrals — called  devil's  corrals,  licing  enclosures  of  lava 
v,:ills —extinct  craters;  the  City  of  iiocks.  a  pile  of  basalt,  wiiich  resembles  a 
iii:i;.'iiiHceiit  city  in  ruins. .  .Massacre  (lato  w  a  tremendous  basaltic  barrier 
rniiiiiiig  tiom  the  blnlFs  to  Snako  lUvcr,  and  cleft  only  wide  enough  to  permit 
till'  passage  of  a  wagon,  so  named  from  a  massacre  by  Indians  at  this  place; 
also  vuiionsly  stylcil  (late  of  Death  and  Uevil's  Gate.' 

'^  llnhii'ii  Hist.  Idadodoinity,  MS.,  7. 

'''\amcd  after  a  trapper  in  tiic  service  of  the  American  Fur  Company, 
f'todiu  is  mentioned  in  Victor's  U'lve.r  of  tint  W'rxf,  l-JO-:iO.  Ite  was  killed  at 
tliis  stvcaiii  by  the  Blackfoot  Indiana.   Tuivntn'iid's  X<ir.,  114. 

"  Called  Big  Camas  to  distinguish  it  from  the  North  Camas  prairie  situ- 
iiti'il  ijotween  the  Clearwater  and  Salmon  rivers,  and  otiier  tracts  of  similar 
luiuLs.    'i'hure  is  also  a  Little  Camas  prairie  south  of  Big  Camus  prairie. 


li 


:? 


V: 


mi 


m 


■f 


lij;' 


1         i 

f 


1 1 


II    I 


^  i 


398 


PHYSICAL  FEATURES  AND  NATURAL  WEALTH. 


arc  the  soda  springs  in  the  Bear  River  region,  of  which 
thousands  have  tasted  on  their  journey  across  tho 
continent.  Around  the  springs  are  circular  embank- 
ments of  pure  snow-white  soda  several  feet  in  liei^ht 
and  twenty  to  thirty  feet  in  diameter.  You  may  count 
fifty  mineral  springs  within  a  square  mile  in  Bear 
River  Valley,  some  of  pure  soda,  some  mingled  with 
sulphur, and  others  impregnated  with  iron;  some  warm, 
some  cold,  some  placid,  others  bubbling  and  noisy  as 
steam,  the  waters  of  which  could  be  analyzed,  but 
could  not  be  reproduced.'^ 

It  was  the  common  judgment  of  the  first  explorers 
that  there  was  more  of  strange  and  awful  in  the  scen- 
ery and  topography  of  Idaho  than  of  the  pleasing  and 
attractive.  A  more  intimate  acquaintance  with  tho 
less  conspicuous  features  of  the  country  revealed  many 
beauties.  The  climate  of  the  valleys  was  found  to  bo 
far  milder  than  from  their  elevation  could  have  been 
expected.  Picturesque  lakes  were  discovered  nestled 
among  the  mountains,  or  furnishing  in  some  instances 
navigable  waters.^^  Fish  and  game  abounded.  Fine 
forests  of  pine  and  fir  covered  the  mountain  slopis 
except  in  the  lava  region;  and  nature,  even  in  this 
phenomenal  part  of  her  domain,  had  not  forgotten  to 
prepare  the  earth  for  the  occupation  of  man,  nor  neu;^- 
lected  to  give  him  a  wondrously  warm  and  fertile  soil 

^'^  Idaho  Scraps,  CO-1;  Salt  Lnke  Tribune,  Jan.  1,  1878;  Codman^s  Round 
Trip,  "Jo-t-O;  Strahoru'a  To  the  I'ocLics,  126.  At  some  springs  4  miles  from 
Millcrsburg  a  bathing-house  has  been  built.  Ilofai's  /list.  Idaho  Co., M!<.,(J.  lu 
180C>-ti  James  H.  Hutton  erectoil  baths  at  the  warm  springs  near  AViincn. 
Statement  by  Edwin  Farnham,  in  Schidtze's  Eitrly  Anecdotes,  MS.,  C;  On'i/- 
hee  Aralanche,  April  17,  1870.  On  Bruncau  River,  at  tho  Robeson  l:inii, 
are  several  hot  springs,  and  one  of  cohl  sulphur  water.  Near  Atlanta,  on  tlio 
midiUo  fork  of  lJois(5,  were  discovered  warm  springs  fitted  up  for  bathiiii,'  liy 
F.  1'.  Carothcrsin  1S77.  Silver  (Jitij  Aralanche,  May  5,  1877.  Near  Bon.inzii, 
on  Yankee  Fork  of  Salmon  Riyer,  wore  found  sulphur  springs  of  peculiar 
qualities.  Bonanza  Citif  Yankee  Fork  Herald,  March  "20,  1880.  In  shurt,  tho 
whole  basin  between  Salmon  River  and  Salt  Lake  was  found  to  be  dottuJ 
with  springs  of  high  temperature  and  cui-ative  medicinal  qualities. 

'^  Lakes  Cceur  d'Aleno  and  Pend  d'Oreille  are  of  tho  navigable  class,  the 
former  ',]o  miles  long,  tho  latter  30  miles.  Steamers  ply  on  the  Ca-ur  d'Alcno. 
Cocolala  is  a  small  lake.  Kaniskec  is  a  limpid  body  of  water  20  miles  Ioiil,'  by 
10  wide.  Hindoo  lakes  are  a  group  of  small  bodies  of  alkaline  water  of  uiculici- 
nal  qualities.    And  there  ar<j  a  score  or  two  more  well  worthy  of  mention. 


j'iii'  •; 


IDAHO,  GEM  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS. 


399 


to  compensate  for  the  labor  of  subduing  tlio  savagery 
of  licr  apparently  waste  places.^* 

What  has  been  said  of  the  Snake  Basin  and  Salmon 
and  Clearwater  regions  leaves  untouched  the  wonder- 
land lying  at  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains on  the  upper  waters  of  the  Yellowstone  River, 
and  all  the  imposing  scenery  of  the  upper  Missouri 
and  the  Clarke  branch  of  the  Columbia — the  magnifi- 
cent mountains,  and  grand  forests,  the  rich  if  elevated 
valleys,  and  the  romantic  solitudes  of  that  more  north- 
ern division  of  Idaho  as  first  organized  under  a  tem- 
porary government,  which  was  soon  after  cut  off  and 
tivcted  into  a  separate  territory.  Once  it  had  all 
been  Oregon  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains;  then  it 
was  all  Washington  north  and  east  of  Snake  River; 
now  all  east  of  that  stream  bore  another  name,  a  Sho- 
shone word,  signifying  "gem  of  the  mountains,"  or 
more  strictly,  "diadem  of  the  mountains,"  referring  to 
the  lustrous  rim  shown  by  the  snowy  peaks  as  the 
sun  rises  behind  and  over  them.'^ 

'•For  general  description  of  Idaho,  see  //.  Ex.  Doc,  i.  pt  4,  133-8,  41sfc 
cmii:,'.  3(1  sess. ;  RusUm/s  Across  the  Continent,  200-50;  Edinouds,  in  Portland 
Ori'ionian,  April  19,  1864;  Meagher,  in  Harper's  Ala;/.,  xxxv.  508-84;  Mc- 
Cabc's  Our  Country,  1092;  Browne's  /'esourre-i,  512-16;  Ebci/'s  Journal,  MS., 
i.  '.'.j;);  CainpbuU's  IVestem  Guide,  Giy-i;  Ilayden's  Gcologiual  Rept,  in  //.  Ex. 
Doc,  3'J(j,  XV.,  42d  cong.  2d  sess.;  Idaho  Scraps,  27,  235;  Lewinton  Sii/nal, 
AuL'.  23,  1873;  Elliott's  Ilist.  Idaho,  80-108;  Strahnrn's  Idaho,  7-84;  Stra- 
ktrji'n  lUuHrnted  New  West;  and  many  more  misccllancuus  sketches  of  trav- 
elliTs  and  military  men,  as  well  as  surveyors  of  railroad  routes  and  land  coni- 
misHioucrs.  While  a  volume  of  description  might  be  written,  I  liave  sougiit 
only  l)y  touches  here  and  there  to  outline  the  general  characteristics  of  the 
country. 

'•*  I'ac.  Monthly,  xi.,  June  1864,  675.  There  seems  to  be  no  question  of  the 
meaniiiL;  of  tjie  word,  which  is  vouched  for  by  numerous  authorities.  C  II. 
Miller,  in  Elliott's  Hist.  Idaho,  80,  affects  to  give  the  distinction  of  iiaiuing 
Idalio  to  William  Craig.  I  do  not  see,  however,  that  Craig  had  anytiiiug  to 
do  with  it,  even  though  he  had  mentioned  to  others,  as  he  did  to  Miller,  the 
sigiiiiication  of  the  word.  It  had  been  in  use  as  the  name  of  a  steamboat  on 
tlie  ('ijluml)ia  above  The  Dalles  since  the  spring  of  1800,  but  Miller  says  he 
never  heard  the  word  until  the  spring  of  1601,  when  travelling  to  Oro  Fiuo 
with  (  raig.  Ho  also  says  that  the  Indian  word  was  E-dah'-hoe,  and  that  he 
gave  it  to  the  world  in  its  present  orthography  in  a  newspaper  article  in  the 
autitinn  of  1801.  It  had  been  painted 'Idaho 'on  the  O.  S.N.  steamer  for  18 
months,  whore  it  was  visible  to  thousands  travelling  up  the  Colun)bia.  The 
infer'  iiee  which  Miller  would  establish  is  that  he,  with  Craig's  assistance, 
fiiiL'u'istcd  tlie  name  of  the  territory  of  Idaho.  See  Idaho  Avalanche,  in  Wnlla 
HV(//rt  Sfntisman,  Dec.  11,  1880.  Another  even  more  imaginative  writer  ia 
W'illiam  0.  Stoddurd,  in  an  article  in  the  N,  Y,  2'ribune,  who  states  that  the 


Iil 


"  \ 


400 


PHYSICAL  FEATURES  AND  NATURAL  WEALTH. 


The  natural  food  resources  of  Idaho  were  not  tlio.so 
of  a  desert  country.  Sturgeon  of  immense  size  were 
I'ound  in  the  Snake  River  as  high  up  as  Old's  funy. 
Salmon  crowded  that  stream  and  its  tributaries  at  cer- 
tain seasons.  The  small  rivers  abounded  in  salmon. 
trout.  The  lakes  were  filled  with  fish  of  a  delifditfiil 
flavor.  One  species,  for  which  no  name  has  yet  been 
found,  belonged  especially  to  the  Payette  lakes,  of  a 
bright  vermilion  color,  except  the  fins,  which  are  dark 
green.  They  probably  belonged  to  the  salmon  fam- 
ily, as  their  habit  in  respect  of  ascending  to  the  head 
waters  of  the  river  to  spawn  and  die  are  the  same  as 
the  Columbia  salmon." 

The  mountains,  plaip'^,  and  valleys  abounded  with 
deer,  bear,  antelope,  elk,  and  mountain  shecj).^'  The 
buffido  which  once  grazed  on  the  Snake  River  ])lauis 
had  long  been  driven  cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Partridge,  quail,  grouse,  swan,  and  wild  duck  were 
plentiful  on  the  plains  and  about  the  lakes.  Fur- 
word  'Idaho'  was  coined  by  an  eccentric  friend  of  Lis,  George  M.  Willing, 
'first  delegate  to  congress.'  As  no  such  man  was  ever  a  delegate,  and  as  tlio 
territory  must  have  l)een  created  and  named  before  it  could  have  a  deli'L'ate, 
this  fiction  ceases  to  Ije  interesting.  Sec  JJohd  Statesman,  Jan.  8,  KSTii;  Jdulw 
World,  in  Ihid.;  S.  F.  Chronicle,  May  1,  1870.  There  is  a  in-ctty  legend  con- 
nected with  the  word  'Idaho.'  It  is  to  the  effect  that  E.  I).  I'iercc  niot  with 
an  Indian  woman  of  the  northern  Shoshoncs  who  told  him  of  a  bri^lit  olijcct 
which  fell  from  the  skies  and  hidged  in  the  side  of  a  mountain,  but  wliich, 
although  its  light  could  be  seen,  could  never  be  found.  Pierce,  it  is  .said, 
imdcrtook  to  lind  this  Koohinoor,  and  while  looking  for  it  discovered  the  Xez 
Percti  mines.  Owi/hcp  Aralanche,  March  10,  1876.  Another  rcasonabl-  otory 
is  that  when  W.  II.  Wallace  was  canvassing  for  his  election  as  delegate  tVom 
Washington  in  1801  with  Lander  and  Garlielde,  it  was  agreed  at  Oro  I'ino 
that  whichever  of  the  candidates  should  be  elected,  should  favor  a  division  of 
the  territory.  The  question  of  a  name  coining  up,  George  B.  Walker  sug- 
gested Idaho,  which  suggestion  was  approved  by  the  caucus.  From  the  fact 
that  the  first  bill  presented  called  the  proposed  new  territory  Idaho,  it  is 
probable  that  the  petitioners  adhered  to  the  agreement.  There  appears  to 
have  been  three  names  before  the  committees,  Shoshone,  Montana,  uul 
Idaho.  Sec  Coiirj.  Globe,  1862-3,  pt  i.,  p.  IGC;  and  that  Senator  Wilson  of 
Massachusetts,  when  the  bill  creating  the  territory  of  'Montana' was  about 
to  pass,  insisted  on  a  change  of  name  to  Idaho,  on  the  ground  that  Montana 
was  no  name  at  all,  while  Idaho  had  a  meaning.  In  this  amendment  he  was 
supported  by  Harding  of  Oregon.     Wilson's  amendment  was  agreed  to. 

i"5/m/i07'»'s  To  the  Hockies,  124;  Oli/mpia  Wank.  Democrat,  Dec.  10,  1SG4; 
Idaho  World,  Aug.  15,  1874;  Salt  Lake  Tribune,  Jan.  1,  1878. 

"  A  new  species  of  carnivorous  animal,  called  the  '  man-eater,'  was  killed 
near  Silver  City  in  1870.  Its  weight  was  about  100  lbs,  legs  short,  tail  latsiiy 
and  10  inches  long,  ears  short,  and  feet  large — a  nondescript.  Silver  t'ily 
Idaho  Avalanche,  Siiirch  12,  IS70. 


ANIMALS,  FRUITS,  AND  PLANTS. 


401 


bearing  animals,  once  hunted  out  of  tlie  mountains 
and  streams  by  the  far  companies,  had  again  become 
numerous.  The  industrious  beaver  cut  down  the 
vi'Uiig  Cottonwood  trees  as  fast  as  they  grew  in  the 
Ihuneau  A'^alley,  depriving  future  settlers  of  timber, 
but  preserving  for  them  the  richest  soil.  The  wolf, 
red  and  silver-gray  fox,  marten,  and  muskrat  inhabited 
the  mountains  and  streams. 

Grapes,  cherries,  blackberries,  gooseberries,  whor- 
tleberries, strawberries,  and  salmon-berries,  of  the 
wild  varieties,  had  their  special  localities.  Black- 
berries and  grapes  were  abundant,  but,  owing  to  the 
dry  climate,  not  of  the  size  of  these  wild  fruits  in  the 
niidiUu  states.  Camas  root,  in  the  commissar}'  de- 
partment of  the  natives,  occupied  a  place  similar  to 
bread,  or  between  wheat  and  potatoes,  in  the  diet  of 
ai^ricultural  nations.  It  resembled  an  onion,  being 
bulbous,  while  in  taste  it  was  a  little  like  n  yam. 
The  (lullah,  another  root,  smaller  and  of  a  disagree- 
able ilavor,  was  eaten  by  the  Indians  when  cooked. 
In  taste  it  resembled  tobacco,  and  was  poisonous 
eaten  raw.  The  botany  of  the  country  did  not  diilbr 
greatly  from  some  parts  of  Oregon,  either  in  the  floral 
or  the  arboreous  productions.  The  most  useful  kinds 
of  trees  were  tbe  yellow  pine,  sugar  pine,  silver  i)lne, 
vliite  fir,  yellow  fir,  red  fir,  white  cedar,  hendock, 
yew,  white  oak,  live-oak,  cottonwood,  poplar,  moun- 
tain mahogany,  and  madrono.  The  great  variety  of 
shruliby  orowths  are  about  the  same  as  in  south- 
\V(!.stern  Oreofon. 

Two  years  ])revious  to  the  passage  of  the  organic 
act  of  Idaho  there  had  been  but  two  or  three  settle- 
nicnts  made  within  its  limits,  if  the  missions  of  the 
Jesuits  are  excepted.  It  was  not  regarded  with  favor 
by  any  class  of  men,  not  even  the  most  earth-hungry. 
Over  its  arid  plains  and  among  its  fantastic  upheavals 
of  V(  )lcanic  rocks  roamed  savage  tribes.  Of  the  cliniate 
little  was  known,  and  that  little  was  unfavorable,  from 
the  circumstance  that  the  fur  companies,  who  spent 


I 

Mtliku 
il 


Hist.  Wash.— 26 


402 


PHYSICAL  FEATURES  AND  NATURAL  WEALTH. 


3,  re 


the  winters  in  certain  localities  in  the  mountain 
gardetl  all  others  as  inhospitable,  and  the  ininiis^raiits 
judged  of  it  by  the  heat  and  drought  of  niidsuniiiicr. 


y  hurjt' 


Idaho  in  18U3. 

But  early  in  1854  a  small  colony  of  !M(»rmnn  iikii 
was  sent  to  found  a  settlement  on  Salmon  l\i\ir 
among  the  butlalo-hunting  Xez  l*erces,  wiio  or  "ctrd 
a  fort,  which  they  named  Lend)i.  In  tlie  following 
year  they  were  reenforced  by  others,  witli  their  l';iiii- 
ilies,  horses,  cattle,  seeds,  and  farming  impleiiu  ii(>; 
and  in  1857  Brigham  Yoi'.ng  visited  this  colony,  :it- 
tcnded  by  a  nunu  reus  retinue.  He  found  the  ]uii|ili' 
prosperous,  their  crops  abundant,  tho  river  abouiuling' 


MORMON  SETTLEMENT. 


403 


in  tlsli,  and  the  evidonces  present  of  mineral  wealth. 
When  lie  I'eturned  to  Salt  Lake  the  pioneers  returned 
with  him  to  t'eteh  their  wives  and  children.  The  Nez 
Pcires,  however,  became  jealous  of  these  settlers, 
kiiitwiiig  that  the  government  was  opposed  to  the 
^ili'inion  occupation  of  Utah,  and  fearing  lest  they 
^liould  l)e  driven  out  to  overrun  the  Flathead  country 
it"  ihey  were  permitted  to  retain  a  footing  there.'' 
Tlio  colony  finally  returned  to  Salt  Lake,  driven  out, 
it  was  said,  by  the  Indians,  with  a  loss  of  three  men 


n':  1 1  K<...i.i.,i\  lU  >.,!'.,»      Tu    ».. 


"  ''-Bm 


'^■^::-!^:^^ 


Kt.iiiff 


"  -.'  ) 


CoDNTIIiS  FOUMEULY   IN    WAaUINGTUN. 


kilk'd,  and  all  their  crops  destroyed.^'  The  other  sot- 
tlciiK'iits  were  a  few  farms  of  French  Canadians  in  the 
Cn  111'  d'Alcne  country,  the  Jesuit  missions,  and  Fort 

i-.sv.(v».s'  Xar.,  in  /W.  1!.  /.'.  Ji'f/d,  xii.  'J.VJ;  letter  of  K.  H.  L.ansdiilo,  in 
/"'/.  .1/  li'ipt,  l.Si">7,  ;iSO;  |{oss  ]>i()\vnc,  iu  Jl.  L'r.  JMc,  .'M),  p.  lilt,  :;.">th 
I'liii;.  \r.t  si'sM. ;  i'hjiiiiiiii  I'ioiii'rr  ami  litin.,  Aug.  J<,  UoG;  (>/•.  ISUili-^iiiHii, 
.S'l't.  i:.,  is.-)7;  L;i',t  r,„ii.  Iml.  J//:,  1S,")7.  ."{■-'l  so. 

"Tlii.i  wii.s  in  l.S."i.S,  if  I  uudcrstimd  Owen's  iiccount,  in  I  ml.  Aff.  I'l/it, 
l^Vi,  IJl.  Slionp,  ill  lilnho  Tir.,  MS.,  .">,  itiVrs  to  this  RiUlenitnt.  'I'lio 
.Mipiiiiniia  I'lieti'il  liiiir  lioiitii'M  insiili'  of  ii  iialismlo,  iiiid  uoiiltl  Inve  l)ocn  wvu- 
t  'in'.l  IViiiii  Suit  J.ako.  It  is  iiioliahlc  that  liiighani  called  them  iu  to 
Bliviij,Un.ii  hia  huuda  agaiuat  the  i;overnnieut. 


ii 


m 


404 


niYSICAL  FEATURES  AND  NATURAL  WEALTH. 


Owen,  tho  latter  east  of  the  Uitter  Iloot  Monntai"^, 
in  the  valley  of  the  Sb  Mnry  branch  of  Bitter  Pioot 
River. 

The  county  of  Shoshone  was  set  off  from  Wjilla 
Walla  county  by  the  legislature  of  Washington  ds 
early  as  January  29,  1858,  conii)rising  all  the  count iv 
north  of  Snake  River  lying  east  of  the  Columbia  aii<l 
west  of  tho  Rocky  Mountains,  with  tlie  county  scit 
"on  the  land  claim  of  Angus  McDonald."*'     Tin.' 


s  was 


*"  McDonald  was  the  TI.  B.  Co.'s  agent  at  Colville.  The  county  comiiiis- 
Bioncrs,  excepting  .Jolin  Owen,  Mho  was  U.  S.  Indian  agent,  wcio  <i  fi  i,.i.'u 
birth;  namely,  Iiol)ert  Donj^his  and  William  McCreany.  Patrick  McKinzie 
was  appointed  bhcrill',  and  Lafiiycttc  Alexander  county  auditor.  Wanh  Lui-  <t, 
lS.jS,  .")!.  Anotlicr  act,  repealing  thin,  and  without  altering  the  iiounil.iiits, 
giving  it  the  name  of  Spokane,  and  making  new  appointments,  was  p:is.-eil 
Jan.  17,  1«S00.  In  this  act  James  Hayes,  Jaccjuea  Diunas,  and  Lt;amau  were 
made  commissioners,  John  ^\'inn  shorill",  II.  K.  llojcr.'!  ti-easiuer.  IIoS  rt 
Douglas  auditor,  J.  Iv.  Dates  justice  of  the  peace,  and  E.  Wolf  coroner.  Tlie 
county  seat  wan  removed  to  the  land  claim  of  Bates.  The  following  year  all 
tliat  part  of  Spokane  county  lying  cast  of  tho  ll.">tli  'ino  of  longitulc,  and 
west  of  the  sunnnit  of  tho  Rocky  Mountains,  was  stricken  oil'  and  hceanio 
Mifsoula  county,  with  the  county  seat  'at  or  near  the  trading  post  of  Wor.I-  a 
&  (Jo.,  IlcUgnte  Rond.'  Tiic  connnissioners  of  the  new  county  weix'  ('.  I', 
lliggins,  Thomas  Harris,  and  V.  L.  Worden;  justice  of  the  peace,  lleiiii  M. 
Clia.sc;  sheriir,  Tipton.  A  new  county  of  Shobhono  was  creaicd  ()f  lliu  t<:ni- 
tory  lying  south  of  a  line  drawn  east  from  the  mouth  of  the  Clearwater  tn  tlio 
I  i.'')th  meridian,  thence  south  to  tlie  4(3th  parallel,  and  east  a;4ain  to  the  Koi-ky 
MtH,  piU'suing  their  sunnnits  to  tho  4'_M  juirallel,  whence  it  turned  ^ve^.l  it 
the  boundary  line  of  Oregon,  following  that  and  Snake  River  to  the  place  ui 
beginning.  No  ofliccrs  were  appointed  for  Shoshone  co.,  but  it  was  attaclicd 
to  Walla  Walla  county  for  judicial  purposes  nntil  organized  by  t!ic  tleciija 
of  proper  county  ollicers.  The  legislature  of  ISOl-'J  al)ritlged  the  bnundiiirs 
of  Shoshone  co.,  by  making  it  begin  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nouth  brancli  of  the 
Clearwater,  following  the  lino  of  the  rixer  south  to  tlie  Lolo  fork  of  tho 
same,  then  cast  with  the  Lolo  fork  to  the  summit  of  tho  hitter  Root  .Moun- 
tains, thence  north  to  the  main  divide  between  the  north  branch  of  liie  Civar- 
water  and  tho  I'alouso  River,  thence  in  a  westerly  direction  with  the  .livi.lo 
to  a  p(jint  from  which,  running  due  south,  it  would  strike  the  nioulh  of  soa; li 
fork.  This  change  made  Siioslione  co.  as  suuill  as  it  was  before  gnat,  ai.  I 
gave  room  for  organizing  two  other  counties:  lirst,  Nez  I'eree,  comprisiii;,'  tin; 
territory  embraced  within  the  following  limits:  beginning  at  the  umiith  "f 
the  main  Clearwater,  following  it  to  the  .south  fork,  and  along  Lolo  folk  I') 
the  top  of  tlio  Uitter  Root  range,  thence  south  to  the  nriin  divide  bttwerii 
south  fork  and  Salmon  River,  following  it  westerly  to  Snake  Itivtr,  and 
thenci'  tlown  Snake  Rivi'r  to  tlie  place  of  commencement.  The  second  <li\i- 
ion  included  all  that  was  left  of  Slioshono  soutii  of  Nez  I'crcd,  and  was  iiaand 
Idaho  county,  tlie  name  afterward  chosen  for  tho  territory  in  which  it  was 
ciiibra  ed.  Tho  oflicers  a])pointcd  for  Idaho  co.  were  Robert  (!ray,  llulmf 
Ihii-ns,  ami  Sanlmurn  commissioners,  JcH'crson  Standifer  sherifl'.  and  raiiiir 
justice  of  the  peace.  Vw  Nez  I'crcC!  eo.  A.  Crcaey  and  Whitlield  Kir. icy 
were  made  couimissioners,  J.  M.  \'an  Valsoh  auditor,  and  Saudford  Ouiin 
Bheriir,  until  tlie  next  general  election.  At  the  session  of  18(>'J-.'I  tin'  county 
of  lioisL-  was  oiganizcd,  emi. racing  that  portion  of  Idaho  co.  bounded  ii^rlli 
by  a  lino  conuntncing  at  the  moutli  of  the  I'ayette  Iliver,  and  extending  up 


THE  MINES. 


403 


subdivulod  by  legislative  acts  in  18G0-1  and  18GI-2, 
m  the  ie'(|uircnieuts  of  the  shifting  mining  population, 
(if  wliich  I  have  given  some  account  in  the  History  of 
Wasliinrfton,  demanded. 

This  mining  population,  as  I  have  there  stated,  first 
overrun  the  Clearwater  ixigion,  discovering  and  open- 
ing between  the  autumn  of  18G0  and  the  spring  of 
l.sd;]  the  placers  of  Oro  Fino  Creek,  Xorth  Fork 
and  South  Fork  of  the  Clearwater,  Salmon  River  and 
its  tributaries,  and  finally  the  Boise  basin;  at  which 
pulnt,  being  nearly  coincident  with  the  date  of  the 
ttiiitorial  act,  I  will  take  up  the  separate  history  of 
IcUiho.^' 


tliat  stivam  to  the  middle  branch,  and  up  it  to  its  source,  thence  east  to  the 
suimiiit  of  the  ]>ittcr  llout  range,  which  it  followed  to  the  Rocky  Mts.  All 
tliat  lay  south  of  that  oast  and  west  line  waa  IJoise  co.  as  it  existed  when  the 
til ritory  was  organized.  Tlie  county  seat  was  located  at  tiie  mouth  of  Klk 
(Virk  oil  Mooru  (.'reek.  Tlie  coniinissioners  were  .lohn  (J.  Sinitli,  Frank 
Miici'.i',  W.  15.  Noble;  1).  Gilbert  jirobate  judge,  David  Mnlford  sherilF,  David 
Aldiisou  treasurer,  A.  D.  Saunders  auditoi',  .1.  M.  Muriiliy,  Swan,  and  Baird 
j:stii'('s  of  llie  jieace,  James  Wari'cn  coroner.   Il'a-A.  Lrnr.^,  IbO'J-.'l,  .'1-4. 

■■"'1  lure  are  few  publications  eoiicerning  Idaho,  wliieh  has  not  yet  liceonie, 
as  it  s'lnic  lime  will,  a  prominent  Held  for  tourists  and  writci.s.  Among  those 
wli")  have  written  with  a  view  to  making  known  the  geography,  topoLjraphy, 
iiiid  re  ,s()uree!5  of  the  country,  liubert  V],  Strahoru  liold-i  the  piinci;)al  place, 
his  'I'll  /hi'  /to<'Lii'K,  Idaho,  /he  G<ni  of  the  Monutaiii^,  and  miscellaneous  writ- 
iiijis  fuiiii.shing  the  source  from  which  other  writers  tlraw  tiieir  facts  without 
tlie  trouble  of  personal  oliservation.  Elliott's  Ili-torii  cf  IdnUo  is  a  eouipiia- 
tioii  of  articles  on  the  early  discoveries,  political  •■vent.'',  growth  of  tov.  ns, 
6(.riiiry,  rc:)Ources,  and  liiography  of  pioneers.  It  is  useful  as  a.  source  from 
wliirli  to  (haw  iufoi'mation  on  individual  topics,  but  has  no  consecutive  his- 
t'lrioal  nar'-ativc.  Idaho;  A  Ihsicriptlve  Tour  and  Hrrh  ir  of  It.t  ninoiirri  ■>,  by 
C.  Aiibrc,  Angelo,  published  in  ISli.")  at  San  Francisco,  is  a  fair  report  iii  .')0 
jiir^va  upon  the  scenery  along  the  road  from  Portland,  and  description  of  niin- 
lii;,'  caiups,  Midlaii's  Miiitarii  I'oad  Itcport  contains  a  history  of  the  expcili- 
tinn,  ''s  itinerary,  de.-.rription  of  passes,  and  reports  of  engineers  and  explor- 
trs.  .1  ThrniMuid  Mi/is  tlifoiiijh  the  liovlij  Muuiiliiin.i,  liy  .\.  K.  McClure, 
I'lula,  IS.'iI),  is  a  republication  of  letters  to  the  A'.  >'.  Tri'timr  ami  J'raiiLiii 
/'■;(m"'o/7/ during  a  I)  months'  tour  in  iS07,  containing  observations  on  the 
cnmilry,  and  the  advantaged  oi  *,  ii^  Nortliern  over  the  tViitral  I'.icilic  raili  oail. 
/■/ '/('),  a  )>ainphlet  by  Jan  es  L,  Oiuleidonk,  controller,  |uibli.shcd  in  IS.Vi,  coii- 
tiiiia  a  sketch  of  early  Idalio  history,  and  descriptions  of  the  resources  ef  the 
couiiiiy,  not  diU'ering  essentially  from  what  h.,s  been  given  by  <ith  rs.  It  is 
iiitiiiiKd  to  stimulate  innnigralion.  Idaho  and  Moniana,  l»y  .1.  L.  (Jaiiipbill, 
lliiiuL'o,  I'^ii."),  is  a  gaidcvbooU  describing  routes,  with  tome  descriptive  and 
uanutivc  matter,  in  painphlot  furni. 


■1 

i 

j 

g| 

!■;  ' 

\'-''A 

l\ 


CHAPTER  II. 


'H;  I 


EARLY    SETTLEMENT. 

1862-1866. 

MiNEBAL  Discoveries— CoTTNTiES  axd  To\\'xs— Immickation'— Roctes  to 

THE   Ml.VES — LVDIA.V    WaUS— FoRTS — QiARTZ-MlNINO — CuMPA.VIES  AND 

Claims  —  More  TdW.v-BriLDiNrj — Stage -Roads — Slidtng  Cmes  — 
Traffic  and  Travel — Oreoon  versus  California — Mail  Contracts 
— Prospecting  and  Mining — New  Districts — Octpct  of  Pueciols 
Metals. 

The  early  history  of  Idaho  has  already  been  given 
in  the  former  volumes  of  this  series;  the  modern  liis- 
tory  of  Idaho  properly  begins  with  the  discovery  of 
the  Boise  mines,  in  August  18G2,^  previous  to  whirh 
the  movement  for  a  new  territory  met  with  little 
favor.  In  the  spring  of  18G3  there  were  four  county 
organizations  and  ten  mining  towns,  (Containing,  with 
some  outside  population,  about  20,000  inhabitants,  all 
of  whom,  except  a  handful,  had  come  from  various 
parts  of  the  Pacific  coast  and  the  Avestern  statis 
within  the  two  years  following  Pierce's  discovery  of 
the  Clearwater  mines.^ 

'The  navncs  of  the  iliseovorers  were  (rcorge  Grinn."  of  Oregon  City,  Jolm 
Royiiokls,  Joseph  Uraustcttcr,  D.  II.  Fogiis,  .Tacoh  Wcstenfolti'ii,  Mdsis 
Hiiliine,  Wilpoii,  Miller,  two  Portuguese  called  Aiitoiuo  ami  Pliillipi,  ami  mm 
unkuown.  Etliolt'.t  liiitt.  Iilnho,  70. 

'■' There  was  large  iinniigration  in  1862,  owing  to  the  civil  war  nml  to  tlio 
fniii')  of  the  Salmon  River  mines.  Some  stoppeil  on  tlie  eastern  llaiili  nf  tlic 
Rocky  I'ango  in  what  is  now  Montana,  and  other.'*  went  to  eastern  Orii'mi, 
but  none  micceeded  in  reaching  Salmon  River  that  yiar  except  tii(i>c  w  Im 
took  the  Missouri  River  route.  Four  steamers  from  St  Louis  ascciulccl  Id 
Fort  Rentoii,  wlu'iico  .S.")0  innnigrants  travelled  liy  the  Mullan  mad  tu  tlio 
mines  on  Salmon  Hiver.  Portlaml  <>r<<ioiii<iii,  Aug.  2S  and  2!),  lS(i2.  TIihm' 
who  attempted  to  get  through  the  mountains  between  Fort  Hall  and  S;iIiii"M 
River  failed,  often  disastrously,  h'/x y's  ./oiiriKil,  .MS.,viii.  19S.  These  tin  ii^d 
back  and  weat  to  Powder  River.    ^Vnl  Purviue,  in  Or.  Ulatesnuui,  \ov  ;»,  1  ^U-, 


MINING  TOWNS. 


407 


— RorXER  TO 
IMPANIKS  AND 

NO  Cr.rns  — 
iL  Contracts 
OF  PuEcioca 


con  given 
adorn  lii.s- 
icovery  of 
1  to  whic'li 

th  little 
ur  county 

inu',  with 
:ants,  all 
various 

rn  states 

covory  of 


)n  Citj-,  .Tolin 
Itoii,  M<isii 
lil)i,  anil  oiio 

and  to  tlio 
Hank  (if  tlic 
tfiu  Orc,i."in, 
t  tll(l-f  ulio 
[isccnili'il  to 
idiul  to  the 
iSd'J.  'l'li"i-« 
111(1  SaliiMHi 
Ir'SO  tuiiud 
Nov  ;i,  IbOi'. 
') 


The  leader  of  the  Boisd  expedition  having  been 
killed  by  Indians  while  prospecting  farther  on  the 
stream  where  gold  was  found,  it  received  the  name 
of  Grimes  Creek  in  commemoration.  The  party  re- 
treated to  Walla  Walla,  where  a  company  was  raised, 
tifty-four  strong,  to  return  and  hold  the  mining 
ground.'  They  arrived  at  Grimes  Creek  October  7th, 
and  founded  Pioneer  City.  Others  quickly  followed, 
and  in  November  Centrevillo  was  founded,  a  few 
miles  south  on  the  same  stream.*  Placerville,  on  the 
Ik  ad  of  Granite  Creek,  contained  300  houses.  Buena 
A'ista  on  Elk  Creek  and  Bannack  City"^  on  Moore 
Cieek  also  sprang  up  in  December,  and  before  the 
first  of  January  between  2,000  and  3,000  persons 
were  on  the  ground  ready  for  the  opening  of  spring. 
V\)  to  that  time  the  weather  had  been  mild,  allowing 
wagons  to  cross  the  Blue  Mountains,  usually  impas- 
sable in  winter.  Companies  of  fifty  and  over,  well 
armed  to  protect  themselves  against  the  Shoshones, 
at  tliis  time  engaged  in  active  hostilities,  as  narrated 
ill  my  Ilintorii  of  Oreyoh,  made  the  highway  populous 
during  several  weeks.  Supplies  for  these  people 
lioiircd  rajndly  into  the  mines.  In  the  first  ten  days 
of  November  $20,000  worth  of  goods  went  out  of 
tlu)  little  frontier  trading  post  of  Walla  Walla  for  the 
^jdise  country,  in  anticipation  of  the  customary  rush 
when  new  diggings  were  discovered.  Utah  also  con- 
trihuted  %  pack-train  loaded  with  provisions,  which 
tilt;  miners  found  cheaper  than  those  from  the  Wil- 
lamette Valley,  with  the  steamboat  charges  and  the 
ijiiddlenien's  profits.^  Besides,  the  merchants  of  Lew- 
iston  were  pc  desirous  of  establishing  connnerce  with 

'Among  tho  rcenforccmcnta  were  J.  M.  Moore,  Joliii  Rogers,  John  Chris- 
tie, (1.  .1.  (lill)crt,  Juincs  Roach,  David  Thompson,  Green  and  llunjaniin 
\\  liito,  }}.  (;.  Coniha,  F.  (Jibei-son,  A.  1).  Sunders,  Wni  Artz,  J.  1>.  I'ieico, 
and.).  ]'.  (Jiii.senherry.  EUiott'x  IIM.  Iilnho,  71;  I'Inho  iyorlil,Oct'.\\,  KS04. 

'AiiiciiiL,'  this  party  were  Jeti'erson  Standifer,  Jtarvey  Mor).;an,  W'ui  A. 
n^ily.  Will  Tichcnor,  J.  B.  Reynolds,  and  l)aniel  MoH'at,  wiio  had  been 
t-lici  ill'  of  Calaveras  cc,  Cal. 

■'Tills  ]ilaeo  had  its  name  chnnped  to  Idaho  City  on  tho  discovery  that  the 
miiicis  on  the  east  side  of  tho  Koeky  Mts  had  iiamcil  a  town  lianiiai.'k. 

^I'.linj'ts  Journal,  MS.,  viii.  127,  134;  Or.  SlaUxman,  Dee.  'Jl',  1S(J2. 


I  ¥^ 


m 


a   !' 


408 


EARLY  SETTLE^klENT. 


Salt  Lake  that  a  party  was  despatched  to  old  Fort 
Boi^e,  September  20th,  to  ascertain  if  it  were  practica- 
ble to  navigate  Snake  River  from  Levviston  to  tliat 
point  or  beyond.     This  party,  after  waiting  until  the 


i!l>  i 


-a  ;i 


">^% 


i«VTl6 


Bois^  Basin. 


river  was  near  its  lowest  stage,  descended  from  l-'ort 
Boise  to  Lewiston  on  a  raft,  which  was  constructed 
by  them  for  the  purpose.^     It  was  soon  made  appai'ciit, 


'Tliese  adventurers  were  Charles  Clifford,  Washinrrton  Murray,  anl 
Denver.     A.  l*    AnUeny,  formerly  of  Portland,  originated  IIk;  ( xp< 
TlioJin  wlio  iicrfornicd  it  pave  it  as  their  opinion  that  tlio  livcr  could  1 
ifratc<l  liy  stCTnd)oats,     That  same  autumn  the  Sjimij,  a  small  stfiimc 
by  A.  P.  Ankcny.  H,  W.  Corbett,  and  D.  S.  Haker,  in  op|>o'u;i(Mi  ti> 
S.  \.  Co.,  ascended  the  river  ]."»  miles  above  Lewi.ston,   but  euiiM 
farther.     The  7V/(»«o  also  made  the  attempt,  going  ten  miles  iiiid  fiii.l 
obstael"3  to  navi;,'atiiin  in  that  distiincc.     I.cwiston,   which  as  Iniit; 
miners  were  on  the  (,'learwater  and  Salmon  rivers  had  enjoyed  ti  pn 
trade,  drawing  its  goods  from  Portland  by  the  same  sttanier.s  wiiicli  h 
the  miners  thns  faron  their  journey,  and  retailing  them  imuiediatily  lit 
profit,  now  saw  itself  in  danger  of  being  eclipsed  by  AValla  \V;dIii,  wlii 
the  s<onrfo  of  supply  for  the  P.oisi^  basin.     Its  business  men  cfmi  in 
placing  a  line  of  boats  on  Snaku  lUver  to  bo  run  as  fur  us  navigable 


T,-rph 

ill;  i' 111. 

K'    ll-lV- 

r  hiiiit 
tli.'O. 
-vt  11- 
iii ;  no 
in  t  iio 
itii:iMe 
rdii'.'lit 
ii  hn'^e 

ell  V.  :ii 

,:,!:;t,..l 


■11 


rr 


BOISE  BASIN. 


409 


however,  that  Lewiston  was  liopclossly  cut  off  from 
Salt  Lake,  and  even  from  the  Boise  basin,  by  those 
foniiidable  barriers  alluded  to  in  the  previous  chapter, 
of  cragi^j^y  mountains  and  impassable  river  canons  and 
falls.  The  population  of  Boisd  was  equally  interested 
in  means  of  travel  and  transportation,  and  had  even 
greater  cause  for  disappointment  when  they  found 
that  wagons  and  pack-trains  only  could  be  relied  upon 
to  convey  the  commodities  in  request  in  every  com- 
imiuitv  300  miles  from  Uniatilla  landinijc'^  on  the 
Columbia  to  their  midst,  Umatilla,  and  not  Walla 
AValla,  having  become  the  debouching  point  for  sup- 
plies. 


making 


^Meantime   the   miners  busied  themselves 
preparations  for  the  opening  of  spring  by  locatmg 
claims  and  improving  them  as  far  as  possible,"  doing  a 


first  important  landing  was  to  be  at  the  mouth  of  Salmon  River,  forty  miles 
ali'vc  Lc'uiston.  The  design  was  then  to  nuiku  a  road  direct  to  tliu  mines, 
•\vlirit.';!s  t!;o  travel  had  hitherto  been  by  the  trails  throu;^'li  the  Xuz  l'erc6 
ctiuiitiy.  The  distance  from  the  mouth  of  Salmon  llivcr  by  vatcr  to  Fort 
lioiM"'  war;  V'>  miles,  from  tiicio  to  the  Fishing  Falls  of  Snake  Kivc  r  00  miles, 
ami  liiiMi  llicso  fails  to  .Salt  Lake  City  '2."iO  miles,  making  .i  total  tliitanco 
fidi'.i  l.iwiston  of  47.">  miles,  nearly  half  of  which  it  was  hoped  could  be 
tiavLlIiil  ill  bouts.  Such  a  line  would  have  been  of  {;reat  service  to  the  mili- 
tary (l(i)artnu'nt,  about  to  establish  a,  post  on  the  Doisi';  llivcr,  and  to  the  ini- 
mi;_'iatii)n,  raving  a  long  stretch  of  rough  road.  ]5ut  the  Salmon  Iliver 
Jiuuiaaiiis  jiroveil  impassable,  and  the  Snake  Kivcrnnnavigable,  although  in 
tiic  .aitiiiiui  of  1803  !v  second  party  of  five  men,  with  Molthrop  at  their  head, 
(iL'sc-iiiIrd  that  stream  in  a  boat  built  at  Uueiia  Vista  bar,  and  a  comjiany  was 
fciriiK'd  ill  Portland  with  the  design  of  constructing  a  portage  through  a  canon 
of  the  river  which  was  thought  impiaeticable  for  btcaniers. 

'W'aidwell  and  Liu'chin  erected  a  wharf  at  Umatilla,  .'iO  miles  below  Wal- 
liiln,  tlu!  laiuling  for  AValia  Walla,  and  by  opening  a  new  route  to  the  (iraud 
lliiiid  across  tlio  Umatilla  Indian  reservation,  diverted  travel  in  this  direction. 

"Slurloek  Bristol,  who  went  to  Boisi5  in  Dec.,  says:  'I  prospected  the 
coinitry,  and  finally  settled  down  for  the  balance  of  tho  winter  and  spring  on 
McMire  (  reck.  There  wo  built  twenty  log  houses — nunc,  Win  Richie's,  and 
I.  11  riny"s  being  among  the  twenty.  We  made  snow-shoes  and  traversed  tho 
\:i!!' y.<  and  gulches  prospecting.  As  the  snow  was  dec[)  and  it  was  some  dis- 
taihc  liiilic  creek,  some  one  proposed  we  shoulddig  awell,  centrally  located, 
to  iindiiiniodatc  all  our  settlement.  One  day  when  I  was  absent  prospecting 
tlio  vtll-(lit.'ger  struck  bed-rock  down  about  18  feet,  but  found  no  water; 
liut  in  the  dirt  ho  detected  particles  of  gold.  A  bucketful  jianned  out  $2.73, 
\V1k  II  I  returned  at  night  I  could  not  nave  bought  tho  claim  of  which  my 
lion  0  was  built  for  $10,000.  It  nrovcd  to  bo  worth  $300,000.  Tho  whole 
liciie'i  was  rich  in  like  manner.  Aly  next-do<u'  neighbors — tho  three  White 
lioili,  i.s— for  nearly  a  year  cleaned  up  8', "00  daily,  their  expenses  not  cx- 
ceeiliiig  .$;!(K).  Bushels  of  gold  were  taken  out  from  the  gravel  beds  where 
iJulio  City  now  stands.'    I  Lave  taken  this  account  from  a  manuscript  ou 


410 


EARLY  SETTLEMENT. 


if 


•I '. 


u 


w 


little  digf^ing  at  the  same  time,  enough  to  learn  tliat 
the  Boise  basin  was  an  extraordinary  gold-field  as  lar 
as  it  went.  Eighteen  dollars  a  day  was  ordinary 
wages.  Eighty  dollars  to  the  pan  were  taken  out  on 
Grimes  Creek.  Water  and  timber  were  also  abun- 
dant*'^ on  the  stream,  which  was  twelve  miles  lont,'. 
On  Granite  Creek,  the  head  waters  of  Placer  and 
Grimes  creeks,  from  $10  to  $50,  and  often  $200  and 
$300,  a  day  were  panned  out.  In  the  dry  gulches 
$10  to  $50  were  obtained  to  the  man.  Ditches  to 
bring  water  to  them  were  quickly  constructed.  Thu 
first  need  being  lumber,  a  saw-mill  was  erected  on 
Grimes  Creek  during  the  winter  by  B.  L.  Warrinc  r, 
which  was  ready  to  run  as  soon  as  the  melting  siiow.s 
of  spring  should  furnish  the  water-power.  Early  in 
the  spring  the  second  mill  was  erected  near  Centre- 
ville  by  Daily  and  Bobbins,  the  third  begun  at  Idaho 
City  in  May  by  James  I.  Carrico,  who  sold  it  before  com- 
pletion to  E.  J.  Butler,  who  moved  it  to  the  op[)()situ 
side  of  Moore  Creek,  and  had  it  in  successful  opera- 
tion in  June.  The  first  steam  saw-mill  was  runiiinjj;- 
in  July,  being  built  in  Idaho  City  by  two  men,  each 
known  as  Major  Taylor.  It  cut  from  10,000  to  15,- 
000  feet  in  ten  hours."  Thus  rapidly  did  an  energetic 
and  isolated  comnmnity  become  organized. 

The  killing  of  Grimes  and  other  Indian  depreda- 
tions'^ led  to  the  organization  of  a  volunteer  company 

Idaho  Nomenclature  by  Sherlock  Bristol,  who  says  that  Idaho  City  first  wt'iit 
by  tho  name  of  Moore  Crock,  after  J.  Alarion  Moore,  who  in  l.S(i8  v;is  >li'it 
and  killed  iu  a  dispute  about  a  mine  near  the  South  pass,  Owyhee  Andaudiv, 
iu  Oljimiiia  Wanh.  Standnrd,  April  18,  1808. 

'"William  rnrvine,  in  Portland  Oreijouiun,  Nov.  13,  18G-;  Leiciston  Gulden 
A<je,  Nov.  Oand  l.'l,  1802. 

«'  Elliott's  IIM.  Jduho,  202-3. 

'■'Several  prospecting  parties  had  been  attacked  and  a  number  of  nun 
killed  by  tho  Shoshoiics.  Tho  Adams  immigrant  train  in  1802  lost  S  pcr-idus 
killed  and  lOwoundcil,  besides  S"JO,0(X)  iu  money,  and  all  their  cattle  aihl 
property.  Tho  attack  was  made  below  Salmon  falls.  S.  F.  liullellii,  Sipt.  -7, 
1802;  .SV/tvT  ^(/p,  Sept.  24,  1802.  Cnthe  road  to  Salmon  Hiver  fn,m  Foit  UJl 
the  same  autumn,  William  A.  Smiih,  from  Independence,  111.,  Itenmlt,  ::ii'l 
an  unknown  man,  woman,  and  cliild,  were  slain.  In  March  IS()2  Isaac  M'li- 
dell  and  .Jones  lirayton.  prospectors,  were  killed  near  Olds'  i'erry,  on  •'^iiako 
River,  below  Fort  Ijoise,  and  others  attacked  on  tho  Malheur,  where  a  tribe 
of  thu  Shoshunu  na  /ion  had  its  hoadipiarters. 


INDIAN  TROUBLES. 


411 


learn  that 
(ield  as  far 
s  ordinary 
cen  out  oil 
also  abun- 
uiles  hnvjr. 
r*lacor  and 

$200  and 
ry  gulchos 
Ditches  to 
3ted.  Tho 
erected  on 

WarrintT, 
tin<if  snows 
Early  in 
jar  Centre- 
n  at  Idaho 
before  coni- 
lio  opposite 
jsful  opt-ra- 
as  runninif 

men,  each 

00  to  15,- 
[1  eueru'etic 


n  dcprcda- 
jr  company 

I  City  first  Avoiit 

1S()8  v:irt  sli'it 

yhce  Aniluicliv, 

Lewlsloii  Guldtn 


lumbtT  of  men 
K  lost  8  ]>i'is.iii8 
loir  cattlo  niM 
\lelhu  Si'pt.  'J7, 
IfnimFoit  n..ll 

lU'iiii.tl,  ;ai.l 
h\-l  l.siiic  .Ml  II- 
^rry,  "ii  Sii:iUo 

w'licru  a  triljo 


of  the  Placerville  miners  in  March  18G3,  whose  cap- 
tain was  Jefferson  Standifer,  a  man  prominent  among 
adventurers  for  his  energy  and  daring.*'  Tli^T  P"i'- 
sued  the  Indians  to  Salmon  Falls,  where  they  had 
fortilications,  killing  fifteen  and  wounding  as  many 
more.  Returning  from  this  expedition  about  the  last 
of  tlie  month,  Standifer  raised  another  company  of 
200,  which  made  a  reconnoissance  over  the  mountains 
to  the  Payette,  and  across  the  Snakti  River,  up  the 
Malheur,  where  they  came  upon  Indians,  whoso  depre- 
dations were  the  most  serious  obstacle  to  the  pros- 
perity of  the  Boise  basin.  Fortifications  had  been 
cnx'tod  by  them  on  an  elevated  position,  which  was 
also  defended  by  rifle-pits.  Laying  siege  to  the  place, 
the  company  spent  a  day  in  trying  to  get  near  enough 
to  make  their  rifles  effective,  but  without  success  until 
thi^  second  day,  when  by  artifice  the  Indians  were 
in(hiced  to  surrender,  and  were  thereupon  nearly  all 
kilK'd  in  revenge  for  their  murdered  comrades  by  tho 
ruthless  white  man." 

To  punish  the  hostile  Indians  in  Idaho,  Fort  Boise 
was  established  July  1,  18G3,  by  P.  Lugenbeel,  with 
two  companies  of  Washington  infantry  in  the  regular 
Horvice.  It  was  situated  on  the  Boise  River  about 
forty  miles  above  the  old  fort  of  tho  Hudson's  Bay 
CV)nii)any,  near  the  site  of  the  modern  Boise  City. 

"  Six  feet  in  height,  with  broad  square  shoulders,  fine  features,  l)lack  hair, 
eyes,  and  moustache,  and  brave  as  a  lion,  is  tho  description  of  Standifer  iu 
M'-i'iiiiiiiirn  Infi'riio,  MS.,  ii.  '2.  Standifer  was  well  known  in  Montana  and 
Wvdining.  He  died  at  Fort  Steele  Sept.  30,  1874.  JletenalndepeHdeiityliov. 
'.'0,  I  Ml. 

"  Miivablc  defences  were  carried  in  front  of  the  assaulting  party,  made  by 
ecttiii.;  up  poles  and  weaving  in  willow  rods,  filling  the  intiTstices  with  grass 
ami  iiiiul.  This  device  proved  not  to  bo  bullet-proof;  and  bundles  of  willow 
sliiks  which  could  bo  rolled  in  front  of  tho  men  Mere  next  used  and  served 
virv  wtH.  Wlien  the  Indians  saw  the  wliito  foe  steadily  advaiu'iiig,  they 
sent  ;i  woman  of  their  camp  to  treat,  and  Standifer  was  permitted  to  enter 
till' f"i\,  the  Indians  agreeing  to  surrender  tiio  property  in  their  jiossession 
Mull  II  from  miners  and  others.  But  upon  gaining  aceess,  the  white  men  sliot 
'liiwii  men,  women,  and  children,  only  three  boys  cscapiiig.  One  child  of  4 
Vims  WHS  adopted  by  John  Kelly,  a  violinist  of  Idaho  City,  who  tauglit  him 
ti'l'lay  tlie  violin,  and  to  perform  feats  of  tnud)ling.  lie  was  taken  to  Lon- 
•liin,  « lure  he  drew  great  houses,  and  afterward  to  Australia.  Mct'oiintU'nIn' 
/(fiw,  .MS.,  ii.  2-4.    See  also  MarijsviUc  Apptal,  April  II,  18G3. 


m 


f 


l;i 


,{1. 


412 


EARLY  SETTLEMENT. 


m 


':'''i 


I.  ;; 


(,- 


M-f- 


Liicrenbccl  "was  reliovccl  later  in  the  season    by  IiI- 
near.soii  of  the  1st  Oregon  cavalry.^' 

The  summer  of  18G3  was  one  of  great  activitv. 
Early  in  the  season  came  flatteriiiLT  news  of  the  Ik-avcr- 
head  oouiitry  lying  on  the  head  watei'S  of  Jclilisou 
fork  of  the  jMissouri  River,  where  claims  were  luKl 
as  lii^^li  as  $10,000  and  $15,000.  On  Stinking  Vv'atrr 
Cnck,  iiftecn  miles  in  lenLfth,  the  diLTgin^JTs  were  ro- 
poricd  to  1)0  marvellously  rich.  Good  reports  caiiio 
also  irom  all  that  region  lying  between  the  llorky 
and  Bitter  Root  ranges,  and  the  camps  on  the  ]\Iis- 
souri  to  the  east  of  it.  About  1,000  miners  luul 
wintered  in  these  diiXijinijs  and  two  towns,  ISannark 
City  on  the  Beaverhead  and  Virginia  City  oa 
another  aflluent  of  Jeflijrson  fork,  had  sprung  into 
existence  contemporaneously  with  the  towns  in  tho 
Boise  basin.  In  the  spring  of  18G3  a  bateau  load  of 
miners  from  the  upper  Missouri  lelt  Fort  Benton  Inr 
their  homes,  taking  with  them  150  pounds  of  gokl- 
dust. 

The  principal  dra^vback  on  the  Missouri  was  tlie 
hostilit}''  of  the  Blackfoot  Indians,  who,  notwithstand- 
ing their  treaty,  robbed  and  murdered  wherever  tin y 
could  iind  white  men.  Whole  parties  were  killed,  and 
whole  pack-trains  seized. 

The  innnigration  of  18G3  was  not  so  large  as  that 
of  the  preceding  year,  and  was  divided  into  thno 
columns,  one  of  which  was  destined  for  southiiu 
Idaho  and  the  mining  region  of  eastern  Oregon; 
another  was  bound  for  California;  and  the  third,  liir- 
nished  by  the  government  with  a  separate  escort 
under  Fisk,  consisting  of  twenty-three  wagons  and 
fifty-two  men,  turned  oft"  at  Fort  Hall  for  the  Salmon 
River  country,  failing  to  reach  which  they  tarrictl  in 
the  Beaverhead  mines.     Four  steamers  left  St  Louis 

■*Fort  Bois6  was  built  of  brown  sandstone,  and  was  a  fine  post.  TIio 
reservation  was  one  mile  wide  and  two  miles  long.  II.  Ex.  Doc,  -0,  1 1 .  •"I'fu 
coiig.  'Jd  sess.;  Sunjeoit-Gai'l  Circular,  8,  4.j7-00;  Vristol's  Idaho  2^'oiMuda- 
ture,  MS.,  4. 


DIFFICULTIES  OF  IMMIGRATION. 


413 


in  tliG  spring  for  tlic  upper  Missouri,  tlic  Slircrcport 
and  Robert  Camphcll  belonging  to  La  Barge  &  Co., 
juul  the  JiOf/(')'.<t  and  Alone,  owned  by  P.  Clioteau  &  Co. 
They  left  St  Louis  May  Dth,  and  the  river  b(nng  low, 
wore  too  late  to  reach  Fort  Benton.  The  Sh  re  re  port 
landed  her  passengers  and  freight  below  the  mouth  of 
Judith  River,  200  miles  from  that  post;  the  Iiof/ers 
nached  jMilk  River,  500  miles  below  the  fort;  tlio 
Afi'iic  could  not  get  beyond  an  old  fort  of  the  Ameri- 
can Fur  Company,  twenty-five  miles  down  stream; 
and  the  Campbell,  drawing  only  three  feet  of  water, 
was  stopped  at  Fort  Union,  800  miles  from  her  desti- 
nation, where  her  passengers  and  freight  were  landed, 
th"  latter  being  stored  in  the  fort. 

Til  is  state  of  aflairs  involved  nuich  loss  and  sufTt^- 
ing,  which  was  prefaced  b}"  the  bad  conduct  of  the 
SiDiix,  who  on  one  occasion  attacked  a  ])arty  f)f  five 
null  whom  they  invited  ashore,  killing  three  and  mor- 
tally wounding  a  fourth.  The  travellers,  left  at  the 
imT(y  of  the  wilderness  and  the  Indians,  made  their 
way  as  best  they  could  to  their  destinations,  some  on 
horse  and  some  afoot.  Many  miners,  cxjiecting  to 
return  to  their  eastern  homes  by  the  boats,  had  gone 
ti)  I'ort  Rcnton  I'rom  difi'erent  parts  of  the  country  to 
await  their  arrival,  who  now  had  to  tuni  back  to  Salt 
Lala-  and  take  passaijc  on  stages.  To  Fort  Benton 
in  July  had  gone  150  wagons  to  meet  the  expected 
lioals  and  convi^y  the  freight  to  the  various  distrib- 
uting points.  Thirty  cents  a  pound  was  the  lowest 
rate  from  Milk  River. 

Xotwithstandintjfthc  falling-ofi"  in  immigration  from 
the  cast  in  ISGo,  the  Boise  mines  drew  between  25,- 
000  and  30,000  lo  southern  Idaho.*"  Improvements 
were  rapid  and  prices  high.     To  su[)ply  the  j)o[)ulation 

^^  Portland  Orefioniav,  July  23  and  Aug.  (!,  lS(i3;  JhiUrr'x  Life  mnl  Times, 
Ms.,  •_'■'(.  Tlici  oilicial  census  in  August  mils  ;!•_', ."M'J,  of  whom  1,7s:}  wero 
voiinii  iiiul  children.  'I  sold  ehovcla  at  $1-  apicco  as  fast  a.i  I  ooul.l  count 
tlniii  imt.'  A  wagon-load  of  lats  and  chickens  arrived  in  Aui-n.st,  whitli  sold 
reailiiy,  at  §10  a  piece  for  tho  --ats  and  ?.")  for  the  chickens.  Ihit  the  niMikct 
w;i3  .so  overstocked  witii  woollen  socks  in  tiie  winter  of  lS(iIi-  4  that  they  wcro 
uscil  to  clean  guns,  or  left  to  rot  in  the  ctUara  of  the  nierchuuts. 


I'i'.' 


H  ■: 


414 


EARLY  SETTLEMENT. 


in  the  Boisd  basin  required  great  activity,  and  to  pro- 
vide for  the  coming  winter  exhausted  tlie  resources  of 
freighters.  Ten  or  more  pack-trains  arrived  daily  in 
July  and  August,  with  half  that  number  of  wagons/' 
laden  with  merchandise.  No  other  means  of  passoii- 
ger-travel  tlian  by  horses  was  obtained  this  stasoii, 
but  the  brains  were  at  work  which  brought  about  a 
different  state  of  affairs  in  the  following  spring,  al- 
though the  danger  from  Indians  and  banditti  greatly 
discouraged  stage-owners  and  expressmen.  Thi>  Ind- 
ians stole  the  horses  of  the  stage  companies,  and  high- 
waymen, both  white    and   red,  robbed    the   express 


messengers. 


18 


From  the  abundance  of  quartz  in  southern  Idaho, 
and  occasional  fragments  found  containing  free  gold, 
it  was  early  anticipated  that  the  real  future  M'ealth  of 
the  territory  would  depend  upon  quartz-mining,  and 
miners  were  constantly  engaged  in  exploring  for  gold- 
bearing  lodes  while  they  worked  the  bais  and  baiil<s 
of  the  streams.  Their  search  Avas  regarded  by  fnul- 
ing  promising  ledges  on  Granite  CreeK,  near  the  lirst 
discovery  of  placer  mines,  and  on  Bear  Creek,  one  of 
the  head  waters  of  the  south  Boise,  where  ])la('ri- 
claims  were  also  found  yielding  from  $1G  to  $GOaday 
to  the  man.  There  was  a  frenzy  of  excitement  fol- 
lowing the  finding  of  these  quartz  lodes,  which  set 
men  to  running  everywhere  in  search  of  others.  In 
September  no  less  than  thirty-three  claims  of  gold 

'•  Atrain  might  bo  15or50or  100  animals,  carrying  from2.'>0to40011i-!c.Kli. 
A  wagoii-lmul  "aiis  'J,500  or  0,000  pounds.  It  took  I'A  daj'a  to  go  I'loiii  Uma- 
tilla to  BoisL'.  Therefore,  \'.i  tiiiiea  tuu  traiaa  and  \']  times  5  wagmi-;  \w  ru 
continually  upon  the  road,  with  an  average  freight  of  584,073  pounds  an  iv- 
ing  every  13  days.  Ox-teams  were  taken  off  the  road  as  tho  suiiiimi'  :A- 
vanced,  on  account  of  the  dust,  which,  being  deep  and  strongly  alkaline,  \\:ii 
Bupposed  to  have  occasioned  the  loss  of  many  work-cattle.  Horses  imd 
mules,  whoso  noses  were  higher  from  the  ground,  were  loss  affected. 

"*J.  M.  blieppard,  since  connected  with  i\\o  Bedrock  Democrat  oi  ]!.ikir 
City,  Or.,  carried  the  first  express  to  Boisd  for  Tracey  &  Co.  of  I'mii.!!'!. 
KockfuUow  &  Co.  fstal>lishcd  the  next  express,  between  liois(5  and  \'ia:b 
Walla.  After  Hoekfellow  discovered  his  fanioua  mine  on  Powder  l!i^■  i'  liu 
sold  out  to  Wells,  Fargo,  &  Co.,  who  had  suspended  their  linea  to  lila!p>  tlio 
previous  year  on  account  of  robberies  and  losses,  but  who  resumed  iuUclobtT, 
and  rou  a  tri-monthly  line  to  ^joisd. 


QU.UITZ-MININO. 


418 


to  pro- 
irces  of 
luily  ill 

passen- 
Heusoii, 
lUout  a 
•ill-',  al- 
greatly 
lie?  Iiid- 
id  hi^ii- 
exprcss 

,  Idalio, 
■ee  m'uld, 
^•uaillinf 
iiiU',  ami 
for  ^oM- 
d  banks 
by  iiiid- 
tbe  lirst 
iv,  one  ot 
lO  j)lac<'r 
GO  a  day 
ont  i'l'l- 
licli  set 
rs.     lu 

of   g<ild 
loo  11)3  c:!^!!. 

\i\OU\  UlU.l- 
■;i;,'iMlS  \\>  I'U 

luiuls  iUiiv- 
Imuiucr  ;ul- 
Ikaliiio,  w:i3 
[lurscM   iukI 

a. 

^t  of  r-ikcr 
rortl:iHil. 

J  ami  V*  alia 

|r  Itiv.  r  lie 
l.luliollie 

liu  October, 


and  silver  quartz  mines  had  been  made  on  the  south 
])()ise,  all  of  which  promised  well.'"  A  company  was 
foiuu'd  to  vork  the  Ida  Elmore,  and  a  town  calleil 
Fi'cdericksburj?  was  laid  out  at  this  ledge.  Other 
towns,  real  and  imaginary,  arose  and  soon  passed  out 
of  existence;  but  Rocky  Jiar  has  survived  all  changes, 
and  Boisd  City,  founded  at  the  junction  of  Moore 
CiLck  ^vith  Boise  liiver,  was  destined  to  become  the 
cai»ital  of  the  territory. 

The  quartz  discoveries  on  Granite  Creek  rivalled 
those  in  the  south  Boise  district.  The  first  discov- 
ery, the  Pioneer,  had  its  name  changed  to  Gold  Hill 
after  consolidation  with  the  Land(>n.  It  was  finally 
(.\\  lied  by  an  association  called  the  Great  Consolidated 
Boise  River  Gold  and  Silver  Mining  Company,  which 
controlled  other  mines  as  well.  The  poorest  rock  in 
the  I'ioneer  assayed  over  6G2  to  the  ton,  and  the  bet- 
ter classes  of  rock  from  C'C'^'^O  to  $20,000.  These 
assavs  caused  the  organizati  ...  in  San  Francisco  of 
the  Boisd  River  alining  and  Exploring  Company, 
wliicli  contracted  for  a  ten-stamp  mill,  to  be  sent  to 
Ijoise  as  soon  as  completed.'^" 

'^  riif  Ida  Elmore,  near  the  head  of  Bear  Creek,  the  first  and  most  famous 
of  tlie  suiitli  Hoise  (|uartz  mines  in  1SU3,  was  discovered  in  June.  It  yielded 
ill  ill!  anistia  iJ-TO  in  gold  to  tlic  ton  of  rock,  liut  ultimately  fell  into  the 
luimls  of  speculators.  Tlic  Barker  and  East  Barker  followed  in  point  of 
tiuic,  ttii  miles  lielow  on  the  ercek.  Then  followed  the  Ophir,  Idaho,  ]nde- 
icmlrnce.  Southern  Confederacy,  Esmeralda,  tieneral  Lane,  Western  Star, 
llukU'ii  Star,  Mendocino,  Abo  Lincoln,  Enimett,  and  lliheruia.  The  Idalio 
nssiyid,  tiiirty  feet  below  tlie  surface,  S>l,7-l-t  in  gold,  and  !?!)4.80  in  silver. 
0|ihif,  sl,HI4  gold  and  ^."14.72  silver.  (Joldeu  Eagle,  ^J,-'40  gold,  §27  silver, 
fiiiiu  tJK^  croppings.  Boine  Xctm,  Oct.  C,  1SG3.  Kocky  Bar  was  discovered  in 
]%'.'>,  but  not  laid  out  as  a  town  until  April  18G4.  The  pioneers  were  .1.  C. 
Denick,  .bjliii  Green,  F.  Settle,  Charles  W.  Walkei-,  M.  CSraham,  W.  W. 
Huliirsliam,  11.  Comstock  (of  the  Comstock  lode,  Xuv.),  A.  Peiigo,  H.  (). 
It  111  iH,  ( Iforge  Ebel,  Joseph  Caldwell,  M.  A.  Hatcher,  L.  Ilartwig,  W.  W. 
l'ip<  !•,  Cliarles  Rogers,  S.  JJ.  Dilley,  I).  Fields,  Bennett,  Foster,  Dover,  Bar- 
ney, and  Goodrich.  Zioi.srf  Va/iilal  Chronicle,  Aug.  4,  ISO'J;  Uoisr  AVt.s,  Oct. 
•20  ,lM):i. 

'"''■'Hforma  Express,  Xov.  7,  1SG3;  /?oisrf  .V.-w.*,  Oct.  27,  18G;I.  The  men 
vko  Idcitcd  the  Pioneer  mine  were  Minear  and  Lynch,  according  to  tlie 
Suih  ii/.'iif^  Ms.,  of  Henry  II.  Knapp,  who  went  to  Idaho  City  in  the  summer 
01  Ist'i.'j,  and  who  has  furnished  mc  a  sketch  of  all  the  first  mining  localities, 
and  tliL'  early  history  of  the  territory.  He  was  one  of  the  publishers  of  the 
first  p,i|nr  in  the  BoisiS  basin,  the  Boi-"!  S'lir.f,  first  issued  in  Scp'iinber 
ISti.'i.  'i'lio  Portland  Oinjoiiian  of  Sept.  11,  ISGU,  gives  the  names  of  the 
first  prospectors  of  quartz  in  this  region  oa  Hurt  &  Co.,  Moore  &  Co., 
and  (J.  0.  Kobbius. 


■'i'l  1 


41C 


EARLY  SETTLEMENT. 


Among  the  rielicst  of  the  lodes  discovered  in  ]S(;3 
was  the  Gambriiius,  which  was  iiicor[)c)rati'(l  hv  ;i 
Portland  company.  Tliis  mine,  like  others  prospi  it- 
ing  onormou.sly  iiigh, lasted  but  a  short  time.  It  was 
so  rich  that  pieces  of  the  rock  which  had  rolled  down 
into  the  creek  and  become  waterworn  could  bu  sen 
to  gli,st''n  with  gold  fifty  feet  distant."  A  town  ralird 
Quaitzburg  sprung  up  on  Granite  Creek,  two  miles 
west  ol"  Placerville,  as  soon  as  mills  were  brought  into 
the  district,  and  on  the  head  waters  of  the  I'ayLLtc, 
Lake  City,  soon  extinct  and  forgotten. 

lint  the  greatest  discovery  of  the  season  came  from 
a  search  for  the  famous  'lost  diggings'  (»f  the  iuiuii- 
gration  of  184;").  In  the  spring  of  18(53  a  party  of 
twenty-nine  set  out  I'rom  Placerville  on  an  ex[icdiiioii 
to  iind  these  niuch-talked-of  never-locateil  mines. -' 

"A  company  was  organized  to  work  the  Oaniljrinus,  and  a  mill  place. 1  nn 
it  in  the  lull  (if  ISOl  liy  1{.  (A  (Joomlm  &  ('o.  After  a  year  the  iiiijuiari.ilnl 
inan:i;_;cr.i  en;,'a-L'i'  •*!  si'iiie  very  expensive  and  tiniieces.-(ary  labors  wiih  a  s  iiw 
to  free.'.ini,'  out  the  small  ()\vner:i,  and  were  themselves  righteously  luiin  l  in 
cc)nsc(|Uenee.  Jin/h  !•'■*  Li/c  itiid  T/nK't,  MS.,  8-10.  The  I'iimeer  or  <l.4i| 
Hill  K(l;."!  proved  i»rmanent.  A  mill  was  jmt  np  on  it  liy  .1.  H.  (.'lav.  sou  ir 
LSUt,  1111  I  luadi  ^.'iiiid  returns.  After  ehan;4in^'  hands  several  tiiius,  mid  piiy- 
iiu;  all  whoever  owned  it,  the  mine  was  sohl  in  1807  to  l)avid  Civli.iiinur  and 
'i'iiiis  .\liiolry  tor  .slo.dOO.  ('on/tniiini/.i  /j'o/.sa  /j«.s/»,  MS.,  l-.'t.  'I'liis  inaini- 
script  h;'.rt  liceii  a  valimltic"  foiitriliiilion  to  the  early  history  of  Maiio,  hi  iiig 
clear  and  p:'.rticular  in  its  Htatemeiits,  and  intelligent  in  its  eon 'liisioii-i. 
David  e'lij^'ha  Hour  was  a  native  of  I'a.  He  went  to  the  Nez  I'liee  iiiiiuH  in 
tile  silling  of  ISl!-J.  then  to  .Aulairn,  Or.,  in  the  autumn  of  the  saiiii'  uir. 
^Vhell  tli(!  I'iiis(3  excitement  was  at  its  liei^'ht  ho  went  to  I'oisi',  and  i:;iind 
money  niaUin;^  liimhcr  witii  iv  whip-saw  at  "Jfte  per  foot.  He  then  pnirli  i.-^i  il 
sonic  /j-ood  niiiiiii!,'  grouiiil  on  Uumnier  Hill,  above  Centreville,  from  \v  hii  h  lio 
took  out  a  V..":je  amount. 

•^  Their  names  were  Michael  Joi'ilan,  A.  J.  Minor,  G.  W.  (L'hadwick,  ("ynis 
Iba,  \Villiaiii  riiipps,  Joseph  Horsey,  ■Jerome  Krancisco,  John  .Mnorc.  .1,  11. 
(/'aiu,  \V.  Cliunhill,  JI.  1!.  Wade,  A.  J.  JieyuoUls,  James  Carrol!,  V.  ■ili;ini 
Huncaii,  Dr  A.  V.  I!udd,  !•'.  HiiLjht,  \\.  L.  \Vade,  .John  (Jannoi;,  M.  Ccuncr, 
V.  Ward,  It.  W.  IVindall,  I>.  !'.  IJarnes,  ().  H.  I'urdy,  J.  « '.  jl-ciic.  W.  T. 
(larson,  I'.  H.  (lordoii,  L.  C  (ielir,  and  .'<  others.  In  tho  Sili\r  Cili/  ''■'iihic 
Ai'iilftiiflf  of  Jail.  8,  |S7(i,  is  a  notice  of  the  death  of  Alexander  lMdin,,i"ii, 
an  Kn;,disliniaii  i".'ed  (iO,  a  '  pioneer  of  Owylne,' who  may  have  bci  :i  ut  tliii 
party.  In  H'llln.i'x  Ailn'uliirin,  MS.,  .lordan's  name  is  (,'iven  as  J.  i'.  ■biilan. 
II.  I!.  Wilde,  who  Mas  the  first  treasurer-i.-lect  of  Owyhee  co.,  ilicd  in 
1S()."(.  William  Duncan  died  in  187;i  or  1871  in  Nevada.  J.  11,  <'aiii  sit 
tied  in  r.oi-ic  Vaihy.  V.  Height  and  C  Uia  settled  in  Utah.  O.  II.  I'mdy 
remained  iu  Owyhee  co.,  and  wrote  an  account  of  these  matters  on  thi'  t^^  i  ildi 
anniversai'y  of  the  di.seovery  of  the  Owyhee  mines,  in  (Jw;iluv  SUri  r  ('■';!  .If- 
ainiichi ,  May  'I'l,  I.S7."i.  I'eter  .Metjneen,  'one  of  the  pioneeiH  of  the  O\\,\li<o 
mines,'  was  killed  .Ian,  2(1,  I8(H,  by  the  caving  in  of  a  tunnel  on  wiiich  li  "an 
working  near  liannaek  (,"ity.  '  .NIcljneen  was  formerly  from  Wells\illc,  nliin, 
iu  Culumbiuna  county,  uud  waa  'M  years  of  u^u.'  He  had  returned  fiuin  ^  'wy- 


I'M! 


SEARCH  FOR  LOST  MINES. 


417 


otl  in  18(;3 
tited    l>y  u 

^   pl'ospcrt- 

,10.  Jt  was 
ollcil  (lowii 
Id  bu  si'i'ii 
town  cal'.i'il 
,  two  miles 
I'oU'^lit  into 
10  I'uvc'ttc, 

I  came  IVmn 
r  tho  inmii- 
;  a  party  <>f 
I  ox[)C(liiioii 
I  mincs.'-'- 

,  a  mill  plaii'.l  on 
the  Mijiriii'  \Ai'\ 
ibois  wiili  ;i  \  iiw 
ti'ously  iiiiiii  1  ill 
IMoiioi'i-  or  ti'lil 
1.  U.  Cliiv,.s.,uii' 
1  tiuirs,  iiiiil  ii:iy 
il  Civliiilioiil'  ami 
:i.  Tlii.H  liialiu- 
.,f  Miilii),  luiiig 

itH    C01U'llli*iilllS. 

/  I'cicc  iiiiiu.'.i  in 
(1h!  saliii'  yoar. 
li  -c,  anil  faiiit-'il 
llicii  |iur«'li;isr(l 

k  train  uliirli  lie 


Crossing  Snake  River  near  the  mouth  of  the  Boisd, 
they  ])roceeded,  not  in  the  direction  supposed  to  have 
been  travelled  by  the  immigration  of  1845,  but  fol- 
lowed along  the  south  side  of  Snake  liiver  to  a  con- 
siderable stream,  which  they  named  Reynolds  Creek, 
after  one  of  their  number,  where  they  encamped.  Two 
of  the  company,  Wade  and  Miner,  here  ascended  a 
divide  on  the  west,  and  observed  that  the  formation 


FLlMljonilCT 

l;i-liiu-^l  ir 


JOKDAX  Cli£KK. 

of  the  country  indicated  a  large  river  in  tha*  direction. 
Up  ti>  tins  time  nothing  was  known  of  the  course  of 
tho  Owyhee  River,  which  was  HU[)posed  to  head  in  Or- 
egon. It  was  not  certain,  thcefore,  what  strcuii  this 
was.  On  the  following  day  their  ex|)lorations  lay  in 
the  iliiection  of  the  unknown  wat(!rcour.se.  Ke('i)ing 
up  Ihu  creek,  and  crossing  some  very  rough  moun- 

heeti)  Kjiend  tho  winter  at  nt)i8(5  working  a  oliiiu  lio  lirld  at  tlio  nioulli  of 
iVaivr  (iiiluh.  Jtoisi'  XcwUfJaiu  'M,  I6U4.    MicUucl  Jurduu  uud  Jumus  t'urroU 
Were  UiUcil  iiy  lncliiui». 
Uu'i.  Waiiu.— 2" 


m 


418 


EARLY  SETTLEMENT. 


]     if 


111        'I 


tains,  they  fell  upon  the  head  waters  of  another  criik 
flowiiii;  toward  the  unknown  river,  where  thov  ««im- 
menced  |)ros)»eotin<j^  kite  in  the  afternoon  of  the  1  ^tli 
of  ]May,  and  found  a  liundred  'colors'  to  the  ]);m. 
Tliis  place,  called  Discovery  ]>ar,  was  six  miles  )».  low 
the  site  of  l^donvillo  on  Jordan  Creek,  named  alter 
JVIichael  Jordan. 

After  j)rosp('cting  ten  days  longer,  locatini^  as  nni<li 
niinini^  ^-nmiid  as  thoy  could  hold,  and  naming'  the 
district  (Jarsoji,  two  other  streams,  Bowlder  anj 
Sinker  creeks,  were  prospected  without  any  fuitln  r 
discoveries  beiir^  made,  when  the  company  rctiuiH<l 
to  IMaccrville. 

The  story  of  the  Owyhee  ])lacers  caused,  as  sfnne 
said,  a  kind  of  special  insanity,  lastini^  lor  two  (Lys, 
thniii^'  which  2,500  men  forsook  JJoisd  lor  tlie-  iitw 
di^giiiLjs.  iNfany  were  sadly  disappointed.  Tli"'  tli>s- 
covered  j^round  was  alreaily  occupied,  and  otli-  r  u  "il 
di.uLliii.L;^  were  dithcult  to  find.^  The  «listance  fr-'iii 
IMaceivilK;  was  I'JO  miles;  the  mines  were  far  u|»  iu 
the  mountains;  the  road  roULfh,  and  the  coiintiv 
jHjorly  timhercd  with  fir.  Nothinjj^  like  the  hejiulil'il 
and  fertile  Boisd  Valley  was  to  be  found  <mi  tln'  lava- 
skirted  Owvhee.  Those  who  remained  at  the  in  w 
digi^iiit^s  wei'c  about  one  in  ten  of  those  who  so  ninlly 
rushed  tiiither  on  the  report  of  the>  disc-oveiy.  Thi' 
rest  scattered  in  all  directions,  after  t!ie  manner  ef 
gold-hunters;  some  to  return  to  ]ioise,  and  others  to 
continue  their  wanderiniL,'s  amoni*'  the  mountaiii>  l;i 
the  course  of  the  sunnner  fri'sh  dii/uinLTS  wci'c  It'iinil 
in  the  ravines  away  from  Jordan  Creek;  but  the  ;4i<  at 

'■''' 1  f ( II ly  11.  Miiizi!  camo  to  Pal.  i'l  18.'>0,  ri'turiiiiij;;  to  Ohio  in  lS.'i.1,aii.t  uiut 
to  till'  SiiliiHiii  Ijivur  iniiii'.s  in  I  sii-_*,  w  iiuro  lio  winturi'il.  In  tlu'  »iiriii_'  li--  wint 
to  I'loisi',  iiiKJ  joiiicil  sonii"  |inisiitcti)is  to  tin;  ItiaihvxMl  country.  ^^  In''"  'l»-'r<' 
lit!  Iii'iird  (if  tlic  Owylii'c  iHsi'ipm  ry,  iiml  wjih  aniimg  tlic  Hint  to  fi)ili)\v  tin'  iLtiini 
of  tlir  ilix'iivcn'iH.  Ili.s  arciiiint  is  tliat  tlic  original  tMeiity-niiir  lia'l  takni  up 
all  llu'  availalilc  ^.a'ounil.  and  iii.uU'  mining  laws  that  ^'uvu  tiuni  a  ri^iit  to  liul  I 
thifc  ilaiiiis  ciu'ii,  dill'  fur  discovery,  ont.'  inTNoiml.  and  one  tor  a  tinnd;  aii<l 
that  in  fact  tiicy  had  'hii}:;.'cd'  c  vr  ry  Ih  in  j{.  Ho  ))riiM|>ci'tcd  fur  a  tiin-'  «itii'jiit 
success,  and  finally  went,  to  the  Mallieiir  Itiveri  liut  hearing  of  the  di.M.iviry 
of  Hilver  leads*,  ri  turned  t<  .lordan  Creek  and  wintered  the.e.  .Mai/e  i-<  tli» 
niitliiirnf  /,'((;'!'■/  h'reiit'<  in  Jilnh.t,  MS.,  from  which  I  havu  drawn  luany  Ucli 
uud  cuucluttiuua  of  \uluu  in  iihu|iing  thiit  Uutury  uf  iduhu. 


CWYHEE  AND  JORDAX  CREEK. 


m9 


•thcr  crftk 
they  <''iiii- 
f  tlie  1  Mil 
J  the  jian. 
11  lies  1)l1<»\v 
allied  titttr 

n^  as  niu<-li 
uiiniML(  tin; 
jwlilel-  aii'l 
any  tuitli'  r 
iiy  returiK  4 

;ed,  as  some 
r  two  (lays, 
for  the  iww 
1.     Th.'  .11^- 
l  otli' r  ;j;"inl 
i.staiKf  tV"iu 
re  tar  u|'  in 
he    count IV 
lie  beaiilital 
Ml  lh<'  lava- 
at  thr  ii.-w 
Iho  st»  iiKully 
)very.     Tho 
.'   iiiaiiiur  «'t 
j(l  others  to 
luitaiiis.     Ill 
^vc•re  louiul 
ut  the  "Meat 


event  of  the  season  was  the  discovery  of  silver-l)oarin<]f 
li(lL;es  of  wonderful  richness  on  the  lateral  streams 
lliiwinj^  into  Jordan  Creek.  This  created  a  second 
jiish  of  prospectors  to  Ow3hee,  late  in  the  autunni  of 

(Jreat  interest  was  taken  in  the  Owyhee  silver 
mines,  claimed  to  he  the  second  silver  deposit  of  im- 
portance found  within  United  States  territory;  and 
lull"  h  di  "')pointnient  was  felt  by  Orej^'onians  that  this 
district  was  included  within  the  limits  of  the  newly 
(ii'uaiiized  territory  of  Idaho,  as  upon  ex[>loration  of 
till  course  of  the  Owyhee  liiver,  ordered  by  (jover- 
ii(ii  ( Jjhbs,  it  was  found  to  bo. 

The  hist  town  laid  out  on  Jordan  Crock  was  ]5oon- 
villt .  It  \\as  situated  at  the  mouth  of  a  canon,  be- 
tui  (  11  high  and  ru^jj^ed  hills,  its  streets  beinj,'  narrow 
uihI  crooked.  In  a  short  time  another  town,  called 
]{uhv  Citv,  was  founded  in  a  bett«'i  location  as  to 
space,  and  with  <»'o(td  water,  but  subject  to  hiij^h  winds. 
Kacli  contained  durinjjf  the  winter  of  1S(;;5  4  ai»out 
'Jjit  men,  wliilt!  another  500  were  'scattered  over  Car- 
son district.  In  the  first  six  months  the  little  timber 
oil  the  barren  hills  was  (*onsumed  in  buildinii;  i>'>d 
furl.  Lumber  cut  out  with  a  whip-.saw  brou^^ht  lorty 
(jollais  a  himdred  i'eet,  and  shaki-s  six  dollars  a  him- 
(li((l.  Ill  JJecember  a  third  town  was  laid  otl'  u  mile 
aliovc  Ivubv,  called  Silver  Citv. 

•'.Mmzc,  in  Ills  Kurh/  Kniifs,  MS.,  suys  tlint  the  Morning  Star  was  tiio 
liist  Icduc^  iliscDVci'i'il,  an<l  that  it  wim  liK-ituil  liy  iVtfi- (;ini|(k-,  S.  Ni'ilson, 
Jiick  SkmiiiiIm,  ami  others,  ami  tiiat  Urn  l''im>  was  next.  In  this  lie  tlill't'i's 
fic'iii  I'liiily,  who  iilarcs  tlio  Oro  Fino  licfoiv   tlu;   Morniii),' .Stai'  in   puint  of 

tiiiir;  iiiiil  li I  (iilliiTt  IhitltT,  wlio  wiys  tliat  in  Wliiski'y  (iiiloh,  dLscuMii'il 

liy  ll.  11.  Waiio  in  -luly,  was  tlio  lirsl  iiuaitz  vein  found.  Siln  r  Cilii  lihiho 
Afiiliiitilif,  May -S,  ISNl,  A.  .1.  Samls  ami  Sxjulf  NriNon  tlisi-ovt  red  Oro 
I'iiin.  I'ludy  aJMt  nays  that  the  lir.st  (|\iart/.-h'd-''  Mas  discoM>ri'd  in  .Inly,  anil 
luciitiil  liy  U.  II.  Wadr,  and  the  woond.  the  i  ho  I'ino,  in  An^rn-t,  A.  .1.  Sands 
Ih'Iiiu'  one  of  the  locators,  an  hi!  and  Ncil.vin  wvn-  of  tiif  Morning;  .star.  Si/n-r 
f'i'll  "I'l/liir  Aniltiiiclif,  May  '_'"_',  l.S7.'>.  As  ottin  iiii' :•.  IIS,  thf  th.st  disi-ov- 
i-His  were  tilt'  riihfst  vviv  found.  .Men  made  ji.">0  a  day  )>onndin){  up  the 
Oro  Kiiid  loi'k  in  eonnnon  hand  mortal's.  It  assayed  ^T.'NNI  in  tiilver  and 
^^(Hi  111  yiihl  to  the  ton,  .\  year  afterwanl,  wiion  ii  lai^''''  <|iiantity  ol  ore  had 
he'll  ti'^ied  liy  aetiial  working,',  10  tons  of  roel  \  ere  found  to  _\ii  Id  one  Ion  of 
«iii.il_:iiii.  |(a//.(  (('((//ft  Sliitfsnii  II,  Nov.  IS,  iMll.  Same  of  il  w.is  ii.aiMl 
li'iinlv  lii'li — OH  w hull  Ij  ))iiunda  of  rock  yielded  1»  oiinecH  of  ailvcr  und  gohl; 
uhil  I  (Hjund  yiuldcd  ■'<13.dO,  half  in  ailvur  uud  half  in  gold. 


ii 


ft    i; 


I    i      1 


hi!   H 


420 


EARLY  SETTLEMENT. 


The  general  condition  of  the  miners  in  the  autumn 
was  prosperous.  Idaho  City,  called  Bannack  until 
the  sprinj^  of  1864,  had  6,000  inhabitants.  Main  and 
Wall  streets  were  compactly  built  for  a  quarter  of  a 
mile,  crossed  by  but  one  avenue  of  any  i m porta nci'. 
Main  street  extended  for  a  quarter  of  a  mile  fartlitr. 
Running  parallel  with  Elk  Crock  were  two  streets — 
Marion  and  Montgomery — half  a  mile  in  length.  Tlio 
remainder  of  the  town  was  scattered  over  the  risiiiij; 
ground  back  from  Elk  and  Moore  creeks.  There  wtic 
250  places  of  business,  well-filled  stores,  highly  (.Wo- 
rated  and  resplendent  gambling-saloons,  a  hospital  lor 
sick  and  indigent  miners,  protestant  and  catholic 
churches,  a  theatre,  to  which  were  added  three  otln  is 
during  the  winter,^  three   newspapers,'^  and  a  fiic 

"  In  point  of  time  they  ranked,  Idaho  theatre  Ist,  J.  L.  Allison  nian:iL'ir; 
Fc^n-ost  '2il,  oiiened  Feb.  ISO-l;  Jciniy  Lind  .'id,  opened  in  Aprilj  Teiniilc  kli. 
The  I'oircst  was  managed  by  .lolin  S.  I'otter. 

■■"•'I'lie  liist  newspaper  established  in  tiic  ISoise  basin  was  the  llnixv  Xf  n-, 
a  siiiull  sheet  owneil  and  edited  by  T.  J.  A-  J.  S.  JJtitler,  foVniLrly  ni  Kni 
Bluir,  Cal.,  where  they  pi;'  H.-hed  the  Hid  liliijf  Bcucoii.  Henry  11.  Kii,i[i|i 
ai'oonipunied  T.  J.  Untler,  biin^'ing  a  printing-press,  the  first  in  tliisiKiitnf 
Idalic,  and  later  in  use  in  the  otlice  of  the  lilaho  World.  Kiin/iji'M  >Si'iii  nhni, 
MS,,  2.  J.  S.  Butler  waa  born  in  18*29.  He  tamo  from  ISedl'urd,  IikI.,  i>i 
Cal.  in  I8.VJ,  mined  for  U  years,  and  in  18.M  started  the  lirst  iie\visi>;i|M  i  in 
Tehama  eo.,  and  whieli,  after  7  years,  was  sold  to  Ciiarles  Fislui-,  conntitdj 
w  ith  the  Sac.  Union,  wiio  was  killed  at  Saeramento  in  18011  or  lS)i4.  UiiJir 
miin'ied  a  daughter  of  Job  F.  Dye  of  Antelope  rnncho,  a  pioneer  nf  (':il., 
nnil  went  U)  fanning  in  the  Saeramento  Valley.  His  father-in-law  t^olv  a 
herd  of  beef-cattle  to  the  eastei-n  (Jregon  mines  in  18tl'_»,  and  sent  fur  iiiiii  hi 
come  up  and  help  him  dispose  of  them.  liiitler  then  started  a  packiiiL;  I'l!--!' 
nesa,  running  a  train  fnim  Walla  Walla  to  ISoist'',  and  recognizing  that,  wiili  a 
pul)lio  of  ;{0,000  or  more,  there  w.is  a  lield  for  a  new.«[);tper,  took  st(|..i  to 
start  one,  by  purehasing,  with  the  assLstinee  of  Knapp  of  the  Slutrsinaii  ulli'  c 
in  Walla  Walla,  the  old  press  on  which  the  Oirijoiiian  waa  lirst  printi  il.  aiiil 
which  was  taken  to  Walia  Walla  in  18UI.  Some  other  material  was  olilaiinil 
nt  I'ortland,  and  the  first  number  of  the  JtnUi  Xi^lr^  was  ia.sueii  Si  pt.  '.'D, 
18G.'l,  priiiting-paper  costing  enormously,  and  a  pine  log  eovered  wiih  /iai- 
bi'ing  used  as  an  ini|iosing-stone,  with  other  inventions  to  supply  iacluug  ma- 
terial. IJut  men  \Nillingly  paitl  $'2.'>0  for  one  nund>er  of  a  newspaper,  liiu 
KncH  wan  independent  in  politics  through  a  most  exciting  eanipui^ii.  Two 
other  journals  were  issued  from  its  olliee,  representing  the  two  jiartic^i  in  tliu 
field-union  and  democratic — the  democrii.ls  being  greatly  in  the  uiaji.my, 
according  to  Ihitlcr. 

The  Idnho  Democrat  was  edited  by  .F.  T.  Allison,  and  published  by  1>.  C. 
Ireland,  an  innnigrant  of  18U.'}  from  Miunes(/ta,  who,  when  the  cainpaicii 
was  ovi^r,  went  to  the  Willn.metto  Valley.  Ireland  was  one  of  the  pnlv  of 
18G;J  which  deseendeil  S'lake  Ui  ver  to  L"wiston  in  u  small  boat.  He  has  In  i  u 
ft  newspaper  man  ever  since  settling  in  Oregon,  piiblisiiing  the  Or",/"'  '''y 
Kiiiiriirl<c  and  the  A  itoiinn,  which  he  started,  besides  being  eoniicctiil  -d  xa- 
I'ious  timen  with  I'lutluud  jouruuU.    The  Idulio  Uiiioii  wtu  published  b)  I'l  a< « 


CENTREVILLE  AND  IDAHO  CTTY. 


421 


ilt^partnicnt.  ConsiHorin2f  the  distance  of  Boisd  from 
any  ifieat  source  of  supplies  or  navigable  waters,  this 
growth  was  a  niarveHous  one  for  eleven  months. 

Ccntrevillc  also  grew,  and  was  called  the  prettiest 
town  in  the  Boisd  basin.  It  contaitjcd,  with  its  sub- 
111  l)s,  3,000  people.-^  A  stage-road  was  being  built 
tin, II  Centreville  each  way  to  Placerville  and  Idaho 
City  by  Henry  Greathouso,  the  pioneer  of  staging 
in  southern  Idaho.  Placerville  had  a  population  of 
r),(iiH).  It  was  built  like  a  Spanish  town,  with  the 
businc^^s  houses  around  a  plaza  in  the  centre.  The 
jHtpulution  of  Pioneer  City  was  2,000,  chiefly  Irish, 
iVciii  which  it  was  sometimes  called  New  Dublin. 
Tluso  were  the  principal  towns. 

( )i»  the  7th  of  October  a  festival  was  given  in  Idaho 
City,  called  Moore's  ball,  to  celebrate  the  founding  of 
a  new  mining  static,  at  which  the  pioneers  present 
act  1(1  us  hosts  to  a  large  number  of  guests,  who  were 
lavishly  enteitdned.^^  Society  in  Boise  was  chaotic, 
and  hud  in  it  a  liberal  Uiixture  of  the  infernal.  The 
union-threatening  democracy  of  the  south-western 
states  was  in  the  majority.  Gamblers  abounded. 
riiistitutes  threw  other  women  into  the  shade.  For- 
tiinaUly  this  condition  of  things  did  not  last  long. 

Sr  Ii  and  Joseph  Wasaon,  nnil  cilitcd  by  John  Chnrlton.  Tho  ♦wo  cam- 
|ia'.'ii  ii,i|ii'i'.s  started  curly  in  OotolKjr,  luul  Buspcndcil  when  tlic  eleution  was 
(ivi  r.  'i'lio  Xi  im  ollicc  employed  two  sets  of  men  day  and  night  to  i.ssne  these 
thic'i'  slici't.s  wi'ekly,  and  do  all  tho  printing  of  the  eountry.  Jii  Octol)er  liSG4 
tlio  lliitlfis  sold  their  estahlishment,  to  avoid  tho  excitement  of  a  political 
I'li.-si.-i,  to  11.  V.  Street,  J.  II.  ItoNvman,  and  John  Fierce,  Street  editor,  who 
(l.aii-iil  the  name  to  that  of  lilnho  )\'orl<l.  Its  business  was  worth  §_'0,0()0 
II  yen,  and  tiio  new  firm  soon  cleared  $.">0,fl<K>,  ISownian  havinjj  gained  tlie 
I'liitii)!.  It  lieeanie  a  seiui-weelily  in  May  18ti7.  It  changed  edit<jra  several 
times,  hciu},'  democratic,  having  in  l8(Mi  that  itinerant  disunionist  Jaiiua 
0M<  I'.wi  al  its  hcail.  In  l87-'t  it  bccatno  again  independent.  It  was  suhl  ia 
\>y',\  to  the  Malio  rublishing  Company. 

Itnihi  .1  /.iff  and  7Vmip'>',  MS.,  Irom  which  these  facts  an;  drawn,  is  a  con- 
cixo  iii'iMHMit  of  tiie  principal  <'v<-.,L  i  in  the  early  history  of  Idalio,  of  great 
iiitoivst  iind  value.  It  treats  of  jofrualinni,  politics,  crime,  biisiuess,  and 
Imliaii  allairs,  with  evident  sincerity  >  nd  good  judgment. 

'''  KiKijiji'i  Stnfemciil,  MS.,  7.  I'lui  ■mtlioritv  describes  all  the  I'arly  luiu- 
iiiu' tiiw  lis,  the  bread  riot,  e.xnress  carrying,  and  other  pioneer  mattes,  in  a 
liKJil  manner.  Knupp  canio  tron\  Red  iilutl',  and  long  remained  a  resident  of 
MaiiD. 

•"11 1  is  anniversjiry  IkiU  seems  to  have  been  repc^^od  iu  October  1S04. 
Idalw  Wotlil,  in  Portland  Ornjoiiiaii,  (.>ct.  IU,  18(34. 


i 


m 


11 


l?i 


422 


EARLY  SETTLEM    N'T. 


Sickness  attacked  many  a  sturdy  miner,  laying  him  in 
his  grave  away  from  all  his  kindred,  who  never  knuw 
where  were  his  bones.  Yet  not  unkindly  those  un- 
fortunate ones  were  cared  for  by  their  comrades,  and 
the  host)ital  was  open  to  them,  with  tlie  attondaiKn^ 
of  a  ])!»ysician  and  money  for  their  necessities.  The 
Jiois^  Xeii's  called  upon  all  persons  to  send  in  notices 
of  deaths  occurring  under  their  observation,  and 
ottered  free  publication,  that  tiie  friends  of  tho  de- 
ceased miner  might  have  a  chance  of  learning  that 
his  career  was  ended  in  the  strife  for  a  fortunt;.'^'  To 
avoid  the  winter  many  went  east,  and  into  Coloiado, 
Utah,  and  Oregon,  and  others  would  have  gone  l)ut 
for  the  mining  lav;  of  the  district,  which  refpiiri'd  tln' 
holders  of  claims  to  work  them  at  least  one  day  in 
seven.'" 

Californians  were  numerous  in  southern  Idalio.' 
Many  had  been  in  the  Oregon  and  the  Olcaiwairr 
mines,  when  the  Boise  discovery  drew  them  t(»  tlusu 
diggings.  They  were  enterprising  men,  and  ])at ion- 
ized charities  and  pleasures  liberally,  many  of  tlitui 
being  (dd  miners  and  having  no  [)uritan  ])rejudi((  s  to 
overcome.  The  sport  which  ottered  the  most  nn\(l 
attractions,  while  it  was  unobjectionable  from  a  nn  ral 
standpoint,  was  that  furnished  by  the  'sliding'  tliilis 
of  which  there  were  several  in  tiie  ditl'erent  towns. 
The  stakes  for  a  gran<l  race,  according  to  the  lults  of 
the  clubs,  should  not  be  less  than  5?10()  nor  moritlian 
$2,500,  for  wliich  they  ran  their  cutters  down  ciitain 
hills  covered  with  snow,  and  made  smooth  foi  'In' 
purpose.'^     A  circulating  library  and  a  literary  <  Iiil> 

'■"From  Nov.  1804  to  Nov.  18(1.'),  12.'i  men  were  received  <it  the  Im  |!t  il, 
who  liiiil  liceii  injured  Ijy  the  caving;  of  Ixinks,  und  other  iiecideuts  Iik  hi'  iit 
to  iiiiiiiii^'. 

^"  Aicnrdiiii,'  tn  tlie  laws  of  the  distiiet,  'any  citizen  iiiaj'  liold  I  tiuk 
cliiiin,  I  j,'ulrli,  I  liill,  and  I  lian-laiin,  liy  huiition.'  Jlnisil Xi  ir.-i,()vt.  I.'.,  b'l.l. 

•■"'lilt;  A'"(.Mj  AVict  of  Xiiv.  iMstKives  the  iiauieH  of  2;10  Ciilifoniiaii^,  ii'ni 
Siskiyou  county  alone,  then  in  the  Koisi''  hasin. 

■'-'  A  chalh  UL;e  heini,'  oll'ered  hy  the  I'lacervilh'  Clianipiiui  Siidin;,'  <TJi  "f 
lloisi'' Itasiii  to  the  Sliding  <'hil»ot'  I'lannaik,  tlie  fonuei' oll'i'iini,'  tn  run  lii'ii] 
cutter  Flijiiiij  Vldiid,  eanyinj,'  4  |iers<ins.  I'roin  the  top  of  <  iranite  street  I"  W  "It 
Creek,  or  any  distance  not  le.ss  than  a  i|iuirter  uf  a  mile,  «as  acce|)teii,  m  in  a 
in  l-'ehruary  the  WuU  Wialui  Uunnack  ran  against  the /7*/(;/^  C7y"i/ l"i  tl)« 


WINTER  IN  THE  MINES. 


m 


also  alleviated  the  irksomeness  of  enforced  idleness  in 
tlii-ir  mountain-environed  cities. 

The  winter  was  mild  in  the  Boise  basin  until  past 
the  middle  of  January,  when  the  mercury  fell  to  25" 
l)(,'h)W  zero  at  Placcrville.  So  little  snow  had  fallen 
ill  tlie  Blue  ^Mountains  that  pack-trains  and  wagons 
wrvc  able  to  travel  between  Walla  Walla  and  the 
iiiinos  until  February.  These  flattering  appearances 
iiidncod  the  stage  companies  to  make  preparations 
I'or  starting  their  coaches  by  the  20th  of  this  month; 
but  about  this  time  canic  the  heaviest  snow,  fol- 
lo\\t'd  by  the  coldest  weather,  of  the  season,  which 
(l(  {V-rred  the  proposed  opening  of  stage  traffic  to  the 
l>i  t)f  March.''^  The  first  attempt  was  a  failure, 
the  snow  being  so  deep  on  the  mountains  that  six 
liorscs   could   not   pull   through   an    empty    sleigh.'** 

liust  "J  in  .*?.  The  Widf,  Wint  won  tlio  race.  Other  lesser  stakes  were  lost  and 
won,  .'iiiil  the  occasion  was  a  notable  one,  bcinj;  .si!,'nalize<l  liy  unusual  f'stiv- 
itii'.-*,  iliiuiLTM,  (laming-partiea,  etc.  One  sled  on  tliu  track,  called  the  Ficiich 
Fr'ii'ilc,  cjinied  'JO  jjersons,  and  was  tlie  I'astest  in  the  hiisin.  KacJi  cutter 
liiul  its  pilot,  which  was  a  responsible  position.  Freijuent  severe  iiijui'ies 
were  received  in  this  exciting  but  dangerous  sport.  See  iSuisii  Xeirn,  Jan.  .'{0 
iui.l  1V1>.  (i,  18(>4. 

•' I  he  line  from  Walla  Walla  to  Poisd  was  owned  l)j"  George  V.  Thomas 
anil  .1.  S.  Ituckle.  (There  was  a  line  also  to  Lewiston,  started  in  the  spring 
of  iMil,  owiu'd  in  Lewiston.)  It  was  advertised  that  they  would  be  drawn 
by  till'  best  horses  out  of  a  band  of  l.")0,  and  driven  by  a  famous  coachnian 
iiaiiml  Ward,  fornu'rly  of  California,  where  tine  driving  hail  become  an  art. 
(It'll.  F.  Thomas  of  Walla  Walla  was  a  stage-driver  in  Georgia,  doing  to 
C'al.  in  the  early  tinu^s  of  gohl-mining  in  that  state,  lie  engaged  in  business, 
whiili  ]ni)Ved  lucrative,  and  became  a  large  stockliolder  iii  the  Cal.  Stage 
Co.,  which  at  one  tinu;  had  coaches  on  1,4(K>  miles  of  road.  As  vice-president 
of  tlie  CO.  he  establisiied  ii  line  from  Sacramento  to  Portland,  where  he  went 
til  iiside.  (hi  the  discovery  of  gold  in  the  Ncz  I'eree  country,  he  went  to 
W.ill.i  Walla,  and  ran  stages  as  the  ever-changing  stream  of  travel  demanded. 
With  .1.  S.  Knekle  ho  constructed  a  stage-road  over  the  Dlue  Jlountains  at  a 
gnat  exiirnse,  which  was  opened  in  April  ISCm,  and  also  contributed  to  tho 
tiili'cn  nt  short  lines  in  Idaho.  Idaho  i'ifi/  M'urhl,  April  1."),  IS0.">.  Henry 
(irrathoiise,  another  sbige  proprietor  on  the  route  from  the  ("olumbia  to  Boisi?, 
Was  an  enterprising  pioneer  who  identitied  himself  with  the  interests  of  this 
new  rc'.'iiiii.  He  was,  like  Thomas,  a  southern  man.  With  unusual  prudence 
he  refrained  froni  expressing  Ids  sympathy  with  the  rebellious  states,  thongh 
lii.s  lirotli'.'r,  Uidgeley  lireathouse,  was  discovered  in  S.  F.  attempting  to  tit 
out  ii  pvivateer,  and  eonhned  in  Fort  Liifayette,  whence  he  escajied  to  iMirope. 

^'  1 11  northern  Idaho  the  snow  and  cold  were  excessive.  Haniel  McKinney, 
1'.  I\.  Viiiing,  M.  Adams,  .lohn  Murphy,  and  M.  Sol.  Keyes,  who  hit  Elk 
City  '  lit,  (ith  with  a  small  pack-train  for  the  Stinking  Water  mines  on  Jetler- 
Sou  |.)ik  of  the  Missouri,  were  caught  in  a  snow-storm,  and  wandered  about 
i:i  t!:<' mountains  mitil  tiio  1st  of  l)ee.,  when  they  were  discovered  and  re- 
lieviij.  \l'iillit  W'lillii  Sttitismaii,  Vi'h.  l.S,  18U4.  Several  similar  incidents  oc- 
curred in  dill'erent  parts  of  the  territory. 


ii 


m 


EARLY  SETTLEMENT. 


'in 


I 


PI 
J,, 

I 


4       • 

3  :- 


For  the  same  reason,  the  express  from  Salt  L.il^o, 
which  was  due  early  in  February,  did  not  arrive  until 
in  March. 

On  the  16th  of  March  the  first  saddle-train  for  a 
month  arrived  at  Plaeerville,  bringing  a  party  of 
twelve,  one  of  whom  was  a  wonjan.  Thov  woro 
eleven  days  on  the  road."^  On  the  1st  of  April  tlu; 
pioneer  coach,  belonging  to  the  Oregon  and  Idalio 
Stage  Company,  which  was  to  run  its  stages  from 
Umatilla  landing  to  Boise,  arrived  at  Plaeerville  with 
a  full  load  of  passengers  at  $100  each.  But  this 
coach  had  come  from  Shasta,  California,  and  had 
taken  the  California  and  Oregon  stage-road  to  Port- 
land, going  thence  to  The  Dalles  by  steamer,  and 
there  taking  the  road  again.  It  had  been  fift^'-ninc 
days  on  the  trij).  Four  other  coaches  of  this  lino, 
starting  from  Shasta  March  2d,  accomidislied  the 
journey  in  twenty-three  days.  Ish  and  Hailoy  of 
Oregon  owned  this  line. 

On  the  1st  of  iSIay  coaches  began  to  run  from 
Idaho  City  and  Plaeerville  to  Boise  City  and  Owy- 
hee.''^  Koad  and  ferry  franchises  were  nuich  soui;lit 
after.  A  new  road  up  the  John  Day  liiver  and 
through  Canon  City  to  Boise  was  opened  the  L'Oth 
of  June.  A.  B.  Meacham,  of  Modoc-war  fame,  and 
his  brother  Harvey,  settled  at  Lee's  Encampnuiit, 
on  the  Blue  Mountains,  so  named  from  Jason  Lou 
having  parted  from  his  friends  at  this  jdace  on  his 
journey  east  in  18.38,  and  erected  what  was  known  as 
the  Mountain  House,  doing  nuich  to  open  roads  and 
facilitate  trade.  A  franchise  was  granted  to  a  coni- 
pany  to  build  a  road  from  the  head  of  (>amas  ))rairie''' 
to  Boise,  but  it  was  found  impracticable  to  buihl  it  as 
projected,  and  it  was  abandoned.     The  Owyhee  Ferry 

"This  Kwldle-train  was  owned  by  Orpatliouso,  who  was  making  nrrai)i,'o- 
nicnts  to  nut  on  a  line  of  stayes  to  connect  with  tho  O.  8.  N.  Co.'s  bouts  at 
Walhila. 

*'\Vanl,  tho  driver  licforc  mentioned,  and  John  J.  McConunons  owncil 
this  litic  at  first,  lint  tiie  latter  retired. 

"  licfcrenuo  is  here  maUo  to  Cuinos  prairiu  uortii  of  Salmon  liiver. 


mil 


MINING  IMMIGRATION  FROM  CALIFORNIA. 


425 


Company  also  obtained  a  franchise  at  the  first  session 
of  the  Idaho  legislature.** 

The  question  of  cheap  freights  was  much  dis- 
cussed. The  large  number  of  men  from  northern 
( 'alilornia  who  were  interested  in  Boisd  held  that  a 
load  could  be  made  from  the  Boise  basin  to  the  Sac- 
laiiiento  River,  b}''  which  freights  could  be  brought 
iiioio  cheaply  in  wagons  alone  than  by  the  O.  S.  N. 
Co.'s  boats,  and  wagons  from  their  landinjjs.  A  com- 
|)  uiy  was  incorporated,  called  the  Idaho  and  Califor- 
nia Wagon-Road  Company,  February  G,  18G4,  to  build 
a  wagon-road  from  Snake  Hiver  Ferry,  near  old  Fort 
IJoi.sd,  to  Red  Bluff,  California,  via  Ruby  City.*' 

On  the  19th  of  April  there  arrived  from  Healds- 
l)Uig,  California,  a  party  of  si.K  men  with  pack-ani- 
mals, who  came  by  the  way  of  the  Washoe  and  lium- 
1)1  ill  It  mines  and  Owyhee.  They  reported  the  road 
lined  with  people  on  their  way  to  Idaho,  and  that 
wagons  had  already  arrived  within  fifteen  miles  of 
Jordan  Creek,  where  the  hills  became  too  rough  for 
tliiiii  to  proceed  farther.  On  the  1st  of  jSIay  a  train 
<)!'  eighteen  wagons  left  Scott  Valley  and  Yreka  for 
]>oise,  pnd  on  the  11th  of  June  six  others  belonging 
to  William  Davidson,  taking  the  Yreka  and  Klamath 
J^ake  route.  These  two  routes  continued  to  bo 
tia\elled  during  the  period  of  the  California  emi- 
};iali(tn  to  Idaho,  and  but  for  tho  hostility  of  tho 
Indians,  were  good  roads  needing  little  im[)rovement. 
Hni-  party  of  twenty-three,  that  left  Red  Blulf  April 
'Jllli,  took  the  route  first  contemplated  by  the  pro- 
jectors of  the  Idaho  and  California  Road  Company 

'"  Miizo  anys  that  Mieliacl  Jordan,  Silas  Skinner,  and  W.  II.  Dewey  built 
a  tiillinail  fniiii  Owylicu  to  IJoi.si?  in  tli' siimincr  of  1S04.  Early  EuctU.t,  MS., 
n.  Jii  i.stiil  ('>4tal>1is1ii'il  a  ft'rry  across  IJoi^i'-  itivcr  at  lJoiai\  City,  and  another 
auro  s  Snake  IJiviT  on  Jo.    an's  roud  to  t)\vvln'e.   UrixtoVx  /tin/io,  M.S.,  I'J. 

■">/'nrll<ni<l  Ori'iimihui,  .  ov.  4,  ISfJ.'t;  ll'thi  Xew>,  Fob.  i;{,  -JT,  and  March 
'>,  l^i'.t.  Tiio  incorporators  were  Tlios  J.  Hutler,  J.  S.  IJntler,  John  Cliarl- 
t<iii,  lsa;ii!  I),  lliintoon,  Harry  Norton,  (Jeorgo  AVoodinan,  O.  A.  U.  Berry, 
.b'liii  dray,  J.  11.  I'Vanois,  U'.ll.  Underwood.  J.  W.  Kccnan,  J.  W,  Itrown, 
mil  A.  (i.  Turner.  Capital  stock,  iji'iO.OOO.  Tiio  Idaho  tind  California  Tele- 
j,'iii|ili  Company  was  incorporated  at  the  8aino  time  by  8omo  of  tho  same  per- 
Hi'ii^.  'rhi>  route  indicated  by  the  wa^ion-road  company  waa  via  Pitt  lliver, 
lioiijjc  Lake,  and  the  Malhcnr  River. 


EARLY  SETTLEMENT. 


'  '  if 

•I  V '  1 ; 


l^ 


t  1 


ii-r 


down  the  Malheur  to  tlio  mouth  (»f  tiic  Boisd,  and  he- 
camo  lost  between  the  Warner  Lakes  and  the  head 
waters  of  the  Malheur.  They  wandered  about  for 
three  weeks,  but  finally  reached  their  destiniitioii 
about  the  20th  of  June. 

Xot  only  was  tlien;  a  lari^c  immigration  both  over- 
land and  by  sea,  via  Portland,  but  the  freight  oi}'<  r- 
iugs  by  steamer  to  the  latter  place  were  more;  tliaii 
could  l)e  carried,  and  a  nuniber  of  sailing  vessels  \\\io 
empU)yed.  This  freight  consisted  of  dry  goods,  hard- 
ware, and  groceries.  Provisions  were  furnished  by 
Oregon  and  Utah.*" 

About  the  1st  of  May  two  express  lines  were  estab- 
lished between  Boonville  and  Sacramento.  'J'luy 
left  Boonville  on  the  2d  and  4th  respectively,  and  re- 
turned, tlie  first  on  the  22d,  bringing  the  SacvamciitD 
Union  of  the  IGth,  to  the  delight  of  Californiuiis. 
Tluy  continued  to  make  successful  trips  until  inter- 
rupted l)y  Indian  hostilities." 

In  the  spring  of  18(54  a  contract  to  carry  the  tii- 
weekly  mail  from  Salt  Lake  to  Walla  Walla,  via  Fort 
Hall  and  Boise  Citv,  was  awarded  to  J^en  llolladay 
&  Co.,  carriers  of  the  California  mail,  the  service  to 

*"  A  train  of  "JO  wagons,  cacli  drawn  by  from  S  to  1'2nuilos,  left  Los  An;,'rK'3, 
Ciil.,  on  till'  1st  of  Marcli,  I.S(i4,  for  the  mines  on  .lellerson  fork  of  tin'  Mis- 
souri, aLconi|ianii'<l  liy  an  eseort  lirivinj;  "lOO  lica<l  of  cattle.  Tiie  wlmU'  .lis- 
tanc('  of  1, 1(H)  miles  was  expectetl  to  he  made  in  .".()  days.     The  caru'o  eoiisisti  d 

of  dry  g Is,  groceries,  ami  lii|Uors.     The  cost  [per  pound  for  carrying  \\:is!)() 

cents.  It  was  thought  this  route  (an  old  wagon-road  to  Salt  Lake)  rnuM 
comjiete  suceesafuUy  with  the  steamer  line  on  the  Missouri,  whieii  so  often 
failed  to  rcai'li  Fort  lienton.  Tlu;  stcanu^r  charges,  with  lU)  or  40  ci  nt>i  a 
j)ound  added  when  tliey  landed,  several  hundred  miles  below  the  foit,  «;is 
thou;.dit  to  lie  <]uite  as  expcn.sive  as  wagoning  from  Los  Angeh^s.  i'lirflnul 
Oriiioiiinii,  March  ',),  lS(i4.  The  tinst  attempt  to  navigate  tlio  Yellonstoiiu 
was  madt'  in  the  autunm  of  l.S()4  by  '2  small  steamers,  which  nsecnd.d  fur 
some  ilistniii  e  above  its  mouth.  Wal/a  Wallii  Stalenmaii,  Feb.  17,  18(i.').  Seo 
JJi/tf.  Moiildiin,  this  vol. 

*' West<.'rlield  iiml  (,'utter  ran  an  express  from  Star  City,  HumlK>l(lt  Valley, 
to  Jordan  Creek,  furnishing  news  only  0  days  old.  In  June  John  .1.  Mc- 
Commons  and  C.  'J\  15l.die  bought  out  Hillhouso  X-  Co.,  who  owned  the  ex- 
press lino  between  Idaho  City  and  the  Owyhee  mines,  which  they  o|ier:iti(l 
until  the  death  of  McCoinmonsby  the  hands  of  Malheur  Snakes,  in  l-Vb.  !>*•'">. 
Going  out  to  loo'iv  for  .some  of  the  horses  belonging  to  the  company,  and  nut 
returning,  his  tiail  was  followed  "J.")  miles  to  the  Owyhee  Itiver,  where  iiiiliia- 
tions  of  a  struggle  with  a  numerous  party  of  Indians  was  apparent.  Notliing 
further  of  Iiis  I'uto  could  ever  bo  disoovercJ.  Walla  Walla  iilaltttiiian,  .Maicli 
3,  1SS4. 


VARIATIONS  OF  PROSPERITY. 


427 


s(5,  and  lic- 
thc  hcail 
about  i'ur 

lestinatioii 

l)otli  ovir- 
iglit  oil'i  !■- 
inoro  than 

kkIs,  1ku(1- 
•nitilicd  l»y 

v'orc  estal)- 
to.  Tluy 
ly,  and  ro- 
kioront'tifi) 
dirorniaiis. 
mtil  intur- 

ry  tlic  i  ri- 
ll, via  Kurt 
Hclla.lay 
servicc  to 


ft  Los  Air.'rl(  s, 
k  of  th.'' Mis. 
lie  will  lit'  ilis- 

:al\l_'0  colisi^ti  '1 

nyiii'^'  \\:i^  !iO 
It  Lalu)  .,,uia 

licll    so  ot'tcll 

or  40  II  lit >  -.i 
tlli^   folt,  Mas 

ICS.     l',<,-!ll„d 

o  Ycllo^^.stllln) 
ascciuK'iI  fi)P 
17,  1S(J.">.  Sfo 

nholdtViillrv, 

John   J.  Mr- 

U  lU'll    till'    '  A- 

tlicy  o|H  r.i'i  '1 
,  in'l'VI..  Ist.'i. 

Kiuy,  aii'l  ""'t 
when'  imli'  a- 
lit.  Notliiii,' 
fiiiHin,  MiUili 


l)(\<,nn  July  1st,  and  an  ai^ont  was  sent  over  tlio  route 
with  nion,  teams,  liay-euttinj^  machines,  an<l  otlu>r 
means  and  appliances.  Ife  arrived  in  lioisc  in  June. 
'I'he  main  line  from  that  [)lace  ])assc(l  directly  to 
I'ayctteville,  a  station  on  tlic'  north  side  of  the  Payi-tte 
liivcr,  cnrssinij^  tlie  Snake  River  ashort(hst;in<'e  al)ove 
the  m()uth  of  the  I'avt-tte,  and  runniuL^  throuL-li 
Ihuiit,  l*o\vder,  and  (;Irand  ]lond  valleys  to  Waihl 
^Valla.  The  first  overland  mail  readied  Boise  on  the 
1st  of  Au<jfust.  The  immiufration  of  this  year  was 
large,  and  the  future  of  the  territory  looked  proinisiiiL^'. 

The  miners  of  Lhdio  were  like  quicksilver.  A  mass 
of  tliem  dropped  in  any  locality,  broke  up  into  individ- 
ual nlobules,  and  ran  off  after  any  atom  of  gokl  in 
their  vicinity.  They  stayed  nowhere  Ioniser  than  the 
gnld  attracted  them.  Xotwithstandiiii^  their  early 
it'^ulations  ajgainst  Chinamen  workinj^  in  the  mines, 
when  the  Xez  Perce  gold-lields  had  yielded  up  their 
ijehost  dej)osits,  these  more  ))ati(jiit  toilers  were  j)er- 
luitted  to  take  what  remained  by  payini;  six  dollars  a 
iiKiuth  tax,  one  half  to  n'o  to  the  territory,  and  tlu; 
ii  iiiaiiider  to  the  county  in  which  they  resided,  the 
sheriif  beini»'  empowered  to  pursue  into  another  coun- 
tiy  any  one  attemptiiij^  to  evade  the  act. 

In  dune  there  wi'ie  not  ciiouj^h  white  men  in  the 
Old  Fiiio  district  to  work  the  claims  well  supplied 
^\ith  water  and  wood,  which  was  another  motive  fttr 
the  admission  of  Chinese.  At  Elk  City,  on  the  iKHtli 
liiaiieji  of  the  Clearwater,  mintU's  were  taking  out  in- 
iivdihle  amounts  daily;  still  they  wei-e  not  erowdetl. 
Al  Warren's  000  men  were  doing  well,  and  coiitiniK-d 
tu  do  well  for  years.  Jhit  I'Morenee,  for  a  few  months 
thf  eeiitral  attraction  <tf  the  country,  was  almost  de- 
li'>pu]ated  in  the  winter  of  ISO;?,  without  recovering 
IN  population  at  any  subse(nieiit  period.  Its  history 
was  as  short  as  it  was  brilliant.  Xo  mining  cani[) 
with  jilacers  of  such  richness  ever  was  so  soon  e\- 
liuu.-ited  and  deserted.     In  1804  this  district,  too,  was 


428 


EARLY  SETTLEMENT. 


ii 


--i::| 


\m  ;■  ' 


Ii  •>: 


—  •Ti-:  -  i 


pretty  well  abandoned  by  white  miners,  and  tlic 
Chinese  were  allowed  to  come  in.  The  Florence  j^'old 
was  also  of  less  value  tlian  that  of  other  districts. 

The  discovery  of  silver  ledjjfcs  in  the  Kootenai 
rei^ion  was  made  as  early  as  IHjD,  hut  nothini^  was 
done  to  explore  the  country,  owinif  to  the  i'act  that 
the  mines  lay  north  of  49^  in  British  territ(>ry,  where 
minin<^  regulations  were  somewhat  arbitrary,  (iold 
was  discovered  in  the  Pend  d'Oreillu  and  Cceur  d'AlOiio 
country  by  Donelson,  of  Stevens'  expediti«>n,  in  18.");!, 
and  still  earlier  l)y  Owens;  but  the  hostility  of  tlio 
Indians  and  the  tindint;  of  <>()ld  elsewhere  (hvertid 
attention  until  the  autumn  of  18(5;},  when  good  pros- 
pects were  I'ound  on  the  Kootenai  Kiver.  In  May 
1804,  despite  the  deep  snows  of  that  region,  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  mining  ])opulation  of  east- 
ern Oregon  and  northern  Idaho  hail  located  claims 
and  built  up  a  town  called  Fisherville,  fifty  mihs 
nortli  of  the  United  States  boundary  line.*-  Iliit 
the  favorite  country  for  prospectors  was  still  south- 
ern Idaho  ami  the  newly  created  territory  of  ^bni- 
tana,  which  lor  a  year  constituted  a  part  of  the  foriiitr 
territoiy.  ]3iscoveries  were  made  early  in  ls(il 
on  the  north  Boise,  where  the  mining  towns  <<[' 
Beaver  City  and  Sununit  City  came  into  existemt' 
about  the  1st  of  February.^''  A  more  important  dis- 
covery was  made  on  the  jVIalade  River  in  Voliaiio 
district,  I'orty  miles  south  of  Little  Camas  prairie.^' 
The  distinguishing  feature  of  Volcano  district  was  thi- 
width  of  the  ledges  found  there,  which  were  in  soinc 

*^  Kiiapjyn  Stufrmeiit,  MS.,  l.">;  Portland  OrKjo)i'ir,i,  Nov.  1\,  ISfi,'!;  "/•. 
Slfitenmuii,  Nov.  3,  iSO:};  Wrtlla  f\'<i/la  S/utexinnii,  .June  H,  l,S(i4.  All.it  nf 
tliirty  liutc:iu.\  were  liiiilt  tit  (,'olville  in  tlic  winter  of  KS(J4;  wliilea  siiaiini- 
to  run  on  the  Columlii.i  a'oove  t'olville,  as  fur  as  tlio  river  slionlil  |iiiive  ii:ivi- 
gable,  w;n  also  jirojoeteil,  ami  c;irrieil  out  in  I.Siio- ''■.  liy  the  O.  S.  N.  i'", 
wild  l)uilt  tliti  Fiir/if-iiim;  comni  iiuleil  l»y  C'.iptaiil  Leoiiarl  Wllite,  ci'icNr  itr.l 
ill  tin-  history  of  early  steauilMciiiii:;  i:i  Ore:^;):!.  .S  e  L  •i;.;!ito:i';s  /J/f  "'  /'"/■< 
Souiiil,  Ms.,  (i;}-!).  Leoiianl  White  was  an  imiiiigraiit  of  I8i;?.  lie  tlitil  at 
Portland  April  10,  1870.  He  is  said  to  have  run  the  tir.st  steatMhiat  on  tliu 
yaeranunto  liiver.  A  camel  was  used  for  trauspoitutioii  purposes  by  WiUium 
Uunrv  in  18(it. 

"V/o<.se  AViw,  March  l'2an<l  10.  1804. 

"J.  Z.  Miller  led  tho  company  wliieli  niado  this  discovery. 


SILVER  HILL  AND  QUARTZ-MIXING. 


cases  forty  feet  thick.  Silver  Hill  district  was  dis- 
covered July  3d  by  a  road  party  survey iiiif  for  a  route 
t'lom  IMacervilJt?  to  South  IJoise  alonj^  the  base  of  the 
r.iyette  raiii^e.^^  In  Auii^ust  two  towns,  l^anner  and 
liureka,  with  a  hundred  miners  in  each  were  es- 
tablished, and  twenty  or  more  ^old  and  silver  (juartz 
mines  located.  The  Banner  ledge,  first  and  richest, 
Miive  character  to  the  district.  Wa^jon-roads  were 
laid  out  to  Silver  Hill.  A  shaft  was  suid;  thirty  feet, 
Olid  a  tunnel  run  300  feet,  across  several  other  ledujes, 
but  this  activity  failed  to  foreshadow  a  great  and  sud- 
den pros[)crity  f(^r  this  district. 

Quartz-mining,  unlike  [)lacer-mining,  was  retarded 
by  the  distance  from  any  point  where  mills  for  crush- 
Iiil;-  ores  could  be  obtained,  and  by  the  outlay  required. 
Tlio  lirst  quartz-mill  erected  in  the  Boisd  basin  was 
])Ut  up  by  W.  W.  Raymond  on  Granite  Creek,  about 
two  miles  from  Placerville.  It  arrived  in  Julv,  and 
was  ready  to  go  into  operation  in  September.  It 
was  furnished  with  ten  stamps,  each  weighing  nearly 
000  pounds,  and  crushing  one  and  a  half  tons  daily, 
with  a  reserved  power  amounting  to  half  a  ton  more 
each.  This  mill  was  employed  on  the  Pioneer,  Law- 
yer, and  G(jlde'i  Gate  ledges.  It  cleaned  up  from  its 
tiist  week's  run  (ifty  pounds  of  amalgam.*" 

The  Landon  lode,  three  miles  north-east  of  Idaho 
City,  (»n  the  divide  between  Moore  and  Elk  creeks, 
iiaiiicd  after  its  owner,  was  prospected  by  rigging 
(pidiiiary  sledge-hanuners  on  si>ring-poles.  In  this 
maimer  1,200  pounds  were  crushed,  and  a  yield  ob- 
tained of  over  6'23  to  100  pounds;  200  j)Ounds  being 
pulverized  in  three  days  with  the  labor  of  one  man. 
A  mill  was  [)laced  upon   it  by  the  Great  Consolidated 

•'TIic  party  was  k-il  l)y  Jnmcs  Carr  and  Jesse  Bradford  of  I'laccrville. 
Oiirii'.i  J)u\clonj,  18(15,  .17.  This  Moik,  i.ssiifd  in  the  K(irinL;  of  ISO.'i,  con- 
tains ii  niap  of  15oise  and  Ouyliee,  and  cni^ravinns  ri'prohi'Utin,:;  Idalio  City 
mill  its  Kiil.urb,  Ducnu  Vista  liiir,  besides  brief  historical  sketches  of  tlie  niin- 
iii,'  towns  of  Oregon  and  Idaho,  and  a  list  of  names,  which,  owin^;  to  the 
sliittiny  charautcr  of  the  population,  is  very  inipeifect. 

^^  L<n.f4  News,  Sept.  24  and  Oct.  1,  isiil;  Walla  Walla  Slaieaman,  Nov. 
4,  i^CI;  I'orlUiml  0,-i"joniuit,  Dec.  28,  1SG4. 


l\ 


lln, 


i 


ill' 

i 


M 


V 

1 


'Pi  *     ) 


u   i 


480 


EARLY  SRTTLEMEXT. 


B(»iso  Riv'or  Gold  and  Silvtr  Mininj^  Company,  liav- 
ini^  five  stamps,  whirli  was  icady  tor  crushiniL^  rock  in 
])e<'('nilK'r.  Other  mills  woro  erected  during''  the 
year  in  tlio  Ijoiso  hasin.*' 

At  South  IJoiso  iH.'twccn  forty  and  fifty  arastias 
wvvv  run  hy  water-power,  makinin'  ilattei'ini,''  returns, 
and  the  numher  was  soon  inereastid  to  eii^lity-fitur, 
erushiu!^  ahout  a  ton  a  day.  The  ()[)hir  yielded  in 
the  arastra  .s|()0  to  the  ton. 

Several  minin;^'  companies  shipped  from  1,000  to 
10,000  tons  of  ori!  to  San  {''ranciseo  and  New  York 
in  order  to  atti'act  the  attention  of  capitalists,  scmir 
investments,  and  ohtain  uiininL,*' machinery.  Theliist 
mill  in  South  iJoise,  however,  was  one  with  live  staiii|t^, 
owned  hy  ('artec,  (iates,  it  ('ompany,  which  w.i.s 
packed  in,  and  |iut  in  operation  hcl'ore  a  wai^fonioiid 
was  opened  over  the  mountains.  T\\c  Ada  I'IIuh'Ic 
r<K'k  crushed  in  this  mill  vit'lded  an  averau'i;  oi'  )5I()() 
per  ton;*"  the  ( "onfederate  Star  $ir)0  j)er  ton. 

An  einht-stamp  mill  was  huilt  in  l*oitlan<l  \''>i' 
S<iuth  l)oise,  intended  lor  tlu;  Idaho  lod»';  hut  in  tliu 
mean  time  Andicws  and  Tudor,  who  left  South  iloi-i? 
lor  tlu!  east  in  Novendier  iSf).'],  j»urchascd  a  twt  Im- 
stamp  mill  in  ( 'hiea'_;o,  for  the  Idaho,  which  was 
hauled  hy  (»\  teams  from  the  Missoui'i  IJiver  in  N' - 
hraska  at  a  eost  of  thirt)  cents  a,  poimd.  It  reaclnd 
itM  destination  in  Octoher  and  was  ready  for  work  in 
])ocemhcr.  A  five-stamp  mill  huilt  at  INntland  was 
])laet(l  on  the  ('onisfock  ledi;e  in  the  autunm.      II.  I> 

*' A  lO-Htnuif  mill  wan  set  niuniii,'  in  Di*.  on  tlio  (turrison  •Jiiniliiimi", 
wliiKO  liistury  liiii  Ihtii  Kki-tclicd,  'I'wo  i.tlii-rs,  (tiic  (iii  Kiiiiiinit.  I''lat.  mwi.cI 
liy  I'lilili  k  .I.ii'Uhiim:  iiiKitlu'r  it  iiii!i<  fi'<iiit  I'hilio  I 'il  v,  <>\\  immI  liy  I''.  I>iiti<ii 
iVCii.  .\  <|iiiirt/ iiiill  Wiis  i'ii:i.'ti'il  <iii  lU'iir  iiiiii,  lilalio  City,  tiltarlii''!  t<>  ll><> 
Btt'iim  piiwi'i"  of  lliiiiii'  A;  IIhsIi'h  miw  iiiill.  In  iln  ihIihii  wnrk,  'I'liis  wiw- 
mill  Uii!4  llr.st  I'i'i'iltil  at  Lt'w istiin;  rciuuvi'il  to  llwiii^  in  duly;  Imiiiol  in 
!Si'|it. ;  nliinlt  with  till-  Miiiii'l/iiiiil  atturlit'it  in  Oi>t.;  an<l  rnnoNccl  I.  ]\->'i->' 
in  till-  Hpiin,'  nf  Isti.'i,  ll'(/7ft  H'n/Ai  Siri/iMiii'in,  .Inly  I.  Isiil;  /loi/ii  .Vi  »■<, 
(»it.  H  ami  -'J,   l^dl;  Jti>Ut   Ciif  .SifilfMin>i,i.  Aiiiil  'Jli,    IS(l."i. 

•'Tlif  Alia  MIuiciH'  waM  manai^iil  liy  hiH'tiilatuiH,  wlin  rctarilcil  tlif  cum- 
)ian<  ,  anil  till' \\  linlr  riiuntiy.  'I  In'  tiusti't)*  ran  a  tuiniil  in  tin'  Icil'^c  at  an 
I  iiminonM  I'ost  ('\|in'»>ly  Ik  h't  it  tall  in,  mm  it  tliil,  in  milcr  tn  put  tin  »liair- 
liiililfi-s  to  I'Nprnnc  ithil  [K'l'pctuul  tuxuliuii  to  '  f I'L'czo  tliuui  out.'  lioiif.  A'mc«, 
JSqit.  -.'I,  IM]4. 


SOUTH  BOISft  AND  WAR  EAOLE. 


4:il 


■»any,  li.iv- 
ii«^  rock  ill 
iiriiig   the 

;y  arasti'jis 
y;  n 'til Ills, 
H-lity-tuiir, 
}i('l<k'(l  ill 

1,000   j.) 
S'^cw  Viirk 

Sts,    SCCIllT 

ThclilsL 

V(.!  staiii|ts, 

k'liich    was 

ai^oii  roinl 

ila   iOllllol'r 

•y  of  .'51UU 
)ii. 
rtlaiid    I'.'i' 

)ut  ill  till) 
tilth  IJoi^(5 

a  t\\<  l\i - 
\liirli   was 

el'    ill    \c- 

t  ri.'acind 
r  Work  in 
kind   was 

.    j:.  i;, 


in  (iiiiiiliriiiiix, 

I'i.ll     ..«l,c.| 

y  I'.  UiitMi 
t'a<'li<''l  to  tli« 

'I'llls    h!lM  ■ 
V!   lull  lid!   ill 

Mil    til    llui-i> 

Hiiisi    .Vi "'«, 

-.iol  tlir  rnlll- 
lcil'4c  III  lilt 
III    tllii  hIiiik- 

J{oi»:  Ml  Iff, 


l^irnlinni,  who  took  a  ton  of  rock  to  New  York  ami 
on  its  iMcrits  siiccct  (led  in  foniiiii'Lj  a  company  <'alh'd 
the  New  York  and  l(hiho  (iold  and  Silver  .Arininy: 
('oiii|>aiiy,  imrcha.sctl  and  .shipped  to  South  Iioise  a 
thirty-stamp  mill,  which  ariivod  too  latu  to  be  put 
ii;to  operation  that  year. 

A  new  district  was  discovered  on  the  heatl  waters 
(if  the  mi<ldle  Uoise  Kiver  which  was  named  \  uha. 
Thi'  h.'d^-es  found  on  the  south  and  middle  IJoisu  We|-e 
solid  (jiiartz,  larii^er  hut  not  so  rich  as  those  of  ( )\vyhee. 
The  rock  in  which  they  wi-re  found  wa.^  j^ranite. 
South  lioiso  had  at  <hi.-  time  four  towns,  Ksnieialda, 
(Tilden,  liocky  Har,  and  Happy  Camp,  and  ahout 
•J, 0(10  persons  were   scattered   over   the  district.     A 

li 1    wa'j:<'n-road   was    completed   to    IJoise   ('itv    in 

.\iiL,nist,  huilt  l»y  ilulius  Xewher;;  k  Co.  Of  the 
lai'-c;  iinniiu'ratiiju  of  Lsftl,  niaiiv  settled  in  South 
1  Joist'. 

In  ^fav  1804  the  Oro  Fino  (lold  and  Silver  'i'un- 
ml  Company  was  incorjtorated  in  ( 'aisoii  district, 
Owyhee,  for  the  puipose  of  runniiii,''  a  tunnel  throiiL;h 
<  )i(>  I"'in(»  mountain  and  developin;;  the  wealth  therein, 
thirty  locations  liaxini^'  ahi'ady  hecii  made  on  it,  one 
"I' which,  till'  War  l'!a!.;le,  sul»sr(piriitly  i^ave  its  name 
i<>  the  mountain.  This  wonderful  mass  of  mineral 
^instituted  the  dividiii!.';  rid^f  hetween  Jordan  and 
Sinker  i-reeks;  an<l  it  \\a.>  on  the  ledges  heloii'^iii!^'  to 
the  north-eastern  sid»'  o*'tlu'  ridye  that  1  he  first  tpiart/- 
liilll  of  the  (  )wvller  rej^ioji  Was  placed.  I  ini,nlit  niell- 
tl'Hi  a   iiumlier   of  other   coinoanies  which   Ihairished 


•  hiiin^;  this  year,  hut  do  not  dccin  it  mcessarv 


Tl 


le 


f^irat  <liscovery  (;f  |M(».")  was   the    I'oornian   mine,  o!i 
^^.ir  l-'.a'^h'  mountain.*'      It,  was  sn  named  In  rause  its 

'■''rill'  Piiiiriiiiiii  wiiM  lirnt  fiiljicl  till'  il.iVH  ami  iliiv.  Aci'itnliiii;  to  (lilln  rt 
lliitlir,  it  MiiH  ilisi'iivi'it'il  |py  O'lliiiii,  Ijolt,  /<ir,  I'lliiiri,  SfcMiin,  aiii|  iiiiy, 
ill  O'  t.  lMi,"(,  Soliic  Hiiy  I  lie  iliH((i\«'ri  r  \mih  I».  ( '.  ( l'|l_\  i  lli',  llll'l  ulllrl  s  (lull  Iih 
>'*.  I'li'K,  'I'lm  liiHlmy  ui  tint  inilin  mi'Mih  (h  Iuimi  Ihtii  tllin:  it  \Mis  lirnt 
(li>i<iivii('<l   lit   a  |>i>int  alMMit    I.IHMl  fict  t'lixii   wliiit   ii  now  callril  llir  ilix- 

i'i>\i  ry  hliati,  tl icliiiiii^  ^cmil  Imt  imt  ii>li,  iiml  the  xiiii  hiiiiiII.      r>i'l<>i't> 

nun  li  ili'M  lii|iiiii'iii   \\i\n  iiiailc,  ('.   S,   i'lrk  f'liiti'l  till'  ri<  li  I'liiiiiiM'y,  m'  hh- 
I'ill'il  iliftfovt'iy  itlmtt,  cuaciuUiig  lii»  good  forluiio  lunl  covi-riiij,'  nii  llic  \iiii, 


8f 


432 


EARLY  SETTLEMENT. 


!< 


(liscovorors  were  without  capital  to  work  it.  Tlio  ore 
was  tli(i  richest  known,  and  so  easily  worked  tliat  it 
could  be  cut  out  like  lead,  which  it  resembled,  but 
with  a  tint  of  red  in  it,  which  gave  it  the  name  ui' 
ruby  silver.  It  was  a  chloride  of  silver  richly  im|»r»'i:- 
natcd  with  gold,  and  brought  four  dollars  an  ounce  as 
it  canie  from  the  mine.  A  twenty-stamp  mill  was 
plact'd  upon  it,  which,  with  another  mill,  worked  the 
j)roduct  of  this  mine. 

The  Mammoth  district,  containing  veins  of  enor- 
mous size,  was  discovered  in  the  spring  of  18G4  south 
of  Carson  district.  It  took  its  name  from  the  dis- 
covery lode.  Flint  district,  only  separated  I'rom  ^faiii- 
moth  by  the  extension  of  War  Eagle  mountain  soutli- 
wartl,  was  also  prospected  with  good  results.  The 
Hising  Star  ledge  was  the  principal  mine. 

Indian  depredations  continuing,  the  people  of  Idaho 
petitioned  to  have  (xem^'al  Conner  sent  to  them  from 
Utah.'"  Most  of  the  fighting  was  done  on  Oi.-on 
soil,  by  the  1st  Ore'j[on  cavalrv,  as  will  be  seen  hv  a 
reference  to  my  Jllstori/  (>f  (hr(fo)i,  alilMiu^h  it  was 
for  the  protection  of  I«laho  as  well,  the  cavalry  ex- 

iintil  lio  Icitrned  from  llayH  nnd  Iliiy  the  l>o  indarics  of  thoir  cinitii,  ainl  that 
it  iiicliiili'il  hii4  1 1  i. sou  very.  IVck  then  cantiiiUHly  I'liih'iivort'd  to  hny  thu  mine, 
but  liiidiii;,'  it  w .'iH  itclil  too  liigh,  ab.st'iited  hiiiiKeif  in  thu  l.oim  tiiat  t'.u  ou  iurt 
woidd  coiiH!  down.  In  the  nii'iin  tiiiut  another  I'oniiiiiny  of  prosiHJctors  c.iino 
upon  the  rich  fiiiinney  ami  h>i'ati'd  it,  calliiij,'  it  tlio  I'ooi'nian.  A  ooiitrst  now 
nrosi'  tor  posHi'.s»ion  of  thu  inino,  the  IhiyH  and  Kay  owncrn  taking  I'e<  k  ii>t» 
their  I'ontpany  for  lindin;.' and  trai'in;^  the  vein  from  their  o[M!nini,' int'j  tlio 
I'oornian.  'I'lio  I'oornian  eonipnny  erectoil  iv  fort  uttho  mouth  of  their  mine, 
which  they  called  Fort  llaker,  ami  mounted  Home  ordnaneu.  'I'hey  ti)<>k  out 
Homo  of  the  riihest  of  the  ore  and  Hciit  it  t'l  I'ortland,  whi'rn  it  made  a  j,'r<  .-it 
seiiiiation.  'i'he  prospect  of  endless  liti^Mtioii  over  the  pri/o  induoeil  Ixitli 
('omiiaii'i/i  to  Hell,  one  to  I'lit  Ihadford  and  tho  other  to  (i.  < '.  |!.>liliiii'<,  Imtli 
of  I'orthiiid,  who  worked  the  mine  jointly,  taking?  out  nearly  «<-'.(»0<),<>:n>,  nft.r 
which  they  hoM  to  a  New  York  company.  J/rt/'.vU  I'Mfhj  F.cinii,  MS  ,  i!  7; 
Jiirliiinhiiii'x  Jli^imiil  tin'  Mixsis.;  Si/r<  r  Ci/i/  liltt/m  Ai'iilniirhr,  .May  "JS.  |sS|. 
'•'"  \  |>arty  win  attacked  the  .'M  of  May,  uome  (»()  nules  from  I'aiailf-e  Vid- 
ley.  and  ,1.  W.  I)od;^c,  ,1.  W.  Ihirton,  and  othcrH  killed.  netHcen  Wnrn<T 
and  ll.'ii'nev  1.d<es,  Pcirter  LaiiLfdon  and  'I'hnniaM  Itenny  were  killed,  and  the 
raiicho  of  \lichael  .Ionian  attaeki.'d  in  July,  .lordiin  Hoon  afterw.od  lonin^  hii 
life.  A  force  of  l.'ll  men  was  rai.sed,  which  (tvertook  thu  Indian.i  in  »  Initi- 
ficil  eailon,  and  kdlecl  ,'{ll,  two  white  men  Itein;^  killeil  and  two  woiiude  I. 
Colonel  Maury  tlnii  limk  the  lield  witli  1(H)  nn'ii  and  four  howit/.ers,  and 
foruiiu'.^'  .'iM  cnc.'impment  on  .lordan  Creek,  ucoupiuU  hiii  truupM  in  ncuutinj,' dur- 
iiijj  thu  lemauider  uf  thu  Humiiier. 


INDIAN  HOSTILITIES. 


133 


tniiling  tliolr  operations  to  Alvord  Valley,  and  thence 
iiito  N«wada  as  far  as  Mud  Lake. 

The  spring  of*  1865  opened  with  renewed  hostili- 
ties. A  (lotachniont  of  Washington  infantry,  under 
S(i<^t!ant  Storm,  and  a  small  company,  came  upon 
Itidiiins  on  Cuthcrino  Creek,  killing  eight.  Novel- 
!i;i(l  the  Shoshones,  now  .'i  powerful  foe  througli  tlicii' 
|insMssioM  of  an  abundance  of  horses,  arms,  and  am- 
iiiuiiilioM,  given  so  nuu'Ji  trouble.  Petitions  were 
iii;i(l(!  to  the  government  by  Oj-egon,  Idaho,  an<l 
iinithern  California,  for  better  dofensivi?  measures. 
A  new  military  sul>-disti-iet,  enjbracing  Nevada,  and 
ill!  Iiiding  Owen's  River  Valley  in  California,  was  es- 
t  ililislied,  under  the  eoinmand  of  Cliailes  MelJer- 
iiiiit  of  tlu!  2d  (!alifoi'nia  volunteer  cavalry,  wln» 
i>t,iblished  Camp  Hidwell,  near  (}o(»se  Laki;,'''  on  the 
(';ilifornia  road,  whicli  luul  b»!en  closed  by  hostili- 
tirs."'  IJv  the  Hiusterin<'-out  of  the  Ore''r)n  and 
W  I, 'lingtoM  ti'oops  in  isfjj-d  tile  ten-it oi-y  was  left 
\\iii,  veil  Kjss  prott.etion  than  I'ormerly,  while  the 
liiii.iiis  were  more  troublesome  than  evi'r.  But  in  the 
^|iiiii^  of  ISGG,  the  civil  war  having  lu.-eii  l>i<>nght  to 
acluse.  the  army  was  distiibuted  on  the  W'stern  froii- 
tici,  and  after  ii  few  years  more  of  wars  and  treaty- 
iii.ikiiig,  peace  was  restored  with  the  Snakes  and 
ivlatid  tribes. 


I'idike  the  ])revious  two  winters,  that  of  IHOl-f) 
-I  I  ill  ill  Novi'iiilxn' by  a  violent  snow  and  wind  .storm, 
wiiich  iiillirted  heavy  damages  by  de-^troying  mile>  of 

■  MrlJii'iiiiil  \vu»  till'  siiiiio  wild,  in  iS.'i'.',  liuiiilcil  a  01).  i>(  vciJuiituiTs  rruiii 
\u\.,,  \\\\<>  wiiU  iU'ii  Wri^^lil  went  (■)  tin'  rolirf  of  fin'  iiiiiniv'r;inl!<  iii  tlio 
Mi"li.«  iKiinliy  ill  ls">-.  Ilu  Mas  UiUiil  on  tlni  lltli  <>f  .•\ii„'.,  at  Qiu'in 
Uuii,  Iiy  linliiiiii  III  amiiiisli,  ai  li"  wiis  ri'tinuiii'^  lii>m  a  h.'oiiiIii:;  ixiiuilitimi 
I    'tin  llio  roail  (.)  Cal.  Iruiii  Owylioc.   filuhn  ir--7/,  A'.if,'-  I!'.  I^»''>. 

'A  liw  of  till)  o|i('ration»  of  tin)  Sluwlioiii-*  tliix  yt-arwiToat  follow^: 
Hill  I'liii'liy  hail  (it)  liiii-8c.i  KtoKii;  KM)  otlit  r  iiorsnia,  uixl  IMt  .attlo,  wi-ic 
•tHliii  tmni  ()\\ylii't>,  'I'liis  iiiimiu  wmt)  driven  >>iit  <if  I'lii'l'lo  V.illcy.  Taia 
'liM'  \',illiy  wai  <l>'popiil:itoil.  'I'lu'y  littuckcl  ii  Mailiilivtraiii  mi  .rmlaii  ( 'ifck 
111  .\|iiil,  iii|iliiiiii^'  part  of  till!  uiiiiiiuls.  Tin;  iiiiufi's  ariii*Ml  uinl  ilniNo  tin  in 
'•iiti't  till'  lu'i^liliiiiliood.  Tlit'V  nttackcd  a  riiin|iaiiy  of  wa;,'on<'r«,  I  iniU-.v 
wjiitli't  Fun  Will  jiiiiil,  on  Snaiio  liiviT,  aiptiiriinj  I'J  uiiilus.  Many  otlior 
likr  I  a.^«  s  iniL;lit  l)c  inciitioiii.'il, 
llmr.  Wam!.,— ■> 


434 


EARLY  SETTLEMENT. 


'm 


t   ! 


It 


flumes  in  eastern  Oregon,  letting  the  water  into  tlif 
ditches,  and  sweeping  earth  into  claims,  coinpliiUlv 
covering  up  many,  fiUing  up  cuts  and  drains,  burying 
miners'  tools,  and  levelling  to  the  ground  the  rciiccs 
of  the  newly  improved  farms  over  a  large  extcnl,  of 
country.  Heavy  rains  followed  the  cold  weallu;!-, 
making  the  season  one  of  unusual  severity;  but  llu' 
spring  opened  early  with  a  heavy  immigration,  uliicli 
struggled  in  before  freight  trains  could  get  tiuoiiuli 
the  mountains  with  supplies,  and  the  new-ooinris, 
many  of  whom  were  "from  the  left  wing  of  JMct's 
army,"  created  first  a  bread  famine,  and  then  a  ridl. 
Not  that  they  were  actually  starving,  for  there  \v;is 
food  for  all,  but  flour  was  a  dollar  a  pound,  and  hrciil 
an  'extra'  dish  at  the  eating-houses. 

Street  meetings  began  to  be  held  by  the  idle  ton 
Burners  to  compel  the  merchants  who  had  a  little  tloui 
left  to  reduce  the  price.     A  mob  of  sixty  men  mjiicliid 
to  the  store  of  Crafts  &  Vantine  in  Idaho  City,  wlui-i 
they  found   about  200   pounds,   which  they  sii/rd. 
Proceeding  to  the  store  of  Hefl'ron  &  Pitts,  the  foin- 
mand  was  given  by  their  leader  to  seize  wluittvir 
flour  they  found.    At  this  crisis  Jack  Gorman,  (lc|mty 
sheriff,  with  great  courage  arrested  and  (lisannttl  the 
leader,  a  burly  si.x-foot  Missourian,  placing  liim  in 
irons,  amidst  cries  of  "Shoot  him,  shoot  himi"'  from 
the  rioters.     This  action  damped  their  jspirits,  .iihI 
order  was  restored.     The  merchants  reduced  the  \m> 
<tf  flour  to  fifty  cents  a  j)ound,  and  soon  after  it  I"  - 
came  plenty  at  six  cents." 

(Checked  for  the  time  by  the  prompt  actl(*u  ot'(i"r 
man,  the  mob  element  fimnd  an  opportunity  to  n  l;ili 
ate  by  setting  fire  to  the  city,  which  on  the  ISiIi  i>\ 
of  May  was  burned  in  the  most  valuable  and  busiiio^ 
portion,  only  three  public  buildings  being  h  ft  st.iinliiii,' 
— the  catholic  church,  the  Jenny  Lind  theatro,  .iikI 
the  office  of  the  Idaho  \Vorl<l,  the  newspii|)i'r  \vlii«li 
had  succeeded  the  IJoise  Xcivs  at  Idaho  City,     i  )tsi*ks 

**  Knapp'n  Slntemeiit,  M.S.,  ;J  .'». 


I 


lew-coiners, 


BURNING  OF  IDAUO  CITY. 


435 


these,  nothincf  rcinaijied  l)ut  the  scattered  liousc3  on 
the  hilUide,  and  Buciia  Vista  Bar,  a  su])iirl»  of  tho 
city,  separated  from  it  by  a  flat.  Into  these  the  iionie- 
l.ss  jn)pulation  was  gathered,  while  the  eatliolic  church 
was  converted  into  a  liospital  to  receive  the  dislodj^ed 
iimiates  of  the  county  iiospital,  whicli  was  consumed. 
Taking  advantage  of  tlie  confusion  and  alarm  cre- 
;it«'(l  hy  tli'j  devouring  oleuient,  men  seized  and  carried 
nil'  tho  |)iovisionH  and  other  goods  saved  from  burn- 
ing l)uil<hngs,  taking  them  to  hiding-places  in  tho 
iiutuntains.  The  merchants  fortunately  had  a  laru'c 
portion  of  their  stocks  stored  in  underground  recep- 
tucles,  built  after  the  manner  of  root-ii<myes,  which 
t';isliion  prevailed  fu'st  on  account  of  the  lack  of  warc- 
lioiises,  and  afterward  as  a  defence  against  fire.  Their 
Insscs,  however,  aggregateil  .^1)00,000.  T}».e  town  was 
immediately  rebuilt  with  many  improvoments.  By  tho 
iiiidilie  <»f  Jun(^  it  had  almost  its  fornier  proportions, 
ami  more  thnu  its  former  dignity  of  aj)pearance.*'  In 
.luly  an  indictment  for  arson  was  Ibuntl  against  om- 
TliKiiias  Wilson,  who  newr  was  punished,  owing  to 
the  condition  of  the  tisnitorial  govermnent  at  this 
tiiiK-,  the  defects  of  which  and  tlifii-  causes  will  be 
lnjated  in  anothei-  place. 


1^ 


The  immigration  from  California  and  Nevada  in 
I8(>;')  was  in  such  numbers  as  to  n>akc  necessary  in- 
fivasfd  means  of  travel  and  trauNportatlon.  Hill 
Hiarhy.  an  enterprising  citizen  ol'  the  Hoise  basin, 
ImiiiuiIv  of  Lcwislon,  established  direct  overland 
foiiitnunication  with  Star  (Jity,  Nevada,  and  with 
California,  stocking  the  road  a  distance  of  200  miles, 
and  in  April  j)assed  over  tin    route  with  live  <v.aches 

"  M;ilni  City  «in  liuriu"!  oiicn  iiikii',  May  17,  lstl7,  jii.-<t  •_'  ycni-H  iit'trr  thf 
flint  liiv,  wlidi"  §1,(HM>,00()  worth  >it'  imiiu'iiy  wai  .lo.Htnty"''!.  Kvtiy  liinlil 
ill;,' I'll  liutli  .■~iili'S((f  Miiin  Htixvt  fioin  tln'  .n miy  l.iii>l  tlnulru  to  Mm  -n  ("reck 
Win  ilistnivcd,  iiiul  l)it\Vi'(ii  Miiii)  aiul  Miiiit-nniciy  imd  <iit  'lie  I'aHt  hIiIo  of 
Muiiii;i.miiy  htrccit,  uiili  most  of  tliosi;  on  tlir  lull  ami  lliyli  stifot.  \i>tu 
■I  iiHti  I  Hiis  loft  Htaiiiliiij,'.  Till'  Ji'iiiiy  Liiiil  thcatiu  uiul  iiia.soiiiu  hull  wrrti 
iIk'  iMily  iinportatit  builiiit)^;^  rcnmiini)},',  iiikI  ri  tlio  latter  wim  tlio  oiUco 
(if  tliu  hliihii  World.  Tho  punt-ulliuu  uuil  ux^ruiM  olUco  wero  d«Mlruy«»(i.  A 
!*<l  giuat  liro  occurred  ^ii  ImiS. 


4% 


EARLY  SETTLEMENT. 


1 1 


filled  with  passengers.  Owing  to  Indian  trouM.  >, 
however,  after  a.  few  trips  the  route  was  abandon. d, 
the  stages  and  stock  were  withdrawn,  and  also  th. 
stock  of  the  Humboldt  express,  the  Indians  havin- 
burned  one  of  the  company's  stations,  within  t'urrv 
miles  of  Owyhee,  and  killed  the  keeper. 

John  Mulian,'^  engineer  of  the  military  road  IVoui 
Wallii  Walla  to  Fort  Benton  on  the  Missouri,  t'l on i 
which  so  much  was  expected  in  the  way  of  inimi.;i;i- 
tion  and  "^o  little  realized  in  any  way,  undertook  in 
establish  a  stage  line  from  Unuitilla  to  Boise  City, 
iuul  auothei-  from  l^»ise  (yity  to  Ciiico,  Californi;!,  luif 
was  finally  previMit<'d  by  the  Iiulians.  His  coiiipaiiv 
was  called  the  Idaho  and  California  Stage  C'Oiii|uiiiv. 
Karly  in  September  they  adv(>rtised  to  sell  Mck.'ts 
from  lioise  City  to  San  Francisco,  Virgiiii;i  Citv, 
Nijvada,  and  all  other  points,  promising  through  mn- 
M(!ction.'-.  and  i-ajtid  transit;  the  time  consunit^d  bitU'in 
llnby  (-'ity  and  Chico  to  i)e  six  <lays  for  the  opcinn- 
trip,  and  four  wluni  arrangements  wen^  pei-t'ettrd. 
Ten  eompanit's  of  soldiei-s  were  distributed  hetweiii 
( 'hico  and  ( )wyhee.  Hut  in  October  nearly  cmtv 
horse  belonoing  to  the  comi)anv  was  stolen,  and  ili  • 
stages  had  st(»pped  running. 

In  this  struggle — a  truly  \'aliant  one — to  nM»ti  r 
the  obstacles  to  conununiintion  with  the  outei'  woiid 
and  li>ssen  the;  expt  nse  »»f  living,  distanee,  cold,  -\\i"  , 
and  hostile  Indians  wer»'  not  th<  only  obstacit  tlie 
mininu"  t(>rritorv  had  to  .(mteml  airamst.  .\  li'  1\ 
warfare  was  <'ari'ied  on  by  the  (>reg'';  n- \vs|ia|Hi'.s 
against  the  etforts  of  the  id<dio  mei'eh.iut>  .nul  ■tit- 
ers to  bi'ing  about  a  direct  trade  w  t,h  CalitotuM. 
So  long  as  tlieir  operations  were  eontrolletl  hy  tiir 
steamship  tine  betwi!en  San  Francisi-o  and  l*oit!aiid, 
or  tlie  C  eguii  Steam  Navigation  ('ompany  <>'.i  th-' 
( 'cln-ibia  l^i\cr.  it  could  hardly  be  e\pectt;d  ik.if 
iif      \peu:>es  of   tran^-portation    or  travel   would   ' 

"'MillliMi  j>..)ilul(.>.t  ;\  yfiinrt'  uml  Prttni'/'ir-i'  ihii<lr,  iliiMriliin?  tli-'  riiu 
•ri  On  vnti,  WsmiinL,' '11     I  l.^lio,   Moiifiiii.i,   W'v'iiuini.',  .iinl  r..l,)r.ul      lu  an 


rifi 


DIFFICULTIES  OF  'JKA\EL. 


4:{7 


much  reduced.  On  the  other  hand,  a  road,  over 
whicli  teams  could  bo  driven  with  ordinary  speed  and 
sal'i^tv,  always  allowed  a  possible  escape  from  exor- 
l)it;iiit  charges.  In  cases  wjiere  time  was  money,  also, 
tiny  hoped  to  gain  by  a  direct  route.'*  But  the  Port- 
lidid  papers  cast  ridicule  upon  these  schemes  for  avoid- 
in.;  i)aying  tribute  to  Portland  and  the  O.  S.  N.  Co. ;°' 
jdid  rvery  exultant  paragraph  of  an  Idaho  paper  on 
thi  arrival  of  trains  direct  from  California  was  caught 
u|'  ;ind  invidiously  commented  upon.  The  Oregonians 
,il-ii  seized  upon  all  the  mountain  passes  and  river 
iii.^sings  with  their  toll-roads  and  ferries,  wrinjjing 
trildite  from  the  residents  of  as  well  as  the  travellers 
[r.  \\\v  mining  districts  outside  the  lioundaries  of  the 
state.'"®     At  least  so  said  the  Idahoans. 

I  have  mentioned  that  several  private  surveys  of 
Snake  River  had  been  mad<;  with  a  view  to  naviga- 
tion between  Lewiston  and  Salmon  Falls,  or  even 
L.  wi.ston  and  Olds  ferry  or  Farewell  Jjend.  Thesi; 
suivrys  were  not  sufficiently  encouraging  to  induce 
(tutlay.  The  attempt  to  navigate  Snake  Rivt-r  above 
Lruiston  having  failed,  the  O.  S.  N.  Co.  built  a  boat 
talii  «l  the  Shoshoiic,  above  the  crossing  of  Snakc^ 
lli\ir,  at  great  cost,  to  test  its  navigability.  She 
made   her    trial    trip    May  IG,    ISOO.      It    was   ex- 

■''TIh'  tra\'clliu(|;  time  from  S.  !•'.  hy  tlic  steamer  ri)utc  was  i)  days  — 
finiu  till'  intcrioi-  <>t  Ciil.  ah  imn.'h  loii.;ri-  na  it  tdok  to  reach  S.  F.  The  laic, 
\u;li  iiii'iils,  wut*  aljout  $IV2.  'I'lu-  Idaho  Sta^o  ("o.  ctriTi  d  tickets  to  S.  !•'.  for 
i^!Hi  ihkI  proiniHi'd  to  take  |>asseiiyerM  toSatTamento  in  ti  d.iV'^.  Fiei^dit  fioiii 
N.  r.  Iiy  steamer  cost  from  '.'"J  to  'J!>  cents  .i  |>oiiail;  uvcriauil,  about  !'_'  cents. 
A  fi'iiiilr  to  Ithih'i  «,«•*  issued  for  gratuitous  distriliution,  edited  liy  .1. 
iui'l  'r.  Maf!co,  i)rofes»ing  to  eontaiu.  as  it  diil,  mucii  useful  information  about 
tile  cwuiitry,  but  representinj,'  the  di.feront  routes  m  mu-li  u  manner  as  to 
fi'iuliten  peoplo  from  travelling  or  frcighuiig  over  air,  "ther  than  the  rortland 
route.  y/oMi' Ct<y  .S'<a/('((«itt«,  Sci)t.  .">,  l^kM;  DnI/'s  i/.  tf»/«.;/ic«T,  June  HO  and 
Au^;,  i:!,  IStJ,'). 

'The  Oregon  Itoad,  Dridge,  aiid  Ferry  Comjiany  woa  incorporated  in 
Api  d  \s\\t),  tho  ol>ject  of  vhioli  was  to  connect  all  the  stage  rowls  from  I  ma- 
tilhi  iind  Walla  Walla  at  one  iioint,  Express  nancho,  and  thence  down  Hiirnt 
lii'  !■  to  Farewell  liend,  or  Olds  ferry,  to  continue  \>wn  Snake  Itiver  to  ine 
iiiii'!:li  mI' tiie  Owyhee,  with  the  contrid  of  ul!  tho  !•  rries  betwct'u  these  two 
Vi'ii'  .  (':i|.iUl  Mtoek,  i!;t(M),(MKt.  I'irectors:  It.  \\  Olds,  .lohu  Fartin,  W 
II  I'm  kwood.  I'roperty  owned  by  them:  Plnunt  &  Kenian'M  toll-road  down 
bill  I  I  River;  I'nrtoa  &  Co.'h  roatl;  the  Ct  ntml  feiry;  Washoo  feny,  with 
till  II  w  tiuil  to  th  >  hittur.  A  town  cidUtd  JuHepliiiio  (.'ity  was  laul  oil  at 
Wa-li..,  terry  by  .'vrne. 


M. 


i ; 


j;li 


438 


EARLY  SETTLEMENT. 


'^- 


.i    \i 


pocted  she  would  carry  a  great  deal  of  freight  from 
Olds  ferry  to  the  crossing  of  the  Boisd  City  and 
Owyhee  road,  and  also  government  freight  to  Fuit 
Boise;  and  that  in  case  she  could  run  up  to  Sahnoti 
Falls  a  road  would  be  opened  to  South  Boise,  ami 
another  to  the  mines  of  Volcano  district.  But  this 
experiment  also  failed.  There  was  no  wood  aloiiiriho 
banks  for  steaming  purposes.  The  boat  couhl  not  pass 
the  mouth  of  the  Bruneau  River,  little  more  th.in 
half-way  between  the  Boisd  lauding  and  Salmon  F;ili>; 
and  the  Ou'i/hee  Avalanche,  published  at  Ruby  City, 
being  in  t'avor  of  the  California  overland  routes  in 
j)reference  to  all  others,  never  ceased  to  disparnije  tliu 
attempt  which  tlie  hh tint  City  World  M\i\  liolseCit,! 
StatcsitKtn  commended.^'" 

The  overland  immigration  from  the  east  in  I8t'».) 
was  also  large,  1,840  wagons  passing  Fort  K(}arny  in 
May;  and  though  the  comers  distributed  themselv  . 
over  the  whole  coast,  Idaho  and  Afontaiia  retaint'd  tl;. 
greater  portion  of  tlu-m.'"'"      Iiesitles  the  regular  innii,- 

**Thci  filnho  Hltifrnmnn  ^'oa  catalilislicd  nt  HdIsi'  City  July  "Ji!,  lMi4,  iini 
pulilislicil  tri-Wfikly  at  SI  ii  week  or  g'JO  ])ur  yciir.  It  wiist  'iwiidl  :iiii|  iii;iii- 
ttgcd  liy  •(.  S.,  It.  VV.,  mill  T.  15.  IlcyiiciIdH,  who  ]miclni.si;il  llir  iniitcii:il-  •( 
the  Itnll's  Journal.  Sco  fi'alld  ]\'alln  Sliili mtittii,  ,f[uw  17  imd  .Vuj;.  .">,  I'^tll; 
Hoini'  Sl((/i  imuii,  i'"cl).  2,  1S70.  'J'lio  iSVd/iN/Jia;/ wii.i  a  I'l'imlilicaii  journal  umiI 
Jor..  Isdll,  wiicii  it  wiii  sold  to  U.  (,".  Street,  ('.  I-,  (looili'ich,  and  .\.  .1.  li"'. 
iikiii,  d<'ni()crat8.  It.s  iianiu  appi'ars  also  to  have  been  chained  t<)  Uu'iki'  SI"''  •■ 
vtaii.  ■laiiu's  S.  ICiyiio'ids,  at  tin:  tiiil  of  a  luoiuli,  piirehased  tho  luipcr  l>a<'k 
n^aiii,  liut  Sold  it  ill  In"-  to  Milton  Kelly. 

The  Oiri/fici'  Avnl<ni<-hi:  was  i'stal)li:iiic<l  at  Silvi  r  City  in  Aug.  ISO.'',  'iv 
. Joseph  Wasson  niid  brother,  aiicl  ,1.  L.  Hardin.  Wjissoii  li;id  hei'ii  a  luiatir 
on  tho  liltiho  IVjiIiI,  and  uh.h  a  writer  of  consideralile  ability.  Hardin  w  i*li 
dii;w  at  the  enil  of  a  year,  and  the  Wuhsoiih  eontiiiued  (he  |)ub1ii.'ation  until 
Au^,'.  17,  18t!7,  when  they  hoM  to  \V.  ,1.  llllt  an.l  It.  \V.  Millard.  On  .V  n. 
7,  istW,  tho  paper  was  aj;aiii  Bold  to  John  .Medoiiiijlo,  who  nianngeil  it  till 
Feb.  I!),  I.S70,  when  lir  ,M,ld  back  to  Hill  and  .Millard.  Another  joiiriml,  flie 
Tiilnl  iVini',  8tarte<l  in  ISliS,  and  owned  by  the  I'liitb  r  brother,  foiiiidci  li 
tho  Jiiii.ti!  Xi'irn,  was  incorporated  with  tliu  Arnliuulie.     Sonii  afterward  Ibd 


ipeeamo  Hole  owner.  In  Oct.  ISTl  a  daily  wa.i  eHtablished  whi'h  lived  f^rii 
year  and  a  half,  when  it  wa.^  diseontiniud.  in  .\piil  IsTti  Hill  sohl  the  Am 
hiiirhr  to  J.  S.  Hay,  who  eondiicteil  it  uh  a  .M'eKIy  in  the  interest  of  iiiiniu,' 
and  tho  country  generally.  It  was  HiibBeiniently  publiHhed  by  IliiyN'"- 
eonib  and  Charle.s  M.  Hay.i. 

'""I'lie  /loiiti  Xcii-H  Bi)eak8  of  the  iininigrati  'ii  an  '{generally  |)CS«(eH-    i  i>l 
Bullieient  ineaiiH  ami  eonifortable  outlitH.'     'Nino  tcntliH  of  tins.',' suid  'In.' 


Idtiho  SlutiKindii,  'brinj{  eapit.dnnd  nieaiift  to  Rettio  in  this  I'-mnlry.'  lb  ttl'* 
at  lloise  crowded.  Tln^  noice  of  h.itniner  and  saw  'intrrnipted  eoiivcrsation; 
1U,0UU  wugoiiii  on  the  riHid  in  July,    I'mtlnml  On-jonion,  .liily  -7,  ''>'•♦• 


IMMIGRATION  OF  1866. 


4S9 


^'ration,  the  stages  also  brought  full  loads  of  passen- 
(TcvH.  And  while  the  stage-line  wuffei'cd  severely  by 
the  depredations  of  the  Indians  on  the  plains,  the  ini- 
iiiigration  experienced  little  trouble,  owing  to  its  ex- 
tt'iit  and  the  thoroughness  of  its  organization.  The 
[lionoers  of  Idaho  and  Montana  were  saved  the  worst 
lialf  of  the  journey  across  the  continent,  which  forin- 
.  ilv  exhausted  the  energies  and  means  of  the  Oiejion 
iiiid  Washington  emigrants.  Tlicy  arrived  early,  and 
their  stock  was  usually  in  good  condition.  Every 
airival  from  the  east  was  hailed  with  a  cordial  wol- 
.•Kiiic',  for  it  was  evidence  that  tht;  mines  could  be 
easily  reached  from  the  great  outside  world,  which 
niiivtyed  a  feeling  of  satisfaction  to  the  hearts  of  the 
stU'-exiled  miners.  If  the  emigrants  brought  stocks 
of  jvoods  with  them,  so  nuu-h  the  better.  They  often 
sold  them  cheaper  than  tlicy  could  be  obtained  from 
jiiiv  (itlier  direction,  and  there  was  no  iealuusv  of  com- 
jiftition. 

In  the  spring  of  18G0,  in  s[)ite  of  Indians  and  other 
obstacles,  the  Humboldt  and  Chico  routes  were  auain 
(•polled;  Owyln-e  ;«nd  IJoise  City  raising  men,  m<»!iey, 
and  liorses  to  figlit  the  former,  and  ^luilan  raisin-^'' 
money,  coaehes,  and  horses,  in  Xew  York  and  Cali- 
I'iiiiia,  to  stock  the  latter.  Tliirly  wagons  were  jid- 
veitised  to  start  fi-om  ( 'hieo,  with  a  F»umbrr  of  the 
stance  company's  eoaehes,  early  in  A[)ril ;  and  in  fact, 
tiains  did  arrive  ovei"  the  C'bieo  route  by  the  niiddhi 
•  if  the  month,  on  aeeount  of  wliich  the  [daho  press 
was  jul)i]ant,  and  the  Oregon  Steam  Navigation  (Com- 
pany "(Fered  to  reduce  tiieir  freiglit  charges.  On  the 
other  hand,  to  insuii;  the  successful  competition  of  the 
Cjiiit'ornia  roads  with  the  O.  S.  N.  Co.,  the  Central 
l*ii<itie  Ixaih'oad  and  California  Navigation  companies 
otl'i  red  to  carry  freight  free  to  Chii'o  landing. 

I n  iglit  was  carried  by  wagon  to  Kuby  City  and 
I{<iis(5  for  eleven  and  twelve  cents  a  j)ound.  Ox-teami^ 
("line  through  in  one  month.  Mullan's  Stage  (^om- 
p.iny  put  men  and  teams  ujuui  the  road  to  improve  it, 


m 


EARLY  SETTLEMENT. 


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• } 


build  stations,  and  cut  hay.  Finally,  in  August  tlu' 
coaches  began  running,  the  time  from  Chico  to  Silvir 
City  being  four  days.  Treasure  and  government 
rreii;ht  were  also  cai-ried  over  that  route. 

But  there  was  a  rival  route  wliich  had  a  friend  at 
<(jurt.  Conness  of  Califoiiiia  introduced  a  bill  in  thi; 
senate  to  [>rovide  for  the  construction  of  a  wagon- 
road  from  Hoise  Citv  to  Susanville,  in  Californi.i. 
witli  a  branch  from  Surprise  Valley  to  Puebla,  uitli 
an  ai>|)roi)riation  of  $10,000  for  surveys.  This  was 
culled  the  Red  Bluff  route,  favored  by  the  Noithcin 
Teamsters'  Association,  which  ad\ertised  to  take 
freight  for  from  eleven  to  thirteen  cents,  and  secured  a 
great  deal.  Again,  the  Sacramento  merchants  ,sul» 
scribed  .$5,000  to  be  given  as  a  bonus  to  the  tiist 
train  which  should  carry  100  tons  of  merchandise 
t  hrough  to  Owyhee  by  the  Truckee  pass,  to  he  ap- 
plied to  the  extra  expenses  of  the  trip."'  .Jes>t  I ). 
( 'arr  .secured  t\\v  contract  I'or  carrving  a  dailv  mail 
between  Virginia  City,  Nevada,  ami  Boise  City, 
Idaho,  via  this  route,  which  lay  to  the  east  ol'  the 
Hiunboldt  Mountains,  and  was  the  same,  in  jiart,  over 
which  Hill  Beachy  carried  the  mail  for  several  months 
the  previous  year.  The  amount  of  money  exp<iid>  •! 
in  these  several  entei'[>rises  was  large,  and  tlie  'nin- 
petition  resulted  in  furnishing  sucii  accommodations 
for  travel  as  were  rarely  i^njoyed  in  new  countries. 

I  have  given  considerable  space  to  the  subject  of 
roads,  as  to  me  it  appears  of  the  highest  importance. 
The  inacces.sibility  of  Idaho  tended  to  retaril  devi  lop- 
ment,  but  <!very  obstacle  was  finally  ovenjome."' 

*'  />f(//cv  Movntainri'i;  April  4,  lSfl(»;  Sncmmento  Union,  March  ."tl,  IHtMi. 
Ewin^,'  iin.l  party  drovo  the  snmo  toain  aiul  bu^gy  from  Siiiiiglo  Springs,  l,'il- 
ifornia,  to  Silver  City,  Idaho,  iiicliidiiij,'  utoppages,  in  eleven  days,  via  I'liion 
villo.  ])un(Jlen,  and  Queen  Kivev,  Jimliiig  it  a  good  road.  Jiiilnj  City  Am 
lanrh<\  May  I 'J,  18()«». 

•''Siinic'thing  Bhorild  be  said  of  the  precious  inotala,  whoso  cxi.ftonci'  in 
Idaho  canned  its  Bcttleincnt.  The  standard  of  goltl  bars  being  l.OOtt,  auytlnni,' 
I'clow  naif  of  that  was  denoniinatcd  silver.  A  bar  495  tine  was  .'jOO  tiiiu  dI 
silver,  worth  S|().o,'l|  per  ounce;  a  liar  ()•'><)  fine  was  4.i  tino  of  silver,  inui  wm 
stimperl  !?l9.tiH  jier  onnce,  an  in  the  ease  of  Kootenai  yold.  Santiaiii  i;"lii 
(Oregon)  was  (179  line;  Oro  Kino  gold-dust  assnvedJKi  to  the  ounce;  Kik  <  ity 
from  fl.'i.Tfl  to  ?10.4.'");    Warren's  Diggings  SIO.OH  to  .SI4.54;  I-'lorcnco  tmin 


M  i»,     ! 


BULLION  PRODUCT. 


441 


$11  sft  to  ?l3.7.'i;  Big  Hole  (Xfontniia)  8I7.;<0;  Iletiver  lliail  SIS  .17  to  ?|S..VI; 
Inii-/'  SU.'JH  to  $17-40,  little  of  it  oamiyin;;  iuH.-4  tliiin  $\'i,  ut  wiiich  ))ri«.u  tiic 
111(1  tlinnts  of  Idaho  City  iilrdgi.l  theiiiselvts  to  takf  it,  wliilo  payiiiK  only 
$10  for  Owylieo  and  $12  for  Floroncp.  Iloiad  X<iri,  Nov.  'A,  lS«i.'l,  nml  .Ian.  2.H, 
|M)t.  The  actual  amount  of  gold  produced  in  any  particular  disitrict  of  eithcr 
of  tlic  tcrritorit  s  for  a  given  time  would  lie  difficult  of  computation,  and  only 
:i]>|>n>xiniato  cMtimnteH  can  he  made  of  the  amounts  earned  out  of  the  country 
liv  imlividuals  or  used  a«  a  circulating  nc  diuni  in  trade,  and  ),'indually 
ti'iiiliiiL.'  its  way  to  tin  niiiita  of  Philailelphm  or  San  Francisco.  Without 
Miiicliing  for  the  conectuess  of  the  ostimaton,  I  shall  quot<!  Home  from  tln'di.s 
covcry  of  the  Clearwater  mines  for  t>evoral  years  thereafter.  'J"ho  I'ortlaiiil 
Or"ji'iii(iu  of  .Tail.  IS,  ISlii,  gives  the  amount  hrought  to  that  city  during  the 
|irivi..ii8  summer  and  autumn  as  8"'*,0()0,000,  hut  this  was  not  all  Idaho  ^old, 
Koiuc  iKing  from  (Jregon  mines.  (!.  Hnys,  in  /;/(/.  Ajf.  I'ejKirl  for  Oct.  lS(iJ. 
sa\-.  •  I  shouhl  think  I.etwccn  §7.000,»)»M)  an<l  810,000,000  a  fair  cntimate'  for 
tlic  u'lld  t.iken  from  tiie  Ne/  t'erci*;  mines  in  two  years.  In  si.\  montliH,  from 
.lime  ti'  Novendnir  IS(»;i,  the  express  company  shipped  $"i,0!l."i.(KX),  which  was 
LirtJiiiily  not  more  than  a  third  of  the  product  of  the  Idaho  mines  alone.  The 
lilitl,  W'orlil  of  .lune  ;iO,  IWiO,  placed  the  product  of  Idaho  and  .Montana  for 
IsiM.iiid  ISOti  ut  8I,.'>00,000  monthly.  Se«j  also  T.  .V.  Land  Of.  1,'rpt,  iw;.'., 
l,"i,  1 .11  loboratiiiK  it.  .F.  Ross  Browne,  in  his  Miiirrnl  /ifn'mrirs,  gives  the 
f,.ll.,«iiiK  figures  f..i  IStiO:  .Moutj.na  8 1 'J,  (KX),  000,  Idaho  8<),(KX),00(»,  (Oregon 
?t"J.(K«MK)(»,  and  Washington  !jil,fMIO,000;  hut  the  S.  F.  CTo-o/hV/.- makes  the 
|>r."liut  of  Idaho  for  IS(i(J.<iH,(HK),(H)0,  for  1807  8«,.')00,000,  for  1>S«S  8;7,0<K),«KM). 
for  |S(i<t  ?7,(»»».t,00(t,  for  isTO  S!«,0(K),OO0.  for  IS7I,  $r),000,000,  suddenly 
ilro|i|.ing  in  IH7-  to  ^'_',.")14,0!»0.  None  of  thes<!  figures  can  In;  depended  u))on, 
till'  .'(iveruiiient  reiiorts  least  of  nil;  hut  they  enable  us  to  make  sure  that 
Iiiiilio  ,iiid  the  twin  territory  of  Montana  had  furnished  tiie  world  a  large 
iimoMiit  of  liullion  without  yit  ha\ing  Ijegun  in  earnest  to  develop  tiieif 
iniiici;.!  riches. 

Ill  lMi4  an  attempt  was  made  to  obtain  a  mint  hn-  the  Boiri'-  basin,  and  tvo 
year--  latei  it  was  proposed  to  bring  the  Niii'th  Carolina  mint  to  Boise,  neitln  r 
of  wliirh  moveiiii  ii  obtained  sni'cess.  fn  the  first  year  congress  appi'0|>i  i 
ated  >l(Ht,(MH»  for  41  braiK  !i  mint  nt  The  iJalles,  a  measure  which  rortliind 
j'tron^ly  <liscoiintcnaneed,  wishing  to  have  it  for  itself.  l?efore  the  mint  w.-is 
(••iiniili  ted  at  The  Ualles  it  became  apparent  that  on  the  construction  of  the 
riiiiiii  I'ucitic  railroad  bidlion  could  be  shipped  to  I'liihidelphia  as  easily  as  to 
Tlie  n.'illes,  and  the  act  was  revoked,  which  was  a  delinito  defeat  of  any  pro- 
ject foi- a  mint  in  Oregon  or  Idaho.  An  assay  ollice  was,  howevi-r,  erected  by 
the  U.  S.  government  in  l.s7t>.  at  a  <!()st  of  8s!,(HMI,  It  was  of  sandstone,  (M) 
foct  sipiare,  two  stories  high  above  the  basement,  and  well  tinishod.  It  was 
built  by  .1.  R.  McBriile,  once  U.  S.  district  judge  of   blaho. 


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CHAPTER  III. 


POLITICAL    AFFAIRS. 

1863-1885. 

GkjVERNOR  Wallace — Territorial  Organization — Judicial  and  Lkois- 
LATiVK  Matters  —  Acting  Governor  Daniels  —  Governor  Lyon  — 
Secession  Sentiments— Crimes  and  Punisuments — The  MAGunui;!! 
Massacre — Vigilance  Committees — Political  and  Highway  llmi- 
BERiEs — Acting  Governor  Smith — The  Capital  Question — Legisla- 
tures— Character  of  Lyon — Acting  Governor  Howlett — Goveunmi; 
Ballard — Gibbs  —  Marston — Curtis — Bowen — Bennet — Thdoks  — 
Governor  Thompson  —  Brayman — Neil — Bunn — Politics — Teuui- 
torial  Limits — Federal  and  Territorial  Officers. 


On  the  22d  of  September,  1863,  more  than  f(Mir 
mouths  after  the  passage  of  the  organic  act  of  tlif 
tei  .'itory,  William  H.Wallace,  late  delegate  to  congress 
from  Washington,  appointo^l  )vernor  of  Idaho  l>y 
President  Lincoln  July  101  ssued  his  proclamation 
organizing  the  Territory  of  iiaho,  with  the  capital  ;it 
Lcwiston.  Owing  to  the  shifting  nature  of  the  popu- 
lation and  the  absence  of  mail  facilities,  the  fact  of 
this  organization  was  not  known  in  the  mines  till  late 
in  the  spring.  Meanwhile  the  laws  of  Washington 
were  held  to  be  in  force.^ 

Much  irregularity  had  prevailed  in  municipal  affii'i^ 
since  the  settlement  of  the  region  east  of  the  Wallu 
Walla  Valley  had  begun.  Missoula  county  was  not 
represented  in  the  Washington  legislature  in  1802  o. 
the  member  elect,  L.  L.  Blake,  wintering  in  Boi^ii 
to    look    after    his    mining    interests.      Nez    Peive 

•  'On  the  7th  of  August,  18G3,'  says  tho  Bois^.  News  of  Nov.  10,  ISG.'t,  wo 
have  the  first  mentiou  of  Idaho  Territory  on  tho  county  locorda.'  Jftiiios 
Judge  was  on  that  day  made  asBussor. 

( U'i ) 


ELECTION  OF  A  DELEGATE. 


448 


and  Idaho  counties  sent  Ralph  Bledsoe  to  the  legis- 
lature that  session,  the  latter  having  been  organized 
by  a  meeting  of  the  commissioners  in  May  1862. 
An  election  for  representative  was  held,  T.  M.  Reed 
being  chosen  to  a  seat  in  the  assembly  at  Olynipia. 
Boise  county  was  also  organized  under  the  laws  of 
Washington,  two  of  the  commissioners  —  John  C. 
Smith  and  W.  B.  Noble — having  met  for  that  pur- 
pose at  Bannack  (Idaho)  City  March  17tli. 

When  it  became  known  that  the  territory  of  Idaho 
had  been  established,  much  impatience  was  felt  to 
h.'ive  the  government  organized,  and  a  representative 
elected  to  congress;  but  the  organization  being  de- 
layed, an  election  for  delegate  was  held  July  13th  in 
the  Boisd  basin,  which  contained  the  majority  of  the 
population  at  this  time.^  The  proclamation  of  Gov- 
ernor Wallace  being  made  three  days  before  the  elec- 
tion took  place,  the  votes  for  delegate  went  for  noth- 
ing. Not  until  September  22d  did  Wallace  utter  his 
proclamation  ordering  an  election  for  delegate  and 
members  of  the  legislature,  to  be  held  on  the  31st  of 
October,  the  legislature  elect  to  meet  at  Levviston 
Decomber  10th. 

Political  conventions^  had  been  previously  called, 
and,  as  I  have  before  mentioned,  two  campaign  pfipcrs 
wore  published  during  the  canvass  for  delegate.  J. 
M.  Cannady  was  nominated  by  the  democrats  and 
W.  H.  Wallace  by  the  administration  party.  There 
was  a  short  and  warm  canvass,  followed  by  a  noisy 
hut  bloodless  contest  on  election  day,  which  resulted 
iu  a  majority  for  Wallace  of  about  500  votes.  This 
result  deprived  the  territory  of  its  governor,  and  made 
the  secretary,  W.  B.  Daniels,  of  Yamhill  county, 
Oregon,  acting  governor.  Daniels  had  but  one  eom- 
mendable  quality — the  complexion  of  his  politics, 

'  Robert  Nowell,  union  democrat,  and  John  Owen,  disunion  democrat,  wuro 
candidates.  Portland  Oregouiav,  July  IG  and  .'31,  1SC3. 

"Judyo  Benlly  was  president  and  W.  A.  Dally  secretary  of  the  domoonilic 
convention.  Lloyd  Magruder  of  Lewiston  was  talked  of  for  delegate  by  tlio 
democratic  party;  and  CJilmoro  Hays,  formerly  of  Olympia,  of  the  republican 
party;  but  both  withdrew  on  the  wishes  of  the  conventions  being  miulu  known. 


444 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


'I 


&i 


Previous  to  his  election  as  delegate,  Wallace  had 
districted  the  territory,  the  counties  of  Idaho,  Nez 
Perce,  and  Shoshone  constituting  the  1st  district,  A. 
C.  Smith,  judge;  Boisd  county  2d  district,  Samuel 
C.  Parks,  judge;  Missoula  county  and  the  country 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  3d  district,  Sidney 
Edgerton,  judge.*  Florence,  Bannack  City,  and  Hell- 
gate  were  appointed  for  the  holding  of  the  first  ses- 
sions of  the  United  States  courts. 

The  organic  act  fixed  the  number  of  representatives 
at  the  first  session  of  the  legislature  at  twenty,  thir- 
teen in  the  lower  and  seven  in  the  upper  house. ' 

The  general  laws  passed  at  the  first  session  of  the 
Idaho  legislature  were  nowise  remarkable.  Among 
the  special  laws  I  find  that  Owyhee  county^  was 
organized  December  31st  out  of  the  territory  lying 
south  of  Snake  River  and  west  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains; and  that  on  the  22d  of  January  the  county  of 
Oneida  was  cut  off  from  its  eastern  end,  with  the 
county  seat  at  Soda  Springs.  Alturas  county  was 
defined  as  bounded  by  Snake  River  on  the  south, 
Idaho  county  on  the  north,  Boise  county  on  the  west, 


,i  :V  ■« 


■* Edgerton  was  chief  justice,  and  should  have  been  entitled  to  tlic  more 
populous  region  of  the  Bois6  basin,  but  Wallace  was  influenced  by  the  preju- 
dice against  imported  judges.  Alex.  C.  Smith  was  from  Olympia,  and  w.is 
given  the  district  containing  the  capital.  Parka  on  assuming  his  duties  in 
tlic  :Jd  district  declared  his  hesitation  in  taking  the  place  due  to  Edgcrtou. 

•''By  the  appointment  of  Gov.  Wallace,  the  seven  couucilmen  to  be  clootiil 
were:  from  Bois6  co.  two,  from  Idaho  and  Nez  Pcrc6  one  each,  from  Mi.-isoula 
and  iShoshono  ouo  jointly,  from  Bannack  cast  of  the  Rocky  mountains  one, 
and  from  all  the  remainder  of  the  country  cast  of  the  mountains  one.  Tliu 
election  resulted  in  the  choice  of  E.  B.  Waterbury,  Stanford  Capps,  ami 
Lyinau  Stanford  of  the  counties  of  the  1st  district;  Joseph  Miller  and  Epliraiiii 
Smith  of  the  2d  district;  and  William  C.  Rhcem  of  tlio  3d  district.  Miller 
was  elected  president  of  the  council,  and  J.  McLaughlin  secretary.  Lliiho 
Coiuicil  Jour.,  1863-4,  4,  16.  The  assemblymen  were:  L.  Bacon,  Nez  I'li'u 
CO.;  C.  B.  Bodfish,  M.  C.  Brown,  R.  B.  Campbell,  W.  R.  Koithly,  ami  Milt.m 
Kelly,  Bois(5co.;  Alonzo  Leland  and  John  Wood  of  Idaho  co.;  L.  C.  Miliii 
of  cast  Bannack;  J.  A.  Orrof  Shoshone  co.;  and  James  Tufts  of  Fort  neutuii 
district.  Tufts  was  chosen  speaker,  S.  S.  Slater  chief  clerk,  Bcnj.  Need  aast 
clerk,  A.  Mann  enrolling  clerk,  P.  H.  Lynch  sergt-at-arms,  W.  H.  Rioh- 
ardsou,  door-keeper.  Idaho  Scrapa,  178;  iiois4  News,  Jan.  2,  18(54.  Jull^'l' 
Parks  administered  the  oath  to  the  members.  Rheem,  from  the  council,  ami 
Parks,  with  a  member  of  the  assembly,  were  appointed  to  prepare  a  code. 

*  Tlie  name  'Owyhee'  is  borrowed  from  the  Hawaiian  language,  and  applieil 
to  the  river  of  that  name  by  two  islanders  in  the  service  of  the  H.  B.  Co.. 
wiiile  trading  with  tho  Shoshones.  Owyhee  Avalanche,  Dec.  1865. 


COUNTIES  AND  LEGISLATURE. 


446 


and  the  meridian  of  112°  on  the  east,  with  the  county 
seat  at  Esmeralda. 

Previously,  on  the  16th  of  the  same  month,  that 
portion  of  the  territory  lying  east  of  the  Bitter  Root 
Mountains  was  divided  into  the  several  counties  of 
Missoula,  Deer  Lodge,  Beaver  Head,  Madison,  Jef- 
ferson, Choteau,  Dawson,  Big  Horn,  Ogalala,  and 
Yellowstone,  with  their  county  seats  located  respect- 
ively at  Wordensville,  Deer  Lodge,  Bannaok,  Vii- 
oinia  City,  Gallatin,  Fort  Beaton — Big  Horn  was 
left  to  the  county  commissioners — and  Fort  Laramiii 
— Yellowstone  being  also  left  to  the  county  coramis- 
>i()ners,  who  should  name  a  county  seat.  The  fact 
that  eight  counties  in  that  portion  of  Idaho  bounded 
west  by  the  Rockj'^  and  Bitter  Root  ranges  should 
have  had  at  this  period  towns  which  might  be  named 
ill  tlic  legislature  is  significant  of  the  rapid  growth  oi" 
[lopulation. 

Tlic  legislature  proceeded  in  February  to  define  the 
iwinidaries  of  counties  already  organized  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  It  incorporated  Idaho  City  '  after 
changing  its  name  from  Bannack,  It  also  incor[)o- 
rated  Bannack  City  on  'Grasshopper  Creek'  in  Bea- 
ver Head  county;  and  Placerville  in  Boisc  county. 
Among  the  laws  intended  for  the  moral  improvement 
el' society  was  one  "for  the  bettor  observance  of  the 
Lord's  day,"  which  prohibited  theatrical  ro[>resenta- 
tioiis,  horse-raising,  gambling,  cock-fighting,  or  any 
noisy  amusements  on  Sunday.  Another  act  [)rohib- 
ited  the  sale  of  ardent  spirits,  fire-arms,  or  anununition 
to  the  Indians.  This  law  allowed  Indian  ovidonco  to 
he  taken  in  cases  of  its  allcued  infraction.  A  law 
exciiipling  homesteads  from  forced  sales  h)oked  to  tho 
peniianent  settlement  of  the  territory.  Congress  was 
memorialized  to  appropriate  .iiioO,000  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  military  wagon-road  to  connect  the  naviga- 

'Tlio  clinrtcr  was  I'cjcctcil  at  the  election  for  city  otHccrs  l)y  a  vote  of  I,  ")(j4 
to  l,It70.  At  the  samo  time  a  mayor  ami  otlier  olHcern  were  elected.  Tl.o 
situatiun  partook  of  the  usual  ubaurditiea  of  hasty  legislation. 


44G 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


hie  waters  of  the  Cohinihia  with  the  navi<]fable  waUns 
of  tlie  Missouri,  that  is  to  say,  from  the  forks  of  tlie 
Missouri  on  the  east  to  the  junction  of  the  Snake  ni\d 
C'learwater  rivers  on  the  west;  also  to  estahhsli  a 
mail  route  from  Salt  Lake  City  to  Lewiston;*^  and  (o 
treat  with  the  hostile  Indians  of  the  Yellowstone 
eountiy.  The  pay  of  governor  and  legislators  [)r(ni(lt'd 
in  the  organic  act  being  out  of  proportion  to  the 
expense  of  living  in  Idaho,  tlu>y  voted  themselves 
enough  additional  to  amount  to  ten  dollars  perdieui,' 
which  incease  was  to  ho,  paid  hy  the  territory.  Then 
thev   ad*u)urned.      it   might   be  said   that   Idaho  was 


Seal. 


li: 


now  i'airly  launched  upon  its  territorial  eariM.n',  with 
tlie  promise  of  another  governor  in  the  person  o\' 
Caleb  Lyon  of  New  York.'" 

"Onintoil,  iis  in  previous  chapter.  Sco  Idaho  Lnivs,  piusini. 

^  ]\'iilla  W'dlla  S!/afi\imiui,  Feb.  i;t,  18(it.  Tliis  action  was  reconitncmkil 
hy  Acting  Gov.  Uauiels  in  liis  luossagi'.  Idaho  Scm/i/i,  180-.'}. 

'''riie  persons  in  territorial  ollieca  in  the  spring  of  1SG4  were  W.  H- 
Wallace,  governor;  W.  1).  Daniels,  acting-governor  and  seeretary;  B.  ("• 
i.ambkin,  auilitor;  D.  S.  Payne,  marshal;  D.  S.  Kenyou,  treasurer;  aiul  llw 
V.  S,  (list,  juilges  before  named.  The  seal  of  the  territory  adopted  had  tlio 
following  design:  an  eagle  with  outspread  wings  holding  the  point  of  a  shield 
in  its  beak;  a  rising  sun  in  the  centre  point  beneath  the  eagle  and  over  a 
chain  of  mountains.     Men  were  mining  in  the  ravines;  through  the  lieldn  he- 


CAPITAL  AND  GOVKKNOIl. 


447 


But  tho  career  of  tlie  younpj  corninonwcaltli  was 
not.  altogether  a  smootli  one.  Thercj  was  a  desire  ou 
the  part  of  the  men  of  Boisd  and  Owyhee  counties  to 
have  tlie  capital  removed  I'rom  Lewiston  to  some  point 
more  central  to  the  population  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  there  being  already  a  scli(;me  on  foot  to 
licet  another  territory  out  of  the  (%'istern  counties. 
A  (h 'legation  from  Boisd  visited  tJie  legislature  while 
ill  s(!ssion,  to  endeavor  to  effe'ct  tlie  passugo  of  an  act 
tixing  the  capital  at  some  point  in  that  county.  But 
th(ir(^  was  sutlicient  iniluenc(j  in  other  parts  of  the 
territory  to  prevent  it.  And  here  began  the  same 
contest  over  the  matter  of  location  of  the  seat  of  gov- 
niiment  which  had  been  witnessed  in  Oregon  and 
Washington  when  it  became  a  |)arty  question. 

The  acting  governor  becoming  unpopular  through 
his  opposition  to  the  legislature  which  had  appointed 
Fiank  Kenyon  public  printer^^ — Daniels  liaving 
threatened  to  give  the  printing  to  a  San  Francisco 
tirin — and  other  injudicious  uieasures,  resigned  his  of- 
licf  in  May,  leaving  the  secretaryship  in  the  hands  of 
Silas  Cochrane  until  another  appointment  should  be 

Idw  rail  Ji  strcaiii,  over  wliich  ni\  immigrant  train  was  paasinj^.  Stars  of  a 
iiiiiulior  cciunl  to  tlio  nunibcT  of  states  wcro  placed  around  tlio  rim.  At  tho 
bottom  of  llio  Hliii'ld  were  the  words,  'Tho  Lfnion;'  around  the  border,  'Seal 
of  11k;  Territory  of  Idaho;'  and  at  tiio  bottom  tho  date,  IHO',).  Tho  Roal  and 
motto  were  (^h;inged  about  1809,  but  a  resolution  of  tlie  house  in  'S(iO  had 
aiithorizi'd  a  new  seal,  '  for  the  one  now  in  use  is  a  very  imperfect  imitation  of 
ilioOic-on  seal.'  Idaho  Law.%  I8Cr>-(!,  'J!)!>. 

"  Kt'iiyon  wjis  publishing  the  Golden  Aije,  started  by  A.  R.  Gould  Aug.  '2, 
1MI'_'.  (iuuld,  a  republican,  had  hot  times  willi  tho  secession  clement  which 
tidwdcd  into  Idaho  from  18(!2  to  ISC').  On  nii.sing  the  U.  S.  flag  over  bis 
otli(;(>--tlin  first  ever  floated  in  Lewiston — 21  shots  were  fired  into  it  by  dis- 
uiii(]ii  democrats,  fi.  F.  Jiidlclin,  Oct.  'J  I,  1802.  John  II.  Scrnnton  succeeded 
(loiilil  for  :i  short  time,  but  in  Aug.  ISO."!  Konyon  took  charge  of  the  Golden 
Aiji',  and  w;is  niadd  territorial  printer.  With  the  decline  of  Lewiston  and 
tho  (;lf)se  of  the  2d  volume,  Kenyon  started  with  liis  paper  for  I5ois6  City,  but 
Mas  turned  bacli  by  tho  influences  brought  to  bear  upon  him.  It  was  sus- 
pcii'liid,  iiowevcr,  in  Jan.  ISfi."),  and  was  ultiiruitely  removed  to  Boise.  Walla 
WaJJa  SialMinnii,  July  21),  Aug.  12,  18(jl,  Jan.  l.'{,  ISli.').  Kenyon  started 
tlm  MiuiiKj  lYcifs  at  Leesburg  in  1807,  which  continued  8  months,  u.nd  cx- 
piii'd  for  want  of  support.  Tlio  press  was  again  removed  to  Montana,  and 
K(.ii>  on  afterward  went  to  Utah,  and  finally  drifted  to  South  America,  whero 
lie  (lied.  Tho  North  Idaho  Radiator,  published  by  Alonzo  Lcland  in  the  in- 
terest of  a  division  of  the  northern  counties  from  soutii  Idaho,  with  Lewiston 
as  the  capital,  was  issued  first  in  Feb.  1805,  and  continued  until  Sept.,  when 
its  services  were  no  longer  required.  Lcland  later  resided  at  Lowiaton,  where 
ke  generally  conducted  a  newspaper. 


HIi 


::i! 


448 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


ft, 


h  - 


M 


macle.*^  Lyon  arrived  at  Lewiston  in  August,  and 
assumed  office,  which  was  that  of  Indian  superin- 
tendent as  well  as  governor."  He  visited  Boise  in 
October  upon  business  connected  with  the  superin- 
tendency,  and  was  well  received. 

Meantime  a  large  immigration  from  the  states  in 
rebellion  had  changed  the  complexion  of  politics  in 
the  territory.  Boise  county,  which  in  1863  gave  u 
majority  of  400  or  500  for  republican  candidates,  L>avc 
in  1864  between  900  and  1,000  majority  for  d(iiii()- 
cratic  candidates.  As  there  were  many  in  Idaho  who 
were  disloyal,  nearly  every  criminal  in  the  countiy 
being  so,  and  us  nothing  in  a  man's  moral  charactii- 
could  prevent  his  voting,  it  was  not  to  be  expected 
that  good  government  could  long  prevail. 

The  number  of  murders  in  Boise  county  alone  in 
1864  was  more  than  twenty,  with  assaults  and  it^lt- 
berics  a  long  list.  The  county  had  for  sheriff,  previous 
to  the  election  in  October,^*  Sumner  Pinkhara,  Itoiii 
in  Maine,  a  faithful  and  fearless  officer,  althouLih  a 
man  of  dissipated  habits.  At  the  first  term  oF  t\\v 
district  court  held  in  the  2d  district  in  Febriiaiv, 
twenty-one  lawyers  took  tlie  oath  of  allegiance  jue- 
scribcd  by  the  legislature,  drawn  up  by  some  person 
or  persons  aware  of  the  coming  condition  of  society,'' 

'^C.  Do  Witt  Smith  was  tlic  second  appoiutmcnt  for  secretary. 

'^  (Jiileb  Lyou  of  Lyoustlale,  as  he  wrote  himself,  had  been  in  (Jal.  in  ists, 
was  one  of  tlic  secretaries  of  tho  constitutinnul.  convention  of  that  state,  aiul 
claimed  to  have  designed  tlie  seal  of  the  commonwealth,  lie  was  lirst  cuiiisiil 
to  China  nnder  the  Cushing  treaty,  had  served  in  both  branches  of  the  X.  V. 
legislature,  and  also  one  term  in  congress.  He  assisted  in  settling  th/  iliiii- 
culties  ))etween  the  American  missionary,  King,  and  the  government  of  i  i  \\  hcl-. 
He  was  with  8cott  in  Mexico,  with  McDowell  at  Dull  Run,  and  with  Keaiiiy 
in  Me<,'kllan's  iioninsular  campaign,  having  fought  in  IS  battles,  and  ImiI 
come  at  last  to  be  governor  of  Idaho  and  superintendent  of  Indian  iill'a'i^. 
Puiitanil  Orcf/oniiiii,  Aug.  2,  1SG4;  lioimi  iN'co,  Aug.  13,  1804. 

"  An  amendment  was  made  to  the  organic  act  in  1804,  providing  fi  '•  ;i  lu- 
apportionment  of  the  territory  according  to  population,  based  on  a  ceu  .us  to 
be  taken  under  direction  of  the  governor.  In  order  to  give  time  for  tin.  tak- 
ing of  the  census  and  reapportionment,  the  election,  which  by  law  fell  on  tlie 
1st  Monday  in  Sept.,  was  delayed  to  the  2d  Monday  of  Oct. 

'^  'I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  support  and  defend  the  >  uii- 
stitution  and  government  of  tho  United  States  against  all  enemies,  wlict  :cr 
domestic  or  foreign;  and  that  I  will  l)eartrue  faith,  allegiance,  and  luyalty  to 


CniMINAL  RECORD. 


4m 


and  seventeen  iurvmen,  all  reijarcled  as  reliable  men. 
Nino  indictments  were  found  for  murder  in  the  first 
degree;  three  for  murder  in  the  second  degree;  one 
for  manslaughter;  for  assault  with  intent  to  murder, 
sixteen;  for  robbery,  two;  for  assault  with  intent  to 
rob,  one;  for  grand  larceny,  two;  for  perjury,  one; 
for  minor  assaults,  six;  and  for  obtaining  money  under 
(also  pretences,  three;  making  a  total  of  forty-seven 
criminal  cases.  Add  to  these  an  equal  number  of  crimes 
committed  between  February  and  the  October  elec- 
tion, and  the  crowded  condition  of  the  county  jail, 
notwithstanding  an  extra  term  of  court  in  June  and 
a  regular  term  in  the  first  week  of  October,  may  be 
readily  conjectured.  The  cost  to  Boise  county  of  its 
criminal  business  down  to  this  date  was  over  $31,000, 
besides  the  expenses  of  the  courts,  coroner's  inquests, 
post-mortem  examinations,  and  the  erection  of  a  jail 
at  Idaho  City,^**  which  amounted  to  $28,594  more; 
and  worse  was  to  come. 

An  examination  of  the  platforms  of  the  two  politi- 
cal parties  in  Idaho  on  the  eve  of  the  presidential 
cleetion  of  18G4  reveals  this  difference:  the  adminis- 
tration party  declared  it  to  be  their  highest  duty  to 
aid  tlie  government  in  quelling,  by  force  of  arms,  the 
existing  rebellion;  while  the  opposition  party  advo- 
cated putting  an  end  to  the  conflict  by  "peaceable 
means,"  or  a  "convention  of  the  states."     At  the  same 

the  .sump,  any  ordinance,  resolution,  or  law  of  .any  state  or  convention  or 
K';;islatuic  to  tlic  contrary  notwithstanding;  and  further,  that  I  do  this  with 
a  full  (k'tonnination,  pledge,  anil  purpose,  witliout  any  mental  reservation  or 
cvusiou  whatevci';  and  further,  that  I  will  well  and  truly  perform  all  duties 
vliich  may  be  rctjuirod  of  me  Ijy  law:  so  help  me  God.'  Those  who  chose  to 
alllrm,  siiys  the  llol^A  Xews,  I'Y'h.  27,  1801,  left  out  the  words  'swear' and 
'so  lu'lp  mc  God,'  and  substituted  'this  I  do  under  the  pains  and  penalties 
of  )ii'iiiiry.' 

"'I  ho' county  prisoners  had  been  kept  in  confinement  in  Placervillc,  until 
in  ]\l;iy  iSO-f  a  jail  costing  §13,000  was  erected  at  Idaho  City,  This  prison 
vas  'iJ^  by  oO  feet,  bnilt  of  pine  logs  1-  inches  thick,  squared  and  jointed 
down  Hat,  and  lined  with  lumber  li  inclics  thick.  It  contained  14  cells 
jiaiiitiuiicd  witii  4-inch  lumber,  on  each  side  of  which  was  spiked  an  inch 
Iwaid,  making  the  partition  wall  0  inches  thick.  The  ceiling  wai  10  and  the 
Hour  l,'!\  iiiclies  thick.  The  jailer's  residence  in  front  was  an  ordinary  frame 
Iniililin;^'  '..'0  by  '22  feet.  Such  was  the  historic  prison  of  early  Boise  criiniuala. 
liul'C  Xt'iv.'i,  May  '21,  18C4. 
Uisx.  AYasu.— 20 


m 
m 

mi 


ill.: 


450 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


tjii";Hf 


li''M 


time  it  declared  that  the  "interference  of  militarv 
autliority"  with  the  elections  of  the  states  of  Keti- 
tucky,  Mar3-land,  Missouri,  and  Delaware  Mas  a 
"shameful  violation  of  the  constitution;  and  repetition 
of  such  acts  in  tho  approaching^  election  will  be  lidd 
as  revolutionary,  and  resisted  with  all  the  power  and 
means  under  our  control."  In  one  breath  it  asserted 
its  aim  to  preserve  the  union,  and  in  the  next  that 
the  states  not  in  insurrection  had  no  right  to  use  tlio 
military  poM'cr  to  make  arrests,  deny  freedom  of 
speech,  the  right  of  asylum,  to  exact  "unusual  tust 
oaths,"  or  to  deny  the  right  of  the  people  to  boar 
arms  in  their  defence;  all  this  being  aimed  at  the  mil- 
itary orders  of  Colonel  Wright,  of  which  I  have  sp:)kcii 
in  my  History  of  Oregon,  and  the  oath  of  allcgiaiK  o 
quoted  in  a  previous  note.  The  administration  was 
declared  to  be  shamefully  disregardful  of  its  duty 
toward  prisoners  of  war,  and  deserved  the  sevoicst 
reprobation.  In  short,  the  platform  called  democratic 
was  nothing  more  than  a  menace  to  union  men,  and 
an  expression  of  hatred  toward  the  general  govern- 
ment which  could  not  be  misunderstood.  But  one 
union  man  was  elected  to  the  legislature,  and  the  only 
union  officers  in  the  territory  were  those  appointed  by 
the  president. 

The  result  of  the  election  was  to  awe  administration 
men,  although  they  preserved  a  regular  organization, 
and  were  ready  to  defend  themselves  and  their  prin- 
ciples if  attacked."     But  wdiile  some  might  seem  to 

•'It  13  evident  from  the  course  of  the  Boisd  News  how  much  unio!i  iii  "i, 
like  the  proprietors  of  th.it  paper,  were  alarmed  at  the  situation.  The  }•■  '■.■ 
called  itsjelf  an  independent  paper,  because  it  dared  not  riskbcin;,'ano;it-,:ii  1- 
out  adniinibtration  organ.  It  made  excuses  for  the  democratic  inajiri'y  of 
1804,  by  saying  that  tlie  minors  were  driven  to  desert  the  adniiniitia'd'i:i  liy 
the  policy  of  the  government  in  proposing  to  tax  the  mines.  Tlio  vciy  iioxt 
issue  announced  tliat  the  press  was  sold  to  the  dcmoerats.  J.  S.  IJiill.r,  in 
his  L'lj'i'  and  Tim('<i,  MS.,  G,  acknowledges  tliat  he  'sold  the  best  ncwsji-iiitr 
field  in  the  world' rather  than  encounter  the  opposition  of  the  disiiiiiu:i!;>. 
'It  was  all  a  union  man's  life  was  worth, almost,  to  bo  seen  sliouing  hi ;  ln'i'l 
in  early  days  in  Idaho.'  Knapp  and  McConnell  give  the  same  account .  If. 
C.  Street,  who  edited  the  Democrat  in  the  autumn  of  ISfi.'l,  during  the  cU'.'iMii 
campaJL'n,  issued  a  semi-weekly  newspaper  called  The  Criiin  during  ihc  i;"'- 
paign  of  lS(j-t.  Street  liad  formerly  conducted  the  Shwta  J/emkl  and  C'uuwJ 
Sith,  and  was  of  tlie  James  O'Mcara  typo  of  itinerant  scccssiouist. 


:lr 


POPULAR  TRIBUNALS. 


451 


lllKU  11U>'1, 

The  X'  ■'■■! 
(V,lt-:illl- 

ajiii-iiy  of 
tniti'i:i  liy 

very  ii^'^'''' 
W-ailv,  ill 
ic\vsii;ipt-'i' 

;UUil)!U'J-!. 

mux.  II. 
lOclLH'tiini 

Uk'  iT.Ul- 


surrender  their  principles  through  a  dread  of  conflict, 
ibw  were  wilHng  to  surrender  their  property,  to  pro- 
tect which  from  the  organized  and  unorganized  bands 
of  robbers  wlio  beh)nged  to  the  democratic  party,  the 
njuiblicans  were  forced  to  adopt  the  methods  of  secret 
police  known  as  the  vigilant  system.  Not,  by  any 
moans,  that  every  democrat  was  a  robber,  or  even  dis- 
loyal; but  every  robber  and  secessionist  called  himself 
a  democrat,  and  the  party  did  not  deny  or  denounce 
Lim. 

I  have  treated  of  vigilance  committees  in  a  separate 
work,  and  give  here  only  some  examples  of  the  crimes 
which  led  to  the  adoption  of  irregular  and  illegal 
measures  for  their  suppression. 

Tlio  rapid  spread  of  population  over  mining  territory 
outstripped  the  cumbersome  machinery  of  legislation 
and  the  administration  of  law.  Iloi^ri^ics  and  villains 
froiii  the  neicfliboring  states,  and  from  the  states  east 
of  the  jMissouri  River,  flocked  to  a  country  where 
th(  r(3  was  much  gold  and  property,  and  no  courts.'*' 
The  insecurity  of  life  and  property  in  trans'tu  upon 
the  highways  leading  to  and  from  the  Diines,  and  the 
reckless  disrecfard  of  the  former  in  the  minini>'  towns, 
led  the  miners  of  Salmon  liiver,  as  early  as  in  the 
uutumn  of  18G2,  to  organize  a  vigilance  conuiiitteo  at 
Florence,  which  action  served  onlv  to  drive  the  des- 
ponuloes  from  that  localitv  to  some  cther.*'^ 

'°  One  of  the  circuit  juilges  of  Oregon,  who  visited  the  Salmon  River  mines, 
said  Ihiit  on  the  firet  day  he  spent  at  Florence  he  met  tlieie  three  men  who 
Lad  been  sentenced  by  bini  to  the  penitcntiiiry.  Or.  iStatixmnn,  Sept.  S,  ISO'2. 
As  l:itc  as  18(10  I'.lijah  Wiley,  who  had  killed  Sutton  at  (,'cntreville  in  ISd."}, 
aii'l  licen  sentenced  to  10  years  iinprisonineiit,  was  released  upon  tlic  decision 
(jf  juilgL'3  Mcliride  and  Ciinin)ini»s,  that  in  the  interim  between  the  passage 
of  the  organic  act  separating  the  territory  from  Washington,  and  the  estab- 
li-limcnt  (if  a  government  by  the  proclamation  of  the  governor  and  tlie  enaet- 
iiKiitof  laws,  tlierc  existed  no  law  to  be  broken  or  to  punisli  crime.  Ji)hn 
^V^!lianls,  convicted  of  highway  robljery,  and  George  Owens,  sentenced  to  *J0 
year.i  for  killing  Jacob  D.  Williams,  chief  of  police  of  Idaho  City,  for  warning 
a.  disturber  of  the  peace  to  desist,  were  released  ou  the  ;;amc  decision.  Iddho 
Wurl'l,  Aug.  10,  180.").  William  Kirl)y,  murderer,  wis  discharged  on  the  same 
gruiiiid,  liccausc  lie  killed  his  man  in  IMJJ  when  Idaho  was  Washington. 

''■•'I'lie  following  list,  taken  from  the  journals  of  the  times,  will  give  some 
i'lea  (.f  tiie  condition  of  affairs  in  Idaho  and  on  the  road.  Robert  I'pereek, 
eiii't  at  Ore)  Fino  by  a  Frenchman  in  Si'pt.  ISOl.  IIy| olito,  owner  of  a  largo 
patk-train  and  §j,OCO  in  gold,  nuirdered  ou  the  road  iu  Oct.  1801.    Xed  Mcauy, 


4B8 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


IH 


r '  s 


111! 


I'. 


li 


Lcwiston  was  the  second  community  to  organize 
for  self-defence,  and  the  occasion  was  one  of  the  most 
atrocious  crimes  on  record,  the  murder  of  Llo^-d  ]\I;i- 
pjruder,a  prominent  citizen  of  Lewiston,  two  men  nannd 
(Jharles  Allen  and  WiUiamPhilhps from  the  WillaniLtti', 
and  two  young  men  from  Missouri,  whose  names  ha\(; 
never  transpired.  JMagrudor  had  taken  a  lot  of  goods 
and  a  Imnd  of  nudes  to  the  Beavei  Head  mines,  reali:<- 
ing  about  $30,000,  with  which  he  started  to  return  in 
October.  Needing  assistance  with  his  pack-animals, 
and  desiring  company  by  the  wa^^  he  engaged  four 
men,  James  Romaine,  Christopher  Lowcry,  Daiiirl 
Howard,  and  William  Page,  all  of  whom  he  had  sicii 

killed  in  .a  quarrel  at  Jackson's  ferry,  near  Lcwiston,  Xov.  ISOl.  Two 
masked  men  entered  a  house  in  Lcwiston,  and  in  s[iitc  of  resistance  c;in  irl 
ofl'  S.jOO,  shooting  fatally  one  of  the  inmates,  in  Dec.  Matt.  IJledsoc  killi  1 
James  8.  Ilarman  at  Slate  Creek,  Salmon  Iliver,  in  a  qnarrcl  over  cards.  !)■,•. 
I8GL  Four  murders  v»'crc  committed  in  2  weeks  at  Lcwiston  in  An;:,  .•md 
Sept.  1800.  Three  nun-ders  in  March  1Sl2  at  Florence.  William  IviiKy 
killed  John  Maples  at  Lewiston  in  July  180."].  Wm  II.  Tower,  viiilo 
threatening  others,  was  shot  and  killed  at  Florence,  Feb.  'J.'J,  iSO:!.  NcHeh-inlc 
wais  accidentally  shot  at  the  same  time.  Morrissy,  a  desperado,  was  kilu'  1 
at  Elk  City  about  the  same  time.  Geo.  Reed  was  shot  by  Isaac  Warwick  in 
a  quarrel  about  a  claim,  April  18G3.  Frank  Gallagher  was  nnu'dored  liy  one 
IJerryman,  with  whom  ho  was  travelling.  At  <a  ball  at  IToicnce  on  .\\u- 
Ycar's  eve  a  eyprian  was  ejected  from  the  dancing-room  by  O.  Koliliiiis  and 
Jacob  D.  AVilliams,  whereupon  Henry  J.  Talbottc  and  Wm  Willohy  aiimd 
themselves  and  lay  in  wait,  firing  at  Williams  the  next  evening.  A  crdWii 
of  men  who  witnessed  it  immediately  shot  both  Willoby  and  his  ]iart;i(  r. 
Talbotte  was  known  among  horse-t  ievos  and  highwaymen  as  C'licrokco  I!  i!i, 
and  'a  chief.'  These  chiefs  boldi  ami  facetiously  proclaimed  tlienisil\is 
'knights  of  the  road' and  'road-agonts.'  W'ith  painted  faces  they  st()jii><il 
well-known  packers  and  merchants,  who,  if  they  had  not  much  money,  who 
threatened  with  death  the  next  time  they  travelled  without  plenty  (if  l,  ill. 
William  Peoples,  Nelson  Scott,  and  David  English,  a  notorious  trio,  rohlcd  a 
packer  of  100  ounces  of  gold-dust  between  Lcwiston  and  Florence.  Tht  y 
were  arrested  at  W^alla  Walla,  but  taken  from  the  sheriir  ami  hanged  by  a 
company  of  expressmen  and  others.  One  Bull,  living  near  Elk  (.'ity.  kin  .!y 
entertained  over  night  2  men  who  asked  forsheltcr.  In  the  morning  the  m  a 
and  5  horses  were  missing.  Bull  followed  them  for  20  days,  coming  ui)  vvi.ii 
them  at  a  camp  on  Gold  Creek,  2(35  miles  from  home.  On  seeing  him,  'in>'  nf 
the  men  sprang  on  a  horse  and  Hed;  the  other,  W'm  Arnett,  was  shut.  A 
partjf  pursuing  the  fleeing  robber  brought  him  back  and  hanged  him.  Jlimih 
Fruit  was  a  chief  of  road-agents;  James  Robinson,  a  mere  boy,  was  one  ot  his 
associate?:.  In  the  autumn  of  18G2  they  were  prominent  among  the  kni' iits 
of  the  road  between  Florence  and  Lewiston.  Both  met  violent  (K:'.ili-. 
James  Crow,  Michael  Mulkee,  and  Jack  McCoy  robbed  three  tiavi  liis 
between  Oro  Fine  and  Lewiston.  William  Rowland  and  George  Law  \m  vi  a 
couple  of  horse-thieves  operating  on  Camas  prairie  near  Lewiston.  (Jcur-'u 
A.  Xoble,  of  Oregon  City,  was  robbed  of  100  pounds  of  gold-dust  bciwctu 
Florence  and  Oro  I'ino  in  Dec.  18(12.  Two  horse-thieves,  for  stealing  frmii  a 
government  train,  were  shot  dead.  Other  localities  suffered  in  the  same  \v':iy. 
Sec  Po/iidar  Tribunals,  passim,  this  series. 


'i^ 


MURDER  OF  MAGRUDHR. 


453 


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in  Lcwiston,  and  wlio  were  woll-apjicarlng',  to  return 
witli  him  to  that  place.  It  was  a  t'atal  eugaj^'enieut. 
The  three  first  mentioned  had  gone  to  Beaver  Head 
with  no  other  purpose  than  to  rob  and  nmrder  ^la- 
gruder  on  his  way  home,  Howard  was  a  good-look- 
ing, brave  young  man,  of  a  kindly  temper,  but  reck- 
Ilss  in  morals.  From  his  accomplishments,  including 
u  knowledge  of  medicine,  he  was  called  Doctor  or 
])()c,  Romaine  was  a  gambler,  not  known  to  have 
committed  any  crimes.  Both  of  these  men  had 
resided  at  The  Dalles.  Lowery  was  a  blacksmith  who 
had  been  with  ]\Iullan  in  his  wajjfon-road  ':;i)edition, 
of  a  thriftless  but  not  criminal  reputation,  1^1ge  was 
a  trapper,  some  said  a  horse-thief,  who  ho-il  lived  in 
the  Klikitat  country  opposite  The  Da^lt  s.  He  was 
an  older  man  than  either  of  his  associates,  and  of  a 
weak  r)r\'j  yiolding  character,  but  not  vicious,"" 

When  Magrudor  was  about  to  start  he  wa^  joined 
hy  the  other  persons  named,  Allen  and  Phillips, 
having  about  $20,000  in  gold-dust,  and  the  uidcnown 
men  with  some  money.  They  travelled  without  acci- 
dent to  a  camp  six  miles  from  the  crossing  of  the  Clear- 
water, where  a  guard  was  stationed  as  usual,  ]\Iagru- 
der  and  Lowery  being  on  the  first  watch,  and  tlie 
siiow  falling  fast.  When  the  travellers  were  asleep, 
the  mules  beconiing  restless,  both  guards  started  out 
to  examine  into  the  cause  of  their  uPicasiness,  Lowery 
taking  along  an  axe,  as  he  said,  to  make  a  fence  to 
prevent  the  animals  wandering  in  a  certain  direction. 
jMagruder  w^as  killed  with  this  axe  in  Lowery's  hands. 
Howard  and  Romaine  murdered  the  two  brothers 
aliout  midnight  in  the  same  manner,  and  soon  after 
killed  Allen  and  Phillips,  Allen  being  shot.  So  well 
exeeuted  was  the  awful  i)lot  that  only  Phillips  cried 
out,  when  a  second  blow  silenced  him.  Page  a])pears 
to  have  been  frightened,  and  to  have  taken  no  part  in 
the  killing.  The  bodies  were  wrapped  up  in  a  tent 
cloth  and  rolled  over  a  precipice;  all  the  animals  ex- 

'^'^  Dalles  Moiintaitiecr;  Portland  Oirjjoiiian,  Xov.  G,  ISGo. 


K      ^1 

I 


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WMj^^'^ 


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I.: 


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i  '  i    ;M 


454 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


cept  ciglit  horses  were  taken  into  a  canon  off  tlie  trail 
and  shot;  the  camp  equipage  was  burned,  and  tlie 
scraps  of  iron  loft  unburned  were  gatliered  up,  placed 
in  a  sack,  and  thrown  after  the  bodies  down  tlic 
mountain.  All  this  time  the  murderers  wore  mocca- 
sons,  that  the  danming  deed,  if  discovered,  might  be 
imputed  to  Indians. 

The  guilty  men  now  agreed  to  go  to  Puget  Sound, 
and  attempted  to  cross  the  Clearwater  forty  miles 
above  Lewii.ton;  but  the  weather  prevented  them, 
and  they  kept  on  to  Lcwiston,  where,  partially  dis- 
guised, they  took  tickets  by  stage  to  Walla  Walla, 
and  thence  to  Portland  and  San  Francisco.  Some- 
thing in  the  manner  of  the  men,  the  mark  of  Cain 
which  seldom  fails  to  be  visible,  aroused  the  suspit-ion 
of  Hill  Beachy,  owner  of  the  stage  line,  who,  on  i'>:- 
amining  the  horses  and  saddles  left  in  Lewiston,  l)i'- 
came  convinced  of  the  robbery  and  death  of  Maiifriider, 
whoso  personal  friend  he  was,  and  whose  return  was 
looked  for  with  anxiety,  owing  to  the  prevaleuee  of 
crime  u[)on  all  the  mining  trails.  With  A.  P.  Ankeiiy 
and  others  he  started  in  pursuit,  but  before  tlay 
reached  Portland  the  murderers  had  taken  steamer 
for  San  Francisco,  where  they  were  arrested  on  a  tel- 
egraphic requisition,  and  after  some  delay  brounlit 
back  to  Lewiston  December  7th  to  bo  tried.  Tin; 
only  witness  was  Page,  who  had  turned  state's  evi- 
dence, revealed  minutely  all  the  circumstances  ol'  the 
crime,  and  guided  Magruder's  friends  to  the  spot 
whore  it  was  committed,  and  where  the  truth  of  his 
statement  was  verified. 

INIeanwhile  a  vigilance  committee  had  been  formed 

•  •  •  •  I 

at  Lewiston,  which  met  the  prisoners  and  then*  guard 
on  their  arrival,  and  demanded  the  surrender  of  tlie' 
murderers;  but  Beechy,  who  had  promised  them  an 
impartial  trial,  succeeded  in  persuading  the  jjeopie  to 
await  the  action  of  the  law.  On  hearing  the  evidcMiee, 
the  jury,  without  leaving  their  scats,  rentlered  a  venii't 
of  guilty,  January  2G,  18()4,  and  Judge  Parks  senteiued 


VIGILANCE  COMMITTEES. 


455 


Howard,  Romaiiio,  and  Lowcry  to  bo  hanged  on  the 
4lh  of  ]\Iarch,  which  sentence  was  carried  into  elFect, 
tlie  o'allows  beinij  surrounded  by  a  detachment  of  the 
4ih  United  States  infanhy  from  Fort  Lapwai."^  Page 
was  himself  murdered  by  Albert  Igo  in  the  summer 
of  18G7. 

Tlic  ]\Iagruder  massacre  alarmed  the  whole  coun- 
try,  and  gave  a  stronger  motive  for  the  formation  of 
vi jilance  committees  than  anythinij  tliathad  occurred 
up  to  that  time  west  of  tlie  Ilocky  Mountains.  Ncv- 
ciUuloss,  the  Lewiston  committee,  seeing  that  the 
courts  were  disposed  to  administer  justice,  disbanded 
a' tout  the  middle  of  A[)ril,  having  hanged  three  mur- 
(Iciers  and  thieves,  and  exiled  200  o-amblers  and  hiu^h- 
wayuien,  whose  absence  left  the  place  as  quiet  and 
oi-i Icily  as  a  New  England  village. 

lUit  these  outkiws  were  still  in  the  t(U'ritory  or  on 
its  borders.  Owyhee,  while  having  its  mining  quar- 
rels and  occasional  crimes,  was  not  infested  with  crimi- 
nals to  the  extent  of  needlnuc  a  vioHance  committee." 
South  Ijoiso  and  the  Lemhi  mines  were  cursed  with 
the  [>resence  of  desperadoes  overllowing  from  ^,[on- 
taiia,  where  a  very  active  committee  of  safety  was  in 
()[)cration;  while  on  the  other  hand  Warren  had 
never  been  a  resort  of  vlllanous  characters — whv,  it 
Would  be  difficult  to  say,  since  they  followed  up  the 
crails  to  the  paying  diggings  in  every  other  instance.'^'' 

'"Tliia  wns  the  first  case  in  the  courts  of  Idaho,  and  was  tried  ftt  a  special 
fi'i'iii,  the  tiTiu  of  court  at  Idaho  City  hcing  po^lponod  on  accomitof  it.  Tiio 
hu'i  latiirc  of  Idaiio  autliorized  the  payment  of  IJeecl'y's  expenses,  aiiumntinj; 
ti>  ti),'JI  I.  Suit  WHS  lirou^'iit  against  U.  11.  Clicesenian.  superintenileiit  of  the 
lii.iiicli  mint  iit  San  Fru;u;isC'),  to  recover  a  large  amount  of  goldiiubt  dopos- 
itid  there  hy  the  niurdiircrs.  Portland  lhr(ioiiiuii,  Jan.  Ki,  1801.  llecchy 
tliol  in  S.  F.'MayJt,  187 .5. 

".Mai;;o  ^^ays:  'Society  was  exemplary,  except  some  liij;!)  ftambling.  If  a 
in.ui  wai  eauniit  doing  anytliing  wrong,  we  juat  killed  him,  that'a  all.'  Early 

A''V;-'.>I,_},1S.,'7. 

^''  'Xoliiidy  thonfjhij  of  stealing  anythin':;  in  tlmsc  days,' says  Mi's  Scliultz, 
vlio  kept  a  huarding-lioii.sc  at  Warren  in  lSU"2-4;  'and  it  is  well  they  didn't. 
Tiiiio  was  only  on'!  aliooting  scrape  in  Warren,  and  itwas  tin?  nm  t  cNein- 
plaiy  town  in  Idaho.'  Knrbj  AincdotcK,  MS.,  ,'i-l.  .Janies  II.  llntton,  in  his 
Li.l;l  Kfriit-:,  MS.,  5,  in  which  ia  given  tlie  history  of  Xez  i'eree  and  Idaho 
eniiiKirs,  says  that  Warren,  in  the  spring  of  ISli.'l,  contained  (5  slorei  and  .'10 
ri'^i;lrin("i,  tlio  ndners  living  in  eahins  on  their  claims.  It  hecanie  the  county 
seal,  of   Idaho   uo.  ia   Iftliii.    John   lUmey  was   lirat  ahurilf.     liuLLua  uud 


456 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


The  Boisd  basin  was  distinguislicd  above  every 
other  part  of  Idaho  as  "  the  seat  of  war,"  from  the 
frequency  with  which  blood  was  spilled  upon  its  soil. 
As  the  state  of  society  had  not  improved  witli  tlio 
introduction  of  courts  of  justice,  and  as  politics  cn- 
tereci  into  the  division  of  the  connnunity  into  classes, 
the  union  men  of  Idaho  City  organized  themselves  to 
meet  the  cominc^  crisis,  precipitated  by  the  demo- 
cratic victory  in  18G4. 

As  I  have  before  said,  robberies  and  horse-stealing 
were  carried  on  by  organized  bands,  who  had  little 
difficulty  in  clearing  the  'horse  ranchos'  where  the 
miners  left  their  animals  to  be  cared  for;  and  none  the 
less  that  the  keepers  of  these  ranchos  were  often  in 
leafjue  with  the  thieves.  Settlers  and  farmers  in  the 
Boise  and  Payette  valleys  suffered  equally  with  the 
miners,  the  Indian  and  the  white  robbers  leaving  them 
often  without  a  horse  to  draw  a  plough  or  cany  tluir 
products  to  market.  This  was  the  plight  in  wliich 
W.  J.  McConnell,  a  gardener  on  the  Payette,  found 
himself  in  October  18G4;  and  out  of  this  condition 
grew  the  first  vigilance  comnnttee  in  the  Boise  basin. 

Having  discovered  one  of  his  horses  in  a  stable  in 
Boise  City,  in  recovering  it  by  process  of  law,  lio 
found  the  costs  in  a  justice's  court  to  exceed  the  vahie 
of  the  animal.  This  he  paid  amid  the  jeers  of  a 
crowd  composed  of  idlers  and  disreputable  characters, 
who  rejoiced  in  the  discomfiture  of  'the  vegetahlu 
man.'  Thereupon  he  addressed  them  in  a  short 
speech,  which  contained  the  following  pertinent 
words:  "I  can  catch   any   damned   thief  who   ever 

Cocaiin  built  tlie  first  quartz-mill  in  1808,  on  the  Rescue  mine.  Leo  IlotVii, 
later  of  S.  i'\,  in  a  lli4oiy  of  Iilitho  Coniiti/,  MS.,  with  an  account  of  tliu  risi; 
and  fall  of  placcr-niining,  says  of  Warren:  'One  thing  was  iic'culi;ir,  that  it 
waa  free  from  tiie  hordes  of  moneyless,  lazy  adventurers  that  followed  Floiviuci 
and  other  Ktrikes.  The  population  was  made  up  of  old  steady  California  iiiiucis; 
and  for  the  10  years  I  lived  there,  there  waa  no  murder  or  i'ol)l)ery  commit  Uii.' 
'rolMieally,' says  Ilutton,  'Idaho  county  waa  as  '20O  to  30  in  favor  of  the 
deniocratio  party,  but  the  republicans  often  elected  their  men,  owiii;,'  to  the 
loss  of  returns  at  crossing  of  Salmon  River.'  '  Fort  Lemhi  and  vi<iiiity  «  nii- 
tained  a  liard  set  of  men,  nmcli  unlike  those  of  Warren.'  Eatij  Evculi>,  M^., 
6.     See  also  WuUa  Watla  SUilemnan,  Aug.  1,  18G3. 


r;|.T: 


PAYETTE  COMMITTEE  OF  SAFETY, 


457 


stalked  these  prairies,  and  the  next  one  wlio  steals  a 
horse  from  mo  is  my  Iiijuu;  there  will  be  no  lawsuit 
about  it." 

A  few  days  later  $2,000  worth  of  horses  and  mules 
were  taken  from  his  rancho  and  those  adjoining. 
^IcConnell  and  two  others  immediately  ])ursued,  over- 
takin'jf  the  robbers  near  La  Grande,  killinix  tliree  and 
mortally  wounding  a  fourth,  in  a  short  and  shar[)  oon- 
liict.  Finding  the  leader  of  the  gang  had  gone  to 
La  Grande  for  supplies,  McConnell  followed.  By  a 
series  of  well-devised  manoeuvres,  the  man  was  cap- 
tured and  taken  to  camp.  A  confession  was  exacted 
of  all  the  names  of  the  organizations  of  thieves  with 
wliieh  these  mcu  were  connected,  and  the  prisoner 
w;is  shot. 

The  knowledge  thus  gained  by  McConnell  induced 
liini  to  offer  his  services  to  recover  any  stolen  prop- 
erty, on  which  proclamation  most  of  the  farmers 
tliioughout  that  part  of  Idaho  joined  with  him  in  a 
compact  to  allow  no  future  depredations  to  go  unpun- 
ished. This  association  was  called  the  Payette  Vigi- 
lance Committee,  or  Committee  of  Safety,  whose 
liisiorv  is  full  of  strange  and  exciting  adventure. 

louring  the  winter  of  18G4-5  an  effort  was  made  to 
put  down  the  Payette  Vigilance  Committee,  by  ar- 
resting between  thirty  and  forty  of  the  members  as 
violators  of  law.  They  were  taken  to  Boise  City, 
where  the  business  men  engaged  counsel,  held  meet- 
iiiu's,  and  accomplished  their  release.  The  organiza- 
tiuii  continued  to  exist,  and  the  farmers  had  no  further 
tiouble  with  horse-thieves,  although  travellers  still 
continued  to  be  despoiled  at  a  distance.'^* 

Among  the  many  crimes  committed  in  Boise  county 
in  18G4  were  two  that  created  unusual  feeling  in  the 
breasts  of  its  solid  citizens;  namely,  the  unprovoked 

'■'  ^h•Connfl^s  Idaho  Iiiferiw,  MS.,  l-aS.  The  organization  was  never  ilia- 
binuli  (1.  fiiiys  McConnell  in  his  narrative,  but  exists  to-day.  This  nianusicript 
is  ;i  vivid  pioturo  of  a  condition  of  society  which  can  exist  only  lor  a  liniitcd 
time  and  under  peouliar  conditions. 


m 


\\ 


Siii 


458 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


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'4  'i 


!    ! 


shooting  of  J.  R.  Sceloy,  an  inoffensive  and  respect- 
able resident  of  Idaho  City,  at  a  pubHo  ball,  by  jciiii 
Holbrook;  and  the  equally  unprovoked  shootiuij  of 
John  Coray  by  Fitz-Gibbons.  Holbrook  was  ;u- 
rested,  and  on  the  impanelling  of  the  first  grand  jury 
in  the  county  was  charged  with  murder  in  the  first 
degree,  but  on  trial  the  jury  failed  to  agree,  and  it 
was  found  impossible  in  his  case,  as  in  that  of  all 
the  others,  to  convict  him  of  murder  in  the  first 
degrce.^^ 

Coray  was  arrested  and  confined  in  the  county 
prison,  while  elaborate  funeral  ceremonies  rcniiinlcj 
the  community  hourly  of  its  bereavement.  jMuniiuis 
of  mob  violence  gathered  strength,  which  pr(nn[)t(xl 
the  stationing  in  the  jail-yard  by  the  authorities  of  u 
large  posse  armed  to  protect  the  prisoner.  On  reluni- 
ing  from  the  burial  of  Coray  about  100  men  lialkd 
on  the  brow  of  the  hill  above  the  jail  and  prepared  to 
make  a  descent.  Judge  Parks,  who  was  present,  in- 
duced them  to  desist.  Nevertheless,  Fitz-Gibbons 
was  not  convicted  of  murder  in  the  first  degree  when 
his  trial  came. 

Tlie  election  of  October,  by  putting  A.  0.  Bovvon,"* 
a  tool  of  bad  characters,  in  the  office  of  sherifi",  in  ])1;u'l! 
of  Sumner  Pinkham,  a  good  and  brave  man,  did  nt)t 
mend  matters.  In  December  Ada  county  was  set  otF 
from  Boise  by  the  legislature,  with  Boise  City  as  the 
county  seat,  D.  C.  Updyke,  a  rogue,  being  cho-r^en 
sheriif.  Thus  the  Boise  basin  was  at  the  merey  of 
desperadoes  in  oflfice  and  out  of  it.  About  this  time, 
flour  and  bread  becoming  scarce,  the  idlers  an.d  ilos- 
peradoes  attempted  to  help  themselves,  and  a  not 
ensued.  This  was  followed  by  the  destruction  of 
Idaho  City  by  fire. 

In  July  18G5  the  crisis  came  in  Boise  county,  when 
Ferdinand  J.  Patterson,  a  gambler  and  dlsie[)ut;i!'lo 

"The  attorney  of  BoiscS  district  etatcil,  in  1805,  that  nbont  GO  ilualhs  liy 
violcneo  liad  occurred  in  tlio  county  since  its  organizjition,  without  one  loii- 
viction  for  murder.  Boixd  City  Slutciiinin),  Sept.  .S,  ISlij. 

•*'  'A  vascillatiiig  wretch,'  Bulkr  calls  him.  Ll/'c  and  Times,  MS.,  3. 


illii 


m 


MURDER  OF  PIXKfTAM. 


489 


porson,^^  shot  and  killed  Pinkliani,  the  murder  boin<^ 
well-known  to  be  a  political  one.  The  affair  bapjiencd 
at  the  warm  springs,  near  Idaho  City,  on  tlio  2;>d  of 
July.  Patterson  coming  sudd(jniy  upon  his  victim 
with  a  threatening  expression,  Pinkham  attempted 
to  draw,  when  he  was  instantly  despatclied.  Patter- 
son was  arrested  as  he  was  escaping,  and  examined 
before  Milton  Kelly  of  the  3d  judicial  district,  who 
had  him  committed  for  murder;  but  his  case  l)eing 
presented  to  the  grand  jury,  the  indictment  was 
ignored  by  four  of  the  jurors,  eleven  being  for  indict- 
ment. A  preliminary  examination  before  Chief  Jus- 
tice McBride,  successor  of  Edgerton  and  Silas 
Woodson,  resulted  in  his  commitment  to  await  the 
action  of  the  next  grand  jury. 

Previous  to  the  killing  of  Pinkham,  who  was  re- 
garded as  the  leader  of  the  lo3'al  element  of  Bois^ 
society,  no  vigilance  committee  had  existence  within 
the  precincts  of  the  mining  district  proper,  but  the 
action  of  the  grand  jury  in  ignoring  this  crime,  and 
tluxvits  made  by  desperate  characters  to  burn  the 
town  a  second  time,  brought  about  an  organization. 
A  meeting  was  called  by  C.  S.  Kingley,  methodist 
])reacher,  and  the  business  men  of  the  city  were  invited 
to  participate,  an  organization  being  formed  similar  to 
that  of  the  Payette  connnittee  of  safety,  Orlando  Pob- 
Itiiis-^  being  sent  toconferwithMcConnell,theprcsident 
of  that  organization,  and  to  solicit  his  aid.  The  meet- 
ings were  held  in  one  of  the  underground  warehouses  of 
which  I  have  spoken,  where,  between  rows  of  boxes 
and  barrels,  their  anxious  faces  dindy  revealed  by 
Hi  ^  ■>!iig  lanterns,  half  a  hundred    earnest  men  re- 

*  Staples  of  Portland  was  killed  by  Patterson,  who  was  ac(juittod  when  it 
Was  shown  that  there  was  a  miarrel,  Patterson  was  cdncateil  in  Tcxiis,  where 
liis  father  was  ;i  man  of  good  social  jiosition.  He  canio  to  Cal.  in  1S.")(),  and 
fill  into  evil  ways,  hut  not  for  some  ycaisdid  he  enga.;o  in  those  stii  et  liLihts 
wliiih  t;ave  him  tlio  reputation  of  heiu',^  a  dani^trou.-t  character.  Ho  v,:;s  shot 
ill  \>M  at  Yrcka,  was  again  wounded  at  Sailor  L)it;ginf,'3,  Or.,  in  IS.'i'.t,  and 
tiiLravjed  in  several  other  shooting  allaii's  hefoio  killing  Staples  at  I'orthiiid 
ill  iMil.  According  to  McConnell,  ho  scalped  his  mistress,  unintentionally 
lidwiver,  while  threatening  to  cut  oil'  her  hair  for  some  oU'enee.  lie  hud 
keii  but  ;i  !;hort  time  in  Jioi-sc?  when  he  killed  Pinkham. 

'^Robbius  was  iu  1878  U.  S.  marshal  of  the  lid  district. 


i:ii 


4C9 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


solved  to  adopt  measures  for  the  better  protection  of 
life  and  property.  The  hanging  of  Patterson  was  du- 
terniined  n|)on,  but  the  purpose  of  the  committee  bo- 
coming  pubHcly  known,  the  sherilF,  Janies  T.  Crutehtr, 
rallied  the  rough  element,  and  to  avoid  a  general  con- 
flict, the  case  was  allowed  to  go  to  trial.  Patterson 
was  acquitted,  and  realizing  that  his  life  was  in  j)ciil 
among  the  friends  of  Pinkhani  in  Idaho,  he  lost  no 
time  in  leaving  the  country.  But  the  avenger  was 
upon  his  track,  and  he  was  shot  down  at  Waha  Walla, 
in  the  spring  of  18GG,  by  order  of  the  committei'.-^ 
Patterson  was  followed  to  the  grave  by  a  largo  con- 
course of  persons  of  his  class,  of  whom  there  were 
many  in  Walla  Walla  at  that  time.^^  His  death 
seemed  to  serve  as  a  warning,  and  there  was  a  per- 
ceptible lessening  of  the  crime  of  murder  in  the  Poise 
basin  thereafter. 

But  the  struggle  with  desperadoes  was  not  ended, 
when  Idaho  City  and  vicinity  experienced  some  relief. 
All  along  the  stage  route  i'rom  Boise  City  to  Salt 
Lake  robberies  were  frequent  and  nmrders  not  rare. 
As  in  other  places,  resort  was  had  to  committees  of 
safety.  In  April  18GG  John  C.  Clark,  a  gambler,  shot 
and  killed  Beuben  Raymond  in  a  quarrel  over  some 
accounts.  He  was  placed  in  the  guard-house  at  Fort 
Boise,  but  was  taken  out  in  the  night  by  vigilants 
and  hanged."^     A  few  da^^s  afterward  David  C.  l'}!- 

^"Scc  Popular  Tribunals,  passim,  this  series,  Patterson  was  killed  liy 
Thomas  Donovan,  who  was  a  night-watchman  in  a  hotel  at  Walla  W'ulla, 
McConnell  says  about  the  case:  'Arrangements  were  made  to  have  liini  kiikil 
in  \Valla  Walla,  llu  was  killed  in  a  cowardly,  cohl-blooJed  way,  ad  lie  li:iil 
killed  Pinkham.  The  man  who  killed  him  was  afraid  of  him,  lie  having 
threatened  the  man's  life.'  Idaho  hifcrno,  AIS.,  71.  Donovan  Avas  tried,  tlio 
jury  disagrcein,!,',  7  hcing  for  acrjnittal.  Ho  was  rearrested  in  S.  F.,  Lrou^'lit 
back  to  Walla  Walla,  and  linally  released. 

°"Me(,'onnell  states  in  his  Liferno  that  ho  left  Idaho  in  the  autumn  of  IsijO, 
beeauac  tliere  was  'a  hand  lurking  in  every  haunt  to  deprive  him  of  liU  ,'  lor 
the  part  he  had  taken  in  endeavoring  to  suppress  outlawry.  Idaho  lnjirno, 
MS.,  8S-U. 

"See  Dalles  Mountaineer,  Apr.  4,  1805.  On  one  of  the  posts  of  the  j.-al- 
Iowa  was  pinned  this  notice:  'Justice  has  now  commenced  iier  rigireniia 
work.  This  suQ'ering  connnunity,  which  has  already  lain  too  long  undjr  the 
ban  of  ruHianism,  ijliall  now  ho  renovated  of  its  thieves  and  nssassiiiy. .  .'1  liis 
fatal  example  has  no  terror  for  the  innooout,  but  let  the  guilty  hewaro  anil 
not  deby  too  long,  and  take  warning.'  Boiae  Oily  Statesman,  April  10,  l^HG. 


HANGING  OF  UPDYKE  AND  DIXON. 


461 


Jyko,  cx-slicriff  of  Ada  county,  and  Jacob  Dixon, 
t'ornieily  of  Shasta  county,  Calilbrnia,  wore  hanujcd  on 
a  tree  on  the  road  to  South  ]3oisc.  Updyko  liacl  rc- 
siiiiied  his  oflico  of  sheriff  on  hcinLj  detected  iu  trading; 
ill  county  warrants  and  failing  to  pay  over  to  tho 
county  the  tax  money  collected.  A  grand  jury  was 
called,  which  preferred  two  indictments,  and  somo 
jiapers  issued  preparatory  to  his  impeachment,  when 
suddenly  a  nolle  prosequi  was  entered,  and  the  wholo 
matter  dismissed.  Such  was  the  power  of  his  friends 
^vlll)  had  elected  him.  The  attention  of  an  organiza- 
tion of  viii'ilants  cxtendinof  from  Boise  to  Salt  Lake 
City,  of  men  in  the  service  of  the  stage  company j''* 
was  called  to  the  movements  of  Updyke,  wlio  was 
linally  proved  to  belong  to  a  band  of  highwaymen 
guilt}'  of  various  crimes,  among  which  were  some  ag- 
gravated cases  of  stagc-robbcry,  one  within  six  miles 
of  Boise  City  and  another  in  Port  Neuf  Canon,  near 
Fort  Hall,"'^  in  the  first  of  which  a  passenger  was 
wounded,  and  in  the  second  the  driver  killed.  For 
those  and  other  crimes  Updyko  was  hanged  with  one 
of  his  accomplices,^'  the  others  escaping  through  the 
courtesy  of  the  law.  The  act  which  led  to  the  ex- 
sliei'ilf's  taking-off  was  the  malicious  burning  of  a 
(|uantity  of  hay  belonging  to  the  stage  company. 
The  })erpetrators  were  traced  to  their  rendezvous  and 
captured,  when  Updyke  made  a  general  confession, 
whirh  revealed  the  names  of  the  gang  that  for  two 

"- 'Ben  Iloliaday,' saya  McConncU,  'was  a  splendid  organizer.  lie  liad  a 
lilt  of  men  around  him  who  were,  as  we  term  them,  thoroughbreds,  livery 
oiiu  w'M  i\  lighting'  man.'  Idaho  Iiifcrro,  IMS.,  5."). 

■' '  'i'lio  governor  of  Idaho  i.ssued  a  r(i([Uisition  for  three  suspicious  cliaractera 
tlctuiiird  hy  the  governor  of  1>.  C,  vi/.,  (leorge  Smith,  Lawrence  l)ulligau 
a!in:i  l)i()cl;y  .Jack,  and  one  Murphy.  Tliey  were  taken,  ijut  <  Aving  i>  a  dekiy 
ahniit  the  papers  were  released,  and  escaped  in  a  boat.  Tiie  Idalio  oiiicero  who 
were  in  pursuit  chartered  a  schooner,  whicii  tlicy  armed  v.itli  "J  sv.ivcl-guus, 
tnic  d  tliem  to  and  captuied  them  at  Oreas  Island  in  the  FucaSca,  v.  !ierc 
vrisahuge  amount  of  property  concealed,  with  boats  in  wliieii  the  robbers 
iiimlc  theii'  phnidering  expeditions. 

^'On  tJK!  body  of  Updyke  was  fastened  a  eanl  reailing:  'David  I'lidylco, 
till'  aider  of  murderers  and  horse-thieves.'  On  Dixoun  l)ody  was  t'li ::  '.lake 
iJixon,  counterfeiter,  horse-tliief,  nud  road-agent  generally.  A  ilupe  and  tool 
of  Dave  Updyke.'  Both  cards  were  signed  XXX.  Boiac  t'iti/  HUUvamun, 
April  17,  IStJU;  Uwijhcc  Avatcuuhe,  April 'Jl,  1800. 


n* 


I 


462 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


gfj 


years  liad  infested  the  road.  This,  with  tho  ox- 
termination  of  Patterson,  cleansed  somewhat  puhlic 
morals.  Whether  or  not  the  same  end  could  have 
been  attained  in  any  other  way  under  the  peculiar  con- 
dition of  the  territor}',  overrun  with  the  concreti'  ruf- 
fianism which  for  fifteen  years  had  been  gatlierliu;-  on 
the  Pacific  coast,  to  which  protection  was  extendL'd 
by  a  political  party,  will  never  be  known.  It  has  been 
cstinjated  that  in  Idaho,  and  in  Montana  which  was 
even  more  tormentcd,^^  no  less  than  200  outlaws  wcivj 
executed  by  committees  between  18G1  and  18GG.  Siuli 
a  carnival  of  sin  and  violence  could  never  be  repeated. 
Had  crime  been  confined  to  professional  criminals, 
viixilancc  committees  miixht  have  crushed  it.  Put  .;u<  li 
were  the  tenptations  to  dishonesty,  that  few  of  Iho  v- 
who  had  the  hnndlin^LT  of  public  money  came  out  oforuco 
with  clean  hands.  The  first  United  States  mai.;!ial, 
D.  S.  Payne,  was  removed,  for  corruption  in  oliiio. 
Alfred  Slocuin,  treasurer  of  Boise  county,  was  ar- 
rested in  November  18G5  for  defalcation  in  the  amount 
of  C^l 3,000.      Charles  D.  Vajen,  treasurer  of  Poi.-t' 

'•'The  vigilance  committee  in  Montana — then  eastern  Idaho — in  ISd;;  1 
hanged  many.  The  desperadoes  had  become  so  hold  th;it  if  a  man  vcii;..icil 
alone  any  distance  from  his  Iiouso  he  was  attacked,  rohbed,  and  ofti  u  r:;;!- 
dered.  Charles  Allen  was  set  npon  "200  yai'ds  from  his  osvn  door,  roblied  of  a 
little  money,  and  beaten  about  the  head  with  a  revolver  until  he  was  tho',:;j!it 
to  be  dead,  though  he  rccovei'cd.  After  many  sucli  outrages  the  worlc  cf  i clri- 
bution  began.  In  Dec.  and  Jan.  lSUIi-4  the  vigilants  of  V'n-giniaCity  hii'.igod 
21  profc'.s:ional  rogues.  Their  organization  numbered  1 ,000,  witli  dv.'tcclivi  <  ia 
every  mining  camp,  and  they  acted  with  the  utmost  secrecy  and  cc!c'. ity, 
swooping  down  upon  a  brace  or  a  double  brace  of  the  men  they  ii;id  mailud 
at  the  most  uucqiccled  times  and  ]ilac!'s.  In  l.l  nnnutcs  they  hanged  t!i>  la 
up  and  went  their  way.  Walla  Walla  Stalcxinaii,  ApviW'y,  lS(il;  />'o/Ve' »^'' c's 
April  'Jli,  1SG4.  On  the  other  hand,  the  KJierill'  of  ^'irginia  City,  lk;:iy 
riummer,  was  himself  the  leader  of  a  band  of  outlaws  scarcely  Icsi  ViiU 
organi;;ed,  and  waii  able  for  some  time  to  thwart  the  ends  of  jnstice.  Hut  ho 
dill  not  l.jng  escape,  lie  was  hanged  early  in  ISGl  at  Bannack,  being  one  i.f 
tlie  '21.  On  hiapei'son  were  found  tiie  iiames  of  85  of  his  clan,  with  rcciuil;  if 
their  proceedings.  When  he  was  taken  he  wept  and  begged  for  mere}'.  SiJt 
Liilr  Vidt'Ji',  Feb.  5,  ISol.  Boono  Helm,  long  a  terror  on  the  Paciiio  c ';;  t, 
was  hanged  iit  the  same  time,  'hilarous-ly  hurrahing  for  Jeff  D.ivis.'  Il''ii 
had  a  fcuriul  reputation.  He  attempted,  in  1858,  to  make  the  trip  fi'oni  'i  lie 
Dalles  t.)  .Salt  Lalce  with  several  others,  all  of  whom  perished,  llcha  lining 
suspected  of  murdering  thevn.  as  tlicy  had  considerable  money,  and  he  vi  a;  dis- 
tinctly accu.".ed  of  living  on  tiieir  llcsh,  and  of  boasting  of  it.  lie  kill;  d  .sev- 
eral men  in  the  mines.  Porllaud  Or  (lonlun,  Jan.  '23,  ISOU.  Of  this  cla.'ii  "f 
men,  a  correspondent  of  the  HoiLij  Moiiiilniii  Xciva  of  May  ISG-l  says  lUo 
vigilants  had  hanged  27  before  the  middle  of  March. 


OFFICIAL  DEFALCATIONS. 


463 


county  In  1863-4,  was  found  to  have  been  a  defaulter 
to  the  amount  of  between  $G,000  and  $7,000.  It  was 
notorious  that  many  officers  failed  to  render  any  ac- 
count of  their  trusts  in  Idaho  for  the  first  few  years, 
(luring  the  reign  of  mining  excitements  and  mob  law, 
and  it  was  little  that  the  territorial  judges  could  do 
to  bring  about  a  better  condition  of  society,  juries, 
grand  and  petit,  being  tampered  with,  and  witnesses 
as  well.  The  chief  justice,  McBride,  niaintained  a 
character  for  integrity  and  industry  during  the  three 
years  of  his  judgeship;  but  it  is  still  a  conspicuous 
fact  in  the  history  of  the  territory  that,  notwitlistand- 
iiig  the  great  number  of  capital  crimes  committed  in 
the  fu'st  two  years  after  the  organization  of  the  terri- 
tory, the  murderers  of  Magruder  were  the  only  ones 
haiigcd  by  the  legally  constituted  authorities,  and  that 
robbcMy  in  office  as  well  as  highway  robbery  found  its 
defenders  in  society. 

Governor  Lyon  left  affairs  in  the  hands  of  the  sec- 
retary, C  De  Witt  Smith,  a  native  of  New  York,  a 
young  man  of  promise,  educated  for  the  bar,  and  for 
some  time  employed  in  one  of  the  departments  at 
Wasliington,  but  who  could  not  withstand  the  temp- 
tations with  which  he  found  himself  surrounded  in 
Idaho.  His  honor  was  tainted  with  suspicion  of 
peculation,  and  he  died  from  the  effects  of  dissi[)ation, 
at  liocky  Bar,  on  the  19th  of  August,  18Ga,  six 
months  after  his  arrival.^'' 

The  territory  was  thus  left  without  cither  governor 
or  secretary.  Horace  C.  Gilson  of  Ohio,  who  had  been 
serving  as  acting  secretary  under  Smitli,  was  commis- 
sioned secretary  in  September,  and  became  acting 
O'ovurnor.  In  the  followin<jf  sunnner  he  too  became  a 
defaulter  in  the  sum  of  $30,000,  and  absconded  to 
China;  and  Governor  Lyon  made  such  unwise  use  of 
tlie  ])ublic  funds  as  to  amount  in  efiect  to  robbing  the 
territory.^'' 

25,  1805;  Boisi  Statesman,  Aug.  27,  ISGo; 


"'  PnrtJand  Orcrioiiimt,  Aug. 
Idaho  \Vu,'il,A\\g!-2(i,  18()5. 


"'  -Sac.  Union,  April  4,  18G7;  Idaho  Scraps,  194. 


m 


a 


l!i 


4G4 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


Thu^)  while  the  county  officers  sequestered  the 
county  funds,  the  territorial  officers  either  stole  or 
squaudeied  the  money  appropriated  by  congress. 
One  of  the  channels  through  which  the  public  I'unds 
were  embezzled  was  the  territorial  prison.  An 
act  of  the  legislature  of  18G4-5  made  the  territorial 
treasurer  ex-officio  prison  commissioner,  with  a  gen- 
eral supervision  of  the  territorial  prisoners,  the  county 
jails  of  Nez  Perce  and  Boi.sd  being  designated  as  lur- 
ritorial  prisons,  and  their  respective  sheriffs  keepers. 
The  next  legislature  made  the  Boise  county  jail  alone 
the  territorial  prison.  Thirty  per  cent  of  the  whole 
revenue  of  the  territory  was  set  apart  for  the  ex- 
penses of  this  prisr  ;i,  besides  which  it  had  at  the  end 
of  two  years  brought  the  territory  $22,000  in  debt."^ 

The  first  legislative  assembly  left  the  capital  at 
Lewiston  as  appointed  by  the  governor;  but  the  legis- 
lature of  18G4  passed  an  act  removing  it  to  Boise 
City,  and  appointing  Caleb  Lyon,  C.  B.  Waito,  and 
J.  ^[.  Cannady  commissioners  to  receive  a  deed  of  a 
plat  of  ground  in  that  town,  known  on  the  map  as 
Capitol  Square,  and  the  secretary  was  authorized  to 
draw  upon  the  territorial  treasury  for  the  monin'  lo 
pay  the  expense  of  removing  the  archives  and  other 
property  of  the  territory,  the  law  to  take  effect  after 
the  24th  of  December,  18G4.  Such  was  the  reluc- 
tance of  tlic  people  of  Lewiston  to  having  the  ca})ital 
removed,  that  the  majority  of  the  county  commission- 
ers refused  to  acknowdedge  the  legality  of  tlio  \n-n- 
ceedings  of  the  assembly,  on  the  ground  that  the 
members  had  never  taken  the  oath  required,  but  had 
met  at  a  time  not  authorized  by  the  law,  with  other 
quibbles.  Meetings  were  held,  and  the  execution  of 
the  act  removing  the  capital  was  enjoined,  biinging 
the  case  into  the  courts.^^  Associate  Justice  A.  ('. 
Smith  decided  in  favor  of  the  Lewiston  party,  against 

•*  fdaho  Lavjn,  18G4-5;  message  of  Governor  Ballard,  in  Idaho  Scraps,  20S. 

^''Idnho  Lnu-s,  1804,4-27;  W,dla  Walla Slato'inan,  Deo.  .SO,  1S(J4;  Purilu:ul 
Orefjoiiia.i,  Jan.  12,  JSCj;  J!iehardson''s  Mixsii.,  500;  BristoVa  Idaho,  MS.,  o; 
Boisi  Slalesman,  March  25  and  May  20,  1805. 


CAPITAL  AND  NEW  COUNTIES. 


405 


the  law-and-ordcr  party;  though  if  the  truth  were 
told,  neither  cared  much  for  order  or  law,  but 
only  to  carry  out  their  schemes  of  ambition  or  theft. 
Governor  Lyon  had  escaped  all  responsibility  by 
leaving  the  territory,  and  the  new  secretary  sided 
with  the  legislature  and  Boise  party. 

There  seemed  to  be  no  way  out  of  the  controversy 
except  to  appeal  to  the  supreme  court,  which  the  law 
said  should  be  held  " at  the  capital"  in  August  of 
each  year.  But  the  judges  did  not  hold  a  court  in 
either  of  the  two  places  claiming  to  be  the  capital, 
and  for  ten  months  there  was  anarchy.  Secretary 
Smith  died  in  the  midst  of  the  quarrel,  and  for  a  while 
there  was  neither  capital  nor  governor,  nor  even  sec- 
retary, as  I  have  said.  Finally  United  States  Mar- 
shal Alvord  received  orders  from  Washington  to 
take  the  archives  and  convey  them  to  Boise  City, 
tlie  capital  of  Idaho.  The  men  of  Lewiston  dared 
not  resist  the  authority  of  the  general  government, 
anil  the  change  was  effected  in  the  latter  part  of  Oc- 
tober. 

The  county  of  ^'tda  was  created  out  of  the  south- 
western part  of  Boise  county,  at  the  legislative  session 
of  1804,  with  the  county  seat  at  Boise  City.  Lahtoh 
county  was  created  out  of  the  territory  lying  north 
of  the  Clearwater  and  west  of  Shoshone  countv,  with 
the  county  seat  at  Coeur  d'Alene.  The  remainder  of 
the  narrow  strip  of  territory  reaching  up  to  British 
Columbia  was  organized  into  the  county  of  Kootenai, 
with  the  county  seat  at  Sinnaacquateen.*'' 

The  legislature  of  1864  does  not  seem  to  have  made 
any  requests  of  congress,"  nor  was  there  anything 

*" The  county  boundaries  of  Idaho  gave  much  trouble  on  account  of  the 
mountainous  nature  of  the  territory,  and  tlio  lines  of  most  of  them  wcro 
sc'Vt'ivil  times  altered.  Five  new  ones  were  organized  after  18G."):  Lemhi  in 
iStJU,  with  the  county  seat  at  Salmon  City;  Cassia  in  IS79,  county  seat  at 
Albion;  Washington  in  1879;  Custer  in  1881;  and  Bear  Lake  in  Jan.  1875, 
with  I'iii-is  for  the  county  seat. 

"  Tiio  following  wevc  members  of  the  council  of  1SC4:  J.  Mi'ler  and  E. 

i^miih,  lioi3(5  county;  E.  B.  Waterbury,  Nez  I'erco;  S.  Capps,  Shoshone;  S.  S. 

IVnn,  Idaho;  S.  B.  Dilly,  Alturas;  J.  Cununins,  Owyhee,  president.     Mem- 

bt'is  vi  the  house:  H.  C.  Riggs,  W.  U.  Parkinson,  J.  B.  Tierce,  and  J.  Mcln. 

Hisi.  Wash.    30 


406 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


I  » 


more  remarkable  in  its  lc<?islation  than  the  number  f)f 
bills  passed  granting  charters  showing  the  inijirovc- 
nients  in  roads,  ferries,  and  bridges.  The  legislature 
of  18G5-G*'  passed  a  large  number  of  memorials  ask- 
ing for  appropriations  for  jRiblic  buildings,  and  other 
matters,  and  for  some  changes  in  the  organic  act,  so 
that  the  territorial  auditor,  treasurer,  and  su[)erii)- 
tendent  of  public  instruction  might  be  elected  by  tlie 
people,  besides  praying  that  the  j)robate  courts  might 
have  jurisdiction  in  all  civil  cases  where  the  sum  in 
dispute  did  not  exceed  61,000,  and  also  that  the  jus- 
tice's courts  might  receive  authority  from  the  legisla- 
ture to  settle  cases  where  no  more  than  $250  was 
involved. 

The  act  passed  by  the  first  legislature  providing  for 
the  increased  compensation  of  the  officers  of  the  ter- 
ritory was  amended  so  as  to  exclude  the  governor 
from  the  benefit  of  the  act,  and  to  increase  the  bene- 
fits accruing  to  the  attaches  of  the  leccislature. 

Late  in  the  autumn  of  1805  Lyon"  returned  to 

tosli,  Ijoisii  county;  E.  C.  Latta  and  Alexander  Blakely,  Idaho;  George  Zci^'le 
and  T.  ^I.  Iveed,  Xez  Perce;  K.  C  Sterling  and  Solomon  llasbrouek,  Owyluc; 
W.  A.  Gouldur,  Shoshone;  \V.  II.  Howard,  Alturas  and  Oneida.  Jjlululy, 
speaker. 

''^Members  of  the  council  of  1S65-U  were  .S.  P.  Scanikcr,  H.  C.  Stici  t, 

A.  E.  (,'allawaj',  and  (leorge  Aiuslie  of  lloi.se  county;  H.  (J,  Riggs  of  Adu; 
S.  S.  I'Vnn  of  Idaho;  E.  }5ohannou  of  (Jwyhec;  and  S.  15.  Dilly  of  AUuims 
and  Oiuida.  Bohannan,  president.  Menibera  of  the  house:  H.  .Vlliii.  I'. 
Cami)l)Lll,  M.  G.  Loimey,  I.  L.  Tinor,  J.  Carr,  J.  ]J.  Pierce,  C.  1).  S:iyis,  ni 
Boise  county;  J.  D.  Agnew,  ]M.  Sinythe,  M.  R.  Jenkins,  of  .Vda;  E.  T.  iUsittv , 

B.  Cro.r-on,  of  Alturas;  .J.  W.  Carter,  D.  P.  Barnes,  E.,f.  Worley,  of  Owylm  ; 
Alex.  Blakely,  J.  A.  Ripsun,  of  Idaho.  Blakely  speaker.  Idaho  Join-.  Cwin- 
cil,  liS(i3-(),  4-9;  Idiho  Join:  /louae,  1865-0,  4-."). 

^^  Butler  says  of  him;  'lie  was  a  conceited,  peculiar  man,  and  made 
many  enemies,  and  misappropriated  niucl"  public  funds.'  Life  and  Thiii~-, 
MS.,  8.  Lyon  r  jcepted  his  reappointment  iii  tlie  hope  of  gain.  Wlule  in  Ni  w 
York,  pending  .  s  confirmation,  he  was  approached  by  one  Davis,  vikj  liad 
in  his  posscssior,  i  number  of  small  stones  whieii  lie  declared  to  be  Idalio 
diamonds,  foun  "'  i  Owyhee  county.  One  of  tiiem  sold  for  !?1,000,  and  otlni.s 
for  less.  Tlie  s.  ;t  was  to  be  kept  until  they  met  i".  Idaho,  but  Lyon  iirriv- 
r  waiting  for  some  time,  having  become  convinced  tliat 
on  tlie  Ilrothcr  Jonathan,  went  to  Owyhee  and  iiiipartnl 
•'ogns,  to  whom  he  presented  one  of  his  diamonds,  recti \- 
er  bar  v\orth  8.500.  One  evening  the  governor  ;iiiil  tlio 
.•er  tlie  hills  toward  tlio  diamond-fields,  as  descrilied  liy 
of  night,  to  make  a  prospect.  But  the  sharp  eyes  of  "tin  r 
miners  detected  the  movement,  and  they  were  followed  by  a  small  army  nt 
treasure-seekers  who  aided  in  the  search.  'The  result,' says  Maize,  *(jf  two 
days'  hunting  was  several  banrels  full  of  bright  quartz  and  shiny  pebblts. 


ing  first,  and  a. 
Davis  was  drown 
his  secret  to  D.  li 
ing  in  return  a  s. 
miner  stole  away 
Davis,  under  co\( 


COVERNORS. 


467 


Idaho,  havinof  been  roappoiuteil  governor,  and  inter- 
oti'd  hiuiseU"  in  creating  a  diamond  insanity  wliicli 
ruined  many  a  better  man,  wliile  he  h^nt  his  signature 
to  any  and  every  bill  of  the  most  disloyal  and  vnlgar- 
niinded  legislature  that  ever  disgraced  the  legislative 
ofKeo,  except  the  one  that  followed  it,  the  single  act 
which  he  dared  not  .sii>;n  bein^f  one  to  nullify  the  test 
uath.  His  appointments  were  equally  without  re- 
gard to  the  welfare  of  society  and  tlie  territory;  and 
alter  six  months  of  such  an  administration,  he  once 
iiiorc  abandoned  his  post,  suddenly  anil  finally.  The 
territorial  secretary,  Gilson,  was  succeeded  by  Lyon's 
private  secretary,  S.  R.  Howlett,  who  filled  the  ex- 
ecutive office  until  Juno  18G0,  when  David  \V.  Ballard 
of  Yamhill  county,  Oregon,  was  appointed,  and  ariived 
in  tlie  territory  to  inaugurate  a  different  condition 
(tf  gubernatorial  affairs,  Howlett  being  ap[)ointed  to 
till  the  secretary's  office. 

The  organic  law  gave  members  of  the  legislature  four 
dollars  per  diem,  and  four  dollars  fur  every  twenty 
miles  of  travel  to  reach  the  capital.  The  territorial 
law  gave  legislators  six  dollars  per  diem  additional, 
which  sum  often  dollars  a  day  was  not  too  great  dur- 
ing the  first  year  or  two  of  territorial  existence,  when 
the  necessaries  of  life  cost  hiixh.  13ut  this  was  now 
uncalled  for.  The  same  act  which  raised  the  per  diem 
of  the  legislators  doubled  the  salary  of  the  governor, 
making  it  .$5,000  per  annum,  and  also  doubled  that  of 
the  secretary,  making  it  !?'3,000,  while  the  pay  of 
ch.'rks  and  other  officers  was  proportionately  increased, 
the  whole  territorial  tax  to  support  this  extra  pay 
amouutinnr  to  $1G,000  yearlv.  The  leijii:  lature  of  18G5 
had  passed  an  act  abolishing  the  extra  pay  of  the  gov- 
ernor and  secretary,  but  retaining,  and  even  increasing, 

Lyon  was  greatly  disappointed,  and  showed  us  the  specimens,  wliicli  I  saw, 
ami  (111  line  of  which  the  carbon  was  not  completely  crystallized. '  E'lrhi  Kt-mU, 
Ms.,  !).  Maize  says  that  ho  has  found  stones  described  in  inineralo^'ical 
Works  as  allied  to  the  diamond,  a  numlicr  of  times,  along  tlie  lieacli  lino  of 
the  ancient  sea  which  once  filled  the  Snake  Kiver  basin.  A  iiew-spajier  cor- 
nspiHulent  calls  Lyon  'a  revolving  light  ou  the  coast  of  scampdom.'  Lduho 
Scraps,  194. 


i 


% 


iifl 


463 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


m 


■•<!'  -1  !' 


:■   ■■      ■     1    1        1  ' 


their  own  or  that  of  their  clerks.  Becoming  ashamed 
of  this  arbitrary  exercise  of  power,  they  restored  it  a 
few  days  afterward  by  another  act. 

Ballard,  learning  that  the  present  legislature  was 
about  to  deprive  him  of  his  extra  pay,  and  that  of 
tlio  secretary,  sent  in  a  special  message,  very  artfully 
worded,  approving  of  the  measure,  and  suggesting 
that  the  territory  might  be  saved  the  whole  of 
the  6lG,000,  and  congress  relied  upon  to  furnish  the 
funds  necessary  to  support  the  federal  branch  of  tho 
government,  as  in  other  territories.  Upon  this  provo- 
cation there  be^an  and  continued  throughout  the  ses- 
sion  a  series  of  insults  to  the  executive,  retjuiring 
extraordinary  nerve  to  meet  with  self-possession.** 

A  quarrel  was  also  sought  with  the  secretary,  who 
was  "seated  with  scorn,  as  successor  to  tho  scandals 
of  liis  office.  With  a  virtuous  air,  the  legislature  df- 
mandod  information  concerning  the  amount  of  federal 
appropriations,  the  money  received,  and  the  corre- 
spondence with  the  treasury  department.  Ilowlctt 
ro[)lied  that  the  statement  given  in  the  govei'uor's 
annual  message  was  correct;  that  he  found  Secretary 
Smith  to  have  expended  $9,938  for  the  territory,  but 
that  he  had  no  knowledge  of  any  other  money  having 
been  received  by  previous  secretaries,  nor  had  he  re- 
ceived any,  although  he  had  applied  for  §27,000  ou 
the  approval  of  his  bond  for  $50,000.'" 

The  legislature  chose  to  i<jfnore  llowlett's  answer, 
and  telegraphed  to  McCuUoch,  secretary  of  the 
Unitc('  States  treasury,  alleging  that  Howlett  had 
refused  to  give  the  information  soug^ht.  This  brouglit 
tho  statement  from  tho  department  that  .$53,000  hud 
boon  placed  at  the  disposal  of  former  secretaries,  and 

**  Said  S.  \\  Si'anikor:  'Doca  ho  suppose  wo  shall  consent  to  it?  By  tho 
ctcrniil  (loil,  I  will  nuver  ounsent  to  it,  and  I  do  not  beliovc  tlio  hoiiso  will 
submit  li/ it,  for  tho  governor  to  say  wo  shall  act  thus  and  so.  Win  ii  wo 
wunt  any  n  oonnucndations  of  that  sort  we  will  let  hiui  know.  We  ilnlii  t 
api)oint  liiui  goVL'iuor.     Wu  didn't  elect  him  governor.     Ho  is  no  pint  nr 

fiarocl  wiih  \is.'    This  langungo  was  tamo  in  comparison  with  some  ot'  tlio 
ilas[iliL'nions abuse  heaped  upon  tho  'imported  governor  from  Yumhill county, 
Orc;,'o;i.'    /,/,(/(()  6\m;«,  I'J.'). 

*^  Id'iho  Jour.  Oouucil,  lS(JU-7,  02;  Idaho  Scraps,  193. 


M  <:& 


A  LAWLESS  LEGISLATURE. 


439 


u 


wl 


ID 


■iiors 
utary 
biit 
iviiig' 

10   I'O- 

00  ou 

iswor, 
tho 
t  IkuI 
ou'^'lit 
0  iuul 
aiitl 

By  tlio 

111  so  will 

lu'll  Wll 

(hllll  b 

part  I'l- 

of  tll'J 

county, 


that  $20,000  liad  that  clay  been  placed  to  Howlett's 
ciodit.  This  was  the  knowledge  that  they  had  been 
tliirsting  for,  as  it  was  a  promise  of  the  speedy  pay- 
ment of  their  per  diem. 

]\[eantinic  the  governor  was  resolutely  vetoing 
such  bills  as  conflicted  with  the  orG:anic  act,  and  other 
foiigressional  acts  or  established  and  beneiicent  laws 
of  the  territory.  Few  of  the  members  had  taken  the 
ju'cscribed  oath  of  office,  but  had  devised  an  oath 
which  evaded  the  main  point  in  all  official  oaths, 
allegiance  to  the  government,  which  was  passed  over 
the  governor's  veto.  In  this  manner  was  passed  the 
act  abolishing  the  extra  pay  of  tho  governor  and 
seen  tar}';  an  act  taking  from  the  executive  the  appoint- 
ing i)ower,  regardless  of  the  organic  act,  and  lod-jjing 
it  with  themselves,  or  the  county  commissioners;  ar.d 
a  bill  appropriating  $30,000  i'or  sectarian  schools. 
This  bill,  a  substitute  for  an  act  passed  at  the 
jtruvious  session  to  establish  a  common-school  system, 
provided  for  the  issue  of  territorial  bonds  to  the 
amount  of  $30,000,  drawn  in  favor  of  F.  N.  Blanchet, 
urchbishop  of  Oregon,  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of 
tell  per  cent  per  annum,  and  redeemable  by  funds 
arising  from  tho  sale  of  the  3Gth  section  of  school 
laiuls.^"  And  so  with  every  bill  vetoed  by  the  gov- 
ernor, thoy  passed  it  over  his  head  by  acclamation. 
With  the  excej)tion  of  a  few  harmless  acts,  all  were 
made  with  a  motive  to  defy  the  administi-ation,  and 
,urasp  the  money  and  the  power  derived  from  it  and 
iVuui  the  territorial  officers.  Ilowlett,  during  these 
])roceedings,  had  been  in  correspondence  with  the 
treasury  department,  and  had  given  information  con- 
cerning the  rol'nsal  of  the  majority  of  the  members  to 
take  the  oath  of  ofKcc,  on  which  instructions  had  been 
issued  to  him  to  withhold  their  pay.  This  order 
raised  a  tempest.  Resolutions  were  j)assed  charging 
the  secretary  with  everything  vile,  and  demanding 

*'^  Lin  ho   Tiwr.^,  in  Oirijhre  Atnlanchr,  Jan.  10,   1807.     Congress  had  the 
powur  to  disapprove,  nud  lid  disapprove,  of  these  laws. 


470 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


h'!'',^f 


liliv; 


his  removal  from  office.  This  was  followed  by  threats 
of  personal  violence.  Tlie  secretary  then  called  on 
the  United  States  marshal  for  protection,  who  in  turn 
called  upon  the  iniHtary  at  Fort  Boise,  and  a  squad 
of  infimtry  was  stationed  in  front  of  the  legislativi; 
hall,  which  only  increased  the  v'iolence  of  the  disloyal 
members.  To  avert  a  collision,  judijes  McBrido  and 
Cummings  recommended  Hewlett  to  pay  all  such  as 
would  then  take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  which,  on  tlio 
following  day,  the  majority  consented  to  do,  and  tlu; 
threatened  emeute  was  prevented.*"  This  law-makiim' 
body,  elected  by  rebellion  sympathizers,  has  bctii 
styled  the  'guerrilla  legislature.'  "The  third  session," 
writes  one,  "was  by  all  good  men,  irresjiectivo  of 
party,  jn-onounccd  iid'anious,  but  this  one  is  Sataiiic.'"^"* 
Ballard's  policy  as  governor  was  such  that  his  ])olit- 
ical  o})[)oneiits  very  much  desired  to  get  him  out  of 
office.***  llolbrook  had  been  reelected''^  delegate  in 
180G,  and  was  in  Washington  for  the  furtherance  (if 
any  schemes  coiu'octed  by  his  constituents,  the  ])i'in- 
cipal  one  being  a  [)lan  by  which  Ballard  could  be  un- 
seated and  a  man  [)ut  in  his  place  who  could  l)e  used 

"  Idaho  Jonr.  Hnvxc,  lcSGO-7,  4!-;  Oin/htf  AvitlancJic,  .Jim.  10,  ISOT;  /l"is6 
Stalcstiiaii,  .Inn.  ]."),  l.S(>7. 

^"iS'rfc.  Union,  Jan.  'J.'i,  lSfi7.  The  nuMiihcrs  of  tho  I'lmucil  in  ISGi;  7  wvw, 
S.  P.  Sc'iiniker,  If.  ( '.  Sticct,  (iicngo  Ainsli(S  E.  A.  Stuvonson,  (if  lloi-..' 
county;  11.  C  llij-'Lja  of  Ail.i;  A.  M.  Qiii\(y  of  AltnraH;  L.  1'.  liiowii  of 
"Si-/.  I'lTcO;  S.  S.  I'"i  lui  of  Miilio;  M.  A.  (,'aitoi'  of  Oneida;  li.  T.  .Xniirr  of 
(Jwyliec;  W.  II.  Hudson  of  .simslinno.  Ainslio,  pivsidciit.  Miniliort)  nf  tliu 
hou.sc:  F.  W.  IJfll,  (Jfor^'c  Stalloicl,  W.  L.  Law,  \V.  II.  raikiiison,  of  i'.uiMJ 
county;  (J.  \V.  I'aul,  .lolin  (Jo/;ul,  A.  W.  Flournoy,  Ada;  H.  .1.  X(iiil}kf, 
Nelson  Davi.s,  Alturas;  I).  (!.  Monroe,  A.  Fnglis,  Ow^licc;  A.  .McI>ouidiI,  .1. 
C.  Hums,  Idaiio;  W.  F.  .McMillcn,  Slioslioiic;  llcniy  Oidc,  Onciila;  .).  S. 
Taylor,  Nez  I'lTcc,     Floui'uoy  Kpo:kcr.  lilaho  Jour.  Li'i'iM.  As.si iiilJi/.  I  7, 

2-2\:i 

■■*  David  W.  Ballard  was  a  native  of  Indiana,  and  an  ininiigrant  to  Oic  i;n!i 
in  IS.VJ.  Ho  was  a  piiysiiian  l>y  iirofe.-i.sion,  Imt  had  seixed  in  the  Oiilou 
lei,'i.slaturc  from  Linn  county.  A  niild-nianueicd  man,  l)Ut  fearless.  Jitii^'i 
iS7f(/(',sv/if/»,  Aiiril  4,  lS(iS;  Jilnho  tS'-riijii,  l!(4. 

'"'Ijolhrook  is  said  to  iiave  studied  at  Oliellin  eolk'^e,  Ohio.  Ho  eanie  to 
tho  I'acitio  coast  in  1S.')!(,  and  practised  law  fur  a  short  time  at  A\'eaver\  illr, 
Cal.  Ho  followed  tho  lusli  to  the  N'ez  I'eree  mines,  and  tiieni'o  to  l!ei>i'. 
Ho  druidi  whiskey  freely,  and  had  pluck  and  assurance,  allhou-h  his 
attainments  Were  inediocii^  His  .'e^e,  when  ehicted  in  IS()4,  was  under  .'i') 
ycar.s.     His  services  to  tlu;  territory  were  the  securing  of  tiu)  penitcutiavy  aji- 

{iropriation  and  U.  S.  assay  oliice.  He  was  shot  and  killed  liy  Charles  I'on^;- 
ass  while  sitting  in  front  of  his  law  oliice  in  June  IS70.  jjoitui  Stall ••^inau, 
Juue  -J:.,  1870. 


GOVERNOR  BALLARD. 


471 


for  gain;  and  in  tliis  they  were  so  nearly  successful 
that  in  the  summer  of  1807  President  Johnson  was 
induced  to  suspend  Governor  Ballard  and  nominate 
Isaac  L.  Gibbs.  But  before  the  commission  was  made 
out  Johnson  had  changed  his  mind.  A  letter  eon- 
tainiiig  a  notice  of  suspension  had,  however,  been  sent 
to  Ballard,  which,  being  ft)rgotten,  was  not  revoked 
until  November,  when  he  was  restored  to  office.®^ 


makiim' 
s    been 


tivo   I  if 

''J8 


used 


Idaho  continued  to  be  democratic,  but  gradually 
the  more  objectionable  representatives  of  the  party 
were  discountenanced  and  dropped  out  of  sight.  In 
18G8  J.  K.  Shafer"^  was  elected  delegate  over  T.  J. 
IJutler,  founder  of  the  Jjoise  Xetrs,  the  })ioneer  news- 
pa})L'r  of  southern   Idaho.^''     The  last  two  years  of 

^'  John  M.  Mnrpliy  of  Idaho  was  first  notninatcfl.  The  trickery  I)y  wliich 
tlie  suspension  of  JJallanl  was  cflected  has  been  explained  tiiiis:  In  March 
l.S(i7  conjji'ess  appropriated  several  hundred  thousand  dollars  to  )je  expended 
hy  tlie  Indian  department  in  Idaho,  and  this  money  it  was  desiralile  to  have 
diflmrsed  hy  democratic  ollieers.  To  this  enil  the  department  was  brought 
to  declare  that  it  did  not  recognize  Ballard  as  supcrintemlent,  although  by 
the  orgiinic  law  of  tlic  territory  that  was  his  oliice.  Fran<hilent  chai'ges  and 
false  ceitiiicates  were  used,  and  iidluences  brought  to  bear  amounting  to  tlio 
rcjiudiation  of  IJallard  as  governor  by  the  territory;  conse((Ueiitly  tlie  money, 
M  liicli  must  l)e  disbursed  to  put  an  end  to  Indian  wars,  could  not  be  paid  out 
until  another  appointment  was  nuide.  (iibbs'  name  being  sent  in,  and  the 
Kinato  about  to  adjourn,  the  nomination  was  confirmed.  Ikit  some  facts 
cdiiiiiig  to  light,  the  senate  withdrew  its  coulinnation  by  reconsidering  the 
matter,  and  finally  laying  it  on  the  table  ten  minutes  before  adjournment. 
Jli)i.-<r.  S/ii'csmaii,  Sept.  14,  1S(J7.  President  Johnson  then  reappointed,  under 
tlie  provisions  of  the  tenure-of-otlice  law  permitting  him,  dining  a  rectiss  of 
niiigiess,  to  suspend  on  satisfactory  evidence  of  crime,  inisctjnduct  in  oliice, 
or  disability.  Within '20  days  after  the  reassend)ling  of  the  senate  the  pro- 
test of  tliehjyal  people  of  Idaho  was  laid  before  it,  and  Ballard  was  reinstated, 
A ttdiney -general  Stanberry  holding  that  his  I'emoval  during  recess  \\as  not 
leL:al.   Otri/hir.  Al'dldlirhi',  Sept.  '21,  1S(J7. 

''■  Sliafer  was  a  lawyer  of  ability;  immigrated  to  Cal.  in  1840;  was  a  native 
of  Lexington,  Va,  and  graduate  of  the  college  at  that  place;  'was  first  tlist 
iitty  iif  San  .Joaquin  eo. ,  and  for  10  years  judge  of  the  dist  court  of  said  county;' 
went  to  Idaho  as  a  pioneer;  possessed  line  literary  attainments  and  irre- 
]ir(i:irliable  eiiaracter.  Died  at  jMireUa,  Xev.,  Nov.  '22,  1870.  OirylwvAva- 
lanrlw,  Dee.  '2,  1S7<I. 

''''I'liire  were  a  few  newspapers  started  for  political  cfTect  about  this  time. 
The  ThntH  of  Idaho  City  was  independent.  The  Idaho  liiilt  x,  published  at 
Silver  ("ity,  Owyhee,  by  W.  ().  TA'ault,  about. June  I,  l.S(i(>,  was  deniocr.itic. 
The  Tiirilvrial  Kiiti  r/irixi'  was  started  in  ISfil!;  the  ShIukui  ( 'ili/  Minhnj  Ni  ir.-i 
ill  lS(i7  by  I'^rank  Kenyon,  afterward  removed  to  Montana;  the  llui^r  !>inut- 
irn/,  first  issued  Nov.  '20,  IS(>7,  at  liois(5  ('ity,  liy  ihichanan  &  (.'arleton, 
fniMier  ]iroj)rietors  of  the  Ihillcl'ui  of  Silver  City;  in  Feb.  ISOS  the  Jhnwrrat 
u.is  sold  to  liail  k  C'arleton,  and  in  .lune  ISfiS  it  was  discontiinied.  Tho 
J.nrinluii  Journal  wixa  issued  Jan.  17,  iyti7,  by  A.  Luland  &  Sou;  a  non-par- 


^      I 


472 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


h 


1 ' ' 


ii    I 


! 


Ballard's  administration  was  peaceful  as  it  was  wise 
and  energetic.  On  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office 
two  thirds  of  the  citizens  of  Idaho  territory  volun- 
tarily petitioned  for  his  reappointment/*  but  another 
appointment  had  been  made/"  that  of  Oilman  Marstoii 
of  New  Hampshire.  Secretary  Hewlett  was  also  dis- 
placed by  the  appointment  of  E,  J.  Curtis,  who — 
Oovernor  Marston  not  yet  havinf^  arrived — delivered 
the  annual  message  to  the  legislature  of  1870,  and 
remained  acting  governor^  for  a  year  and  a  half, 
during  which  time  Marston  resiijned  and  Thomas  A. 
Bowen  was  appointed  governor,"  who  also  resigned, 
when  Thomas  W.  Bennett'^  was  appointed,  and  ac- 
cepted. Idaho  did  not  appear  to  men  at  a  distance 
to  be  much  of  a  paradise,  politically  or  otherwise. 
The  republicans  again  put  forward,  in  1870,  T.  J. 
Butler  as  a  candidate  for  the  delegateship,  but  he  was 
again  defeated  by  the  democratic  candidate,  S.  A. 

tisan  journal.  It  suspended  in  Feb.  1872.  The  newspapers  which  succeeded 
tlie  Jonrmil  at  Lcwiaton  were  the  Siijual,  hegun  immediately  after  tlic  sus- 
pension of  the  Journal,  which  lived  about  two  years,  to  be  succeeded  l>y  the 
Nortluriicr  for  two  years  more,  and  again  by  the  Teller,  A.  Leland  editor  nnd 
proprietor,  in  187C.  The  Idaho  Herald  was  started  at  Boisd  City  in  OotobcT 
1871,  surviving  only  until  April  1872.  The  Boisd  liepnhlicau,  established  iit 
Bois(5  City  March  1,  1879,  was  at  that  date  the  largest  journal  published  in 
Idaho,  and  by  its  prosperity  illustrated  the  change  in  political  sentiinoiit. 
Published  by  Daniel  Bacon.  Tlic  Ynnlre.  Fork  Jlerald  was  established  at 
Bonanza  City  July  24,  1879,  by  Mai-k  W.  Musgrovc,  who  also  started  tlio 
A  If  arm  Miner  in  1880.  &cq  Shoiiji's  Idaho  7'(t.,  M8.,  9;  Yankee  Fork  Her- 
ald, April  3,  1880;  ."?.  F.  Alfn,  Oct.  G,  18G7;  U.  S.  9th  Censits,  Pop.,  482-9:^. 

»'See  farewell  letter,  in  V  ■!■■»!■  Statesman,  July  2.3,  1870. 

*'  Samuel  Bard  was  first  appointed  to  succeed  Ballard.  He  was  from  Now 
York,  but  in  18GG  was  editing  the  Atlanta  Xew  Era,  and  declined.  A.  11. 
Conner  was  also  spoken  of  as  governor.     He  was  of  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

""The  Boixi  Statesman  of  Feb.  5,  1870,  says:  'He  h.as  brought  order  out 
of  confusion  in  tlie  books  and  papers  of  the  oUice,  and  has  labored  hard  Jind 
successfully  at  the  form.ation  of  a  working  state  library.'  Curtis  was  a  native 
of  Massachusetts,  and  a  lawyer.  He  came  to  Cal.  in  1849;  resided  in  .Slsld- 
you  CO.,  which  twice  elected  him  to  the  Icgislatui-c;  was  judge  of  the  enuit 
of  sessions  in  Trinity  co.  for  two  years;  came  to  Owj'heo  in  18G.">,  and  settled 
finally  in  Boisti  City  in  the  practice  of  the  law.  Owyhee  Avalanche,  Nov.  l.'i, 
187;".. 

"  Bowen  was  a  southern  republican;  liacl  been  district  judge  of  Arkaus.ns. 

*"  Bennett  was  born  in  Ind.  Feb.  10,  1831,  griiduatcd  at  Asbury  university 
in  1S54,  and  studied  huv.  On  the  breaking-out  of  the  civil  war  lie  enli.nled 
as  a  private,  but  was  chosen  captain  of  a  company  in  the  l.'itli  Indiana  yo\a. 
Ho  was  commissioned  major  of  the  3Cth  Ind.,  and  afterward  col  of  the  (ITth; 
brcvctted  brig.-gen.  March  5,  18G5;  visited  Europe  in  18G7;  was  elected 
mayor  of  Ricfunoud,  Ind.,  in  1869.  likhmond  Herald,  in  Oicyhee  Avalaiuhe, 
Doc.  9,  1871. 


W. 


DISTRICT  JUDGES. 


473 


Merritt.  In  1872  the  republican  candidate,  J.  W. 
Huston,  was  overwhelmingly  defeated  by  John  Hailey, 
democrat.^* 


tor  niid 

'ctoliiT 

led  at 

icil  ill 

incut. 

icil  at 

ted  tlio 

•/j  ll,r- 

4Sl2-'j;j. 


The  chief  justiceship  was  left  vacant  by  the  resig- 
nation of  McBride,  until  the  appointment  of  David 
Noggle  in  18G9,  a  man  whose  brain  was  affected,  and 
who  allowed  himself  to  be  made  the  instrument  by 
which  thieving  politicians  carried  their  points.*"  The 
a:^sociates  of  Nogole  were  William  C.  Whitson  in  the 
1st  and  J.  R.  Lewis  in  the  3d  districts."^  Lewis 
was  an  upright,  able  judge,  and  became  immediately 
obnoxious  to  the  dominant  political  ring,  which,  to 
get  him  out  of  office,  resorted  to  the  device  of  send- 
ing a  forged  resignation  to  Washington.'''^  Before  the 
trick  was  discovered,  M.  E.  HoUister"^  had  been  ap- 
pointed in  his  place.*"  Hollister  succeeded  Noggle 
as  chief  justice  in  1875,  and  John  Clark  succeeded 
Hollister  in  the  third  district.  Whitson  died  in  De- 
cember 1875,  when  Henry  E.  Prickett  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  first  district,*''  which  position  he  held 

'■' Ilailcy  w.as  a  business  man,  ami  employed  a  largo  number  of  persons, 
vlio  ■worked  for  his  election,  wliilo  Huston's  friends  were  not  thorouglily  or- 
ganized. Huston  was  a  good  public  speaker,  and  had  been  district  attorney. 
Pio'ixr  Slatcuman,  Nov.  10,  187-. 

'''David  Xoirglc  was  from  Monroe,  W^is.,  where  ho  was  a  leading  lawyer 
••iinl  campaign  speaker.  For  9  years  ho  served  as  a  circuit  judge  in  that  .state. 
111!  licld  the  oiiico  of  chief  justice  of  Idaho  for  G  years.  Soon  after  his  re- 
moval his  disea.sc,  softening  of  tlic  brain,  developed  fully,  and  his  errors  in 
fiilice  were  imputed  to  it.  lie  died  July  IS,  1878,  at  his  homo  in  Wisconsin, 
M.  Ivelly,  in />'o;,sd  .5<«^Mm(ij(,  July 'J7,  1878. 

'''  Tlioinas  J,  Bowers  of  Cal.  was  appointed  chief  justice  in  the  latter  part 
of  )S(j8,  but  did  not  serve.  11.  T.  Miller  was  also  appointed  judge  of  the  ."Jd 
district  before  Whitson,  but  did  not  accept.  Idaho  Laws,  1SG8-9,  149; 
(■(fw//'.s  Yiar-L'ooL;  18G9,  493. 

''-JJoi-^6  Slatc-iman,  Aprii  15  and  May  1.*?,  1871;  S.  F.  Clironf'-\-,  iMay  7, 
1N(7.  The  same  means  waa  used  to  get  rid  of  Lewis  in  Washington,  by  the 
whiskey. sellers  of  .Seattle. 

"••  Hollister  waa  from  Ottawa,  111.,  and  a  pioneer  of  that  state.  BoisS 
SliiicMmaii,  May  l.'J,  1871. 

'^^*  Wiiitson  was  from  Oregon.  He  had  been  chosen  county  clerk  of  Polk 
wlicn  21  years  of  age,  and  elected  co.  judge  at  '28  years.  He  was  a  man  of 
hlicral  eihication,  and  a  successful  law  yiractitioner. 

"■'Alaiison  Smith  of  IJoise  City  was  tlie  people's  choice  for  judge— a  choice 
rxpvesHcd  by  petition;  but  trickery  again  prevailed,  and  Prickett  was  mado 
«>>iiciate  justice.  His  antecedents  were  anything  but  creditable,  as  he  had 
hirii  coniidential  elerk  to  .1.  C  (leer,  collector  of  internal  revenue,  who  de- 
f  uliel  to  the  amount  of  !j>21,000.  Ho  had  boon  a  member  of  the  legisktive 
cuuncil  in  1874-5. 


474 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


^  iiiiiP^**! 


down  to  1884,  from  which  it  would  appear  that  he 
administered  the  laws  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  the 
majority  in  his  district. 

Governor  Bennett  svas  succeeded  by  D.  P.  Thomj)- 
son  of  Oregon,  a  rising  man  in  his  state.**  Bennett, 
while  still  in  office,  ran  on  the  republican  ticket  fi)r 
delegate  to  congress,  against  S.  S.  Fenn,  democrat. 
There  were  some  irrciTfularitics  in  the  election  returns, 
and  the  election  was  contested.  Coming  before  con- 
gress, Fenn  was  declared  elected,  and  in  1877  was 
returned  to  tlie  same  office  for  another  teiin.''^ 
Thompson  did  not  long  retain  the  gubernatorial  ollici", 
his  private  affairs  requiring  his  ])resence  in  Oregon. 
Ho  was  succeeded  in  187G  by  M.  Brayman,  Curtis 
continuing  in  the  secretary's  office  until  1878,  when 

'■'"Thompson  was  Iwrn  in  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  in  1834,  where  he  rrsiilid 
until  lie  iiiip-ated  to  Oregon,  owrland,  in  185.3.  The  following  spring  liu  in- 
gaged  in  the  public  surveys  under  Snrveyor-genei-al  Oan''  'er,  and  contimiLil 
ill  tlie  service  until  187-.  During  tliis  pei-iod  ho  ran  the  base  line  of  Oicl'ou 
across  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  the  Blue  Mountains,  and  the  Cohiinli::i 
<!iii(le  Meridian  north  to  the  I'ig  Bend  of  the  Columbia,  and  south  to  (ali- 
fiirnia.  ]fe  was  state  senator  from  1808  to  187-,  f roni Cladvanias  co.  Jii  h7- 
lie  was  apjioiuted  connnissioner  to  allot  lands  to  the  Indians  of  (irand  Kinul 
Indian  agency.  He  was  one  of  the  presidents  and  business  manager  of  tliu 
Oregon  City  Woollen  Mill,  in  which  ho  was  joint  owner  with  Jacol>s  Urns 
and  L.  AVIiite  &;  Bro.  From  187'2  to  1878  he  was  extensively  interested  in 
mail  contracts,  having  at  one  time  over  a  hundred  contracts  in  tlie  states  ami 
territories,  lie  was  appointed  by  President  Grant  governor  of  Idaho  in 
187"),  but  resigned  in  187(5  for  business  reasons,  returning  to  Oregon.  In  InT"^ 
he  was  elected  a  representative  from  Multnoni^h  co.  to  the  lower  house  uf 
the  Or.  legislature,  anil  the  year  following  was  chosen  mayor  of  I'ortlanil,  le- 
siguing  in  1S8'2.  The  Portland  Savings  Bank,  of  which  he  was  president, 
was  organized  by  him  in  1880;  and  he  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  I'iist 
National  Baidis  (jf  Walla  Walla,  of  Baker  City,  of  Union,  and  president  of 
tlie  Piank  of  McMinnville.  He  Iniilt  and  equipped  the  railroad  arouml  the 
Falls  of  the  Willainette,  between  Oregon  City  and  Canemah.  It  was  a  Imise- 
raih'oad,  cost  .?-.*?, 000,  and  in  one  year  paid  dividends  amounting  to  .*  1S,()I)0. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Willamette  Falls  and  Lock  Company,  widcli  cmi- 
structed  a  substantial  canal,  with  locks  about  the  falls.  In  1880  he  was  uiio 
of  the  organizers  of  the  Oregon  Construction  Company,  wiiich  opened  v.p  a 
large  portion  of  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  by  means  of  laiiioails. 
building  the  Umatilla  and  Baker  City  Railroad,  Or.,  and  tlie  Coluiiiliia  ;m\ 
Palouse  Kailroad,  Wasli.  In  1 88iJ  the  board  of  trade  of  Portlaml  sent  iiini 
ns  a  special  commissioner  to  Washington  city  to  obtain  from  congress  an  :i|'- 
propriation  for  the  improvement  of  the  Columbia  Kiver  bar,  in  wliicli  he  met 
with  his  customary  success.  Kntcrprising,  energetic,  and  far-seeing,  he  pie- 
sented  .a  standing  exanijile  of  what  these  (pialitiea  may  be  made  to  aehievo 
for  society  anil  one's  self. 

•>'  //.  Misc.  Doc,  8'_',  44th  cong.  1st,  aess.  Fenn  was  not  the  jiopuhir 
candidate  of  his  party  in  1874,  but  was  taken  as  a  coniprumisu  between  En- 
sign and  Foote.  Jhkiia  ludvimuknt,  Dec.  20,  1874. 


was 

C7 


f  tho 

sti'il  ill 
tis  ami 
111)  in 
l,\S 

1S(^    of 

il,  re- 
ilclit, 
First 
eiit  of 
tliu 
HUM'- 
■!,(ltlO. 

lis  I'UU 

lip  a 

roads, 
a  aii'l 
iiiiii 
111  a[i- 

'  llH'fc 
■IliuVQ 

ipular 
Ell- 


CHANGES  DESIRED. 


475 


H.  A.  Sidcbotham  was  appointed.  At  the  expiration 
of  Brayman's  term,  J.  13.  Neil  became  governor,  and 
Theodore  F.  Singiser  secretary.  In  1878  George 
Ainshe  was  elected  to  succeed  Fenn  as  delegate  to 
c(jngrcss.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term  he  was  again 
returned  to  this  place. 

A  matter  which  greatly  troubled  the  people  of  tho 
Idalio  panhandle  was  their  isolation  and  want  of  a 
comnmnity  of  interest  with  the  southern  counties. 
On  the  removal  of  the  capital  in  1804-5,  they  desired 
the  reannexation  of  this  portion  of  the  territory  to 
Washington.  For  the  purpose  of  advocating  this 
measure,  the  Ihididtor  ni;wspaper  was  established  at 
]je\viston,  and  the  subject  was  not  soon  suftered  to 
drop,  either  by  the  people  of  northern  Idaho  or  Ijy 
those  of  Washington,  who,  as  I  have  before  shown, 
were  equally  desirous  of  recovering  this  lost  turritory. 

The  Idaho  legislature  of  18G5-G  passed  a  memorial 
to  congress  praying  that  the  jiortion  of  the  territory 
IvinLT  south  of  the  Salmon  River  Mountains  miiilit 
dissolve  connection  witli  the  panhandle,  and  receivu 
instead  as  much  of  Utah  as  lay  north  of  41"  30'; 
while  that  ])ortion  of  Montana  lying  west  of  the 
Kocky  ^Mountains,  the  northern  part  of  Idaho, 
ami  the  eastern  part  of  Washington,  should  constitute 
a  si'jjarate  commonwealth,  to  be  called  the  territory 
of  Columbia.  The  people  of  the  W^alla  Walla  Valley, 
hciug  strongl}''  in  favor  of  a  readjustment  of  boun- 
daries, aided  the  agitation,  which  in  18G7  was  at  its 
luight,  meetings  being  hekl  and  memorials  adoj)ted  in 
Li'wiston  and  Walla  Walla. "^^  ]3ut  neither  Montana 
nor  southern  Idaho,  on  reflection,  would  consent  to 
till!  division.  jNIontana  wished  to  retain  the  Bitter 
]ioot  Valley,  and  southern  Idaho  feared  to  have  its 
burdon  of  taxation  increased  bv  i)arting  with  any  <>f  its 
lioltulation,  already  diminishing  with  the  exhaustion 

'n.liiho  Lawn,  186r)-0,  293;  Li'whtou  Journal,  Oct.  3,  1807;  Walla  ]\'ulla 
aiatciii.Kiii,  Out.  4  ami  Nov.  1,  1S()7. 


'lit'       ! 


i<i''i' 
il|' 


Mi 


Ml" 


476 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


'^ 


i  1 


of  its  placer  mines.*"  Still  another  proposition  was 
made  in  18G9  by  the  leijfislaturo  of  Nevada,  to  )<■- 
adjust  the  boundary  of  Idaho,  by  annexing  to  that 
connnonwealth  the  rich  mineral  territory  lyinj]^  south 
of  Snake  Riv^er  between  the  eastern  boundary  ol" 
Oregon  and  the  eastern  limit  of  Nevada,  or,  in  direct 
terms,  the  Owyhee  country.  This  project  was  also 
strongly  protested  against  by  Idaho,  and  was  rejected 
by  congress.'" 

But  much  dissatisfaction  still  existed  concerning' 
the  manner  in  which  the  extensive  district  lying 
between  the  Cascade  and  Rocky  mountains  had  l)(;eii 
partitioned  off  in  the  hurry  of  forming  new  territories. 
It  had  always  been  held  by  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  Oregon  people  tliat  the  natural  boundary  of  their 
state  on  the  east  was  the  Cascade  ranjije:  but  if  tliev 
were  to  retain  the  country  cast  of  the  mountains,  they 
desired  to  have  the  Snake  River  for  their  boundary 
on  the  north  as  well  as  the  east,  giving  them  tlie 
Walla  Walhi  Valley.  Washington,  while  less  wilHiin- 
to  part  with  its  eastern  division,  was  positive  about 
never  yielding  the  Walla  Walla  Valley  to  Oregon,  and 
so  the  two  connnunitics  could  never  agree  to  the  same 
scheme  of  redivision.  The  Idaho  legislature  of  1870 
again  memorialized  congress  for  a  change,  but  none 
that  would  leave  the  territory  less  able  to  maintaiu 
the  burden  of  government,  interfere  witli  the  con- 
gressional ratio  of  representation,  or  decrease  the  pi'os- 
pect  of  arriving  at  the  dignity  of  statehood.  A  i)lan 
was  then  discussed  by  journalists  of  making  a  state 
out  of  eastern  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Idaho. 

About  the  same  time  the  citizens  of  the  town  of 
Corrinne  in  Utah  petitioned,  but  in  vain,  to  have  that 
portion  of  Utah  north  of  the  north  line  of  Colorado 
annexed  to  Idaho,  not  being  in  sympathy  with  the 
government  of  the  Mormon  church.     The  boundary 

«»i?o«,sd  Statesmni),  Sept.  21,  18C7;  H.  Mhc.  Doc,  100,  .SOtb  co!!,;:;.  l^t  scss. 

"iVrw.  Jour.  Sell.,  18(i!),  'J.S;  /(/.,  1S71,  17."i;  .!//>.  J)or.,  :V2,  4-M  con,-,  l.-t 
BOSS.;  Cong.  Globe,  1870-1,  OGO;  JSjuie  i:lUiksiuan,  June  23, 1801);  hi.,  Jn".  -"-'i 
1870. 


TERRITORIAL  EXTENT. 


477 


|\vn  of 

that 

)r;i<to 

1  tlie 

ulaiy 

st  soss. 

11'.'.  Isb 

Juii.  lilt, 


line  between  Utah  and  Idaho  was  not  then  ostabhshed, 
l)ut  was  surveyed  in  1871,  when  it  was  found  that 
several  larirc  settlements  which  had  previously  paid 
ttixes  and  tithin<;s  in  Utah  were  over  the  line  in 
Llaho.  Defining  this  boundary  gave  Idaho  about 
•J, 500  inhabitants  more  than  previously  claimed,  and 
a  considerable  addition  to  its  wealth,  as  nine  tenths  of 
the  p()[)ulation  thus  acquired  belonged  to  a  class  of 
large  farmers  and  cattle-raisers.'^  The  proposition  to 
reunite  northern  Idaho  to  Washington  was  revived  in 
IS7;],  with  the  unification  of  the  gi'eat  Columbia  basin 
under  the  designation  of  Columbia,'"  a  plan  dear  to 
lln!  hearts  of  the  people  east  of  the  northern  branch 
u['  the  Columbia. 

The  surface  of  Idaho,  after  taking  all  the  territory' 
east  of  the  Rocky  and  Bitter  Koot  mountains  to 
create  Montana  in  18G4,  to  enlarge  Dakotah,  and  to 
oiganize  Wyoming  in  18G8,  was  over  80,000  square 
niih's,  or  n(;ai'ly  as  large  as  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania together.  Its  northern  boundary  was  latitui^ie 
41)  ,  and  its  southern  42°.  At  its  greatest  width  it 
was  seven  degrees  of  longitude,  also,  in  extent.  There 
was  grand  and  wonderful  scenery,  great  mineral  and 
inanul'acturing  resources,  and,  what  was  not  known  at 
th(!  time  of  its  settlement,  'njod  an'ricultural  lands  in 
all  its  sunny  vales.  Most  of  the  disorders  which  at- 
tmdcd  its  infancy  as  a  territory  soon  disappearcMl. 
Hidden  in  a  great  mass  of  sin  and  folly  were  the  ele- 
ments of  socia.l  excellence,  which,  with  an  op])ortunity 
to  germinate,  spread  their  goodly  branches  through- 
out the  land.'^ 

''Thcadilitioii  tlius  made  consisted  of  the  settlements  of  Franklin,  Weston, 
Maliiilc,  I'isli  Haven,  Ovid,  i>looniiiij,'t(in,  J'aris,  and  St  Cluirles.  The  lar^'er 
I'liitiiiii  (jf  Ikar  Lake  was  also  found  to  Ijo  nortii  of  tlie  line,  /'cjit  Si'r.  Inf.,  i. 
l'i!l,  4-d  eoiig.  3d  aess;  Coikj.  Olobc,  1S70-1,  app.  'Mi-,  ."iOO;  ZahriiiLwn  Land 

I.'Or..    II  IS. 

'•'  L<  irisini,  fii:ii)((l,  Nov.  1  and  Dec.  !.■],  IST."?,  and  Mareli  '28,  lS7-t. 

■■'  The  followin'^'  is  a  list  of  tlie  federal  and  territorial  olUccrs,  and  nicinhers 
nf  the  h'L'islature  from  the  orgauiKaliun  of  the  territory  of  Idaho  to  liSSl. 
Till  li^ts  of  kgi.ilators  down  to  ISO(»  have  lieen  given,  18G4:  governor,  W. 
II.  \V:iIliU'c,  resigned  to  Ijueome  delegate;  secretary,  W.  1}.  Daniels;  auditor, 
1'.  I'.  I.a:iil)kin;  treasurer,  D.  S.  Kenyon;  marshal,  U.  8,  I'ayne;  chief  justice, 
■'^idir  y  Edgerton;  associate  justices,  Siumucl  C.  Parks  aud  Alex.  C.  Smith; 


m 


478 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


2",  1  I 


attorney  of  1st  distriot,  Thomas  M.  Pomeroy;  2tl  district,  George  C.  Ilougli; 
3(1,  vacant;  clerk  of  court,  J.  C.  Henly. 

180'):  governor,  (,'alcl)  Lyon  of  \.  Y.;  secretaiy,  C.  De  Witt  Smith;  ilde- 
gate,  E.  D.  ilolhruok;  judiciary  same  us  in  18G4;  clerk  of  court,  K.  C.  Muy- 
liew. 

18GG:  governor  and  supt  of  Ind.  aflfaira,  Caleb  Lyon;  secretary,  il.  C.  (111. 
son  of  Oliio;  chief  justice,  John  11.  McJiridc  of  Or.;  associate  justices,  -Milton 
Kelly  of  Wis.  and  A.  C.  Smith  of  Or.;  U.  S.  marshal,  J.  II.  Alvord  of  \. 
Y.;  L'.  S.  revenue  assessor,  M.  C  Brown  of  Me;  U.  S.  collector,  .Tohu  Ciiiii- 
luinsof  Or. ;  territorial  treasurer  and  cx-oiiicio  prison  commissioner,  E.  C.  Stir- 
ling; comptroller  and  cx-olUcio  librarian,  II.  IJ.  Lane;  supt  of  pulilio  instnic'- 
tiou,  J.  A.  (Jhittendun;  attorney  of  2d  district  (McBride's),  (J.  B.  Waitc; 
clerk,  W.  B.  Smith. 

1;>U7:  governor,  David  Ballard  of  Or.;  secretary,  S.  R.  Howlett  of  Idaho; 
judiciary,  McBi'ide,  Kelly,  and  John  Cummins;  marshal,  Alvord;  U.  S.  rev- 
enue assessor,  Austin  Savage  of  Idaho,  vice  George  Woodman;  U.  S.  col- 
lector, J.  C.  (iecrof  Idaho  (formerly  of  Or.);  surveyor-general,  L.  K.  ('artur 
of  Idaho;  attorney  1st  (list,  Erauk  Dalton;  clerk,  Warren  A.  Belcher;  atty 
'Jd  (list,  .J.  J.  May;  clerk,  W.  B.  Smith;  3d  dist  atty,  E.  J.  Curtis;  clcik,  U. 
E.  lluUeck. 

1808:  governor,  David  Ballard;  secretary,  S.  R.  Howlett;  judiciary  sanio 
as  above;  U.  S.  attorney,  Henry  E.  Prickett,  vice  Hough;  Hough  made  linl- 
ian  agent;  re^dstrar  U.  S.  land-o(hco,  It.  If.  '''>rown;  receiver,  J.  C.  Can-oil; 
comptroller,  U.  W.  Bishop;  attorney  of  1st  district,  W.  W.  Thayer;  of  ;jj 
district,  L.  I'.  Ilighce;  other  olKcers  same  as  in  preceding  year. 

The  iiieinhcrs  of  the  iltli  legislature,  1808-!),  were — councilmen:  O.  W.  Paul 
of  Ada  county;  Y.  S.  Anderson  of  Alturas;  W.  M.  Yance,  R.  U.  Allen,  A.  ,1. 
Bonner,  and  C.  C.  Dudley  of  Boisi';  S.  P.  C.  Howard  of  Idaho;  J.  S.  'iaylorof 
Isez  Percij;  E.  E.  Ensign  of  Owyhee;  J.  M.  Taylor  of  Oneida;  B.  F.  Yaiitisof 
Shoshone;  Taylor  president.  Members  of  the  lower  house:  Thomas  II.  Cal- 
loway, S.  ]}.  Wright,  Thomas  B.  Hart  of  Ada  county;  Meredith  Kelly,  Lewis 
Liidieck,  of  Alturas;  ^V.  S.  Harlcy,  S.  T.  Hussmau,  D.  McCrew,  D.  B.  .Mooijy, 
S.  ( Joodenough,  Bailey  Ilayden,  V.  Marx,  Thomas  Foy,  of  Boisii;  E.  T.  Be:itty, 

E.  .Mulkey,  of  Idaho;  G.  \V.  Bell,  V.  S.  Zeigle,  of  Xez  Perc(^';  Patrick  Caiiip- 
liell.  Seth  Catlin,  P.  S.  Quinn,  of  Owyhee;  F.  M.  Shoemaker  of  Oneida;  \V. 
A.  (loulder  of  Shoshone;  Boatty  speaker.  The  attaeh(js  of  the  council  were: 
(rcorgc  Ainslie  secretary;  A.  H.  Purdy  asst-sec;  Thomas  Sweeney  enrolling 
clerk;  W.  \V.  Habusham  engrossing  clerk;  S.  B.  Dilley  sergt-at-arms;  Lewis 

F.  Aljjcy  doorkeeper;  Robert  (iillespie  page.  Attaches  of  the  lower  hoiisi': 
H.  F.  Say rs  chief  clerk;  E.  Raynor  asst-clerk,  George  Ish  engrossing  cl^rk; 
J.  H.  Slater  enrolling  clerk;  John  Donovan,  sergt-at-arms;  J.  Wells  door- 
keeper; George  W.  Buttcrfield  page. 

ISO!):  governor,  David  Ballard;  secretary,  R.  R.  Howlett;  chief  justi(^o, 
David  Noggle  of  \Vis. ;  associates,  William  C.  Whitson,  and  M.  E.  Hollister, 
vice  J.  R.  Lewis,  resigned;  U.  S.  marshal,  H.  W.  Moulton;  surveyor-general, 
Edward  Rugger;  receiver,  James  Hunt. 

1870:  governor,  Thomas  W.  Bennett  of  Ind.,  vice  Oilman  Marstnn  and 
Thomas  A.  Bowen,  resigned  without  acting;  secretary,  E.  J.  Curtis  of  Idaho; 
delegate  to  cimgress,  S.  A.  Merritt;  judiciary  as  above;  U.  S.  dist  attormy, 
J.  W.  Huston;  U.  S.  marshal,  Joseph  Pinkham;  surveyor-general,  L.  F. 
Cartee;  registrar  l]ois(5  land  district,  T.  Donaldson;  receiver,  James  Stout; 
assessor  U.  S.  revenue,  A.  Savage;  collector,  J.  C.  Geer;  territorial  treasinvr, 
John  S.  Gray;  comptroller,  D.  Crane;  clerk  supreme  court,  Thomas  DonalJsuii; 
register  in  Bois6  City,  H.  W.  O.  Margary. 

Members  of  the  Gth  legislative  assembly,  1870-1 — councilmen:  I.  N".  Coston 
of  Ada  county;  John  McNally  of  Alturas;  R.  G.  Allen,  W.  Lynch,  N.  M. 
Yancc,  and  H.  A.  Mattox  of  B(jist^;  S.  P.  C.  Howard  of  Idaho;  B.  J.  Nm- 
dyke  of  Lemhi;  C.  C.  Call  of  Ncz  Perc(5;  J.  H.  Stump  of  Oneidn;  D.  <J. 
Monroe  and  (iilmore  Hays  of  Owyhee;  B.  F.  Yantis  of  Shoshone;  D.  <!. 
Monroe  president.     Members  of  the  lower-house;  W.  A.  Yates,  W.  T.  I'oi- 


IDAHO  OFFICIALS  AND  LEGISLATORS. 


479 


tor,  T.  D.  Calahan,  ami  P.  Everett  of  Ada  county;  R.  W.  Marshall  and  E. 
]$,  Hall  of  Alturas;  J.  H.  Wickorsliam,  I).  IJ.  ^looiiey,  J.  .1.  Toiiiiikiiis,  A. 
j;.  Calloway,  Joiin  West,  J.  II.  llawley,  .Julian  Sniitii,  and  J.  <!.  I1iil;1ios  of 
ISoisi's  I'erry  Clark  and  I*.  Clcary  of  Idaho;  .Juiloraon  Williams  of  Lcnild; 
J.  1'.  iSilverwood  and  H.  il.  Wheeler  of  Nez  I'erct';  .).  \V.  Moi-^;au  of 
Oneida;  J.  H.  Pierce,  W.  P.  Upsher,  P.  Campbell,  J.  R.  Crawford,  and  W. 
JI.  Van  .Slyke  of  Owyhee;  W.  IJ.  Yantisof  Sh(whone.     ^V.  A.  Vates  speaker. 

Mcnihers  of  the  7th  legislative  assembly,  187--3 — councilnR'ii:  1.  N'.  Cositoa 
(Hid  J.  15.  Wright  of  Ada;  John  McXally  of  Alturas;  Ijcnjainin  Willson,  .1. 
V.  It.  Witt,  and  H.  A.  Mattox,  Uois.';  S.  P.  C.  Howanl,  Idalio;  B.  .).  \>ir- 
dyko,  Lemhi;  Gilnioro  Ilaya  and  L.  1'.  lligbec,  Owyhee;  J.  11.  Stump, 
Untida;  .Stanford  Capps,  Shoshone;  I.  N.  Coston  president.  .Moinber-f  of 
tlio  lower  house  (their  counties  are  not  given  in  the  journal):  Harvey  Hall, 
N.  15.  Willey,  J.  W.  Garrett,  Charles  Himrod,  Peter  Adams,  A.  Dean,  .lohn 
]5.  SisHins,  M.  J.  Biddy,  G.  \V.  Tomer,  J.  .T.  Apperson,  (r.  M.  I'araons,  .V.  P.. 
Anderson,  J.  H.  Tranger,  A.  E.  Calloway,  F.  Canipl)ell,  S.  S.  Fenn,  James  H. 
Dennett,  L.  H.  Hatch,  A.  T.  Hullaker,  Thomas  Elder,  Matt.  Davis,  ,1.  .M. 
Short,  S.  JI.  Jeffries,  P.  McMahon,  and  A.  L.  Simondi.    S.  S.  Fenn  sjjcaker. 

Menibersof  the  8th  legislative  assembly,  lS7-t-o— councilnien:  .V.  H.  Kobio 
and  II.  E.  Prickettof  Ada  county:  John  XcN'ally  of  Alturas;  J.  M.  Cannaily, 
J.  II.  JIawlcy,  and  R.  E.  Footo  of  Boise;  S.  P.'C.  Howard  of  Idaho;  E.  T. 
IJeatty  of  Lendii;  L.  P.  Brown  of  Xcz  Perce;  Angell  and  H.  Martin  of 
Uwyliee;  A.  Stalker,  Oneida;  W.  A.  Goulder,  Shoshone.  Jlendjeis  of  tlio 
lower  house:  J.  II.  Paddock,  Orlando  Robbins,  J.  H.  McCarty,  and  J.  15. 
Tierce  of  Ada  county;  R.  A.  Sidebotham  and  V.  S.  Anderson  of  .Vlturas; 
E,  A.  Stevenson,  Charles  W.  Stewart,  Frederick  Campbell,  (!.  ]!.  BaMwin, 
Calvin  R.  White,  James  W.  White,  Jlatthew  (i.  Luney,  and  .loseph  (,'ave, 
I'luise;  George  Shearer  and  Philip  Clcary,  Idaho;  George  L.  Shoupand  T.  C. 
Tiithill,  Lemhi;  J.  C.  Waldrip  and  William  (iroat,  Xcz  Perce;  Hunt,  Culp, 
I'oul,  and  Moore  of  Owyhee;  Clemens  of  Oneida;  C.  T.  X'elsiMi  of  Shoshone. 

IsTIi:  governor,  D.  P.  Thompson;  secretary,  E.  J.  Curtis;  delegate  to 
congress,  S.  S.  Fenn;  chief  justice,  M.  E.  HoUister;  associates.  W.  C.  \'v  liitsou 
aiidJohn  Clark;  district  attorney,  J.  W.  Huston;  U.  S.  marshal,  .losepli  I'ink- 
liuni;  surveyor-general,  L.  F.  Cartee;  register  of  Lewiston  land-olliee,  Seth  S. 
Slater;  receiver,  R.  J.  Monroe;  register  of  Boisii  land-ollice,  W.  P.  Thomiison; 
receiver,  James  Stout;  agent  X'ez  Percti  Indians,  J.  B.  Monteith;  internal 
revenue  collector,  Austin  Savage;  territorial  treasurer,  John  Huutoon;  terri- 
toviid  comptroller,  Joseph  I'errault. 

IS77:  governor,  M.  Brayman;  secretary,  E.  J.  Curtis;  delegate  to  congress, 
S.  S.  Fi'un.  Menibersof  the  yth  legislative  assembly,  lS7(i-7 — councilmen:  W. 
T.  lJ:iker  and  I.  X.  Coston  of  Ada  county;  R.  A.  Sidebotham  of  Alturas;  10.  A. 
Stevenson  and  J.  V.  R.  Witt  of  Boise;  E.  T.  Beatty  of  Lendii;  L.  P.  Hig- 
hue  of  Oneida;  R.  Tregraskis  and  F.  C.  Porter  of  Owyhee;  S.  P.  ('.  How- 
wanl  of  Idaho;  William  Budge  of  Bear  I*akc;  W.  G.  Langford  of  Xez  Perce; 
I>.  W.  C.  Dunwell  of  Shoshone.  E.  T.  Beatty  president.  Meud)er3  of  tho 
I'lwer  house:  F.  K.  Froman,  Thomas  Gray,  II.  K.  Hartley,  .1.  F.  GrilUii,  and 
1).  \j.  Warriner  of  Ada  county;  T.  J.  Curtis  and  C.  K.  Uavis  of  Alturas; 
JiUiies  II.  Hart  of  Bear  Lake;  Stephen  I )empsey,  M.  (}.  Luney,  .John  H,  Myer, 
Geori."!  W.  liichards,  and  I.  S.  Wider  of  15oise;  Philip Cleary  of  Idaho;  Jesso 
McC:deb  and  Leonard  G.  Morse  of  Lemhi;  S.  P.  Edwards  and  F.  Points  of 
Xez  IVree;  P.  A.  Tutt,  R.  L.  Wood,  E.  II.  Moore,  G.  W.  (aimurc,  and  John 
\V;i!(I  of  Owyhee;  J.  N.  High  and  W.  T.  Xorcro.ss  of  Oneida;  E.  llammoud 
of  Shoshone.     T.  J.  Curtis  speaker. 

ISiO:  governor,  J.  B.  X'eil;  secretary  T.  F.  Singiser;  delegate  to  congress, 
(leoru'e  .Vinslie.  Mc^ibers  of  the  10th  legislative  assembly,  lield  in  .Ian.  and 
Feb.  1S71),  according  to  an  act  passed  at  tlie  previous  session  eli;iuging  tho 
time  of  beginning  from  Dec.  to  Jan — councilmen:  .J.  B.  Pierce  and  M.  It.  .leu- 
kins  of  Ada  county;  George  M.  Parsons  of  Alturas;  Joseph  Travis  and  (ieorgo 
I'.^Ueii-ill  of  Boise;  J.  W.  Hart,  Bear  Lake;  X.  B.  Willey,  Idaho;  George  L. 
Shuup,  Lemhi;  William  Clemens,  Oneida;  B.  J.  Nordyko  and  Philip  A.  Reyau, 


480 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


Ml 


Otvyhcc;  George  A.  Manning,  Ncz  Pcrcd;  W.  B.  Yantis,  Shoshone.  N.  B.  Wil. 
Icy  president.  Members  of  the  lower  house:  Wiliiaiu  Allison,  T.  Gray,  \.  K. 
Calloway,  C.  B.  Humphrey,  and  II.  J.  G.  Maxon  of  Ada  county;  W.  if.  Butkr 
and  A.  Leonard  Myur  of  Alturas;  Joseph  C.  llichof  Bear  Lake;  J.  W.  Wliilc, 
]{oljert  ypenser,  ^L  G.  Hardin,  G.  B.  Baldwin,  and  11.  II.  llobb  of  lioiii; 
Vv'illiam  (J.  Pearson  of  Idaho;  D.  B.  Varucy  and  \V.  Birdsuyo  of  Lemlii; 
William  Kin^  and  J.  J.  Bonner  of  Xez  Perce;  Alex.  Stalker  and  D.  R.  Joiks 
of  Oneida;  G.  \V.  Nowsom,  P.  Weatherman,  William  Cooper,  Georj^o  Chapiii, 
antl  William  Nichols  of  Owyhee;  IJobertT.  Yantis  of  bhoshono.  W.  Biidi- 
eye  was  elected  speaker  on  the  102d  ballot. 

Under  tlio  reapiiortionment  act  of  Juno  3,  1S80,  there  were  elected  the 
following  members  of  tho  11  tli  legislative  assembly,  ISSO-l — councilmcn:  II. 
Z.  Johnson  of  Ada  county;  John  S.  Ilailey  of  Ada  and  Washington;  James 
Murray  of  Boisd;  S.  B.  Dilley  of  Boisd  and  Alturas;  J.  W.  Poo  of  Kez  LVnO; 

I.  B.  Cowea  of  Nez  Perc(5,  IShoshonc,  and  Lahtoh;  L.  P.  Wilmot  of  Lhilio; 

II.  Peek  and  L.  C.  Morrison  of  Oneida;  Charles  Cobb  of  Cassia  and  Owyhee; 
William  Budge  of  Bear  Lai--?;  W.  F.  Anderson  of  Lemhi.  Jolm  llaiky  ])ie.si- 
dent.  Meniljcrs  of  the  lower  house:  A.  E.  Calloway,  A.  S.  Gr.ay,  P.  J.  IMly, 
and  J.  Briimback  of  Ada  county;  Stcplicn  Dempsey  and  Frederick  Campljell 
of  Boise;  I.  W.  Garrett  of  Altuias;  James  Hart  and  J.  C.  Rich  of  Bear  Lake; 
R.  L,  Wood  of  Cassia;  E.  B.  True  and  T.  W.  Girton  of  Idaho;  James  L. 
Onderdonk  and  J.  J.  Gilsou  of  Lemhi;  I.  M.  Hibbs,  .S.  J.  Laugdon,  and  J. 
M.  llcdiick  of  Ncz  Perce;  J.  W.  Cummings  of  Owyhee;  W.  L.  >V'chster, 
Joseph  Dudley,  Alex.  Stalker,  and  David  R.  Jones  of  Oneida;  William 
Nichols  of  Shoshone;  Thomas  M.  Jeffrey  of  Washington.  E.  B.  True  speaker. 
Tho  oliiciul  register  of  ISSl  contains  tlio  names  of  Georgo  Ainslio  congies- 
eioual  delegate;  JoiinT.  Morgan  cliief  juitiee;  Norman  Buck  and  Ilcuiy  K. 
Prickett  a-rsociato  justices;  Wallace  R.  Wiiite  U.  S.  district  attorney;  K.  S. 
Chase  U.  S.  marshal;  A.  L.  Richardson  clerk  of  supremo  court;  E.  A.  .Stoi.o 
agent  at  Lemhi  Indian  reservation;  C.  D.  Warner  agent  at  Nez  Perc(5  reser- 
vation; R.  W.  Berry  collector  of  internal  revenue;  D.  P.  B.  Pride,  ('.  V. 
Coburn,  and  George  W.  Richards  deputies;  William  P.  Chandler  U.  S. 
surveyor-general;  T.  W.  Randall  chief  clerk;  Jolm  B.  Miller,  Jonathan  M. 
Howe,  and  August  Duddanhauscn  registers;  J.  Stout,  li.  J.  Alonroc,  and  A. 
W.  r.itton  receivers  of  pulilie  money 

1SS;{:  governor,  John  N.  Irwin. 

Members  of  tho  I'JUi  legislative  assembly,  1882-3— councilmcn:  J.  V.  I!. 
Witt  of  Ada  county;  Thomas  C.  Galloway  of  Ada  and  Washington;  Jos^pli 
Travis  of  Boise;  E.  A.  Wall  of  Boisd  and  Alturas;  C.  E.  Robinson  of  Bear 
Lake;  E.  P.  Johnson,  Custer  and  Lemhi;  P  A.  Regan,  Cassia  and  Owylico; 
James  Odle,  Idaho;  W.  L.  Webster  and  Henry  Peek,  Oneida;  William  S. 
Taylor,  Nez  Perce;  J.  B.  Cowen,  Ncz  Perce,  Shoshone,  and  Kootenai.  I].  A. 
Wall  president.  Mcudjers  of  the  lower  house:  D.  W.  Touch,  J.  P.  Wil  ;i»'i, 
I.  N.  Co^iton,  and  H.  K.  Hartley  of  Ada;  E.  M.  Wilson  of  Alturas;  II.  H. 
Robb  and  F.  Campbell  of  Bois(5;  Amos  R.  Wright  and  11.  S.  Woulky  vi 
Bear  Lake;  J.  C.  Shoup  of  Custer;  W.  C.  Martindalo  of  Cassia;  W.  C  Pear- 
son an  J  Robert  Larimer  of  Ida!:.7i  0.  A.  Dodgo  of  Kootenai  and  Slicislmin'; 
James  A.  Haywood  of  Lemhi;  A.  Ti'.  jhauan,  K.  Larson,  and  G.  \V.  Toiiei-  uf 
Nez  Perce;  J.  M.  Harbour  of  O'vylioe;  C.  J.  Rissett,  D.  L.  Evans,  M.  L. 
Gruwell,  and  J.  B.  Thatclier  vi  Ovieida;  F.  M.  Mickey  of  Washington.  1). 
W.  Fouch,  speaker.  Hollisier  w.s  succeeded  as  ciiief  justice,  Jan.  13,  I>i7i', 
by  William  G.  Thompson;  and  Thompson,  Juno  10,  1879,  by  John  T.  Mor- 
gan, who  licld  till  1885.  Norman  Buck  succeeded  Clark  as  a^30ciate  jusiieo 
iu  the  1st  district.  Case  Broderiek  was  tappointed  to  the  2d  diji;  in  May,  1884. 
Tho  chief  justice  took  tho  3d  dist  iu  187t). 

1881,  federal  officers:  governor,  William  M.  Bunn;  secretary,  D.  P.  H. 
Pride;  delegate,  T.  F.  Singiser;  surveyor-gen.,  Wni  F.  Chandler;  chief  jiistii;e, 
John  T.  Morgan;  ass.  justice,  1st  dist,  Norman  Buck;  '2d  dist,  Case  IJroiler- 
ick;  clerk,  A.  L.  Richardson;  asst  U.  S.  dist  atty,  W.  R.  White;  asst  U.  .'^. 
dist  atty,  Alanson  Smith;  marshal,  F.  T.  Dubois;  reg.  laud-office,  E.  L.  Cur- 
tis; receiver,  M.  Krebs. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


THREATENING  ASPECT  OF  AFFAIRS. 

1861-1874. 

TniBAL  AND  Tekritorial  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  Aborigines— Attititde  of  thb 
Nez  Perc6  Nation— Gold  Discovery  on  the  Nez  PERCii  Reservation 
— Council  at  Lapwai — Terms  of  Treaty  Disreoauded  by  the  White 
Men — Aboriginal  Diplomacy — Big  Thunder  and  the  Missionariij 
—Terms  of  the  New  Treaty— Claim  of  Eaole-from-the-light — 
Speech  of  Law  yi,R — Conference  with  Jostpu. 


The  native  races  of  Idaho  were  divided  by  the 
Salmon  River  range  of  mountains,  the  Nez  Pcrces 
being  tlic  representative  nation  of  the  northern  divis- 
ion, and  the  Shoshones  of  the  southern.  The  con- 
dition and  character  of  the  former  were  relatively 
higher  than  those  of  the  latter.^ 

J)unng  the  five  years'  war  from  1863  to  1868,  the 
history  of  which  I  have  given,  the  Nez  Perces  re- 
mained quiescent,  taking  no  part  in  the  hostilities, 
although  they  were  not  without  their  grievances,  which 
might  have  tempted  other  savages  to  revolt.  The 
troubles  to  which  I  here  r'ofer  began  in  1855,  with 
the  treaties  made  with  them  and  the  other  tribes 
of  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  by  Palmer  and 
Stevens,  superintendents  respectively  of  the  Indians 
of  those  territories.  At  this  council  there  were  two 
parties  among  the  Nez  Perces,  one  for  and  one  against 
a  treaty — a  peace  and  a  war  party — but  in  the  end  all 
signed  the  treaty,  and  observed  it,  notwithstanding  the 
strong  influences  brought  to  bear  upon  them  by  the 

^See  XativK  Eacen,  passim;  Hist,  Or.,  passim,  this  series. 

Hist.  Wi8B 31  (481) 


li-fS 


4S2 


THREATENING  ASPECT  OF  AFFAIRS. 


r!^ 


surrounding  tribes,  who  went  to  war  after  agrcciii':,' 
to  its  terms.  They  were  conquered,  and  the  country 
opened  for  settlement. 

It  was  at  this  period,  when  the  discovery  of  gold 
on  the  reservation  of  the  Nez  Perces  caused  white 
men  to  overrun  it  without  regard  to  the  rights  of  tho 
Indians,  that  their  loyalty  was  most  severely  tried, 
and  that  a  division  occurred  in  the  nation.  A  war 
at  this  time  was  narrowly  averted  by  the  combintMl 
eftbrts  of  Superintendent  Hale  of  Washington,  and 
Lawyer,  the  head  chief  of  the  Nez  Perces,  togotliLr 
witli  the  establishment  of  a  militar}'-  post  at  Lap- 
wai."^ 

At  a  council  held  in  August  18G1,  at  Lapwai, 
Eaglo-from-the-light  gave  his  voice  for  war,  and  lor 
a  coalition  with  the  Shoshones.  Looking-glass,  tlio 
for'ner  war  chief,  was  now  too  old  to  lead  in  battl(\ 
but  Eaole-from-the-lio-ht  was  eager  to  succeed  to  liis 
honors.  A  number  of  sub-chiefs  were  ready  to  sup- 
{)ort  this  measure;  but  on  the  other  hand,  the  powrr- 
ful  interest  represented  by  Lawyer  was  against  it, 
and  a  company  of  dragoons  under  Captain  Smith, 
stationed  at  Lapwai  ostensibly  to  protect  the  Indians 
from  the  impositions  of  the  miners,  was  a  standing' 
menace  to  the  Nez  Perces,  should  they  break  the 
peace.  The  council  finally  adjourned  without  agree- 
ing upon  anything  in  particular.* 

This  condition  of  the  Indian  mind  was  strongly 
represented  in  congress,  to  procure  an  appropriation 
of  $50,000  for  the  purpose  of  holding  a  treaty  with 
the  Nez  Perces  for   the  purchase  of  an  important 

'lam  awaro  it  Iiaa  been  saiil  that  before  the  war  of  1877  tho  Nez  I'licts 
never  slicd  white  Mood;  l)ut  this  is  an  error,  as  in  lSd"2  they  did  coniinit,  sev- 
eral imirders,  wliich  is  not  surprising  under  tho  eircuinstances.  Iml.  Jjl 
Jii'/if,  lsi',-J,  HWi.     A  wiiitc  man  was  also  killed  by  tlieni  near  Lapwiii  in  IMJ''. 

"  Xatlian  Ohiey,  wlio  is  good  authority  in  Inilian  matters,  writiuj,'  to  The 
Ddllcs  Miututiiinver  in  IHfil,  said  tiiat  all  tlio  tribes  except  a  part  of  the 
'I'liiiiios  Waseoes  and  Des  Chutes  were  only  waiting  for  tlio  consent  of  the  Noz 
IV^-cOs  to  join  with  tlio  Shosiiones  in  a  general  war  against  tlio  wiiiie  p(ip''I;i- 
lion.  J'ort/iiiiil  Oreijonlait,  July  1,  18GI.  Tho  conduct  of  tho  Cuyuscs  eall'  d 
on  Steinherger's  command  at  Walla  Walla  to  punish  them,  wlucli  lio  \wid 
forced  to  do.  Olympia  Wash.  Standard,  Nov.  1,  18G2. 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


483 


ap- 


litli, 
iaiis 

with 
•(ant 

lit.  Sl'V- 

,/.  .1/ 
1  sii'i. 
The 
if  the 
u'  Nez 
(inula- 
calli'>l 
was 


part  of  their  reservation,  $40,000  of  which  was  appro- 
j)i'iatcd,and  expected  to  be  in  the  hands  of  the  agents 
l)y  November  1862.  Meanwhile  the  reservation  was 
IVoely  occupied  by  white  men,  who  dug  gold,  built 
towns,  laid  out  roads,  and  sold  whiskey  upon  it,  con- 
trary to  law.  Even  the  military  guard  was  withdrawn, 
bt'causo  the  commander  of  the  military  district  dared 
not  subject  a  company  to  temptation  by  placing  it  on 
the  border  of  a  rich  mining  region,  lest  it  should 
desert.  The  irritability  of  the  Indians  becoming 
luori;  manifest,  General  Alvord  determined  upon  the 
establishment  of  a  permanent  post  at  Lapwai,  on  the 
return  of  Maury's  command  from  an  expedition  to 
Fort  Hall,  in  the  autumn  of  18G2.* 

November  came,  and  the  Indians  were  gathering 
to  tlie  promised  council  when  the  commissioners  ap- 
jtoiuted  were  forced  to  announce  that  no  funds  had 
eoino  to  hand,  and  to  defer  the  conljreucc  until  the 
I'ollowing  May.  Even  the  well-disposed  Nez  Perces 
I'ound  tlie  unaccountable  delay  anything  but  reassur- 
ing', and  were  only  kept  on  friendly  terms  by  the 
illorts  of  William  Craig  and  Robert  Newell,  in  whose 
probity  they  had  the  greatest  confidence.  At  length 
the  loth  of  May,  18G3,  was  fixed  upon  for  the  council. 
As  a  means  to  the  peaceable  ending  of  the  conference, 
lour  companies  of  the  1st  Oregon  cavalry  were  sta- 
tioned at  Lapwai,  and  much  display  was  made  of  the 
power  and  material  of  the  military  branch  of  the  gov- 
ernment, as  well  us  its  munificence  in  entertaining  the 
wliole  Nez  Perce  nation,  for  which  a  village  of  tents 
with  r(\gularly  laid  out  streets  was  spread  upon  a 
heautil'ul  plat  of  ground  about  a  mile  from  the  fort. 

Looking-glass  had  died  in  January,  but  Eagle-from- 
tho-light,  J3ig  Thunder,  and  Joseph,  all  chiefs  opposed 
to  another  treaty,  were  ])resent  with  their  1,200  lol- 
low'"'s,  and  Lawyer  and  his  sub-chiefs  with  his  people, 

Mdit  Lapwai  was  built  under  tlio  siipprintcndrnco  of  D.  W.  Porter  of 
the  IsL  ()n'j,'un  cavalry.  It  wan  Hituii'cil  iii)iju  tliu  right  Uaak  of  l.aiivvai(,'ii'ck, 
;■'  mill s  fiom  its  conflueuco  with  tin  Clearwater.  Tlio  reaervutioii  was  oua 
iiiilo  i;(juarc. 


484 


THREATENING  ASPECT  OF  AFFAIRS. 


t      '  I 


Ij  ,     I 


numbering  about  2,000.  On  the  part  of  the  United 
States,  there  were  Su]ierintendcnt  Hale,  agents 
Hutchins  and  Howe,  and  Robert  Newell.  When  all 
else  was  ready,  a  delay  of  two  weeks  occurred,  bocanso 
the  Indians  would  have  no  interpreter  but  Perriii  11. 
Whitman,  who  was  in  the  Willamette  Valley  and 
had  to  be  sent  for.  So  much  time  thus  allowed 
for  discussion  gave  opportunity  for  recalling  all  tluj 
grievances  of  the  past,  and  prognosticating  for  the 
future.  The  Palouses,  taking  advantage  of  this  period 
of  idleness,  invaded  the  Nez  Perce  camp,  bent  upon 
mischief,  one  of  them  going  so  far  as  to  strike  Com- 
missioner Howe  with  a  riding-whip,  when  they  M-ero 
ordered  off  the  reservation  by  Colonel  Steinbcr^er, 
and  Drake's  company  of  cavalry  assigned  to  the  duty 
of  keeping  them  away.^ 

About  the  last  of  the  month  the  council  was  allowed 
to  begin.  The  lands  to  be  treated  for  embraced  an 
area  of  10,000  square  miles,  containing,  besides  the 
mines,  nnich  good  agricultural  land.  It  was  at  this 
conference  that  the  disaffected  chiefs  put  in  their 
claims  to  certain  parts  of  the  former  reservation  as 
their  peculiar  domain.  That  spot  where  the  agency 
was  located,  and  which  was  claimed  also  in  part  by 
the  representatives  of  the  American  Board  of  Foreii^ii 
Missions,"  was  alleged  by  Big  Thunder  to  belong  to 
him.  Eairle-from-the-liq-ht  laid  claim  to  the  conntrv 
on  White  Bird  Creek,  a  small  branch  of  Salmon  Rive  r, 
and  adjacent  to  tlie  Florence  mines.     Joseph  declaii'd 

Wallowa  Creek,  a  tribi 


ley 


y 


^nhhichnrt's  Or.  Cavalr;/,  MS.,  C-7. 

'Although  a  section  of  the  organic  act  of  Oregon  gave  a  mile  squa^'c  of 
land  to  each  of  the  missions  in  actual  occupation  at  tho  time  of  tlio  iiansn^'u 
of  the  act,  Aug.  1848,  and  the  Lapwai  mission  hud  been  abandoned  in  IS  17, 
with  no  subsequent  occupation,  an  attempt  was  made  after  the  Indian  agony 
buildings  and  mills  had  been  erected  on  tlic  land,  nnd  tho  country  con- 
tiguous to  tlio  leservation  was  l)ecoming  nettled,  to  establisli  a  title  to  tlu) 
Lapwai  station  under  tho  organic  act.  The  lirst  claimants  were  Spalding  and 
Eeils,  fov  tho  A.  H.  C.  V.  M.,  and  tlio  second  was  W.  C.  Langford,  a  lawy.  r, 
wiio  pureliased  the  pretendecl  rights  of  the  A.  1$.  V.  V,  M.  for  a  nominal  Mini, 
and  attempted  to  extort  from  congrons  §rJO,000  for  iho  improvements  laailo 
by  appropriations  of  tiiat  Iwdy.  Lewisloii  Idaho  Sijnul,  Aim\  1'2,  LSTIi.  I  lio 
cluini  was  not  allowed. 


B 


XEGOTIATIOXS  WITH  THE  NEZ  PERCES. 


435 


of  tlie  Grand  Koncl  River;  and  each  holding  for  him- 
self and  band  declined  to  sell. 

The  lands  reserved  by  the  treaty  of  1855  embraced 
all  the  country  enclosed  by  a  line  beginning  at  the 
f^ource  of  the  south  fork  of  the  Palouse,  extending 
south-westerly  to  the  mouth  of  the  Tucannon,  up  the 
Tucannon  to  its  source  in  the  Blue  JMountains,  along 
this  range  in  a  general  southerly  direction  to  a  point 
oil  (Jrand  Rond  River,  midway  between  the  Grand 
Vwud  and  Wallowa  Creek,  along  the  divide  betwi.'on 
the  Wallowa  Creek  and  Powder  River,  crossing  Snake 
River  at  the  mouth  of  Powder  River,  thence  in  an 
easteily  direction  to  Salmon  River  fifty  miles  above 
11k'  mouth  of  the  Little  Salmon,  thence  north  to  the 
Bitter  Root  Mountains,  and  thence  west  to  the  place 
of  beginning,  comjirising  an  area  which  later  consti- 
tuted live  counties. 

The  first  proposition  of  the  commissioners  was  that 
the  Nez  Perces  should  sell  all  their  lands  except  five 
or  six  hundred  square  miles  situated  on  the  south  side 
of  tlie  south  fork  of  the  Clearwater,  and  embracing 
the  Ivamiah  prairie,  to  be  surveyed  into  allotments, 
with  tlie  understanding  that  a  patent  was  to  issue  to 
eaih  individual  holding  land  in  severalty,  Avith  pay- 
iiK'iit  ior  im[)r()vements  abandoned.  But  to  this  the 
nation  would  not  agree.  The  next  proposition  was 
to  (M large  this  boundary  so  as  to  double  the  amount 
oi  l;!;:(l,  embracing,  as  before,  the  Kamiah  prairie,  the 
:  :^'''i' '  -tUi'al  lands  to  be  surveyed,  and  the  provisions 
<  '  ire  ti'eoty  of  1855  to  be  continued  to  them.  There 
w;i  n  1)  •  jxpeiiJed,  besides,  $50,000  in  wagons,  fai'in 
stocK,  Miui  agricultural  implements,  $10,000  in  mills, 
6>  10,000  in  school-liouses,  $G,000  for  teachers  for  the 
lirst  year,  and  half  that  amount  annually  for  fourteen 
years  for  the  same  object.  Buildings  lor  teaching  black- 
smitliing  and  carpentering  were  to  be  fui'uished.  l>e- 
tweeii  $4,000  and  $5,000  was  to  be  paid  for  the  horses 
i'uniished  Governor  Stevens  and  the  voluntcxn's  dur- 
!  '  ;•  the  war  of  1855-G.     The  Indians  might  sell  their 


l5 


i: 


['.if 

t       i 


^ 


:i 


•"11*^ 


li 


48G 


THREATENING  ASPECT  OF  AFFAIIIS. 


improvements  to  private  inclivi(\ials  or  the  govern- 
ment; and  the  whole  of  the  stipulations  should  ho 
carried  out  within  one  year  after  the  ratification  of 
the  treaty  by  the  senate  of  the  United  States.  Tliis 
proposition  was  to  be  final. 

Lawyer  then  made  a  speech  containing  a  remarlv- 
ablo  mixture  of  diplomacy  and  sarcasm — the  sarcasm 
being  a  part  of  the  diplomacy — giving  evidence  of 
those  peculiar  talents  which  enabled  this  chief  always 
to  outjjeneral  his  rivals.  He  assured  the  conunis- 
sioners  that  he  and  his  chiefs  and  people  fully  undci' 
stood  the  present  position  of  the  government  toward 
the  N'  7  Forces,  who  were  a  law-abiding  people,  wliilo 
the  go    ■  nt  itself  had  broken  its  own  law,  tlic 

treaty  of  \  He  had  understood  that  there  wore 
two  opinions  in  congress  concerning  the  making  of  a 
new  treaty.  As  to  the  old  one,  he  was  willing  to  ad- 
here to  that,  as  he  had  done  heretofore,  havino;  always 
regarded  himself  sacredly  bound  bv  it,  and  the  chiefs 
who  refused  to  be  governed  by  it  i^s  beyond  the  pa!<; 
of  the  law,  and  not  acknowledged  by  him  to  be  (diicts. 
Although  satisfied  that  the  first  treaty  was  prefcrahlc, 
he  would  like  to  hear  what  the  United  Slates  ] no- 
posed  to  give  for  the  reservation  lands,  and  thai  I  ho 
government  was  disposed  to  be  just.^ 

The  object  of  this  speech  wa.:.  fourfold:  to  sIk^w 
that  he  was  in  a  position  to  object  to  the  proil'n^  d 
treaty,  to  arraign  the  governnicnt  of  tlie  ITuitcd 
States,  to  make  this  the  ground  for  securing  adth- 
tional  benefits  should  he  consent  to  the  pro])()si<i(iiis 
of  the  government  agents,  and  to  proclaim  as  outlaws 
all  the  other  chiefs  who  did  not  follow  his  direct  ion, 
by  which  proclamation  his  alliance  with  the  g(>\(  ni- 
n)ent  would  be  strengthened,  this  being  the  i'oiiiid.i'j'n 
of  his  power  with  his  own  people.  After  this  spcrch 
of  Lawver's,  the  rival  chiefs,  Big  .Thunder,  Thii  i; 
Feathers,  Eagle-from-the-light,  and  Joseph,  who  had 
held  aloof  from  the  conference,  came  into  the  couiuil, 

^ Hhint'lutrt'K  Or.  Cimlri/,  MS.,  (!;  Or.  Anjiis,  June  '2,  ISiJ.'J. 


IXriAN  DIPLOMACY. 


487 


when  Lawyer  with  great  adroitness  appeared  to  side 
with  thorn,  and  declared  the  Nez  Forces  wotdd  never 
Bull  their  country,  though  they  might  be  brought  to 
consent  to  gold-mining  upon  it  for  a  sufficient  consid- 
eration. Some  of  the  chiefs  questioned  the  authority 
of  the  commissioners  to  make  a  treaty,  and  the  Ind- 
ians appeared  to  be  drifting  farther  away  from  a 
friendly  feeling  as  the  negotiations  continued.  Super- 
intendent Hale,  affecting  to  resent  the  imputation 
upon  his  authority,  replied  that  the  doubt  would  ter- 
minate the  council,  and  he  had  nothing  further  to 
submit. 

The  withdrawal  of  the  commissioners  champed  the 
attitude  of  Lawyer,  who  intimated  that  in  a  few  days 
ho  would  offer  a  proposition  of  his  own.  On  the  3d 
of  June  a  grand  council  was  again  called,  at  which  all 
tho  chiefs  of  botli  divisions  of  the  Nez  Percos  were 
j)iosont  except  Eagh  -from-the-light.  The  objections 
of  Lawyer  were  answered,  the  grievances  of  the  Ind- 
ians explained  away  by  the  commissioners,  and  the 
thanks  of  the  government  tendered  for  the  loyal  ser- 
vices of  the  tribe  in  the  past.  They  were  assured 
that  the  government  desired  their  welfare,  and  be- 
lieved it  would  be  promoted  by  locating  on  a  resorva- 
lioii  where  they  could  be  protected,  and  their  land 
secured  to  them  forever  i.i  severalty  by  a  patent  from 
the  government;  but  if  they  were  unable  to  come  to 
any  conclusion,  the  council  would  be  immediately  ter- 
minated. 

On  the  evening  of  that  day  Law3'er  offered  to  give 
up  tho  land  on  which  Lowiston  was  situated,  with 
twelve  miles  around  it,  including  the  Lapwai  agency 
and  [)ost,  v;hich  was  promptly  rejected.  Thoro  was 
now  a  lengthened  consultation  among  the  Indians; 
and  again  several  u\oetings  of  the  council  were  held, 
tlio  non-treaty  chiefs  being  present.  They  wore  told 
hy  Connnissioner  Ilutchins  that  their  sullen  and  uu- 
fiicndly  manner  was  tho  occasion  of  thedisagreonionts 
among  the  Nez  Forces,  and  that  although  they  might 


Wk 

m 

' 

lii 

H 

nr 


488 


THREATENING  ASPECT  OF  AFFAIRS. 


f! 


:if '  ■  < 


persist  in  refusing  to  accept  tlieir  annuities,  as  tliey 
had  clone  heretofore,  .such  action  would  not  roloaso 
them  from  the  obligations  of  the  treaty  they  liud 
signed  in  1855.  To  this  they  severally  replied  with- 
out altering  their  attitude  of  passive  hostility,  and 
withdrew  from  the  council,  Eajj^le-from-the-liixht  hclwf 
already  absent,  but  represented  by  a  deputation  of  his 
wari-iors. 

Affairs  now  assumed  a  threatening  aspect,  the  com- 
missioners fearing  the  defection  of  the  whole  tribe, 
and  having  apprehensions  for  their  safety.  A  message 
was  despatched  to  the  fort,  and  a  small  detachment  of 
cavalry,  under  Captain  Curry,  ordered  to  the  council- 
ground.  It  arrived  about  one  o'clock  at  night,  f hid- 
ing everything  quiet  except  "t  one  of  the  principal 
lodges,  where  fifty-three  chiefs  and  head-men  were 
assembled  in  earnest  debate,  the  arguments  being 
continued  until  almost  daybreak,  when,  being  still 
unable  to  agj'ee,  the  princij)al  chiefs  on  each  side  dis- 
solved, in  .1  solemn  but  not  unfriendly  manner,  tlicir 
confederacy,  and  having  shaken  hands,  separated,  to 
go  each  his  own  way  with  his  followers.  The  st'ced- 
ers  were  Eagle-from-the-light,  Big  Thunder,  Joseph, 
and  Coolcoolselina,  with  their  head-men. 

At  the  next  meeting  of  the  council,  Lawyer,  for 
liimself  and  the  nation,  accepted  the  proposition  of 
the  commissioners,  somewhat  altered  and  amended, 
and  the  9th  of  June  was  set  for  the  siijfninyf  of  the  new 
treaty,  and  the  distribution  of  presents.  Hope  was 
entertained  that  the  disaffected  chiefs  would  finally 
yield,  but  in  this  the  conunissioners  were  disaji- 
])()inted.^  From  the  subsequent  action  of  one  of  these 
chiefs,  it  is  j>resumable  that  they  believed  that  by  re- 
fusing to  sign  the  treaty  made  with  the  majority  of 

^  lirpoH  of  the.  AdJKfant-genornl  nf  Orefjoii,  1865-G;  Lewisfon  Golden  A;/'', 
Juno  17,  ISO.'J;  Or.  ArnuN,  July  0,  1S().3.  Tlicre  ia  an  ahlo  monograpli  on  tlio 
Bubjcct  of  this  treaty  by  II.  Clay  Wood,  colonel  U.  S.  A.,  called  '/he  Sltil:ii 
of  YoiiiKj  Joxeiih  aitil  his  Band  of  Kez  Pere6  Indians  under  the  Trenliet  l,c- 
tn-een  Ih"  United  Slates  and  the  Xez  Perci  Tribe  of  Indians,  and  the  Indiaim' 
Title  to  Laud,  roitluud,  187(3. 


;;  <: 


TREATY  WITH  THE  NEZ  PERCES. 


489 


the  nation,  they  would  bo  able  to  hold  their  several 
favorite  haunts. 

The  terms  of  the  new  treaty  reserved  an  extent  of 
country  bounded  by  a  line  beginning  at  a  point  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  Clearwater,  three  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  Lapwai  Creek,  crossing  to  the  north  bank  at 
Ilatwai  Creek  and  taking  in  a  strip  of  country  seven 
miles  wide  along  the  river,  reaching  to  the  North  Fork, 
thence  in  a  general  southerly  course  to  the  4Gth  par- 
allel, and  thence  west  and  north  to  the  place  of  begin- 
ning, containing  1,500,000  acres,  or  about  500  acres 
to  every  individual  in  the  nation,  and  embracing 
Kamiah  prairie  and  many  small  valleys,  as  well  as 
some  mountain  land,  the  whole  being  less  than  one 
sixth  of  the  former  reservation.  By  this  division, 
Lawver  retained  his  home  at  Kamiah,  and  Biij:  Thun- 
di'V  his  location  at  Lapwai,  these  two  being  the  })rin- 
cipal  men  in  the  nation. 

The  consideration  agreed  to  be  paid  for  the  relin- 
quished lands,  in  addition  to  the  annuities  due  under 
the  former  treatv,  and  the  snoods  and  i)rovisions  dis- 
trihutud  at  the  signing  of  the  treat}-,  was  !$'2G0,000, 
(if  which  $150,000  was  to  be  expended  in  removing 
and  settling  on  the  reservation  such  families  as  were 
outside  the  new  limits,  and  ploughing  and  fencing 
tluii'  lots,  which  were  also  to  be  surveyed  for  them, 
lour  vears  bein'jf  allowed  for  the  completion  of  this 
part  of  the  contract.  The  sums  already  mentioned 
as  oU'ered  for  farm-wagons  and  implements,  mills, 
school-houses,  and  schools,  were  to  be  paid,  with  an 
additional  $50,000  for  boardinu:  and  clothing  the  chil- 
diV'H,  and  two  yoars  additional  of  the  school  aj)})ro- 
l;iiation  at  $l',000  a  year.  To  build  two  chui'ches 
N\  it  hill  a  year  after  the  ratiiication  of  the  treaty — one 
at  Lapwai  and  one  at  Kamiah — $2,500  was  ])rovided. 
]*ro\isi()n  was  made  for  two  subordinate  chiefs,  with 
a  salary  of  $500  each,  and  houses  furnishetl.  Inas- 
iiui'-h  as  several  provisions  of  the  former  treaty  had 
Hut  been  cariied  out,  $10,000  was  agreed  upon  to  sup- 


•  1 


i  1 


I    1 


Itfitii 


490 


THREATEXING  ASPECT  OF  AFFAIRS. 


ply  the  deficiency.  To  the  chief  Timothy,  who  lid 
Colonel  Steptoc  into  the  midst  of  his  enemies  in  ISaS, 
was  allowecl  $600  to  build  him  a  house.  The  Xcz 
Perce  claim  for  hors"'swas  to  be  paid  in  gold  coin, 
and  all  the  conditions  of  the  first  treaty  not  abroi^atccl 
or  changed  were  to  remain  in  force,  the  United  States 
reserving  the  right  to  lay  out  roads  across  the  reserva- 
tion, build  hotels  or  stage-stations,  and  establish  the 
crossings  of  streams;  but  the  profits  of  ferriage,  li- 
censes, and  rents  accruing  from  these  improvements 
were  reserved  to  the  Indians,  as  well  as  the  timber, 
springs,  and  fountains  on  the  reservation." 

I  have  dwelt  thus  particularly  upon  the  conditions 
of  the  Nez  Perce  treaty  because  of  the  jiromincnce 
of  this  aboriijfinal  nation  among  the  tribes  of  the  north- 
west,  and  in  order  to  explain  what  is  to  follow.  Con- 
gress being  fully  occupied  with  the  complex  questions 
arising  during  the  civil  war,  and  in  consequence  oCit, 
gave  little  attention  to  Indian  affairs,  and  had  littlo 
money  to  expend  upon  treaties.  The  Nez  IVixcs 
meanwhile  had  much  to  complain  of.  The  treaty  of 
1855  was  not  ratified  until  1850.  No  appropriation 
was  made  until  18G1,  and  then  only  a  partial  owe. 
Anotiier  partial  pa^nnent  was  made  in  18G2.  !Mcan- 
while  evil-disposed  persf)ns  poisoned  the  minds  of  tliat 
portion  of  the  tribe  which  had  always  been  (lisaf- 
fected,  saying  that  the  government  was  broken  up  In' 
the  rebellion  and  could  not  redeem  its  promises,  and 
that  the  Indians  were  fools  to  observe  their  part  nf 
the  compact.  There  was  nuich  justification  for  ap- 
prehension of  fraud  or  failure  in  the  overrunning  oC 
the  reservation  by  miners,  and  the  location  of  the 
capital  of  the  territory  upon  it.     It  was  to  do  away 

®Thc  only  privilege  asked  other  than  here  named  was  that  of  a  grant  vi 
land  at  Lcwistun  to  their  frioiul  Uohcrt  Newell,  which  was  acceded  to  in  tlio 
9th  article  of  the  treaty.  They  liad  requested  at  the  former  treaty  tliat 
William  Craig  might  bo  allowed  to  remain  as  a  settler  on  the  rcserviili  .11, 
which  rci|Ue.st  was  granieil.  lu  lIiT.'f  an  Indian  agent  endeavored  to  coiiiii  1 
Craig's  heirs  to  leave  this  inijirKved  land,  but  the  government  gave  tlkiii  a 
patent  to  it.     Ltwhloa  Idaho  liUju'.d,  Jan.  10,  ll>73. 


LAWYER  VISITS  WASHINGTON. 


491 


with  these  fears  and  establish  the  status  of  both 
Avhite  and  red  men  that  the  new  treaty  was  pro- 
posed. 

But  liere  aojain  tlie  q:overnment  was  remiss.  It 
neither  honored  the  old  treaty  nor  confirmed  the  new. 
In  18G5  I  find  the  agents  writing  that  no  money  has 
been  received  since  June  18G3;  that  the  white  settlers 
insisted  upon  the  terms  of  the  new  treaty  not  yet 
ooiiiiruied,  while  the  Indians  clung  to  the  old,  and 
there  was  danger  that  a  hostile  confederacy  would  be 
ioruied  between  the  people  of  Eagle-from-the-light 
and  the  Blackl'oot  and  Crow  nations  for  the  extermi- 
nation of  the  wliite  settlers  of  Idaho  and  Montana.  At 
length,  upon  the  representations  of  Governor  Lyon,  a 
.sum  little  short  of  $70,000  was  placed  in  his  hands 
\\)V  tlie  benefit  of  the  Indians,  but  for  $50,000  of  which 
h  •  failed  to  account.^"  Thus  time  and  money  slipped 
away. 

In  18G7,  the  senate  having  amended  the  treatv  of 
ISGr],  a  special  agent  was  appointed  in  conjunction  with 
(!ov(.;rnor  Ballard  and  others,'^  to  induce  the  Nez 
] Vices  to  accept  the  amendments;  but  this  being 
iciused,  the  treaty  was  finally  ratified  in  itslirst  f  )rm^'^ 
hv  six  hundred  of  the  nation,  and  in  the  fullowini; 
yoar  Lawyer,  Utsemilicum,  Timothy,  and  Jason, 
chiefs,  attended  by  P.  B.  Whitman,  interpreter,  and 
l{ol)ert  Newell,  made  a  journey  to  Washington  City, 
hy  permission  of  the  president,  to  talk  with  him  and 
tlio  head  of  the  Indian  department  about  the  still 
lAisfing  diflerences  of  construction  put  upon  those 
articles,  Utsemilicum  died  in  Washington  soon  after 
aniving,  but  Lawyer,  who  could  better  bear  the  strou'j: 
rays  of  civilization's  midday  sun,  lived  to  profit  by  his 
vi>it,  and  returned  with  Jason  to  instruct  his  people. 

"/?'■;,/  o/  Cnm.  lint.  Aff.,  in  Boifd  S/afesma7},  Feb.  21,  18G7.  Lyon  wont 
to  Wa  .Iiiii^jtim  ill  ISOij  oal'Jiisibly  to  niako  good  this  'lofaloatiou,  but  ulaiincil 
tlKit  lie  was  robbed  en  route. 

■  "I  ho  ooinuiissioiiera  were  D.  W.  Ballard,  e.\-offieio  superintendent,  .Tud;;o 
]I>ii"!i,  special  r.'tent,  Jamea  O'Xcil,  regular  a,L;ent  of  the  Ni  z  Perees,  Kubert 
J\iu\il,  and  ihijor  'I'ruax.   Por'.laiitl  Orcjoniaii,  .luno  "Jli,  lS7fl. 

^- 1!' }it  SiC.  Int.,  1S07-8,  iitii.,  It-lJ;  Owijhec  Avalanche,  J uiii;  lo,  1SG7. 


I 


lit:    I 


ill  'mi 


492 


TIIREATEXIXG  ASPECT  OF  AFFAIRS. 


Some  amendments  to  the  treaty^'  as  it  existed  were 
proposed  by  Lawyer,  who  complained,  amonj^  other 
things,  that  the  reservation  was  too  small.  He  was 
afraid  of  being  crowded. 

In  18G9  the  jrovernment  made  a  change  in  the  ail- 
ministration  of  affairs  at  the  various  Indian  agencies, 
by  assigning  to  each  a  military  officer  as  agent,  and 
Lieutenant  J.  \V.  Wham  was  appointed  to  the  Lapwai 
agency.  The  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  was 
also  a  military  officer,  whom  we  have  met  in  soutlieni 
Oregon,  Colonel  De  L.  Floyd  Jones.  But  by  an  act 
of  congress,  passed  in  July  1870,  it  was  made  neces- 
sary to  relieve  officers  of  the  army  from  this  service, 
and  the  next  change  made  was  that  of  placing  tlio 
aj)pointment  of  Indian  agents  in  tlic  choice  of  religi(nis 
societies,  to  each  of  whom  certain  agencies  were  as- 
signed by  the  department.  The  Nez  Perces  were 
placed  in  charge  of  the  presbyterians,  who  nominated 
a  man  of  their  church,  J.  B.  Monteith. 

None  of  these,  however,  were  as  satisfactory  totlio 
Indians  as  their  former  agents  had  been.  D.  M.  Sells, 
who  relieved  Wham  in  February  1870,  was  much 
complained  of  for  a  'scandalous  fraud'  in  fencing  the 
Indian  farnis,"  and  Monteith  was  obnoxious  on  account 
of  liis  sectarianism,  a  part  of  the  Indians  being 
catholic,  and  desiring  catholic  teachers.  Then  tlu- 
government  appointed  another  commission  to  incjuire 
into  this  and  other  grievances,  which  reported  that 
catholic*®  interference  would  destroy  the  effect  of  the 

'•''The  amendments  agreed  upon  were,  that  in  the  event  of  the  land  within 
the  reserve  not  being  sufficient  for  tlio  selection  of  20-acre  lots  of  good  ;igii- 
cultural  ground,  then  20-acre  lots  of  improved  land  migl;t  bo  made  outt^ido  of 
the  reserve;  and  also  that  the  cutting  of  timber  on  the  reservation  KJiould  be 
prohibited,  except  ■\vhen  done  by  the  perndssion  of  the  head  chief  and  the 
U.  S.  Indian  ollieers.  Portland  Omjoniaii,  Nov.  4,  ISGS. 

"See  rcpt  of  special  com.,  in  Iiid.  Aff.  licpt,  1S73,  150. 

i^Thn  comnussioncrs  this  time  were  John  1'.  Shanks,  Gov.  Bennett,  and 
Henry  W.  Reed.  They  gavo  it  as  their  opinion  that  'the  strife  between  two 
religious  denonnnations  is  a  great  detriment  to  the  Indians,  as  they  are  not 
well  prepared  to  see  that  there  is  no  religion  in  such  a  eontest.  If  the  cath- 
olics aro  allowed  to  build  a  church  on  the  reservation,  it  will  ineasuralily 
destroy  the  schools  on  the  reservation,  or  compel  the  establishment  of  odur 
schools  than  those  provided  for  by  trenty.'  Iiid.  Aff.  Itc/'f,  1S73,  \')S.  'J  he 
late  superiatcndcat,  Joucs,  had  reported  that  the  Jesuit  fathers  were  anxious 


ON  THE  RESERVATION. 


493 


instruction  given  by  the  govcrnnjcnt  under  the  prcs- 
Lyterians.  The  other  causes  of  dissatisfaction  related 
to  the  presence  of  certain  white  persons  upon  the 
reservation  whom  tlie  agent  wished  removed,  but 
whom  Jacob,  who  had  been  elected  head  chief,  desired 
to  romain.^^ 

Tliese  were  important  issues  on  a  reservation,  and 
cmi)loyed  the  pohticians  of  the  Nez  Perce  nation,  wlio 
had  httle  else  to  do,  in  a  continual  attempt  to  show 
cause  why  they  should  not  be  satisfied,  although  the 
treaty  of  1863,  wlien  finally  ratified,  had  been  pretty 
faitlitully  observed.  The  greatest  obstacle  in  the  way 
of  tlie  welfare  of  the  Indians  was  the  same  now  tluit 
it  had  been  when  Spalding  first  taught  amongst 
tlicm — an  abhorrence  of  labor.  The  reservation  sys- 
tem, although  made  unavoidable  by  the  danger  to  the 
Indians  of  contact  with  white  men's  vices,  encouraged 
idleness  by  providing  for  the  wants  of  the  Indians 
until  such  time  as  the  benefits  of  their  treaties  should 
exi)ire,  and  they  be  compelled  to  work. 

J)ut  it  was  not  only  that  the  Nez  Percys  on  the 
reservation  required  much  soothing;  ever  since  the 
council  of  18G3  there  was  a  threateninij  faction  amonjif 
the  non-treaty  Nez  Perces  who  had  never  removed  to 
the  reserve.  Eagle-from-the-light  spent  most  of  his 
time  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  among  the  war- 
like tribes  of  Montana  and  the  plains.  Several  petty 
chiefs  resided  on  tributaries  of  the  Salmon  and  Snake 
rivers  in  Idaho,  and  Joseph,  son  of  that  chief  Joseph 
who  had  been  a  member  of  Spalding's  church  at  Lap- 
wai  away  back  in  1844,  made  the  valley  of  Wallowa 
Creek  in  Oregon  his  summer  resort  for  fishing  and 

to  ;:ot  control  of  the  schools  at  Lapwai  and  Kamiah,  and  that  in  his  opinion 
it  wtudd  1)0  better  they  should,  as  it  would  take  the  ehildren  away  from  i.'c 
iulliiiiioe  of  their  parents. 

"■SCO  Lciriston  Sii/wil,  May  17,  Juno  21,  Aug.  23,  Nov.  29,  and  Dec.  20, 
iST.'i;  //((/.  Ajf.  Ucpti  1S73,  15S.  These  were  keepers  of  inns  or  stage-stations, 
M'ho  under  the  treaty  were  allowed  to  occupy  a  few  acres  for  a  food  supply 
aiiil  j.'i;iziiig.  The  complaint  of  the  agent  was  that  they  cultivated  more  land 
than  wiia  intended  in  the  treaty,  and  sold  the  productions.  Ou  the  other 
Iwiiil,  the  agent  was  accused  of  taking  the  property  of  the  Indians,  provided 
by  the  government  under  the  treaty,  for  his  owu  use. 


•i^l 


4M 


THREATENING  ASPECT  OF  AFFAIRS. 


: 


grazing"  his  stock,  but  for  the  rest  of  the  time  roanicf" 
where  he  pleased. ^^ 

Joseph's  people  came  in  contact  with  the  Shoshoncs, 
and  with  a  bad  class  of  white  men,  neither  of  wliicli 
were  profitable  as  associates.  Tlie  longer  he  remained 
off  the  reservation  and  under  these  influences  the 
worse  it  was  for  everybod}'' — at  least,  so  thought  the 
inhabitants  of  Idaho,  who  had  an  experimental  knowl- 
edge of  Indian  disturbances,  and  who,  alarmed  by  tlio 
Modoc  war,  arising  from  almost  exactly  similar  rii- 
cumstances,  urged  the  Indian  department  to  take 
measures  to  remove  all  the  Indians  to  their  reserva- 
tions. 

Accordingly,  in  March  1873,  Superintendent 
Odeneal  of  Oiegon,  and  Agent  Monteith,  under  in- 
structions from  the  secretary  of  the  interior,  held  a 
coni'erence  with  Joseph  and  his  followers  at  Lapwai, 
to  listen  to  their  grievances  and  report  to  the  secre- 
tary. At  this  conference  Joseph  entirely  repudiated 
tlio  treaty  of  18G3,  and  declared  his  refusal  to  go  u[)on 
either  the  Umatilla  or  Nez  Perce  reservations 
proposed.  Upon  this  report,  the  secretary  issuei 
order  that  Joseph's  band  should  be  permitted  to  re- 
main in  the  Wallowa  Valley  during  the  summer  and 
autumn,  promising  that  they  should  not  be  disturbed 
so  long  as  they  remained  quiet.  The  secretary  also 
directed  that  a  description  of  the  country  should  he 
sent  to  him,  that  he  might  make  an  order  setting 
apart  this  valley  for  the  exclusive  use  of  the  Indians, 
prohibiting  its  further  settlement  by  white  peoiiK', 
and  enabling  him  to  purchase  the  improvements  al- 
ready made.  On  the  IGth  of  June  the  president  set 
apart  a  reservation  for  the  non-treaty  Nez  Pcrces 
under  Joseph,  including  the  Wallowa  and  Innnalui 
valleys,  the  latter  being  the  usual  residence  of  this 
chief. 

This  infraction  of  the  treaty  of  1863  by  the  secre- 

"  The  Wallowa  Valley  is  a  higli  region,  and  fit  only  for  grazing;  but  as  a 
stock  country  it  is  unsurpassed,  and  tlicreforc  became  settled  by  stock-raisers, 
whoso  presence  was  an  iiTitatiou  to  the  Nez  Percys,  who  claimed  it. 


PREPARING  FOR  AX  OUTBREAK. 


495 


tary  and  president  occasioned  much  disapprobation, 
mid  gave  liirther  cause  for  alarm,  being  a  repetition 
of  the  course  pursued  toward  the  ]\rodocs,  which  re- 
sulted so  disastrously.  The  newspapers  warned  the 
people  to  be  ready  in  case  of  an  outbreak,  with  their 
anus  in  order  and  ammunition  on  hand.  A  company 
of  volunteers  was  raised  at  Mount  Idaho,  which  hc'iw^ 
on  the  border  of  the  reservation  was  in  the  most  ex- 
jiosed  situation.  The  governor  of  Idaho  made  a  requi- 
sition upon  the  ordnance  department  of  the  United 
States,  which  shipped  to  him  500  Springfield  rilled 
muskets,  and  ammunition  in  large  quantity,  which 
iirins  and  ammunition  were  to  be  issued  to  organized 
military  companies,  under  certain  restrictions  and 
pledges. 

These  precautions  were  not  without  good  reason, 
there  bein^  much  uneasiness  amono;  all  the  tribes  in 
Idaho,  caused,  it  was  believed,  by  the  Modoc  war, 
and  frequent  instances  were  reported  of  insolent  and 
threatening  behavior,  with  occasional  thefts  and  mur- 
ders, which  were  generally  attributed  to  the  Sho- 
shoues.  The  Coeur  d'Alenes  and  other  northern 
tribes  partook  of  the  excitement,  and  Odenal  and 
iNronteith  were  directed  to  ncTOtiate  with  them,  after 
wldeh  a  council  was  held,  July  29,  1873,  between  the 
('(vur  d'Alenes  and  the  commissioners  before  men- 
tioned as  having  been  appointed  in  this  year.  Tliese 
Indians  had  never  entered  into  treaty  relations  with 
the  United  States,  but  had  remained  friendly  after 
tlie  punishment  administered  in  1858  by  Colonel 
Wright.  A  reservation  had  been  assigned  to  them 
in  18G7  by  order  of  the  president,  upon  which,  how- 
ever, they  had  never  been  confined,  and  which  inter- 
ested persons  had  caused  to  bo  changed,  to  their 
injury.  Agents  who  had  been  appointed  to  reside 
among  them  to  protect  their  rights  had  not  done  so. 
Of  some  of  these  they  complained  that  their  practices 
and  examples  were  scandalous.  These  abuses  the 
commissioners  promised   should  be  corrected,  and  a 


n. 


406 


TIIRGATENING  ASPECT  OF  AFFAIRS. 


i  1': 


now  rcscrvacion  was  as^rccrl  upon,  extending  from  tlio 
nioutli  ot'tlio  Okanagan  River  eastwaid  by  the  courso 
of  the  Columbia  and  Spokane  rivers  to  the  boundary 
line  between  Washington  and  Idaho,  and  east  of  tliat 
five  miles,  whence  it  ran  north  to  the  49th  paralli  I 
and  west  along  that  lino  to  the  middle  of  the  chanm  1 
of  tlie  Okaiiagan  River,  and  thence  to  its  moutli. 
This  largo  area  was  reserved  for  the  several  tribes 
residing  upon  it,  namely,  the  Lower  Spokane,  Lake, 
Sail  Pool,  Colville,  Pond  d'Oreille,  Kootenai,  and 
IMothom  bands,  as  well  as  the  Ccour  d'AlOnes.  All 
the  im[)rovements  of  white  persons  were  to  be  pur- 
chased and  presented  to  the  Indians,  except  those  of 
the  Hudson's  15ay  Company,  which  had  been  paid  ("or 
in  the  av  ard  to  that  company.  To  any  head  of  ;i 
family  desiring  to  bcLjin  to  farm  for  a  livelihood,  a 
certilicate  was  to  be  issued  securing  the  possession  of 
1()0  acres,  with  assistance  in  putting  in  a  crop  and 
building  houses.  Scluxjls  were  to  follow  in  good 
time.  J*]very  child  of  a  white  father  and  Indian 
niotlior  should  be  entith'd  to  inherit  from  the  estate 
of  the  i;ither,  and  cohabitation  should  be  considonil 
to  constitute  marriage  in  a  suit  for  the  ri<dits  of  in- 
heritance.'^ 

On  the  part  of  the  Indians,  they  prondsed  to  sur- 
render their  title  to  the  country  south  and  east  of  the 
tract  reserved,  and  asked  no  pay,  in  money  or  goods; 
but  if  the  United  States  wished,  they  would  arcipt 
such  help  as  above  named.  A  year  afterward  con- 
gress had  taken  no  action  in  the  matter,  and  the  Ind- 
ians were  still  roaming  and  unsettled. 

'"This  provision  waa  nimed  at  tlio  practices  of  certain  men,  who,  the  Tml- 
iaiiH  c"iiipiaiiii'(l,  tciuli  their  women  im<l  i)egot  cliihlren,  wl  ich  they  h'ft  fur 
the  trihe  tomipport.  Among  tliese  were  I'arU  Winans,  foinier  agent,  Shi-r- 
Wood,  Winiin'M  farmer,  I'erliins,  and  Smith,  who  wanted  to  ho  made  agent. 
Kept  of  special  com.,  iu  II.  Ex,  Doc,  lU'J,  43d  cong.  lat  seas. 


CHAPTER  V. 

INDIAN  WARS. 

187-t-1873. 
IrLincn  OF  thf.  Cavalry — Attitude  of  JosErn — His  OriNiojf  op  IndiA» 

IIESKRVATIONS— lNDIA>f      OCTBKEAKS — MiLITAUY     COMPANIES      IN      TUB 

]"ii:li) — The  (iovtnNoiis  of  Wa.'^iiinoton,  Ouegon,  and  Idaho — Battlh 
OF  Cottonwood — Jealousies  between  REcrLAHs  and  VoLrNTEEits— 
IJattlk  of  Clearwateu— Flioiit  of  Joseph— Battle  of  Ruhy  Ckeeut— 
On  Snake  Ckeek—Scerendeii  of  Joseph — Anotheu  Indian  Treaty — 
Disaffection  of  the  Bannacks — Further  Fiqiitinq — End  of  IIostut 

ITIES. 


Itie  Itiil- 
|t,  Slin- 


Aftrr  the  close  of  the  Modoc  war,  General  Davis 
ordered  a  march  b^'  the  cavalry  of  700  miles  through 
the  country  threatened  l»y  dissatisfied  tribes,  in  order 
to  impress  upon  their  minds  the  military  force  <jf  tlio 
United  States.  But  the  reservation  set  apart  for 
Joseph  and  his  non-treaty  followers  remained  unoccu- 
piid,  and  he  continued  to  roam  as  before.  The  set- 
tlers on  the  Walhnva  were  impatient  to  know 
wlii'ther  their  inden)nity  money  was  to  be  paid,  or 
what  course  the  government  would  pursue,  and  wrote 
to  I  heir  representative  in  congress,  who  replied  tliat 
the  commissioner  of  Indian  aifairs  had  assured  him 
that  the  reservation  order  would  be  rescinded,  and 
the  settlers  left  undisturbed.'  With  this  understand- 
i!)g,  not  Old}'  the  settlers  who  were  in  the  valley  ro- 
nmiiied,  but  others  joined  tliem,  and  when  the  Ind- 
ians overrun  their  land  claims  witii  imperious  fretMlom, 
\v;uiied  them  ofi*.  It  was  not  until  Juno  10,  1875, 
thiii  the  president  revoked  his  order,  thereby  formally 

'/"'/.  AfT.  Rtpf,  1S74,  57-8;  Lewuton  Signal,  June  13,  187*. 

lllHT.WAitH.-02  (497) 


480 


INDIAN  WARS. 


releasing  1,425  «quare  miles  from  any  shadow  of  Ind- 
ian title. 

But  Joseph  regarded  neither  president  nor  people, 
and  ill  1876  another  special  commission  was  appolntod 
by  the  Indian  department  at  Washington  to  procoid 
to  Idaho  and  inquire  into  the  status  of  Joseph  with 
regard  to  his  tribe  and  the  treaties.  The  coiniuis- 
eioners  were  D.  H.  Jerome,  O.  O.  Howard,  William 
Stickney,  A.  C.  Barstow,  and  H.  Clay  Wood.  Tluy 
arrived  at  Lapwai  in  November,  where  Joseph  met 
them  after  a  week  of  the  cust(miary  delay,  and  pio- 
cecded  to  measure  his  intellectual  strength  with  theirs. 

When  plied  with  questions,  he  had  no  grievances  ti) 
state,  and  haughtily  declared  that  he  had  not  come 
to  talk  about  land.  When  it  was  explained  to  him 
that  his  position  in  holding  on  to  territory  which  h;iil 
been  ceded  by  the  majority  of  the  nation  was  not 
tenable  according  to  the  laws  of  other  great  nations; 
that  the  state  of  Oregon  had  extended  its  laws  ov(  i- 
this  land;  that  the  climate  of  the  Wallowa  ValK y 
rendered  it  unfit  for  a  reservation,  as  nothincf  eoiiM 
be  raised  there  for  the  support  of  the  Indians,  with 
other  objections  for  setting  it  apart  for  such  a  purpo-i', 
and  a  part  of  the  Nez  Perce  reservation  was  (j11<  ii il 
instead,  with  aid  in  making  farms,  building  liovist  s, 
and  instruction  in  various  industries — he  steadily  im- 
plied that  the  maker  of  the  earth  had  not  partitiomd 
it  off,  and  men  should  not.  The  earth  was  his  moth>  r, 
and,  sacred  to  his  affections,  too  precious  to  be  sold. 
He  did  not  wish  to  learn  farming,  but  to  live  upon 
such  fruits  as  the  earth  produced  for  him  witlioiit 
effort.  Moreover,  and  this  I  think  was  tJKj  rril 
motive,  the  earth  carried  chieftainship  with  it,  nixl 
to  part  with  it  would  be  to  degrade  himself  from  his 
authority.  As  for  a  reservation,  he  did  not  wish  I'l' 
that,  in  the  Wallowa  or  elsewhere,  because  that  woiiM 
subject  him  to  the  will  of  another,  and  to  laws  iii;ule 
by  others.  Such  was  substantially  his  answer,  givm 
in  a  serious  and  earnest  manner,  for  Joseph  was  a 


JOSEPH'S  THEORIES. 


4» 


believer  in  the  SmohoUah  doctrine,  whose  converts 
were  called  'dreamers,'  an  order  of  white-man-hating 
prophets  which  had  arisen  among  the  Indians.'' 

1'he  commissioners  recommended  that  the  teachers 
of  the  dreamer  religion  should  not  be  permitted  to 
visit  other  tribes,  but  should  be  confined  to  their  re- 
spective agencies,  as  tlieir  influence  on  the  non-treaty 
Inliiins  was  pernicious;  secondly,  a  military  station 
sluuild  bo  established  at  once  in  the  Wallowa  Valley, 
wliil'^  the  agent  of  tlie  Ncz  Perces  should  still  strive 
to  settle  all  that  would  listen  to  him  upon  the  reser- 
vation; thirdly,  that  unless  in  a  reasonable  time  Joseph 
c()nsent(!d  to  be  removed,  he  should  be  forcibly  taken 
Willi  his  people  and  given  lands  on  the  reservation; 
fourthly,  if  they  persisted  in  overrunning  the  lands  of 
settlers  and  disturbing  the  peace  by  threats  or  other- 
wise, sufficient  force  should  be  used  to  bring  them 
into  subjection.  And  a  similar  policy  was  recom- 
iiiei'ded  toward  all  the  non-treaty  and  roaming  bands. 

The  government  adopted  the  suggestions  as  offered, 
Ktationing  two  companies  of  cavalry  in  the  Wallowa 
Vnlk^y,  and  using  all  diligence  in  persuading  ^he  Ind- 
ians to  go  upon  the  reservation,  to  which  at  length,  in 
]\I;iy  1S77,  they  consented,  Joseph  and  White  Bird  for 
tlu'ir  own  and  other  smaller  bands  agrc  ing  to  remove 
at  .1  given  time,  and  selecting  their  lands,  not  becaiise 
tliey  wished  to,  but  because  they  must,  they  uiuler- 
st.iiiding  perfectly  the  orders  issued  concerning  them. 
Tltiity  days  were  allowed  for  removal.  On  the 
twt  nty-ninth  day  the  war-wh(>ep  was  sounded,  and 
the  trag"dy  of  Lost  River  Valley  in  Oregon  was 
rei'iKicted  along  the  Sainton  River  in  Idaho. 

I'or  two  weeks  Indians  of  the  bands  of  Joseph, 
White  liird,  and  Looking-glass  had  been  gathering 
oil  ( 'ottonwood   Creek,  at  the  north  end  of  Camas 


'Tliiy  lu'ld  tli.'it  tlu'ir  (lend  would  nriso  nnd  sweep  tlio  white  race  from 
the  cirtli.  Joacpli  saiil  (lint  tlio  IjIooiI  of  oiio  of  lii:i  |ico])lo  \(li<i  liiid  \)wn 
sliiiii  ill  11  fend,  l>y  ii  white  man.  .\oii!il  'eall  th<!  dust  of  their  fatliers  li.icU  to 
hie,  t,i  people  tiic  Innd  iu  prote.stof  thinyi'eat  wron^. '  See  .S'cr.  liii,  JiCi>t,  008, 
4.")tli  eung.  '.I  8CS8. 


600 


INDUN  WARS. 


I; 


V  5      1 


prairie,  wliieli  lay  at  the  foothills  of  the  Florence 
Mountains,  about  sixty-five  miles  from  Lewiston,  with 
the  ostensible  purpose  of  removing  to  the  reservation. 
The  white  settlements  extended  along  the  prairie  for 
considerable  distance,  the  principal  one — Mount  Idaho 
— being  central.  Other  settlements  on  Salmon  Ilivtr 
were  from  fifteen  to  thirty  miles  distant  from  Mount 
Idaho,  in  a  south  and  south-west  direction. 

General  Howard  was  at  Fort  Lapwai,  and  coG^ni- 
zant  of  the  fact  that  several  hundred  Indians,  with  a 
thousand  horses,  were  on  the  border  of  the  reserva- 
tion without  coming  upon  it.  On  the  afternoon  of 
the  last  day  of  grace  he  directed  Captain  Perry, 
whom  we  have  met  before  in  the  Modoc  country,  to 
have  ready  a  small  detachment  which  should  stait 
early  on  the  morning  of  the  15th  to  obtain  news  of 
the  actions  and  purposes  of  the  Indians.  That  saivio 
evening  the  general  received  a  letter  from  a  promi- 
nent citizen  of  Mount  Idaho,  giving  expression  to  his 
fears  that  the  Indians  did  not  intend  to  keep  faith 
with  him,  but  took  no  measures  to  prevent  the  exe- 
cution of  their  design  should  the  settlers'  fears  prove 
true.  In  the  morning,  at  the  time  and  in  the  man- 
ner before  indicated,  the  aetachment  trotted  out 
toward  Cottonwood  Creek  to  bring  in  a  report.  It  )\- 
turned  at  noon,  having  met  two  reservation  In(h;iiis 
excitedly  bearing  the  news  that  four  white  men  had 
been  killed  on  John  Dav  Creek,  and  that  Wiiite  ]>iiil 
was  riding  alxKit  declaring  that  the  non-treaty  Ind- 
ians would  not  go  on  tlie  reservation. 

Howard  iiastened  to  the  agency  to  consult  witli 
Montietli,  taking  with  him  tlie  Indian  witnesses,  who, 
on  being  cjuestioned,  represented  that  tlie  white  nun 
were  killed  in  a  private  (luarrel.  This  report  necis- 
sitated  sending  other  messengers  to  prove  the  truth 
of  the  Indian  statement  before  the  general  comiunud- 
ing  in  Oregon  would  feel  justified  in  displaying  auy 
military  force.  Late  that  afternoon  they  retuiiuil, 
and  with  them  another  messenger  from  Mount  Idaho 


PERRY'S  DEFEAT. 


501 


with  letters  giving  a  detailed  account  of  a  general 
massacre  on  Salmon  Eivor,'  and  the  dt^struction  of  all 
the  property  of  the  settlers,  including  their  stock, 
wliicli,  if  not  driven  off,  was  killed. 

There  were  at  Fort  Lapwai  two  companies  of  cav- 
alry— Captain  Perry's  troop  F,  and  Captain  Trimble's 
tidop  H — numbering  together  99  men.  On  the  night 
of  Friday,  loth,  Perry  set  out  witli  his  command,  and 
came  upon  the  Indians  in  White  Bird  canon  early 
Sunday  morning.  Perry  immediately  attacked,  but 
with  the  most  disastrous  results.  In  about  an  hour 
thirty-four  of  his  men  had  been  killed  and  two 
wounded,  making  a  loss  of  forty  per  cent  of  his  com- 
mand. The  volunteers,  who  were  chiefly  employed 
holding^  the  horses  of  the  cavalrymen,  sustained  but 
a  sHuht  loss.  A  retreat  of  sixteen  miles  to  Granfje- 
ville  was  effected,  the  dead  being  left  upon  the  field. 

In  the  mean  time  Howard  was  using  all  despatch 
to  concentrate  a  more  considerable  force  at  Lewi.stt)n 
and  La[)wai;  the  governors  of  Oregon  and  Wasliing- 
ton  were  forwarding  munitions  of  war  to  volunteer 
companies  in  their  respective  commonwealths;  and 
(Jovei'nor  Bra^'man  of  Idaho  issued  a  proclamation  for 
the  formation  of  volunteer  companies,  to  whom  ho 
could  ofl:er  neither  arms  nor  pay,  but  f')r  whom  a  tcle- 
«>iaphic  order  from  Washington  soon  provided  the 
lonaer.* 

'  So  far  as  oan  ba  gatliurcd  from  the  confused  aocounta,  the  first  four  nioii 
killed  were  on  Wliitc  liiiil  Cock.  Tlu'y  were  n!iot  Juno  IJtli  iia  tluy  ;.;it 
]>l:iying  cards,  tlic  Indians  being  about  2D  in  nundier  who  did  (he  shootiiig. 
Tli.it.  uiinc  morning  tiu^y  shot  Samuel  Hcnedict  tlirough  the  legs  while  i.hout 
lii-i  fiuinwork.  In  the  evening  tliey  went  to  liis  house  and  nuirdorcd  liini, 
to."  thcr  with  a  (jcnnan  named  August,  Mrs  Benedict  and  two  chiKlren  es- 
cuiai.g  by  the  aid  of  an  Indian. 

'The  Ih'st  company  of  volunteers  was  organized  at  Blount  Idalio,  wlu  lo  a 
fortilication  liad  been  erected.  A  part  of  these,  umlcr  A.  Chapman,  wi  ro 
wit!i  IVnyon  the  17th.  Another  ci)Mii)any,  or;.;anized  foi' defence  iiiircly,  was 
at  Slate  ('reek.  The  governor  of  b.hilio  ordiMed  to  the  hostile  r'";ioii,  Tmuo 
'JOlli.  ;i  company  under  Orlando  ilobbius  of  Idaho  t'ity.  A  coijipmy  v.as 
ur;.;,iiii.:i'd  jit  I  lacervillo.  under  J.  V.  11.  Witt.  ("apt.  Hunter  of  ('  liuiiiMa 
<M)i:iiiy,  Washington,  with  TiO  volunteers,  irported  to  Howard  on  the  I'Jd; 
alio  (apt.  l'',i!iott  from  the  niuic  cnunly  with '_'.">;  l*a;,^c  tif  Walla  Walla  with 
'-II  I'll  u,  and  Will  ami  with  10;  and  ub.);it  tlif  same  time  (.'aiit.  M  i '.>:iville  of 
L''v\i;,ton  with  20  volunteers— nui'iiug  altogellicr  a  I'oice,  ia  addition  to  the 
regulurs,  ut'  about  1  JO  men. 


502 


INDIAN  WARS. 


?Si 


-3 


r  '■  'i 


Isi 


Not  until  the  22d  were  there  troops  enough  brought 
together,  from  Wallowa,  Walla  Walla,  and  other  points, 
to  enable  Ploward  to  take  the  field.  At  that  date  225 
men,  cavalry,  infantry,  and  artillery,  were  ready  to 
niaroh.^  Such  defensive  measures  as  were  possible 
were  taken  to  secure  the  settlements,  and  the  little 
army  commenced  a  pursuit  which  lasted  from  the  2;)d 
of  June  to  the  4tli  of  October,  with  enough  of  inter- 
esting incidents  to  fill  a  volume,"  The  first  skinnisji 
took  place  on  the  28th,  when  Howard,  who  had  two 
days  before  arrived  at  White  Bird  canon  to  collect  and 
bury  Perry's  dead,  and  been  reenforced  with  about 
175  infantry  and  artillerymen,'' discovered  the  Indians 
in  force  on  the  west  side  of  Salmon  River  not  far  from 
opposite  the  mouth  of  White  Bird  Creek.  Tlicy 
flaunted  their  blankets  in  defiance  at  the  soldiers, 
dashed  down  the  bare  hillside  to  the  river  bank,  dis- 
charged their  rifles,  and  retreated  toward  Snake  River, 
uninjured  by  the  fire  of  the  troops.  Crossing  the 
turbulent  Salmon  with  no  other  aid  than  two  small 
row-boats,  the  army  took  up  the  stern  chase  on  the 
2d  of  July.  Before  starting  upon  it,  Whipple  was 
sent  on  a  march  of  forty  miles  toward  Kamiah  to 
check  the  reported  preparations  for  war  of  the  band  of 
young  Looking-glass,  son  of  the  old  chief  of  that 
name;  but  having  to  rest  his  horses  at  Mount  Idaho, 

'Comp.inics  L,  Capt.  Whipple,  anil  E,  Capt.  Winters,  cavalry;  conipaiiics 
D,  Capt.  Pollock,  I,  Capt.  EltDiihcud,  1'],  Capt.  Mik-s,  15,  Capt.  Jocolyn,  H, 
Capt.  Haughey,  'Jlst  infantry:  and  1'],  Capt.  Miller,  4th  artillery.  Howanra 
rcpt,  in  Sec.  ]V(tr  /,'i'/it,  1S77-8,  I'Jl).  Capt.  IJendire  from  Canin  llariicy 
and  Maj.  (Jrccn  from  Fort  IJoisi^  were  ordered  to  the  valley  of  tlio  Wcisii'  to 
prevent  Joseph's  retreat  to  Wallowa,  and  to  cut  off  communication  botwoLU 
him  and  the  Malheur  Shoshonca,  or  W'inncmucca's  Piutca. 

"  A  very  good  narrative  of  the  campaign  ia  contained  in  a  pamphlet  of  (7 
pac;e3  hy  Thomas  A.  Sutherland,  a  newspaper  writer  who  accompanied  How- 
ard as  a  volunteer  aide-de-camp,  entitled  llowanl's  Camiiahjii  aijahml  l/u-  ^  I'Z 
Prn-f'.  Jiidiaii",  1S77.  Portland,  KS7S.  Tliere  ia  also  n  partial  review  of  the 
campaign,  written  l)y  C.  K.  S.  Wood,  in  the  May  number  of  the  iitiiri/  niug- 
azinc,  r8S4,  wiiich  contains  r.lso  a  portrait  of  Joseph.  My  account  is  drawn 
chiefly  from  the  different  official  reports  in  the  Sir.  War  /!ipt,  1877-8. 

'Companies  M,  Capt.  Throckmorton,  D,  Capt.  Rodney,  A,  I'npt.  P'an- 
croft,  andU,  Capt.  Morris,  4th  artillery;  and  E,  Capt.  Burton, '21st  iufaiitiy. 
A  company  of  volunteerj  under  Capt.  Page  of  Walla  Walla,  scouting  along 
the  ridge  to  tiic  right  of  the  eiition,  discovered  the  Indians.  Tliia  coinpiiny 
returned  homo  on  the  'JOtli,  escorting,  together  with  Pcrry'a  company,  a  i>ack- 
train  under  Lieut  Miller  ul  the  Ist  cavalry  to  Lapwai,  for  supplies. 


HOWARD'S  CAMPAIGN. 


503 


the 
was 
1  to 
tlof 
that 
alio, 

ipanioa 
.11,  H, 
DWai'il's 
llaniuy 
mvv  to 
.'tweiMi 

;t  of   17 

tlic  AVs 
of  tlio 

)•)/  niii^:;- 
(liawii 

t.  r.;m- 
fantry. 

iilouf; 
mpaiiy 
a  ^)ack• 


the  cliicf  gave  him  the  go-by,  and  escaped  to  Josopli, 
with  his  people,  leaving  over  600  horses  in  the  hands 
of  the  troops.  Whipple  then  marched  back  to  Cot- 
tonwood, where  there  was  a  stockade,  and  scouted  to 
keep  the  road  from  Lapwai  open  for  the  supply  train 
under  Perry. 

Meantime  Howard  was  following  Joseph  through 
the  mountainous  region  on  the  west  side  of  the  Salmon. 
When  he  arrived  at  Craig's  crossing  of  the  river  he 
learned  that  the  Nez  Perces  had  already  recrossed  at 
a  lower  point,  and  doubling  on  their  track  had  re- 
turned to  Camas  prairie,  and  were  keeping  the  cavalry 
at  Cottonwood  penned  up  in  the  stockade. 

One  of  two  scouts  sent  out  to  recoimoitre  in  the 
direction  of  Lawyer  Creek  canon  was  captured.  The 
other  escaping  to  the  quarters  of  the  troops,  Whipple 
des[)atched  to  the  assistance  of  the  captive  ten  men 
under  S.  M.  Ilains,  guided  by  the  survivor.  Before  the 
main  command  could  mount  aiul  overtake  this  detach- 
nunt,  the  whole  twelve  had  been  ambushed  and  slain. 
I'his  was  on  the  3d  of  July.  On  the  4th  Whipple 
marched  to  meet  Perry,  and  escorted  him  to  Cotton- 
wood without  encountering  Indians;  they  were  sur- 
rounding the  station  with  the  design  of  capturing  the 
supplies.  Rifle-pits  and  barricades  were  constructed, 
and  Gatling  guns  placed  in  position.  Skirmishing  was 
kept  up  until  nine  o'clock  that  evening,  but  so  inade- 
quate was  the  force  to  the  situation  that  the  enemy 
was  suffered  to  move  off  unmolested  toward  the  Clear- 
water the  following  morning.  A  company  of  seven- 
tcL'ii  volunteers,  D.  B.  Ilandall  captain,  coming  from 
Mount  Idaho,  encountered  the  enemy  within  a  milo 
of  Cottonwood,  and  escaped,  after  a  severe  engagement, 
only  by  the  assistance  of  a  company  of  cavalry  iVom 
that  place,  which  rescued  them  after  half  an  hour  of 
exposure  to  the  Indian  fire.* 

"  Wlipii  RandfiU  saw  tlicir  intention  and  hia  situation,  he  ordered,  not  a 
rctnat,  but  ft  cliurgc  tliroii};li  tlio  Imlian  lino,  a  daali  to  tlio  ercck  bottom 
all  Hit  a  milo  from  Terry's  camp,  tiicro  to  dismount  and  return  lire,  \iiitil  n;lio£ 
Biiould  be  ijcnt  tliuui  fronk  that  place.     The  order  wan  obeyed  without  falter- 


4 

I' 


"I 


,4 

:1 


r-i 


n 


i    f 


t'    ! 


!■ 


fi04 


INDIAN  WARS. 


When  Howard  heard  of  the  appearance  of  the  Ind- 
ians on  Camas  prairie  he  treated  it  as  the  rumor  of  a 
raid  only,  and  ordered  McConville's  and  Jiunter's  vol- 
unteers to  reenforco  Perry,  in  command  at  Cotton- 
wood. This  force  performed  escort  duty  to  the  wagon 
conveying  the  wounded  and  dead  of  Randall's  com- 
mand to  Mount  Idaho,  and  returned  in  time  to  meet 
the  ijeneral  when  he  arrived  at  Cottonwood  via  Craijjj'a 
ferry,  sixteen  miles  distant  from  that  camp.  MeCon- 
ville  then  proposed  to  make  a  reconnoissance  in  force 
by  uniting  four  volunteer  companies  in  one  battalion, 
and  discover  the  whereabouts  of  the  Indians.  Ac- 
cordingly, he  soon  reported  them  within  ten  miles  of 
Kamiah,  and  that  he  with  his  battalion  occupied  a 
strong  position  six  miles  from  Kamiah,  which  Hosvaid 
requested  him  to  hold  until  he  could  get  his  troops 
into  position,  which  he  did  on  the  11th,  McConvillo 
withdrawing  on  that  day"  to  within  three  miles  of 
Mount  Idaho  to  give  protection  to  that  place  should 
the  Indians  be  driven  in  that  direction. 

Joseph  was  at  this  time  in  the  full  flush  of  success. 
He  had  abundance  of  ammunition  and  booty.  His 
return  to  Camas  prairie  and  the  reservation  grounds 
had  drawn  to  him  about  forty  of  the  young  warriors 

Ing  ami  tlio  position  gained,  but  Randall  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  cliar_rc. 
He  sat  upon  the  ground  and  fired  until  within  live  miiuitcs  of  his  death.  'J  !io 
remaining  sixteen  made  no  attempt  to  run  toward  camp,  trusting  ia  the  coiu- 
niundcr  of  the  troops  to  bo  rescued,  which  rescue  was  atfordcd  tlieui  aficr  an 
hour  (if  hard  fighting.  In  tho  mean  tinio  B.  F.  Evans  was  killed,  and  A. 
Blcdland,  D.  H.  Houser,  and  Cliarles  Johnson  wounded.  Tho  othur  nit'inbi  ra 
of  this  bravo  company  were  L.  P.  Willmotc,  J.  Scarly,  Janic3  T>iic!i:ui:iii, 
William  IJcemcr,  Charles  Chase,  C.  M.  Day,  Ephraim  Bunker,  Frank  Vuiicisc, 
CeorKc  Riggings,  A.  D.  Bartley,  II.  C.  Johnson,  and  F.  A.  Fcnn. 

•Tliero  seem  to  liavo  been  the  usual  jealousies  and  niisuiiderstandin!.:s 
between  the  regulars  and  volunteers.  McC'onvillc  was  blamed  for  lcaviii;^'his 
position,  which  Howard  designed  him  to  hold  as  a  part  of  the  enveloping  1  nci'; 
but  the  volunteers  certainly  did  not  lack  in  courage.  They  wen-  only  !I0 
strong,  and  were  attacked  by  the  Indians  on  the  niglit  of  the  10th,  losiii:,'  ">0 
of  their  horses.  Howard  was  then  across  the  south  braucli  of  the  Clearwater, 
4  miles  beyond  Jackson's  bridge,  undiscovered  l)y  tho  Indians,  who  were 
pivin,'  their  whole  attention  to  tho  volunteers,  who  thus  purfornicd  a  vi  ly 
important  duty  of  diverting  observation  from  the  army  wliilo  getting  in  pn-^i- 
tion.  Being  separated  from  Howard  by  the  river,  and  having  lost  a  lai  lh- 
numbcr  of  tlicir  horses,  it  was  prudent  and  good  tactics  to  retire  and  let  tho 
Indians  fall  into  the  trap  Howard  had  set  for  them,  near  their  own  eam|i,  anl 
to  place  himself  between  the  settlementfi  and  tho  Indians.  See  Howaril'a  re- 
port, ill  Sec.  War  liipt,  1877-S,  122;  Sulherlaiid'n  llnward'a  Campaijii,  6. 


BATTLE  OF  THE  CLEARWATER. 


SOS 


of  tlic  treaty  bands,  and  twenty  or  more  Coeur 
d'Alenes,  thirsting  for  the  excitement  of  v.  ar.  Ho 
cxitcctcd  to  be  attacked,  but  fn  n  the  direction  of 
thi-  volunteers,  on  ^vhich  side  of  his  camp  he  had 
erected  fortifications.  On  the  other  he  had  prepared 
a  tiail  leading  up  from  the  Clearwater  as  a  means  of 
escape  in  case  of  defeat,  and  made  many  caches  of 
provisions  and  valuable  property.  The  camp  lay  not 
lar  from  the  mouth  of  Cottonwood  Creek,  in  a  tlefile 
of  the  hiij^h  hills  which  bordered  the  Clearwater.  A 
level  valley  of  no  great  width  was  thus  bounded  on 
cither  side  of  the  river.  When  Howard  placed  his 
guns  in  position  for  firing  into  the  enemy's  camp  ho 
found  that  on  account  of  the  depth  of  the  canon  which 
protected  the  Indians  he  only  alarmed  instead  of 
hitting  them,  and  they  ran  their  horses  and  cattle 
bryond  range  of  the  artillery  up  the  stream,  on  both 
sides  of  the  Clearwater,  getting  them  out  of  danger 
in  ten  minutes. 

Hurrying  the  guns  to  another  position  around  the 
head  of  a  ravine,  a  distance  of  a  mile  and  a  half,  the 
Indians  were  found  to  have  crossed  the  river,  and 
thrown  up  breastworks  ready  for  battle.  Firing  com- 
menced here,  and  Howard's  whole  command  was 
posted  up  and  down  the  river  for  two  miles  and  a  half, 
in  a  crescent  shape,  with  supplies  and  horse.s  in  tlio 
centre.  So  active  were  the  Indians  that  tl.\ey  had 
almost  prevented  the  left  from  getting  into  position, 
and  had  captured  a  small  train  bringing  amnunition, 
which  the  cavalry  rescued  after  two  packers  were 
killed.  Their  sharp-shooters  were  posted  in  every 
conceivable  place,  and  sometimes  joined  together  in  a 
company  and  attacked  the  defences  thrown  uy  by  the 
troops.  To  these  fierce  charges  the  troops  rcpucd  by 
counter-charges,  the  two  lines  advancing  untd  they 
nearly  met.  In  these  encounters  the  Indians  had  tho 
advantage  of  occupying  the  wooded  skirts  of  tho 
ra\  ines,  by  which  they  ascended  from  the  river  bottom 
to  the  open  country,   while  the  soldiers  could  only 


608 


INDIAN  WARS. 


avo"  1  thrir  firo  by  throwing  themselves  prone  upon 
the  earth  in  the  dry  j^rass,  and  firing  in  this  ))osit.it)n. 
All  tlie  time  the  voice  of  Joseph  was  heard  loiully 
calling  his  orders  as  he  ran  from  point  to  point  of  his 
line.  And  thus  the  day  wore  on,  and  night  full,  after 
which,  instead  of  the  noise  of  battle,  there  was  the 
death-wail,  and  the  scalp-song  rising  from  the  Xlz 
Percd  camp.  The  only  spring  of  water  was  in  the 
possession  of  the  Indians,  and  was  not  taken  until  the 
morning  of  the  12th. 

Howard  then  withdrew  the  artillery  from  the  lines, 
leaving  the  cavalry  and  infantry  to  hold  them,  and 
Captain   Miller  was  directed  to  make  a  movcuieiit 


V:  **••  "^ 


The  Lolo  Trail. 

with  his  battalion,  piercing  the  enemy's  line  near  tlio 
centre,  crossing  his  barricaded  ravine,  and  i'aeiiig 
about  suddenly  to  strike  him  in  reverse,  using  a 
howitzer.  At  the  moment  Miller  was  about  to  move 
to  execute  this  order  a  supply  train,  under  Cai)lam 
Jackson,  was  discovered  advancing,  and  Miller's  hat- 
talion  was  sent  to  escort  it  within  the  lines,  which 


PURSUIT  OF  JOs'.U'll. 


807 


6} 


the 
a 

|()V(J 

(lam 
bat- 
hicU 


wasdone  with  a  little  skirniisliing.  This  accoinijlished, 
he  marched  slowly  past  Howard's  front,  and  tinning 
quickly  and  unexpectedly,  charged  the  barricades, 
about  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  After  a  few 
nioinents  of  furious  fighting,  the  Indians  gave  way, 
their  defences  were  taken,  and  they  fled  in  confusion, 
the  wliole  army  in  pursuit,  the  Indians  retreating  to 
the  Kamiah  ferry  and  the  trail  to  the  buffalo  country 
by  the  Lolo  fork  of  the  Clearwater, 

Joseph  was  not  in  a  condition  to  leave  Idaho  at 
once.  He  therefore  encamped  four  miles  beyond 
Kamiah,  over  a  range  of  hills,  and  sent  word  to 
Howard  that  he  wished  to  surrender.  The  general 
had  spent  the  14tli  in  reconnoitring,  and  had  started 
on  tlie  15th  to  march  with  a  colunm  of  cavalry  twenty 
miles  down  the  Clearwater  and  cross  at  iJunwell's 
IciTy,  hoping  the  Indians  would  believe  he  had  gone 
to  Lapwai.  But  Joseph  had  been  once  taken  by  a 
strateixic  movement  of  that  kind,  and  had  no  loar  of 
another.  He  rose  equal  to  the  occasion,  and  by 
another  ruse  de  tjuerre  induced  Howard  to  hasten  to 
Kamiah  to  listen  to  his  proposal  of  surrender.  At 
Kamiah  he  met,  not  Jose[)h,  but  a  head-man  from  his 
stair,  who  entertained  him  with  a  talk  about  his  chiefs, 
while  one  of  his  pecple  fired  on  the  general  from  an 
ambush.  This  put  an  end  to  negotiations;  the  mes- 
^rnu^er  surrendered  with  his  family,  and  a  few  recruits 
IVom  the  neighboring  tribes  whom  the  battle  of  Clear- 
water  had  satisfied  with  war,  and  Howard  again  prc- 
paied  to  follow  Joseph."^ 

It  was  not  until  the  17th  that  the  pursuit  com- 
menced. On  that  day  Colonel  Mason,  with  the  cav- 
aii y,  the  Indian  scouts,  and  McConville's  volunteers, 
were  ordered  to  make  a  two  days'  march  to  discover 
the  nature  of  the  trail,  and  whether  the  Indians  were 

'".Sutherland  says  that  Joseph  really  desired  to  surrender,  and  was  only 
(Ictcrrcd  by  the  answer  of  Howard,  that  ii  hi!  wouhl  come  in  with  his  Wiirriora 
tliLv  woirul  be  tried  by  a  military  court,  and  get  jiisticc,  witli  which  iiros])ect 
Josi'jih  was  n  it  satistied.  ll.)«ai<l,  1  owovc,  state-*  in  hi-i  report  that  be 
ri'^'unlcd  the  proj>ositioa  to  surremlcr  as  a  ruse  to  delay  inovcnicuts. 


I 


,''( 


806 


INDIAN  WARS. 


kcof>in!5  on  toward  the  buffalo  country.  They  found 
tlie  trail  leading  over  wooded  mountains,  where  lua.sses 
of  fdh.Mi  tindjer  furnished  frequent  opportunities  for 
anihu.scade.s,  and  on  the  18tli,  when  within  three 
milv.Ts  of  Oro  Fino  Creek,  the  scouts  and  voluuteer.s 
ran  into  the  enemy's  rear-guard.  Only  the  tactics  of 
the  scouts,  by  drawing  the  attention  of  tiie  attacIviiiLj 
party,  saved  the  volunteers  from  severe  loss.  Three 
of  the  scouts  were  disarmed,  one  wounded,  and  one 
killed.  The  enemy  sustained  a  loss  of  one  warrior 
kilh'd,  and  two  pack-animals.  After  this  involuntary 
skirmish,  the  troops  hastily  retreated  to  Kamiah, 
where  they  arrived  that  night. 

TliQ  retreat  of  the  cavalry  was  followed  by  the  re- 
turn of  a  small  force  of  the  hostile  Nez  Perces,  who, 
scattering  themselves  over  the  country  in  search  of 
plunder,  caused  great  alarm  to  the  white  inhabitants 
and  the  reservation  Indians.  They  pillaged  and 
burned  some  houses  on  the  north  fork  of  the  Clear- 
water, captured  400  horses  from  the  Kaniiahs,  and 
rejoined  their  main  army.  This  raid  was  the  last  one 
made  by  Joseph's  people  in  idaho.  From  this  time 
they  pushed  on  upon  their  extraordinary  exodus, 
whose  objective  point  became  the  British  possessions. 

By  the  battle  of  the  Clearwater,  Joseph's  jjlaus 
were  disarranged.  Had  he  been  as  successful  liero 
as  up  to  this  time  he  had  been,  all  the  ill-disposed 
reservation  and  non-treaty  Indians  would  have  gath- 
ered to  his  camp  and  the  war  would  have  been  much 
more  disastrous  than  it  was.  His  loss  in  battle  was 
twentj^-thrcc  killed,  and  between  forty  and  lifty 
wounded,  a  large  percentage  out  of  300  fighting  men. 
Taken  together  with  the  loss  of  camp  equipage  and 
provisions,  he  had  sustained  a  severe  blow,  among 
the  severest  of  which  was  the  desertion  of  his  tempo- 
rary recruits.  Henceforth  he  could  not  hope  to  in- 
crease the  number  of  his  followers  in  his  own  country. 
Howard's  loss  was  thirteen  killed,  and  two  officers  and 
twenty-two  men  wouuded. 


ESCAPE  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


609 


The  last  raid  of  Joseph  had  also  interfered  with 
the  plans  of  Howard,  by  compoUing  him  to  remain  in 
flic  vicinity  of  the  places  threatened  until  troops  then 
on  the  way  should  arrive  to  protect  them.  It  was 
his  first  intention  to  march  liis  whole  command  to 
Missoula  City  in  Montana,  by  the  Mullan  road,  where 
ho  ho[)ed  to  intercept  Josep'i  as  he  emerged  from  the 
Lolo  canon  in  that  viciiity.  Ho  had  already  tele- 
grai)lied  Sherman,  tlien  in  jMontana,  and  the  com- 
manders of  posts  east  of  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains, 
information  of  Joseph's  exodus  by  the  Lolo  trail,  and 
asked  for  cooperation  in  intercepting  him.  On  the 
oOth,  two  weeks  after  the  Nez  Perccs  started  from 
their  camps  beyond  Kamiah,  Howard  set  out  to  over- 
take them  with  a  battalion  of  cavalry,  one  of  infantry 
and  on'»  of  artillery,  in  all  about  700  men,  another 
c'ohnnn  )'"  /ing  taken  the  Mullan  road  a  ftnv  days 
carher.  • 

Captain  Rawn  of  Fort  Missoula,  on  hearing  that 
Joseph  was  expected  to  emerge  from  the  Loh)  trail 
into  the  Bitter  Root  Valley,  erected  barricades  at  the 
uiouth  of  the  canon  to  prevent  it,  and  hold  him  for 
Howard.  He  had  twenty-five  regular  troojis,  and 
200  volunteers  to  garrison  the  stone  fort.  lie  com- 
mitted the  error  of  placing  the  fortifications  too  near 
the  exit  of  the  trail,  outside  of  two  lateral  ravines,  of 
one  of  which  Joseph  made  use  to  pass  around  him  and 
escape,  having  first  consumed  four  days  in  pretended 
negotiations,  during  which  time  he  made  himself 
master  of  the  topography  of  the  country. 

Once  in  the  Bitter  Boot  Valley,  they  bartered  such 
things  as  they  had,  chielly  horses,  with  the  inhabitants, 
who  dared  not  refuse,"  and  supplied  themselves  with 
what  they  most  needed.^^ 

"One  merchant,  Young  of  Corvallis,  refused  to  trade  with  them,  closed 
liin  Ktorc,  and  dared  tlicni  to  do  their  worst.  Gibbon's  rept,  iu.S'cc.  W<tr  Hept, 
1S77-8,  GS.  Some,  however,  of  tho  little  town  of  Stephcnsvillc,  sold  jirovis- 
ions  ^uid  ammunition  to  tho  Indians,  and  followed  them  in  wagons  to  trade. 
Hiith  rlaniVs  I/owarWH  Campaii/ii,  23. 

'^  This  needs  sonic  explanation.  There  were  a  considerable  nund)or  of  old 
iDdiua  traders  and  Uudsou's  Bay  men  in  Montana,  who  could  not  icaUt  the 


610 


INDIAN  WARS. 


!IU 


m 
I 


Tlicrc  was  but  a  sinfjlc  resfiment  in  western  Montana 
wlien  Howard  niado  his  demand  for  aid.  This  was 
the  7th  infantry,  under  Colonel  John  Gibbon.  With- 
drawing^ all  ho  could  from  forts  Benton,  Baker,  and 
Missoula,  Gibbon  started  in  pursuit  of  Joseph  soon 
after  he  passed  the  latter  post,  July  27th.  He  had 
seventeen  officers,  132  men,  and  thirty-four  citiziii 
volunteers.  On  the  niffht  of  the  8th  of  Auijfust  he 
succeeded  in  creeping  close  to  Jose[)h's  oanip,  w  hich 
was  situated  on  a  piece  of  bottom  land  on  lliliy 
Creek,  a  small  stream  forminj^  one  of  the  head  wat-  rs 
of  Wisdom  River.  At  daylight  on  the  9th  heattaclad, 
and  tlie  Indians  being  surprised,  their  camp  fcl  into 
the  hands  of  the  infantry  in  less  than  half  an  iioui'. 
But  while  the  soldiers  were  firing  the  lodges,  the 
Indians,  who  had  at  first  run  to  cover,  began  j) oiiriiig 
upon  them  in  return  a  leaden  shower,  which  (luickly 
drove  them  to  hiding-places  in  the  W(>ods.  Fight hig 
continued  all  day  without  abatement,  the  Iiuliniis 
captnrlng  a  howitzer  and  a  pack-mule  laden  with 
annnunition.  During  the  night  the  Ncz  I'crcvs  is- 
ca[)e(l,  leaving  89  dead  on  the  field,  of  whom  soinc 
were  women  and  children.  Gibbon  had  29  kilktl  aiil 
40  wounded,  himself  being  one  of  the  latter.*^ 

On  the  second  morning  after  this  battle,  IIowmi'I 
came  up  with  a  i)icked  escort,  aiid  j\Iason  with  thi; 
remainder  of  the  cavalry  arrived  late  on  the  IJlh. 
On  tlie  13th  Howard  took  up  the  pursuit  again  wiih 
the  addition  to  his  battalion  of  fifty  of  Gibbon's  fom- 
maiid.  Proc(>eding  southward  he  v/as  met  bv  the 
report  of  eight  men  killed  near  tlie  head  of  Jloiso 
prairie  the  previous  night,  and  200  horses  captuivd." 

tonijiting  opportunity  to  incrcaso  tliclr  utock  f -om  tlio  licnh  of  tho  fiii^itivo 
Niz  1 'lice's.  Tlio  U.  S,  olliccrs  coiiinhtiiiud  of  tlii;)  in  their  reports,  witlumt 
discrimiiiiitiii"  hctwi.'Cii  tliis  class  oinl  Aincriciin-l):)rn  ritizciis. 

'^Of  tlio  killfd,  (J  were  volunteers,  viz,:  L.  C.  Elliott,  John  Annstioiitf, 
Paviil  Murmw,  Alvin  Lockwood,  Camplull  Mitciull,  H.  S,  lintwi-U. 
Wounded  volunteers:  Myron  Loi-kwood,  Otto  Hyford,  .Tauob  IJakur,  uul 
Wil.iinii  Ityan.  (Sibl)on'M  rcpt,  in  Sec.  War  liipl,  1S77-8.  7:1. 

"This  luiiy  refer  to  tlio  satno  att:ick  by  tho  Nnz  I'erct^s  incntioiiel  in 
Rlioup'ii  lilaho  Trrriionj,  MS.,  |'.M;{,  which  8ay»  that  .Inscph's  people  up  i  :i 
lur^o  train  coming  over  tho  niouutaius  from  Uunnuck  Ci'y  to  Lonihi,  uiui 


THE  CHASE  CONTINUED. 


511 


But  on  tho  15th  ho  rccoivcd  a  incssago  from  Colonel 
(leori^o  L.  Shoup,  of  tlio  Idaho  volurjt'jors,  informing 
liiui  that  the  Indians  had  rccrosscd  tho  mountains 
into  Idaho,  and  surrounded  the  temporary  fortliica- 
tions  at  Junction,  in  Lemhi  Valley,  containing  oidy 
forfy  citizens.  Shoup  with  sixty  volunteers  had 
reconnoitred  their  camp  west  of  Junction,  finding 
tlu!iu  too  strong  to  attack,  and  called  for  help.  IJefore 
Howard  could  decide  to  send  assistance,  another 
courier  infornod  him  that  Joseph  had  made  a  suddeu 
movement  to  vard  tho  east,  leaving  the  fortified 
srt tiers  of  Lemhi  unharmed.  Other  couriers  from 
the  stage  company  iiucrcepted  h'm  on  the  IGtli,  and 
rrported  the  Indians  on  the  road  '^eyojid  Dry  Creek 
station,  in  Montana,  interruptinr;  travel,  and  cutting 
oil'  telegraphic  communication,  dthough  a  guard  had 
lie  u  set  upon  every  j)ass  known  to  the  comniander  of 
t!ie  ])ursuing  army.  It  v/ar  vot  until  the  18th  that 
Ml  ir  ca!n[)  was  discovered  !.ear  that  place. 

The  following  day  was  Sunday,  and  Jlowanl,  who 
ha!  religious  scruples,  went  into  camp  early  in  tho 
ul'lernoon,  ahout  cigiiteen  miles  iVom  the  encamjjment 
of  the  Nez  Percys.  The  opportunity  was  a  good 
one  for  Joseph,  who  commenced  a  inovemeiit  on  his 
own  I'oar  a  little  before  sunset,  cautiously  ;ipj»roach- 
iii.,'  IToward's  camp,  and  sending  a  lew  skilled  hoi'se- 
thieV(  s  into  it,  undertook  to  divert  the  attention  of 
the  troo[»s  by  a  sudden  advance  on  the  pickets,  while 
tluy  stan^icded  the  pack-animals.  At  daylight  thi'eo 
coiiipiini'.'s  started  in  pursuit,  and  a  skirmish  ensued, 
which  by  contimiance  becani'^  a  battl(>,  the  remainder 
of  I  lie  force  joining  in.  The  I'esult  was  one  man 
kllli  (1,  six  woundi'd,  and  the  loss  of  the  pack-train, 
which  was  not  recovered,  'i'hns  the  chase  was  kept 
lip  as  far  as  Henry  Lake,  where  Howard  awaited 
^upiihes,  and  rested  his  nun  and  horses. 

att;iil(ii)f{  tliom,  drove  tlirm  into  tlio  Btoikiule  in  Lt-nilii  Valley.  Tluynlso 
ciiiiti'.rtil  iiiiil  ili'stioyc'l  S  wnytiiis,  In:  dcd  with  j^ooila  for  Hlioup  &  Cu.  uud 
Fr<i.t<:itcU  I'litllips,  killiug  livo  iiiuii  aixl  tliu  tuauts. 


It 


If! 


h^ 


INDIAN  WARS. 


As  for  Joropli,  lie  aiul  his  people  sccniod  mado  all 
of  ciiduiaiue.  Tlu-y  passed  on  into  Wyoniin-j^  and 
the  national  [)aik  by  the  way  of  the  Madison  InaiK  U 
of  the  Missouri.  In  the  lower  geyser  basin  tiny 
captuHKl  a  [)arty  of  tourists,  resting  but  a  short  tiiuo 
near  Yellowstone  Lake.  Although  a  large  nunibcr 
of  troops  wore  put  into  the  field,  namely,  si.\  conij)aiiiL'S 
of  tho  7th  cavalry  under  Colonel  Sturgis,  livu  of  llio 
fifth  eavalry  under  Major  ITart,  and  ten  other  cavalry 
conipaiiies  under  Colonel  Menitt,  to  scout  in  every 
direction,  Joseph  again  evaded  thorn,  and  crossed  the 
Yellowstone  at  tlie  mouth  of  Clark  Fork,  September 
10th,  Ic.ving  both  Sturgis  and  Howard  in  the  rear. 
Sturgis,  bein?:,  reiinforced  and  sent  in  fast  pursuit,  over- 
took the  Indians  below  Clark  Fork,  and  skinnishiiig 
with  them,  killed  and  wounded  several,  ami  captuiiil 
a  lai-ge  nundjer  of  horses.  Nevertheless,  tlicy  again 
escajied,  crossing  the  IMusselshell  and  Missouri  Ivivers, 
the  latter  at  Cow  Island,  the  low-water  steamltoat 
landing  for  Fort  Bentt)n,  where  they  burned  tiie  wai'o 
houses  and  stores,  and  skirmisiied  with  a  delaehmciit 
of  the  rtli  infantry  engaged  in  improving  the  rixcr 
near  Cow  Island.  On  the  23d  of  September  they 
moved  north  again  toward  the  British  ],ossession-i. 

When  Howard  found  that  the  Ne>:  JV-rces  had  es- 
cajjcd  from  Sturgis  ami  himself  at  Clark  Folk,  ho 
sent  v.'ord  to  Colonel  ^liles,  stationed  at  the  moiiUi  of 
Tongue  liiver,  who  inunediately  organized  a  force  to 
inteivept  (iiem.  Tiiis  command  left  Tongue  ]riV(r 
barracks  on  the  18th,  reaching  the  Missouri  at  tho 
mouth  of  the  Musselshell  on  the  23d,  learning  the 
directio»<  taken  by  the  i'ugitives  on  the  2.jlh,  and 
coming  up  with  f  heir  camp  on  Snake  Creek,  near  the 
north  viul  of  Bear  I\iw  ]Mountains,  on  the  2*.)lh.  An 
attack  was  made  \\\v  next  morning  by  three  several 
battaUons,  the  Indians  taking  refuge,  as  usual,  in  the 
mountain  dililes,'' 

'•'lk'siil«'8  Miles'  own  rejiimcnt  of  the  5th  infantry,  ho  Imd  a  bnttalion  o1 
tho  Ttli  cmmIiv  nil, III-  (':ii>!uiii  Hull',  nnd  lUKitht  r  of  the  '.M  i:iv.iliy  iiiulcr 
Cttplii  u  Tylur,  ilolai'.cd  to  his  coinniaiiil.  A'ec,  War  /iVjrf,  1S77->S,  7t. 


JOSEPH  SURRENDERS. 


SIS 


The  first  charge  cut  off  from  camp  all  the  horses, 
wliicii  wcru  cai)ture(l,  and  half  the  warriors.  In  the 
srcoiid  charge,  on  the  riHe-pits,  Captain  Hale  and 
Lii'utcnant  Jiiddlo  were  killed.  As  soon  as  the  infan- 
try tiUMe  up,  the  canij)  was  entirely  surrounded,  hut 
as  it  was  evident  the  fortifications  could  not  he  taken 
without  heavy  loss,  Miles  contented  himself  with 
kit  ping  the  enemy  under  fire  until  he  shoukl  surren- 
(kr.  1^'or  four  days  and  nights  the  Indians  ami  the 
troops  kept  their  positions.  A  white  fiag  was  seveial 
tiinis  displayed  in  the  Xez  Perct5  camp,  but  when 
iv(|uired  to  lay  down  their  arms  they  refused.  At 
1  iigtli,  on  the  ath  of  October,  after  three  and  a  half 
iimiiths  of  war,  meanwhile  being  ten  weeks  hunted 
tVttin  place  to  ])lace,  the  Xez  IVrces  were  forc<»d  to 
•surrender,  and  (jreiieral  Howard,  who  had  arrived  just 
in  time  to  be  pi'esent  at  the  ceremony,  directed  .Jose[)h 
ti)  give  u))  his  arms  to  Colonel  Miles.  In  the  last 
;i«ti(»n  .lo^icph  had  lost  hio  brothei-  Onient,  a  young 
iiiave  ivse'nd)ling  himself  in  military  talent,  Looking- 
;;lass,  anotiier  prominent  chief,  and  two  head-men, 
lifsides  twenty-iivi!  warriors  killed  and  l'orty-si\ 
woniided.  ]\liles  lost,  besiile  tlu;  two  ollicers  named, 
t\\rii(y-one  killed  and  forty-lbur  wouniled.  The  num- 
In  !•  (if  jursons  killed  outside  of  battle  by  Josejjh's 
n.nplo  was  about  fii'ty;  volunteers  killed  in  war,  tliir- 
tteii;  olHeers  and  men  of  the  regular  armv,  105.  The 
wniiiided  Were  not  less  than  120. 

To  cajiture  .']00  warriors,  encumbered  with  their 
families  and  stock,  recpiiied  at  various  times  (lu;  ser- 
vi( cs  of  l>etween  thirty  and  foity  companies  of  United 
Slates  troops,  supj)lemented  by  vohmtei'rs  and  Indian 
scouts.  Tlu'  distance  marched  by  Howard's  army 
t'li'iii  ivamiah  to  Jiear  I*aw  .\rt)untains  was  over  l,.JOO 
miles,  a  march  the  severity  of  which  has  rarely  been 
etjiialled,  as  its  length  oi:  tiu!  war-path  has  never 
been  surpassed. 

Tli(>  fame  of  Joseph,  became  wide-sprcn<l  by  I'eason 
ul'  this  enoi'inous  outlay  of  uioney  and  ellbrt  in  his 


I 


Ums.  \VAau.-;t8 


614 


INDIAN  WARS. 


^'u 


■|^1 


"I 

Pi' 
It  J 


capture,  and  from  the  military  skill  displayed  in  avoil- 
ing  it  for  such  a  length  of  time.  It  only  shows  tlint 
war  may  be  maintained  as  well  by  the  barbarian  as  l»v 
the  civilized  man,  the  best  arms  and  the  greatest 
nun^bers  deciding  the  contest.  When  the  Nez  Pcrccs 
surrendered,  they  were  promised  permission  to  retinn 
to  Idaho,  and  were  given  in  charge  of  Colonel  ]\Iil(s, 
to  be  kept  until  spring,  it  then  being  too  late  to  make 
the  journey.  But  General  Sheridan,  in  whoso  de- 
partment they  were,  ordered  them  to  Fort  lioavcii- 
worth,  and  afterward  to  the  Indian  Territory,  ii«  ar 
the  Ponca  agency,  where  they  subs(»quently  livid 
quietly  and  <Mijoyed  health  and  comfort.  That  this 
was  a  judicious  course  to  pursue  under  the  riniui!- 
stances,  the  behavior  of  a  part  of  White  Bird's  hand, 
who  fled  to  the  British  possessions  after  surrcMKK'riiiu^, 
and  returned  to  Idaho  the  following  sunuuur,  satis- 
factorily demonstrated.*' 

Scarcely  was  the  Nez  Percd  war  over,  and  Josopli's 
peoj»le  banished,  before  the  territory  was  again  aL;i- 

"Tlic  mimlipr  of  Noz  Perec's,  exclusive  of  Joacpli's  followers,  still  ofT  tlin 
reserviilion  in  IS7S,  was  .lOO.  Tiio  progrcsa  of  the  Nez  l'erc(''.s  who  rciimiiiiil 
oil  till' ici-crvation  was  rather  osHisteil  tliuii  retarded  by  the  Bepiiratiuu  Iroin 
tlicir  fellowship  of  the  non-treaty  Indiaas.  Four  of  the  youni,'  men  fnim 
Kiuni.-dt  were  exiunined  by  tiio  presbytery  of  Orcjjon  in  1877,  and  lioenseil  to 
nreaelt  tind  teneli  among  their  tribe.  The  nieniberBhip  of  the  Kun.iaii  ainl 
l^ipwai  eliurehes  in  KS7'J  was  over  300.  They  we!0  presided  over  by  unv 
white  minister,  mid  one  Nez  l'crci5  minister  named  Kobert  Williams,  iiml  luii. 
tribuled  of  their  own  means  toward  the  support  of  their  teachers.  'I'iiut  a 
good  <K'ul  of  theirchristiunity  was  vanity,  was  shown  on  the  -Ith  of  .(uly,  InT'.', 
wliieh  day  was  celebrated  by  tlio  Kumiah  divi&ion  of  the  tribe.  As  the  [)ri)- 
ccs'iioii  formed  t<>  maroli  from  eamp  to  the  place  selected  for  tin'  exercisi «, 
tiuiso  wearing  blankets  and  adhering  to  aboriginal  customs  were  rxchiih'l  by 
the  chief  und  head-nien  with  a  conteniptuons  'no  Indians  allowed.'  Siii  li  n 
tlie  inexor.dilc  law  of  progi'es8--n<)  Indians  allowed.  In  ISSO  there  weru 
nearly  4,(K)0  acres  >in<ler  cultivation  by  170  Nez  I'erci^  fanners.  Of  the  KJOO 
who  lived  on  the  reserve,  nearly  IKK)  wore  citizen.i'  dress.  In  eiluealioii.il 
matters  they  were  less  forwanf.  Notwith.standing  the  grant  by  tnityof 
J(i,(:0()  annually  for  educational  piiipohcs,  for  thirteen  years,  and  iintHitli- 
Btanding  missionary  etrorts,  the  number  who  could  read  in  l.S.SOvas  11(1. 
The  number  of  children  of  school  ago  on  the  reservation  was  2.">(),  aiioiit  i>iii.' 
fiftlnif  whom  attiiidcd  school.  On  the  Istof  July,  1880,  tiie  Stevens  trcity 
expired  l>y  limitation,  aiulwitli  it  chieftainships  anil  annuities  were  al">l:.-li'  I 
In  nii/st  eases  chieftainship  had  been  a  source  of  jealousy  to  the  Iniliiiiis  himI 
danger  to  th.'  white  jieoplc,  as  in  the  insbmees  of  Joseph,  White  Hini,  ainl 
others;  bn-  the  influence  of  Lawyer  and  his  Hueeessor  was  proUibly  worih 
nnich  more  than  the  Ralary  ho  received,  in  preserving  the  peace.  Win  u  it 
fiuully  ^uutiMid  uway,  it  wan  iiu  lunger  needed  fur  that  pur^HMo. 


in 


SHOSHONE  AFFAIRS, 


«I6 


tatt  <1  l)y  the  threatening  attitude  of  the  Shoshone 
ami  allied  tribes.  The  origin  of  the  outbreak  was 
their  dissatisfaction  as  wards  of  the  government.  For 
a  H'W  years  after  their  subjugation  by  generals  Crook 
and  Conner  the  people  of  Idaho  enjoyed  a  period  of 
fKcdoni  from  alarms,  but  in  1871  there  was  a  general 
rest  lessness  among  the  tribes  of  southern  Idaho,  from 
tlu;  eastern  to  the  western  boundary,  that  boded  no 


hV 


In  1 8G7,  while  the  Shoshone  war  was  yet  in  progress, 
Governor  Ballard,  in  his  capacity  of  ex-officio  super- 
intendent of  Indian  affairs,  made  an  informal  treaty 
w itii  the  Bannack  branch  of  the  Shoshone  nation  in 
tliL'  ( astorn  part  of  Idaho,  by  which  they  agreed  to 
^o  upon  the  Fort  Hall  reservation  before  the  1st  of 
June,  1808,  provided  the  land  should  be  set  apart  for- 
ever to  them,  and  that  they  should  be  taught  hus- 
liandry,  mechanics,  and  given  schools  for  their  chil- 
•lim.  The  Boisd  and  Bruneau  Shoshones  were  also 
^atiierod  under  an  agent  and  fed  through  the  winter. 
]n  1808  all  these  Indians  were  located  on  the  reserva- 
tion at  Fort  Hall,  some  of  them  straying  back  to 
Iheir  former  homes  A  formal  treaty  was  this  year 
made  with  the  Bannacks,  by  which  1,508,000  acres 
\\v\c  set  apart  for  their  use  and  that  of  kindred  tribes. 
lint  the  ardor  with  which  some  of  these  Indians  set 
to  work  to  learn  farming  was  (juenched  by  the  results 
of  till!  iirst  year's  effort,  the  grasslioppers  destroying 
a  large  portion  of  their  crop,  in  addition  to  which  the 
j;overument  was,  as  so  often  happened,  behind  with 
its  annuities.  By  the  terms  of  the  treaty  the  Indians 
Were  permitted  to  go  to  the  buffalo-grounds,  and  to 
iW'j;  camas  on  Big  Camas  ])rairio,  a  part  of  which  was 
u^rnd  to  be  set  aside  for  their  use  whenever  they 
should  deslio  i>^''     Affairs  progressed  favorably  until 

"  Tlio  Innguago  of  Korkok,  a  Shoshone  chief,  to  the  nqent  nt  the  Diinnnck 
Brill  Sliiisliono  ngciicy  in  1H(J9,  on  hein;?  ivfusftl  unnuity  goods  oil  tin'  rcscivii- 
tiiiii,  \vii:i  that  ho  aupjiosed  tlioonly  wiiy  to  ohtain  pi'o.wntswns  'tontoal  ti  iVw 
hoi-vik'  and  kill  a  few  wiiito  men.'  //»/.  Ajl'.  Itipl,  lS(i!),  '21'). 

^'  li'evrriiion  qf  Indian  TrfcUiea,  IHTJ.  ..  OJU.  in  Sic.  H'ur  liipt,  lt<7S-l),  ii. 


!'     t 


P.i    ' 


p'lj  '<'' 

m^  "\ 

m 

616 


TVDIAX  WARS. 


the  death  of  the  principal  chief,  Tygoe,  m  1871,  whon 
the  Indians  began  to  present  a  liostile  front.  In 
1872  .in  Indian  from  the  Fort  Hall  reservation  at- 
teni)>ted  to  shoot  a  farmer  at  work  makinsjf  hay  on  the 
South  Boise  River.  He  was  seized,  but  finally  lih.r- 
ated  bv  the  white  man  who  took  him,  rather  than  in- 
cur  the  dan^jjer  of  brinijfinar  on  a  conflict  with  the  triho. 
Several  similar  affairs  happened  during  the  sumnur, 
and  some  nmrders  were  committed.  In  1873  thi' 
government  ordered  the  special  commission  before  iv- 
ferred  to,  of  whicli  Shanks  was  chairman,  to  investi- 
gate causes  of  trouble  in  the  district  of  Idalio,  These 
connnissioners  made  a  modification  of  the  former  treaty 
with  the  Bannacks  and  Shoshones,  by  whicli  tlu y  re- 
linquished their  right  to  hunt  on  the  unoccupied  lands 
of  the  United  States  without  a  written  permit  IVoni 
tiie  agent.  But  no  reference  was  made  in  the  amend- 
ments to  Camas  prairie  privileges.  Once  at  Camas 
prairie,  the  Indians  proceeded  under  their  diU'e)*  nt 
chit^t's,  in  detachments,  to  the  Weiscr  Valhy,  imw 
being  occupied  by  settlers,  where  they  were  niel  hy 
thi!  LJmatillas  from  Oregon,  and  where  they  held  a 
grand  fair,  horse-races,  and  exchange  of  propei-ty  in 
the  ancient  maimer.  When  thus  assembled,  ihcv 
numbered,  with  the  Umatillas,  about  2,000,  and  I  he 
settlers  felt  unsafe  from  their  proximity.  Th(,'  suiHt- 
iiitendency  having  been  taken  away  from  the  gnv- 
crnor,  there  was  no  ajipenl  within  the  territory,  except 
to  the  agent  at  Fort  Hall,  who  justified  the  giving-  nf 
passes  on  .account  of  the  meagrencss  of  the  c();nini>- 
sary  department  at  the  .igency. 

Further  trouble  was  caused  in  1874  by  an  onlt  i' 
from  the  Indian  department  for  the  removal  <if  aix'iit 
a  thousand  Indians— among  whom  was  a  band  kimwa 
as  the  Sheep  Eaters,  who,  five  years  previous,  hail 
been  settletl  in  the  Lendii  Valley  under  an  agent — to 
the  Fort  Hall  reservation,  these  Indians  refusing  to 
be  removed.  In  the  following  year  the  order  was 
withdrawn,  and  a  reservation  set  apart  for  them  con- 


BANNACKS  AND  I'lUTES. 


tm 


t.tlning  100  square  miles.  In  this  ycnr,  also,  an  ad- 
(liiidii  was  mudo  to  the  Malheur  reservation  in  Oreoon, 
whicli  was  still  further  enlarged,  with  new  boundaries, 
ill  1^7(). 

]kit  nieantimo  the  !^^odoc  war  and  Joseph's  atti- 
iudc  eonccniiii<^  the  Wallowa  Valley  had  their  effect 
ill  (listurhinjx  the  minds  of  Ihe  Indians,  ])a)tieularly 
those  of  the  Oregon  Shoshones  and  tlie  l^iutes  asso- 
ci.itcil  with  them.  Thi'ee  or  four  years  of  deceitful 
(juiet  followed  the  banishment  of  the  Modocs.  When 
tlie  Nei:  Perce  outbreak  occurred,  great  alarm  was 
felt  by  tile  white  inhabitants  kst  the  Shoshones 
and  Piiites  should  join  in  the  revolt.  Winnemucca, 
ciiitiof  the  Piutos,  appeared  on  the  Owyhee  with  all 
Ills  warriors;  but  finding  the  people  watchful,  and  the 
niilitaiy  active,  they  remained  quiescent,  and  Joseph 
was  permitted  to  do  his  own  fighting.  Yet  the  witle- 
s[in'ad  consternation  which  this  one  band  was  able  to 
civatc,  and   the   injury  it  succi'cded   in  i 


iflicl 


miT,  en- 


couiaged  the  Indians — many  of  whom  were  believers 
ill  the  Smohallah  doctrine  of  the  conquest  of  the 
cniiiihy  by  the  red  men — to  think  that  a  more  eom- 
biiH'd  attack  would  be  successful. 


le  coin  111  h 


111  the  sunnncr  and  autumn  of  1877  the  Bannacks 
nil  I  he  Fort  .Hall  reservation  became  so  tui'bulent  as 
to  ivquire  a  considerable  military  force  at  the  agency. 

A\'lien  spring  came  tliere  was  not  enough  food  to 
kiTp  them  all  on  the  reservation,'^  would  they  have 
staved;  and  beinLT  <>lf,  in  ^lay  thev  connnenced  shoot- 
iiig  wliite  peoide  on  Camas  prairii%  to  which,  under 
the  treaty,  they  laid  claim  e(pially  with  the  United 
States.  As  the  settlers  ]ic\>t  swine,  the  camas  root 
was  destroyed  by  them  in  a  wholesale  manner  very 
irritating  to  the  Indians. 

"ilshonlil  1)0  explained  that  tlio  Hoaroity  of  food  \v:is  nnrtly  ooi'asioiK'd 
bvtiiiiNiz  I'lTC) -war,  wliicli  piovniitcd  tiio  liiili:iu4  fiiun  liiiiitiii.;  as  usual. 
Ui  tlii<  till!  l>;miiai:Us  wi-ro  us  wi  II  awarows  their  agi'iit.  (juii;^'i'i'si  a|i|imj)ri- 
»t('l  y\  l.OlH)  tnr  tiu'ir  Hiibsistclu'C  in  1S77,  Imt  tlm  delicieiicy  iiicutiuliL'tl  uud 
till:  ^uulur  iiuiiibur  ou  thu  ruHuivutiun  caused  u  [lurtiul  faiuiuu. 


618 


INDIAN  WARS. 


Their  first  demonstration,  after  threateninfj  for 
some  time,  was  to  fire  upon  two  herders,  woun(liii|T 
thoiii  severely.  They  next  captured  King  Hill  stai^^e- 
ptation,  destroying  property  and  driving  off  the  horses, 
the  men  in  chnrge  barely  escaping.  About  the  samo 
time  they  appeared  on  Jordan  Creek,  demanding 
arms  and  aiM munition,  and  captured  two  frciglit- 
wagons  near  Glen'^  ferry  on  Snake  River,  driving  off 


t! 


*     i.^      }J'  OuldMlu,.'-^ 


Camas  riiAinm  and  Volcano  Disikict. 

100  horses,  cutting  loose  the  ferry-boat,  and  destioy- 
in<ir  several  larm-houses  from  which  the  families  li.nl 
fied.  The  settlers  of  this  region  fortified  thcmsclv.H 
at  Payne's  ferry,  and  formed  a  volunteer  company. 
All  over  the  territory  again,  as  in  the  preceding  sinn- 
mer,  business  was  prostrated,  farms  were  deseilrd, 
and  citizens  under  arms. 

Again  it  required  time  to  concentrate  troops  and 
find  where  to  strike  the  Indians.  Their  mov<  ninit 
seemed  to  be  from  Fort  Hall  west  along  Snake  Jl'wcv 
to  tiie  Owvhee.  The  leader  of  the  hostile  ]3aiinatlcH 
was  Buffalo  Horn,  one  of  the  Bannack  scouts  em- 


MOKE  FIGHTINa. 


SI9 


ployed  in  the  Nez  Percd  war,  but  who  was  said  to 
luivo  deserted  Howard  at  Henry  Lake  because  he 
would  not  be  advised  by  him,  and  push  on  to  Joseph's 
camp,  which  he  insisted  could  be  taken  at  that  time. 
Evidently  he  had  a  taste  for  fighting  which  was  not 
satisfied  with  Howard's  tactics.  The  chiefs  of  the 
Piutcs,  Winnemucca  and  Natchez,  maintained  an  ap- 
jHiurance  of  friendship,  while  Eagan  and  Oits  led  the 
Indians  of  south-western  Oregon  and  northern  Nj- 
vaila,  Piutes  and  Malheurs,  in  their  murderous  raids. 
Tlio  Umatilla  Indians  were  divided,  many  cf  them 
joining  the  war-making  bands,  and  others  volunteer- 
ing to  fight  with  the  troops.  There  seemed  imminent 
tlangor  that  the  uprising  would  become  general,  from 
Utali  and  Nevada  to  British  Columbia. 

The  first  actual  conflict  between  armed  parties  was 
on  the  8tli  of  June,  when  a  company  of  thirty-five 
volunteers,  under  J.  B.  Harper  of  Silver  City,  en- 
countered sixty  Bannacks  seven  miles  east  of  South 
Mountain  in  Owyhee  county.  The  volunteers  were 
conii)cll(?d  to  retreat,  with  four  white  men  and  two 
liulian  scouts  killed,  one  man  wounded,  and  one  nii.ss- 
iu'f.''^  On  the  11th  the  stage  was  attacked  betwt>en 
Camp  McDermitt  and  Owyhee,  the  driver  killed, 
mail  destr()3'ed,  and  some  arms  and  ammunition  in- 
tended for  citizens  captured.  The  Indians  on  the 
^lalheur  reservation  in  Oregon  had  left  the  agency 
al/out  one  week  previous,  after  destroying  a  large 
amount  of  property,  going  in  the  direction  of  Boise. 
On  the  15th  Howard,  who  was  near  Cedar  Mountain 
in  Oregon,  announced  the  main  body  of  the  enemy, 
•iOO  strong,  to  be  congregated  in  the  valley  between 
(  I  dar  and  Steen  mountains,  and  that  he  was  about  to 
move  upon  theni^'  with  sixteen  companies  of  cavalry, 

'"Sec  ..  'vfr  Cltjf  Avcdanchf,  .Tnno  22,  1878.  One  of  tlie  killed  was  O.  H. 
I'liidy,  one  of  tlio  discoverers  of  tiio  Owylico  mines.  Ho  insisted,  ii;^:iiiist 
ni"iL'  caiilions  connseh,  that  it  wiia  the  dnty  of  the  compiiiiy  to  go  to  tiio  «n- 
BJ-.huicLMjf  tlio  people  of  Jordan  Valley,  whicii  was  tlireati-ned.  IJy  doinj;  ho 
iio  lu.t  ilia  life,  l)ut  diverted  the  Indiana  from  their  j)ur|K)so  for  tlio  time. 
Bntj-di)  Horn  was  supposed  to  liavo  Ween  Uillcd  l>y  I'lirdy  in  this  Bkirmi.sh. 

'"  iliu  cum^umioa  iu  tlio  lield  wcro  tliosiu  of  Saudford,  Uondiro,  Suuuicr,  and 


620 


INDIAN  WARS. 


■i  II 


infantry,  and  artillery.  This  movement  was  coni- 
mouced  on  the  23d,  the  advance,  under  l:>ornurd,  sur- 
prising himself  and  the  Indians  hy  running  into  their 
rear  near  Camp  Curry  the  next  morning  at  ni>  o 
o'clock.  The  cavalry,  four  companies,  charged  t  le 
Indians,  who  rallied  and  forced  Bernard  to  send  lor 
assistance.  Not  much  loss  numerically  was  sustained 
on  either  side,  tliC  Bannacks,  however,  losing  their 
leader,  Buffalo  Horn,  which  was  to  them  in  moral 
force  equivalent  to  a  partial  defeat.  Before  I  Iowa  id 
came  up,  on  the  25th,  the  Indians  hatl  disappeared, 
and  lel't  their  course  to  be  conjectured  by  the  general. 
He  believed  that  they  would  proceed  north  by  Silvc  r 
Creek  and  the  south  branch  of  John  Day  lliver,  then 
up  Granite  Creek  to  Bridge  Creek,  to  Join  the  dis- 
cont(>Mted  Cayuses  and  other  Indians  in  that  vicinity, 
when  they  would  make  a  den^onstration  still  faitlier 
north.  To  provide  for  this,  he  sent  Colonel  (hover 
to  Walla  Walla  to  take  command  of  five  companies  of 
cavalry,  numbering  240  men,  to  intercept  them,  while 
ho  remained  in  their  rear  with  480  with  whom  to 
follow. 

Being  thus  driven,  the  Indians  moved  rapidly  north. 
On  the  29tli  they  poured  into  the  valhy  of  the  south 
branch  of  John  Day  lliver,  surrounding  a  little  com- 
pany of  fifteen  home-guards,  killing  one  and  wountliiig 
several.  Wherever  they  went  thev  i>illa<''ed  and  de- 
stroyed.  Cattle  were  butchered  by  the  hundreds  and 
left  to  rot;  valuable  horses  were  killed  or  maimed, 
and  whole  herds  of  sheep  mutilated  and  left  to  die. 
The  appeals  for  military  aid  from  beleaguered  outlv- 
ing  settlements  were  as  vain  as  they  were  ['iteous. 
Soldiers  could  not  be  s|)ared  for  guard  duty  while  em- 
ployed in  driving  the  Indians  ujuju  the  citizens.  A|>- 
j)eals  to  the  governor  of  Oregon  were  ecjually  fiuitless, 

(^aiT,  uiuler  Col  Grovcr,  onUrrd  to  concentrate  at  Kinney's  ferry,  nearoM  Fort 
IJoisr;  licrnanr«  and  WliinplcV,  en  nmto  from  nnuican  l!ivcr,  Mi'(liii,'i)r, 
and  lioinus  to  join  IJcrniird;  Stewart's  fohiinn,  consisting?  of  two  idiiipiiiiii'S 
of  artillery  and  live  of  infantry,  at  Wiindiart's  ferry  on  Alulheur  liiver;  i\,'- 
bert's  re-.ervc  of  live  companies  n t  Camp  Lyon,  to  lie  reenforccd  Ijy  Cochran  with 
one  company  of  infantry.  Sec.  ]\'ar  Jtrpt,  lijIS-t),  IJ-. 


THE  UMATILLA  ALLIES. 


521 


north, 
■louth 

cnlll- 

iidiir^' 
,1  .Ir- 
s  ;iii<l 
iliit'il, 
.()  (lif. 
-utly- 

ti'dVlS. 

e  fill- 
Ap- 
litlcss, 

1.1.1  Foit 

(.•(ill'l,'')!", 

illipilliioS 
ran  Willi 


it?;  ]ic  wa.s  not  pcnnittod  to  <'iill  tor  voluntcors,  nnd 
was  without  anus  to  di^triltutc  to  tlic  untinnc<l  sct- 
iltis,  or  citi/cii  com  panics. 

On  the  '2d  of  Julv  tlic  htval  I'inatillas,  undr  tlieir 
M'tnt,  Connovcr,  met  the  cnoniv  400  stron,;',  ti^htiu'-" 
thcni  all  (Jay.  killinn"  tlility,  with  a  loss  of  only  twt». 
This  ]>ri'Vontf(I  a  raici,  hut  alaiiucd  tho  thousand  or 
iiini'c  ot'  helpless  \vc»nien  and  chililren  gathered  at  Pen- 
dleton, and  a  petition  tor  troo[)s  was  sent  to   Walla 


JiASTliUN    OUEtiO.N. 


AViilla,  where  General  Wheaton  had  a  small  force. 
W  lieaton  had  been  advif^ed  (»f  the  probable  approach 
to  the  (\)lnnil)ia  Iii\er  of  the  raiders,  and  not  vet 
lii.vin'j;'  l)een  joinetl  by  (Jrov(>r,  had  moved  his  whole 
u\ailablu  lorcu  of  liltj-four  men  to  Wallula,  where 


m 


622 


INDIAN  WARS. 


I 


: 


il 


m 


1^ 


n* 


they  were  to  talco  a  steamboat  and  patrol  tlic  river 
to  observe  if  an}'  Indians  were  crossint^.  But  on 
receiving,'  the  cull  for  help  from  Pendleton,  he  directed 
this  coni[)any  to  proceed  to  that  place. 

All  at  once  calls  came  from  everywhere  alon^^'  the 
line  of  settlements,  from  Des  Chutes  to  the  head 
waters  of  John  Day,  showinj^  hostile  Indians  all  aloii.,' 
between  these  points.  At  Bake  Oven,  fifty  niilts 
from  The  Dalles,  on  the  2d  of  July,  they  captured  a 
wagon  laden  with  arms  and  ammunition  for  the  state 
militia,  burned  a  house,  killed  one  man,  and  wounded 
two  others.  At  the  same  date  they  were  fii^hliiiL;" 
in  the  vicinity  of  Canon  City  and  raiding  at  otlii  r 
points.  On  the  5tli  of  July  Whcatoii  managed  togi  t 
possession  of  a  steamer,  which  he  manned  with  tm 
ordnance  soldiers  and  ten  others,  under  Captain  Knss, 
who,  furnished  with  a  howitzer  and  Gatling  gun,  started 
to  patrol  the  Columbia  in  the  vicinity  of  Wallula. 

On  tile  Gth  General  Howard  was  near  Cranito 
City,  ilfty  miles  south  of  Pendleton.  Half-way 
between  him  and  that  place,  at  Willow  Spiiiigs, 
a  company  of  citizens  was  attacked,  and  Cap- 
tain Sperry  and  nearly  all  his  conunand  killed  or 
wounded.  lit  taring  how  the  war  was  ixoiuLT,  if  war  it 
could  be  called  which  was  only  a  raid  leobly  resisted, 
governors  Chadwick  and  Ferry  hastened  to  Peiidh  - 
ton  to  confer  with  Howard.  A  large  number  tit' 
families  were  .sent  down  the  river  to  The  DalKvs  on  a 
special  steamer.  A  few  arms  obtained  at  Yancouvt  r 
were  distributed  at  that  place,  and  medical  service 
rendered  to  the  sick,  of  whom  there  were  many,  owIulC 
to  the  crowded  condition  of  the  town  and  the  mental 
strain.  The  Portland  nulitia  companies  tendeiH  d 
arms  and  services.  The  fjrmer  were  accepted,  and  a 
consignment  of  guns  made  to  Governor  Bray  man  ut' 
Idaho,  arrested  at  Umatilla  by  permission,  and  fur- 
nished to  the  people  in  that  vicinity.  Governor 
Ferry  also  lent  the  guns  belonging  to  Washington  for 
use  by  the  citizens  of  Oregon. 


THE  WAR  CONTINUES. 


r>22 


On  the  8tli  of  July  three  companies  of  cavalry 
from  the  department  of  the  Clearwater,  under  Tlirock- 
iiiorton,  marching  from  Lapwai  via  Walla  Walla  and 
I'cncllciton,  made  a  junction  with  Howard's  force  at 
Pilot  Rock  on  Birch  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  T^nia- 
tilla  River,  which  skirts  the  rcservati<jn  of  the  Uma- 
tilla Indians  on  the  west,  and  near  which,  in  Fox 
A'alley,  the  Indian  army  had  received  a  reenl'orcc- 
nient  of  disloyal  Umatillas,  the  number  of  the  ho.^uilo 
Indians  being  now  estimated  at  1,000.  The  scouts 
at  this  point  discovered  the  Indians  in  force  six  miles 
{^outh-west  of  Pilot  Rock,  on  Putter  Creek,  directly 
(in  the  njuto  to  the  Colund)ia,  forty  miles  distant. 
Si roni;ly  posted  on  the  crest  of  a  steep  hill,  which 
could  oidy  be  reached  with  difficulty  by  crossing  a 
canon,  they  awaited  the  ap[)roach  of  the  troops,  who 
skirmished  to  the  top  and  drove  them  from  tluir 
position,  capturing  some  camp  material,  ammunition, 
aiul  two  hundred  broken-down  horses.  Again  they 
tiiok  a  position  among  the  pines  which  cover  tiie  crests 
of  the  Blue  Mountains,  but  were  soon  dislodged  by 
the  cavalry  under  Bernard,  and  lied  still  farther  into 
the  mountains,  w!icre,  owing  to  the  roughness  of  the 
country,  they  were  not  pursued.  In  this  skirmish 
the  Iiulians  sustained  slight  loss.  Their  best  horses, 
w  illi  their  families  and  j)roperty,  were  between  them 
and  the  Columbia  River,  but,  as  Howard  thought, 
going  toward  Grand  Rond.  On  the  same  day  .scveial 
small  bands  effected  a  crossing  to  the  north  side  of 
the  Columbia,  driving  large  bands  of  horses.  Cap- 
tain Kress  with  his  armed  steamboat  interce[)ted 
one  party  below  Umatilla,  and  Ca[)tain  Wilkinson 
another  above  that  place.  The  presence  of  bouts  at 
tlie  crossings,  notwithstanding  Captain  Worth,  just 
from  San  Francisco  with  his  company  for  tiiis 
stivice,  had  been  for  several  days  engaged  in  seizing 
Ijoats  to  prevent  the  ])assage  of  the  Indians,  showed 
the  complicity  of  the  Columbia  River  Indians. 

Howard  having  satisfied  himself  that  the  principal 


i^ 


INDIAN'  WARS. 


niovoiiK.'nt  of  tlic  marauders  was  toward  Siialvf  Tllvcr, 
tiir(tiiv,di  tho  Grand  lioiul,  sent  l^aiidlord's  thn-cj  com- 
jiMiiics  of  (-avail  V  and  a  (••(inpany  of  iiil'aiitrv  imdcr 
Miles  to  follow  them.  The  remainder  of  his  force, 
under  Forsyth,  was  ordered  to  Lewiston  and  Lap- 
wai,  to  intercept  the  enemy  at  tho  Snake  erossinLT. 
At  Weston,  on  the  I'Jth,  he  had  a  conference  with 
•^•oveiiiors  l''erry  and  CJlwulwick,  the  latter  endeavor- 
ing to  show  that  the  movonunt  toward  Lapwai  was 
premature,  and  the  country  in  danger  if  the  troojis 
ahandoned  ()reL,'on  at  that  time.  Jle  recpiested  tiiat 
Throckmoi'tttn,  who  was  stationed  on  IJutler  Creek, 
should  he  ordei'ed  to  the  Umatilla  ai^cney,  |[oward 
mainlained  his  Im  lief  that  the  Indians  were  hurryiii;^ 
toward  Snake  liiver,  and  de[)arted  the  same  aflernoon 
for  Ijcwiston  l>y  steamer,  Chadwick  retuniiu'^'  to 
l*en(lleton.  As  he  did  so,  he  ohserxcd  si'^nal-lires 
on  the  Meacham  road  oscr  the  lilue  Mountains, 
east  (»f  ('ayuse  station,  wIumc  he  had  dineil  tiiat  day, 
and  learned  that  the  station  had  heeu  at  tacked  and 
hnnieil,  the  raiding;"  party  puisuinn'  the    slaL;"e'  fioiu 


Meacham's,  !Uid  attackiuLT  another  party  of  tra\eller 


woundnin'    two,    one    mortally 


'I 


lUiiuiL,^    a>i( 


I.',    h 


I'eaehi'd  JNiidletdU  hy  a  (lilieivnt  route  <lurin^'  the 
ni;4ht ,  lindin_!4'  the  towns-people  L^reatly  ai^itated.  tin* 
Indians  heini^  within  six  miles  of  that  place,  on  the 
reservation.  The  govcrntir  had  just  des[iatched  the 
few  arms  at  his  command  to  jja  (irande,  and  could  do 
not  hin-^'  toward  arming,'  the  citi/ens.  I  le  had  hasteuetl 
a  courier  aftei'  Howard,  who  did  not,  however,  retinwi; 
and  to  ^iv«!  the  people  confidisnce.  or<4;ani/,ed  a  hat- 
tali*  >n  of  three  hundreil  meii,"^  who  i^rnolantly  helieved 
they  were  to  he  armed. 

In  the  mean  time,  however,  coiuii-is  had  overtaken 
Mil 


IS,  Who   Wl 


as  not  far  from  JV'udleton  with  one  c*an- 


"(Irciiffc  rO'-";iii,  prii|irii  Im-  uf  tlic  St  (!liiiili's  llolil,  I'liitliiml,  dird  of  liit 
womikIk.     Alii'fl'l   hi'iiki  r  lit'  |.ii  (iiMiulii  ami  u  iiiiiii  iiiiiiii«l  I'listcr  witc  voili 


lii 


III. 


FosI 


1  r  <'.s(ii|ii I 


«'liail«  ic'U,   III  JiiMuriiuil  CurrenjiomleHie,  .\1S.;  (i'.jci  r((oi'',<  .l/i«.«'(i/',  Oc 


187S,  I  :i- •-»•-' 


WIIEATONS  CAMPAIi:?^. 


525 


Wife  Willi 


jianv  of  iiir;uitrv,oiuMtf  artillery,  and  Tloiidiro's  cavalry, 
,111(1  wild,  l)i'iiii,^j'>iiu'(l  liy  a  ciMujiany  of  Vdliinteors,  {^avo 
till'  Indiatis  l)attU!  on  flic  moniin^-  ol'  tlio  i;>tli,  ami 
drove  them  in  conl'iislon  scv»ral  miles,  of  until  they 
a^iiin  es('aj)ed  (o  the!  JJluo  Moiuitiiins.     Five  Indians 


wiTe 


ill.-d. 


and  nianv  won 


nded,    while  tho   loss  on 


thi'  side  oftln!  tr<»o|ts  was  two  woundeil. 

( )n  the  same  day  Wiieaton,  Ininir  infoinu'd  tliiit 
jiiilians  W(i-(,'  anjUMachinL;-  Wallnla  hy  th(^  Vansyele 

fion,  sent  an  order  to  th(!  eavah-y  undi-r  l''ors\th, 


(•;i 


liio 


\in<^  toward  Lew  iston,  to  t  .'rn  hael;  and  intereejjt 
thein.  On  learnin'4-  <>{'  the  invit^'on  of  the  i-eservation, 
I'msyth  wa  ^  ordered  to  hasten  to  the  as>i.stanee  of 
Miles,  and  V.'heaton  himself  joined  the  eommam'-i  at 
ihi'  Umatilla  a^'eney  on  tlie  Ijjli.  Saiiford,  who  had 
hy  this  time  reaehed  La  (irande,  was  onlei'ed  hy  teje- 
Uiaph  ti»  retui'n  and  eouperate  wit!»  ^^trsy^ll's  eohunii, 
which  was  in  |inrsnit  of  ihi-  Indians,  in  attaekiiin'  the 
Imlian  po>ilion  on  the  Iiead  of  Melvay  ('reek,  in  the 
iiiountains,  not  i'ar  iVoin  ^^eaehan^s  station  on  1  h  •  road 
\'>  La  (ii'antle.  lie  fonnd  his  \'nrco  too  small  to  meet 
i!ie  Indians  eonMi-eo-ated  at  the  summit,  and  retreated 
t.i^irand  llond,  v.Iier',  with  the  assistance  of  \olun- 
t'lr  companies,  he  kept  waleh  \\[in\i  the  pas-sus  into 
lh;ii  valley. 

t  hi  the  lOth,  while  Wheaton  was  tnarchin''"  toward 


M. 


achams   station,   a   «-ompany   oi     I'matnia    Indian 


Indi 


\"hiiiteers  pit'  .niii'4'  the  raiders  killed  their  chii  f, 
r.i'j:;in,  and  hroii'^ht  in  his  head  lor  identification, 
toMitluM  with  ten  scalps.  Thi^sc!  Haip^ninary  trophies 
1  Hiked  l(  ss  liorrihie  after  lindinn'  the  hodies  of  se\-en 
t  a  Ulsters  kdh.'d  alon^C  the  road  to  ^^l•a(•ham's,  and  the 
'■"iiteiits  of  their  wa'4'ons  strewn  npoii  th.'  i,M'onnd  for 
miles.  Ajjfain  on  the  i7tli  the  Liiiatillas,  in  cliar<;e 
oi'  lhi'(!o  white  scouts,  found  the  trail  of  tin;  savaLTeH 
III  ar  tho  east  hrancli  of  I  lirch  ( 'reek,  on  the  Daly  ro.id 
I"  llaker  Citv,  and  hattled  with  them,  killiii!'  sevjMi- 
(i  ell  .and  c.ipt iii'iiiLf  twenty-live  men,  women,  and  ehil- 
dieii.      Jv'hert's  coiiiiiiaiid  oil  Snake  Uiver  had  taken 


INDIAN  WARS. 


an  equal  number  of  prisoners.     These  reverses,  and 

5 particularly  the  death  of  Ea^ran,  dispirited  those 
Indians,  who  jjad  novor  shown  the  persistence  or  the 
bravery  of  the  Xez  Perods  under  Joseph.  They  werii 
soon  scattered  in  small  j)arties,  endeavorinij  to  get 
back  to  Idaho  or  Ntfvada,  and  the  troops  were  eni- 
plovcd  for  several  weeks  lon''(>r  in  followinjj  and 
watchini'  thenj.  Little  by  little  they  snrrendcri'd. 
On  the  10th  of  Aujjjust  GOO  souls  were  in  the  hands  of 
the  commander  of  tlie  department  in  Orei^^on.  ]U\t  it 
was  some  weeks  later  before  depredations  by  small 
parties  ceased  in  Idaho.  The  loss  of  property  was 
immense.  To  the  maraudini^  parties  were  added, 
about  the  1st  of  Auj^ust,  a  portion  of  Whiti;  IJird's 
band  of  Xez  Perees,  returned  fron»  the  Ibitish  pos- 
sessions, where  they  had  not  met  with  satisfactory 
treatment  from  Sittin;^  l^ull,  the  expatriate(l  Sioux 
chief,  to  whom  thev  had  iled  on  the  surren<ler  of 
Joseph.  The  close  of  hostilities  soon  after  tin  ir 
arrival  rendered  them  powerless  to  carry  on  war,  and 
they  Itecame  reabsorbed  in  the  Nez  l*erce  nation. 
The  estaldishment  <d'  ('amj)  Howard,  near  ISfoniit 
Idaho,  and  Camj) — later  fort — ( 'ceuJ-d'Alene,  fbllowtd 
the  outbreaks  here  described.  Alter  this  no  serious 
trouble  was  expeiienced  in  coutruUing  the  Indians. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

NATURAL    WKALTH. 

180:t-l.S,S5. 

MiNiNO  PnospEiiiTY  AM)  Rkvf.usbs— Kaisi.y  a\i>  LvTi-.n  DkVKI.OI'MENTS— 
'riii:  Skvkkai.  (!i>i.1)  ash  Sii.vi;ii  MiMsii  Disrriicis  Tin;  Snaki:  ItiVKii 
Ui'intN— I'niiDiciiDS  IJvsi;  MiriAi.s  liics  \'i;ins  -Sai.i'  Si  M-iirit- 
SuiiA  -Miia— Stonk— Aouutitcuk  -Soil,— tiiiAMsK.s  AM>  (JU\ZI.N(i  — 
roKEsTH— Climate— liEAi.TH—lJoiiNW-EMs  rimHiiiiuTiis. 


From  IRfjf),  when  quartz-iniiiinjjf  waw  wvy  promis- 
iii','  ill  Idaho,  to  1H7(>,  a  lair  di'i^ivtj  ol*  |)ros|ifrit y  was 
riijoycd  l)y  tho  owiHM's  of  mines.  l'r(>s|K(tiii!^'  was, 
liiiwcvcr,  umrli  retarded  I»y  Ww  Indian  (loiililts  iVoni 
ix;.)  to  IHHS,  an  account  »»!'  wliidi  lias  luvn  nivtn  in 
my  Hisfori/  of'  Onyon.  I'iXprnsivc  niiiliiii.^  niachinci'V 
liad  Ix'cn  hastily  introduced  in  the  first  excitement 
nl'iinartz  (UscoverieH,  whicii  lessi-ned  the  profits  with- 
out imich  increasing  the  results  ol'  reduci?)!^  tiie  ores 
ill  ariisiras.  Hut  thc^  straw  which  hroke  tiit;  cjimel's 
Ip.iik  was  the  ilelaultinj,'  of  the  st-cretaries  of  three  «»t 
t lie  richest  Uiinintjf  companies  in  the  Owyhee  rcLrion, 
iiiid  the  suspension  of  the  Hank  of  (  alifornia,  which 


^pension  oi  ino  isanic  e 
•iiri'i'd  al»out  tlu^  same  tim«'.     T 


lese  com 


hined 


ims- 


t'eiiuiies  operated  liiLjainst  investment  from  ahjoad,  and 
clieiked  tlu!  iucri'ase  of  home  eiiterpiise;  and  as  miii- 
iiiL;  propi'rty  is  taken  iiohl  of  with  jifii'at  caution  except 
ill  tile  excitement  of  discovi'ry,  tlie  fame  of  the  ldah»» 
i|iiart/.  lodi's  i)ecame  overshadowi'd  hy  later  discuv- 
iiies  ill  other  ti'rritories.  'Phen-  occurred  no  minin:^ 
ni^h,  no  l)iain-turninj(  find  of  incre<lihle  treasure,  iifi<  r 
the  clo.so  of  what  uuuht  bu  tunned  tho  «ucond  period 


r 


1 

111 


628 


NATURAL  WEALTH. 


ill  the  history  of  luiiiiii;^'  in  Idaho,  wlion  ))lacors  wero 
exhuustod  of  tlu-ir  iir.st  iiiai  villitiis  wealth/  and  veiii.s 

'Some  of  tliL'  first (lisL'oviTuil  vcinH,  nlrcatly  iiK'iitionfil  in  ft  nrovious  cliii])- 
trr,  ri'tiiiiK'il  tlii'ir  pnnltictivciuv^H.  TIk-  <  inlil  Hill  iniiic  wjim  .snld  in  |.S(i'.!,  Kiuro 
Mliicli  time  to   l;v.J  it  jhuiIiki  .1  .?-.',.s:,(»,()!l(».      It  wa.s  imt  uiilii  IsT'S  that  thu 


lliiiiiii  r  ili'tiii't,  iiortii  cit  4)iii>)'t/li 


III 


\W\> 


Hint  V, 


to  l)u  ri:ill\ 


v<'1i>|hm1.     Till' mini's  of  War  Kagli'  Moiintaiii,  in  ()wvlii'<'  iimnty,  contiiuiiil 
liroiliiitivo.     Oro  l''ino,  tli<'  lir»t  liisuovriy,  yicMiil  .^J.T-"*'!,  I'JS  in  nix  y* 


without  iiiiv  roiisiilcralilc  cost  to  its  owiiri-t.     Tlic  Mlninri',  latrr  i-'alLd  tl 


U) 


liannack,  in  oii"  monlli  in  Isiis  yii'Mril  ^.'iil(),()(K),  tlu'oii!  l)L'iii;f  mi- In  il  in 


a  twciiiv 


inip  mill,     'riii-i  mine,  iii'c.'^nlaily  worUol,  a  lew  moiitli < at  a  li: 


)iid(lnir,l  tiiini  jsHito  i^Sti  .'^..'.OiUl.dllO.      'I'lu' nitiic  ploihiction  (pf  tin-  I'oiii-- 
man  |>ii\ioii.s  to  its  Kii-|>fiisii>a  wai  .":<l,(X)tl,(ili().     This  mini'  yicldcil  a  lai'Mi' 
i|iiantity  ot  i  xtraoriliii.ny  lirli  cliloriilis.     Soiiu:  mnsscH  of  lioi  n-s-ilvi  r  lodki 
like  Holiillc.'iil  tintol  witli  crimson 


I,  anil  wi\H  Hixfy  i>i'r  i:rnt  |iiiri'  .silvi 


In 


Ht't'iilnl  anil  tliiiil  elans  iml-s  yieldeil  Bl'.M  to  the  ton  in  the  early  jielioil  of  its 
ilevelopment,  ami  the  (irst  1,'railea^  lii;,'li  as  l?l.O()().  A  liloek  of  this  ore  \vii;.'Ii- 
iiij,'  i'lOK  jiouiiils  w;)H  Hint  to  the  worM's  exjiositioii  at  Paris  in  ISiUI,  wliieh  oh- 
taiiieil  an  awanl  of  a  );o|il  ini'lal,  ami  wiu  re^;arik'il  with  miieli  interest.  I'.iit 
the  I'oorinan,  after  various  elian"eM  of  maiiai;emeiit,  owin','  to  litijati'in,  i-iif- 
fereil  a  litial  Mow  to  ifa  prusjieritv  in  ISTll,  v  hen  the  M'l'ietaiy  of  the  eomiiany 
nliseoiiileil  with  the  fiimls,  ami  it  hii.^|>en<ieil  wuik,  aloii^'  uitii  i  very  oiiur  in- 
eorjiorateil  mine  in  Owyhee  exee]it  the  <  !ohli  n  < 'hariot,  wliieli  ran  f^'  -  ni" 
time  lon^'er.  A  ]ierioil  cf  deiurubion,  followed  liy  the  Imlian  di  auihaiK  i  -  d' 
IS77aiid  ls7'\  invohed  many  minin;;  ii|ieiator.s  in  ai'iiarently  lio; chsi  t.M- 
HHler.  Hut  ill  I'iMt  eajjital  lie^jali  onee  more  to  seek  illVe-tlllint  ill  tile  liili;^- 
iie;,dei'teil  <|iiart/,  mines  of  Owyhee.  It  may  lie  interesting^  hereafter  to  Iki 
alili?  to  refi  r  to  theiiMiiieH  i.f  mii:es  diveoMicil  in  Owyiiee  |ire\ioii:i  to  l>-||."i. 
They  Were  the  Wliidiev  ( illleli,  Olo  I'^ino,  Moiniiij,'  Star,  Ma  I']lm"ie  (Man- 
naek),  Oolden  Cliaiiot,  \Var  Ive^le,  Minnesota,  Silver  Itiillion,  Ilildiii  Tien- 


lire,  •  lener.d  ( iiaiit,  .Noondav,  •'entiilioii,  tinldeii  llji.'Ie,  .Mii, 


nia; 


Montana,  Home  Tieket,  I  Ion  t  a.  Silver  Le;;inn,  Iju'eka,  <  'alaverai,  ( 'al>  i!eiii:i, 
)']ni|iire,  haaiiaway,  lied  .laeket.  I'ooiinaii  \\as  diseo\eied  ii  litll' l.t.  r  l;i.,ii 
tliesi',  Hetwien  I'lii'iaiid  I '>M»  many  other  mines  were  ad. led  to  I  he  lit.  ^l:l 
lioi^aiiV,  Stofiiiv  Hill,  South  ( 'liaiiot,    Illinciis  < 'eiitral.   North   l!\t. 


|i 


nois  Central,  II 


I' 


•N'ortli  Iv.teiisioii   I'oormaii,  South  I'odriiiaii,  l,ii<  l.y 


roorman.  Hi;  I'i-.ii,  Hoyeott,  <  ih  iiliroik.  Cle.'iilirook,  Mlrwild,  Ncpilh  l'iii|  ir 
Soiitli  l'!ni|iire,  SanJnan,  lhiliiii|iie,  Niher  (  l'>iid,  l/)tii>iaiia,  Kiihy,  d.!!  k.>iiii, 
Siher  City,   nmh,  Sinki  r,    l>y  Chame,   Totod,    Kattlin,'  .laek,  St.  .lames, 
South  llxteiisioii  .Nlorniiiu  Sta>-,  Northern  l,i  dit.  Trook  .t  .leimin" ',  Whi  ke\. 


Hran 


II 


ome  liesor 


rt,  Sa\a','e,  I'iiite,  Miami,  l^oneTiee,  Hor     sta!»e,  Lit- 


tle l'"ish.   Silver  ( "oi'il,  (iolileii  Cord,   .Staliil.inl,  Uiihy  unci   11 


dvei-  1,1 


I'hilox.   Wehloot.   Wil 


Idaho,  (leiitle  l!mma,  Stoddanl,  Ohio,  llenrietti, 


Treiiiont,  I 'I'own  roint,  Redemption,  lloonville,   l'!m|iire  .State,  Florida  li  ill, 
.Seventy-Nine,  I'aymastcr,   Iil.iik  .laek.   Leviathan,  .'^iena   .\e\ada,  0«,\  lne, 


Treasiirv,  N'nka,  Crown  I'oiiit,  .\vi 


i: 


II 


I'. I    oil. 


I 


1, 1' 


nix  No.  ■_',  I'll  etd\  No.  H,  and  ('arson  i  hief,  were  .all  more  or  Icsii  pro«iu'eleil, 

mid  aliollt  h.'llf   thi'lll  liein;;  woikeil  to  Noine  extent. 

The  mininj{  distriets  of  (tw\liieweie  li\(!  in  niimlM>r.  rurHon  diitii't 
l>e>,'aii  on  the  Miminit  <>i  \\  ar  K,iL;le  .Mpiiiiitain,  ami  ran  west  S  miles,  aii<l 
north  iind  >-oii:h  lo  miles.  I'rc  neh  distii.  t  lie.'an  on  tin' Hiimmit  of  thusaiiie 
inoiintuin,  ami  ran  e.'tMteily  tow.nd  Snake  Ifiver,  ami  north  ainl  soiilh  alniit 
r.' mile4.  Steele  distriit  adjoined  IVi  n.h,  ami  w.is  ahoiit  H  miles  from  Ml 
verf  "ity.  l''liiil  distriet  was  !l  miles  south  of  Siher  (.'iiy.  Mammolli  ilisiii  t 
was  I'J  miles  southwest  of  the  same  plaee,  and  Wagontown  dintriet  7  mil'  h 
northwest.  South  .Mountain  wai  .'ID  mile.-i  M(aitli  if  Silver  City.  The  mm 
I'l'al  elmraeteristies  of  the  several  di-'lriels  weni  i^old  and  nilver  in  the  W.ir 
KajjIu  nnil  Fluiida  iiioiiiiluinH;  i^ooluj^ically,  Wur  Kaglu  wm  grutiilu  ami  I'lor- 


IDAHO  MINES. 


529 


of  gold  and  silver  quartz  wcro  eagerly  sought  after. 
Tor  several  years  no  one  thought  of  mining  on  Snake 

ilia  porphyritic.  In  the  Flint  district  wcro  found  refractory  orcJi  nml  tin; 
HcoloL,'ii'Mlly,  it  was  grnni tie  anil  porphyritic,  aa  was  also  Wagoiituwn,  winch 
jiri)iliM'(-'l  bilviT  und  niilliiij,'  ores.  Soutli  .Mountain  produced  ur^icnlifc  roua 
^rali'iiii,  its  r'Kks  Ijcing  Utncstone,  porphyry,  and  granite,  witii  somo  luvior 
nioiplioscd  slates.  Litliologicully,  tlio  two  extremes  of  tlio  Owyiito  region, 
War  I'^a^tlo  anil  South  Mountain,  were  senarated  by  a  niasj  of  liawilt  .tiid  lava. 
Tii<!  |,"ild  Tuiu.s  ran  almost  due  north  una  south;  tiio  silver  veins,  nortii-west 
and  hoiitlieust.  At  tlio  centeniii;.l  exjiosition,  IS/!l,  medals  :verc  awardotl 
t'l  llie  ;;i>ld  ijri's  from  (lolden  (/huriot  and  Soiitli  Chariot,  and  iilvir  nrcs  fri>m 
Homo  liesort  and  Leviathan;  for  silver-gold  ores  from  Oro  Fnio;  for  Ifud 
Imlli'iu  from  South  Mouutaic;  and  silvurdeud  ores  from  thu  Silver  Chord 
niiiK'. 


Sol  Til  \vi:>Ti;nN  Idaho 


Til  I'-'-'.l  the  depth  to  whii'li  Owylioo  minen  Iiml  luscn  workoil  varied  from 
I'O  t  p  I,.  1)1)  feet,  I  am  ii'ik'hicd  in  a  series  of  nrtiiles  hy  (iilltcrl.  lliiller 
Mill.  Ii  appeared  in  lUi;  SUnr  Ci/ij  A  rithtiirhi,  ii:  \Ss\,  for  iniirh  knowhclgo 
uf  til'- 1  Di'iliUon  and  history  of  tlie  idaiio  minus  ilow  n  to  thi<t  iicriod 

Till'  Owyiiie 'I'leftsiiry  en  l''lorida  Mmiiitain  furnislied  ore,  one  hnmlrcd  feet 
ili'Wii,  (hit  yieldid  Hineiilyliv('  cents  t.)  tlu^  noiind.  .\  'slniit'ei  '  in  lli« 
iiiin'  \  1(1  leil  nearly  S!|(t  to  a  pound  of  <iro.  WDikcd  in  a  eoiMiih>n  niortw. 
Ii'oiii  r.'.)  pdund.i  \\a:i  taUen$J,:tll.S();  Inil  the  ordinary  millin.^  ore  was  rated 
u'.  ?r.Vl  per  t')n.  Srveial  mines  in  the  vieiniiy  promised  ni'aily  eipud  liihen. 
Tlie  hidlion  o\it|ut  for  Owyhee  eoonly  in  ISSl  wan  nearly  $;i(>i>,Oi»;).  .•>ilffr 
i'-i'.,  .lumi  "Jl,  ISSI.  Si, III  to  the  Vilikoll'  .Mining,  tonelting,  .lud  MillinK 
(''iii|:iny  Were  the  mines  (.'atalow,  (Ir.diiiiii,  'riisearor.i,  Veniee,  New  \i>ik, 
(i.i/ell.',  I'.il,her,  Mono,  lUaik  Wiirnnr,  New  iJoUar,  and  Ked  I'ox,  a.;,'Wv 
patiii,'  I  l,-J(H)  lim.'.'\r  feet,  .vi/ivr  I'iifi  Aiiilnii.lir,  Miiv  V,  !ss|. 

I'nr  hianyjuars  it  was  known  to  proiiiocto.  •.  tliat  the  \Vi>od  fiivei'  enuntry 

ri'litaiiied  1.  i;'e  ledges  of  galena  ores.     'J  he  lirut  Imlo  «  .m  disenveivd  l>\  \\     I'. 

('.ilhiliiMi.  1,  hileiin  his  way  (•■  Montana,  in  1S(H.     Kothinn  was  dom' uniil  l><7~. 

wlivn  Callulian  returned  and  relouutud  it,  uuniing  it  utter  hitintuif.    il  w^i  ua 

Uisr.  Wash.— Ul 


:ii 


B30 


NATUIIAL  WEALTH. 


RivcM'.  tluit  stream  not  presenting  tlio  usual  features 
of  u,  ()laeer  mining  diytrict,  although  Hour-gold  \va;4 


m 


the  UK, ill  Wood  River,  II  inilca  nbovc  tlio  crossing  of  tlic  Boisd  and  Salmon 
City  M.:i'l.  A  little  work  wasdonodii  the  vein  aiiiiuuUy,  the  oiv  bein^jHliiiip'  1 
to  Xilt  I.iiUc  f(»r  smelting,  at  a  great  expense,  where  it  sold  in  KSSO  fur  S-'dO  a 
ton.  'J'. J  si'oond  eaiiip  was  5  miles  north  of  the  road,  and  named  after  llio 
diseiivcrer,  I'rank  J:iei)l)s.  Silrer  City  Aviddmhc,  March  l;{,  ISSO.  Tlie  1)  1 
lieei'i  :!t  attitude  of  the  Indiana  of  southern  Idaho,  who  knew  tliat  settleiiicnt 
follo\ii;il  milling,  prevented  the  oeciipatiuii  of  that  region  nnlil  after  tlic  sid)- 
jugatioii  (  f  ilic  I'lannai'ks  in  1S78.  Diiriiif^  the  suniiiu'r  of  IST'I-SO  iiiiiU  .'in^i 
of  C.)  niiloa  sfiuarc  aa  ir.any  as  2,01)0  claims  were  taken  up,  the  ore  liom 
which,  iihippcil  to  Salt  Lake,  yielded  on  reduction  from  §100  to  Sit);)  |m  r 
ton  ill  silviT.  Several  towns  imniediately  snraiij,'  U|).  IJellcviic  h  id  -'..D 
housis  at  the  end  of  the  lirst  seven  niontiis,  and  tlie  Klkhorn  mine  hail  sliipiinl 
810,()0'j  Worth  of  ore,  bcsiilca  liaviiiL'  left  loO  tons.  Hock  from  the  I'.iillioii 
mine  .-iss.iyi'd  §1 1,000  per  ton,  an<l  although  not  all  showed  eipially  ri(  h,  lli) 
yield  of  Iroiu  iglOU  toS.'riKJwaa  coimnon.  making  t'.ic  lndt  in  which  tin-  l;ulliuii 
mine  w::.;  .situated,  and  wliicli  gave  it  its  name,  one  of  the  richest  :;s  Wi  11  ii3 
one  of  t'lc  most  extensive  in  the  world,  lieiiig  eighteen  miles  long,  extciiiiii'^ 
fiom  ill  llcvue  to  Ketchiim,  and  a  part  only  of  the  silver-lnjaring  region,  v.  hii  ii 
coinpiise  1  lietween  4,001}  and  .">,(MK)  scpiare  miles.  The  g.'osa  proilucc  of  lliu 
BuUi  .11  mine  in  188.3  was  $2JO,O0C. 

Till!  bullion  belt  and  district  was  the  richest  yet  discovered.  The  geoli.','i- 
cal  f.>rm;iiioii  «-a3  (]uartzito,  slate,  ami  porphyry.  The  ores  were  gaU  iia  .ml 
carboiiale-,  with  antimnny  and  eop|H'r,  yielding  sixty  to  eiglily  per  ceiit,  of 
lead.  ();i  tlic  east  siiio  of  the  river  the  best  mineral  was  found  in  hiiiestniir, 
or  liiiK'stoiie  and  granite.  The  ores  were  cube,  leaf,  and  liiic-grainrd  gal  lui 
and  c:.rl(oiiates,  yieliling  lead  in  about  the  same  proiiortion  as  tin?  llulih  u 
belt,  and  silver  at  the  rat-j  of  .'i^IDO  to  SiiiiK)  )ier  ton.  South-west  from  llio 
Bulli"ii  lieU  was  the  Urnainrnt  Ilill  and  Willow  (,'ieik  di.strict.  'I'iio  kd.^is  in 
thia  di;.'.rict  were  immense  in  si/e,  and  in  a  granite  belt,  contaiiiiii'.',  lie  i  It  •» 
lead  and  silxcr,  antimony  and  /;old.  .A.'ain,  on  the  Wooij  lliver  MounUiin^:, 
on  til'  east  sichy-was  aiiotlur  belt  of  mines  in  e.ileareous  shale,  limotniie.  .Mid 
quari.iir,  yielding  from  S,)0  to!:rlO.)per  ton.  Tho  Ornament  Hill  mims,  vrry 
rich  i:i  silver  and  bearing  traces  of  g<  Id,  were  the  only  free-milling  oris  in 
the  wK  lie  i.ilver  region.  The  Mayllower  mine,  di.scovered  in  ISSO,  w.is;ioId  to 
aCliiv'  ")  company  and  consolidated  with  two  others,  it  had  shipped  in 
ISSIl  '.'ii-.c  tiiousand  tons  nf  ore;  tho  lir^t  liioiisatid  tons  yieldin ,'  l*l.>J,'il)a, 
the  : .  ci.nd  .'JMI,(KH),  and  (he  third  .^-'Td.iKU).  This  mine  adjoined  tin:  l!;iili'ii. 
On  til'' :  auio  liule  were  the  .Hay  (m'uIiI,  Saturn  (Iroup  oi  t.>ur  mines,  Opiiii- 
Dur.ing  )  group-,  and  Hi;;  dan  I  Chief.  Tin  ■  was  the  miiidle  one  of  ihr. f  loil(i 
niniiiii.;  imrih  wesi  and  south-east  On  the  western  loto  were  tli"  .Mount^nii 
View,  l.'i  1  i;iephant,  <  •  K.,  and  I'oiiit  L  H.kout.  On  tiie  eastern  joiie  wriu 
the  <  ' ''I'ladaii,  i'raetioii,  (  liieagn,  lJii\  State,  Iris,  Murek.'i  Idalioan,  I'aiiull, 
ivnd  1.1  1.  Thcri'  Were  in  XnS'.i  l.iiir  ^.ueiurs  at  wotk  on  Wood  Itiver  betwreu 
Ikl!'  \  I  r  and  (ialeiia,  two  of  forty  Ion  ,  cup.ijily  i'»»*r  day  and  two  of  tii\ty  tons, 
prod  ;iii:g  together  an  avcraee  of  liity  loius  oi'  bullion  duly.  TIk  iiaiu'  i  >  ( 
other  inim.'i  f.iMinilily  known  in  t!ie  early  iliy.s  of  Wood  I!ii.t  W''I<!  the  ."^lai, 
Mili!.ii-  .M.mie,  (Jladiator,  t'.aieordia,  Idai  Democrat,  S.,';  i  Muldiiu,  Ovir- 
lair  llniticstake,  (iiiy,  ami  Mountain  l>.ile,  in  the  lower  Wo<m1  River  or 
Mm     d  llill  district. 

N  !.<  lit  Mineral  Hill  tlistrict,  which  contained  tlie  al)ove-mi  ntioia-d 
.uu>  ..  waa  the  Warm  .Sprin"s  district,  containing  many  locutions  cunsidiiid 
of  g  't  \aluc;  noi'lli-wesL  of  tuis,  tlie  Saw  Tooth  liiurn't;  and  west  uf  it.  tho 
l^t...  Smoky  district  lacii  iivalliii'.;  the  other  in  promising  Inlges.  'J'liero 
••re  llir  lui>t'iU4l,  Oriental,  tJreeiihoni,  Terry,  . and  \land  May;  tin  Kelly 
group,  •  oprnniii;  the  West  l'"ork.  Wist  fork  •_',  \\llou  .lacUi  t,  Itl.n  l»  ll.uvk, 
•■d  j  I.  r>.avur;  the  Mollit  anil  Irvui  group,  uomprisnig  18  lucaliuni<,  unioiig 


>i 


WOOD  RIVKR  DISTUICT. 


m 


known  to  exist  in  considoraUlo  qiuiiititios.  But  about 
1S71  llio  cxi)oriiiicut  wus  made,  wliirli  rosultotl  in  find- 

vliii!h  \rcTc  t.lic  Ontario,  Nia;^nrn,  North  Stiiv,  Suntlay,  nnd  Hlauk  IIopro. 

'Jli.-  Muiiutaia  i^ily,  ouncd  liy  Lcwin.  iucmJik.'ciI  coppi'i -iiilvtr  ghiim;  .issayiiig 
!););i  oiinoos  lollif  ton.  Waml  ll'urr  Miurr,  Any.  IJ,  ll-iSI.  'I'lic  Kll;lic>rn  niino, 
4  iiiilcn  from  K<-lciiiini,  also  licloii'jcd  to  l^cwia,  and  prodncud  very  v;ilu- 
aliif  iirca.  On  the  cast  fork  of  Wood  ltiv<  r  were  llic  North  Star,  Aiucri- 
(.'Mil  l):i'^lc.  Silver  Fortune,  ("lianinion,  1>  >S3,  i'ayni:iHtcr.  Snnnnit.  Silver  King. 
'I'iio  1,11. horn  \\:\!i  tliseovercd  hy  John  I!asniu;isin,  the  North  SUir  by  William 
Jadiuv  hi.  In  the  liaiiie  district  were  th<:  Slar  Mountain  K''"i'P>  consii^tin;,'  o( 
the  (Hiio,  I>uln,  llawheye,  (loinmodoie,  IJullovuc,  Stjir  Nionntain,  (iarlichl. 
Am  !:on,  Ihnpiri-,  anil  Hancock.  On  Deer  (.'reek  were  the  Narrow  ( iaui^e,  N. 
(i.  No.  •_*,  iianner,  Kit  Carson,  Saturday  Ni;;ht,  ;;nd  Monumental.  'J'iie  l^ittlo 
.Siiiohy  minis  werojit  the  head  of  Warm  Sj)rin;.;s  LVejk,  and  assayed  from  UIO 
til  .">,''  ")  ounces  smelting  uru  to  tlio  ton.  Among  tiioni  were  thu  Clinmx  untl 
('arri>'  Leonard. 


gcolou'i- 
ena  and 
•  cent  cif 
lies  tune, 
I  )^;vl-iia 

lihlhnn 

roui  llio 
ed.H'sin 
liesidos 
inlaiiis, 
ine.  ainl 
es,  very 
oris  in 

:io!il  to 
<|ii'd   ill 

,  J,' tint, 

Mli'ili. 
iljihir- 
!•  loiKs 
>Mntaii) 
ie  wiio 
'al  111  11, 
|ir;  wren 
y  toii.-<, 

nil'    I  I'i 

V  Star, 

.  OviT' 

iver  or 

lilioned 

sidiivd 

1  it.  tlio 

riiel'O 

Kelly 
lllawk, 
luiiioiig 


^j^'^4^.;i  [cr.rz. 


Wooli   HlVKIl    MlSKIlAL    Ol.^TUIC^,^. 

li  (he  Uppor  WimmI  lliver  or  (i  dena  dintrict,  in  a  formation  of  slato  nnd 
lini  ■  witli  soMio  jxM  pliyry,  was  atrithci  '»iiiiip  of  niiiies  avera','iii[{  from  SIT-l 
t'l ;_'.);)  to  the  t.>n  of  HUiiltin;;  (ir<'.  Anion;,'  the  loealii  iim  in  th''  (iahiia  di-i" 
frr  w«*iv  the  Shamrock,  Si  tn  d,  Woite'ii  Hume,  Ad  I.-iide,  Whiti'  ('lund, 
(llidiitor.  .•\ceident,  Little  Ciiief,  l'>i  ;  t'liiet,  lOunioe,  W.i»il  lti\rr,  .1,  Mali  in 
Sim  ,  llaltimoie,  Dincro,  «Irand  \  i.  w,  I«iwriiieo,  Situate,  ited  Cinud,  Iiii!u- 
|M'iiile!MT,  Woltin"t:on,  Le\iat(iai:  lli /hlaiid  Cliii-f,  MoMireh,  Onr  ( Jirl,  < 'laiv», 
iiaiiiehl,  and  Se  |»iiit.  the  latti  v  llirce  ln-iii','  consolidated.  TIi-hi'  ininei  Liy 
nlim  aliituih?  of  troiii  S,r>(ll)  to  l(t  0  K>  toot  ahov  •  w'ldi'vel.  In  the  Saw  Tootfi 
ui.-itiict,  w  iiieh  was  divided  fioin  W  wid  an  I  Stilniun  livern  liy  .i  lii;,'h  lidga 
Cii!liil  the  SaiV  'I'ootii  Mnautaini,  in  a  t;r;iiiito  fnriiiafioii,  w.ih  a  i-roiip  of 
lc(l;;i'!i  bearing  millitig  ore»  of  u  high  t;iU4lti,  hut  Hulliciuntly  refructoiy  to  ro* 


I^f 


Mi  NATUU.'iL  wi:AF;rii. 

int^  rfood  pay  on  tlic  irr.ivcl  Iuum  in  the  vlcinit}'  of  tlio 
(j|i((at  Falls,  tlio  luoutli  of  Halt  lliver,  llenry'.s  Ferry, 

quiro  rnnstinp,  the  yioM  of  Imllion  liciiicj  from  2.")0  to  500  ounces  to  tlic  ton. 
Till!  most  iiiitoil  of  (lio  early  Saw  Tootli  mines  were  tlio  Pilgrim,  Vienna, 
("vlumliia,  .'^mili'y'c,  lU-nver,  lleavcr  Kxtension,  J.ucky  IJoy,  Scotia,  Atlanti, 
Nelliu,  >;iinlMaiii,  and  Naples.  'I'liis  dlslriit  was  <li.sei)Vore(l  in  July  1K7!',  \'y 
L.  Smiley,  !i  Montamv  jiioiiecr  ami  t'ormcr  Niiperintemient  of  Utah  mines, 
witli  a  party  nt  half  a  lio/eii  men  from  Ch.'illis.  An  assay  of  the  ore  hd  {<> 
tlie  rettiin  I'i  Smiley  in  1S7!),  with  K.  M.  Wil.son,  .1.  !•'.  Kinnlcy,  .1.  \\.  Kieliy, 
O'Leary,  J'.inl  otliers.  Smiley  loeated  the  ilmma,  Wilson  the  Vienna,  Kin.-hy 
till-  .Alluras,  and  many  others  were  prospceted  during  the  aeusoii.  Silnr  Ci/i/ 
A vaUinrhi;  MmvU 'M,  Ib^O, 

Lyln;;  north  of  Salmon  Hivcr,  and  directly  north  of  the  Galena  distiet  nf 
WoimI  Itiver,  waH  the  Vaidiee  lAirlt  district,  discovered  in  IS'O,  hut  lilili? 
woik<  d  hefore  Is7."),  when  the  ('iiarle.s  l)iekens  ^'old-iiuartz  lode  was  hiealed 
by  \V.  A.  Norton,  which  paid  iJ'.'.OOl)  a  ton.  'J'hi.s  renowned  discovery  was 
fnll.iwed  hy  the  location  of  the  t'liarhs   Waynes  led^'c   l>y  (JurtiM  Ivsies,  on 

iths.  latir  liy  tlie  location  of  the  (ieneral  Cnster 


M 


It  Mste 


111  a  fe 


find  I'mUmowm  on  .Mount  ("iister,  liy  \''.,ii.  |)iid;e,  .1.  Ii.  Itaxter,  W.  .Mi  i\een, 
and  .'ames  hndKe.  The  Custer  mine  was  i.i  eviiy  respect  a  wonderful  one. 
It  was  an  immi'nse  ledqe  projected  aliove  the  mntaeo,  reijiiirin:,'  only 
cpiairyini;  instcail  of  niininj;,  and  was  as  rich  as  it  was  large,  and  con- 
veniently Kitiiatcd.  It  involved  no  outlay  of  eapital;  its  face  was  ;;ooi| 
for  a  v.i.st  amount,  whieh  v.as  easily  exliacted.  'i'he  walls  of  this  tre.is, 
ury  hail  liecn  nilihlcd  aw.ay  for  Kcveral  hundl'ed  feet  hy  the  tooth  of 
time,  exposing  the  Holid  mass  of  wealth  to  whoever  would  conn;  and 
taUe  it.  A  tunnel  was  run  intii  this  ore  Imdy  and  ii  tramway  constrncteil, 
wliii'h  nerved  to  convey  the  ore  to  the  mill,  J.IIOI)  feet  down  the  mountain. 
All  the  works  Were  HO  ne.'iily  automat ii'  in  arrangi'tncnt  as  to  rcipiire  at  the 
mine  and  mill  only  lifty  two  men  to  perform  every  part  of  the  lahor.  'I'lie 
inera;,'e  \alue  of  the  inv  per  ton  was  ijl.'l."!.  I'Vum  l'"ih.  to  Nov.  Is^l,  the 
owners  Hint  to  market  ?S()(),(I(H(  wnilh  of  hnllion,  half  of  whiih  was  prolit. 
Other  wcll-kmiwn  mines  of  thi;i  diitiiil,  u  hiih  is  higli  and  well  wooded,  wi  te 
the  Mnntan.'i,  ISay  Morse,  It.im's  Horn,  ,*<kylark,  .Sdvtr  Win;;,  I'tali  Itoy, 
liull-of-thc-WoodH,  ( 'ulia,  .lilliet,  liivcr  \'iew,  I'ost  I'oy,  Hood,  :ind  lleard-^lev. 
Till'  .Mimt.'ina  ]irii<luceil  from  7<H)  to  I, OIK)  ounces  nf  Imllinn  to  tlii'  ton.  II  ■  '  / 
h'in  r  Mil,,,;  .Inly  '20,  ISHl.  '{'he  total  value  of  i:i(i,0!»S  pounds  of  .Mnut.via 
ore,  in  •-';!  diU'crcut  lots,  was  .S7.1, I7l»  Ki.  Ydiihr  i'ufl-  Ihnilil,  Sept.  l."i,  |S,s|. 
They  shipped  and  .sold  10  tons  of  oie  which  lU'ttod  them  §.'iIl,()(K>.  They  aic 
iloun  I  l."i  feet,  and  have  a  Hi.-ifnot  level  in  l?."i00  ore,  \'l  feet  thick.  .s7jeH//< 


lil'lio  'I'll-.,  .MS.,0.     The  Mdiitiinami 


no  waM 


iliseovcrcd  liy  .!,• 


Ill 


.pi 


W.  I''aulkiier,  i)unrnn  Cameion,  ,\uios  franklin,  and  1>.  H.  Varney.  ll(>ii(ti,:a 
Ciiii  Ydiikie  Folk  t/i , III'!,  ,i\i\y  L'l,  1S70.  The  Ham's  Horn  was  the  Imc'i'^t 
Vein  known  in  the  history  of  modern  mining.  There  were 'J  I  claims  l,.i);i 
feet  long  located  on  it.  It  assayed  S(H)  ounces  in  silver  per  ton.  Other  niiiu  < 
on  Mount  l''.sles  were  the  Toiito,  Pioneer,  Cynosiu'c,  Snow  15ird,  llidileii 
Treasme,  <lcnei'al  .Miles,  Cnlorado,  Indiana,  .Manhattan,  (lolden  (!ate.  North 
Star,  Ophir,  Polar  Star,   L-ist  Chance,  Lake,  Snowshoe,  King  Idali",  Onld 


stone,  and  HoWtail.     A  rival  to  the  Custer  was  the  Montana,  a  gi 
Mount  I'lstes,  near  which  llonan/a  City  was  laid  out  in    |S77.     'II 


mme  on 


>ld 


10  vcm  was 


six  and  a  half  feet  wide,  and  the  rock  fairly  welded  togi'ther  with  guld. 

North-«est  of  \'anki'e  I'ork  district  was  the  mining  region  of  the  middle 
fork  of  the  Salmon,  in  which  were  a  mnnherof  large  ledges,  on  which  locations 


wcremadein  lSs|.     One  mine,  theOalena, 


ton;  and  the  Northein  I'acilic,  dis 


a'<s:i\ei 


1  l!H)i 


i-H  in  silver  to  tl 


d  l.v  \'..  .Miller  and   llarrv  Smith,  as- 


sayed  even  rii;her.     The  (ircyhonnd,  l.'t  miles  norlh;vest  of  ('a[)c  Hern,  on  .i 
high  mountain,  woa  un  uU-fuut  vuiu  uuntuiningajitiinonial  ailvuranduliKuide. 


n 

'  i  * 

' "  '  If! 

M:  f' 

CARIBOO  AM)  OTIIKU  DISTIilCTS. 


533 


mouth  of  Cathuriiio  Cruck,  and  otlior  localities.  In 
|y7l  and  1872  sovoral  niiiiinj,'  camps  or  towns  sprang 

I'.ir.illi'l  to  it,  (U)  foot  north,  was  the  White  Doi^,  and  CO  feet  north  of  that  the 
l.aUir  Vii'W,  4  untl  (» feet  in  width,  und  uontiiininj;  ore  biniilur  to  tin;  (ii-cy- 
liiiiiiKi.  'I'lic  I'jitrick  lli'iiry  viin  was  lOfoct  wide  ;it  thesuriacc.  Tl>c  (Jultiuel 
IWriiard,  Uiifus,  and  Blue  (irou.se  were  of  this  ^'roup. 

'I'lio  Blue  \V  iiig  silver  district,  '2')  miles  east  of  the  Yankee  Fork  district; 
'I'lVis  Crt^ek  Milvur  district,  7")  miles  north-west  of  the  town  nf  ('amii.s  in  ihu 
iKiilliern  imrt  of  Oneida  county;  ('aril)oo  j^olil  district  in  tlic  casliTri  part,  of 
till'  ;.amo  county;  Scjuuw  (Jreek  silver  district,  -10  miles  north-west  ot  lioisc; 
Wriscr  gold,  silver,  and  copper  district  on  Wciscr  Bivcr;  Lava  t 'n  cU  t-ii  wr 
<li-liii't,  7U  miles  west  of  Blackfoot  in  Oneida  county,  and  (!arii>oo  gold  dis- 
tiii'l,  7'*  niiles  iiurth-uast  of  Bluckfoot--ull  cuutaiued  mines  of  a  high  grade  uf 

Dll'S, 

'I'lie  Carihoo  district,  when  first  discovered  in  1870  l>y  F.  S.  lii.hcork  and 
S.  Mct'oy,  was  mined  us  a  placer  district,  and  yielded  for  ten  yc.ir.i  SJr.O.OUO 
;iiiiiiially.  'I'he  auriferous  gravels  were  accumulated  in  what  was  known  as 
Ihik  gulch,  which  lies  innnediately  under  the  annmiit  of  Caiilioo  Mountain, 
and  cDii.jisted  of  ahraded  volcanic  and  sedimentary  n:aterials  largely  mixed 
wiili  the  red  I'arth  derived  from  the  softer  shales.  The  placers  were  dislrd)- 
iitcd  along  Bilk  and  Iowa  gulches,  to  the  eonlluence  with  McCuy  Creek,  a 
ili>iauce  (if  three  miles,  and  on  several  small  creeks  and  gulches  in  the  ni  i^^li- 
liorliood.  Quartz  was  discovered  in  this  district  in  1K74  hy  l)aid<  1  (iriliitlis 
aiid  d.  Thompson,  who  located  the  Oneida,  amine  very  rich  in  spots,  and  of  gond 
a\ciai;e  yield;  §;t.j,0()0  was  ntfused  for  the  ndne  in  1880.  In  ls77  John  iJoh- 
iii  (in  discovered  a  porphyry  licit  on  tho  north  sIoiMSof  the  mountain,  in  which 
li>  located  the  liohin.sun  mino  at  tho  head  of  Bilk  gulch.  The  Austin,  on  the 
Hiiinc  licit,  was  <leveloped  alon;,'  with  the  lluhinson.  These  ndnes  had  a  very 
large  outcrop,  extending  more  than  1,000  feet  without  a  hreak,  anil  haviug  n 
viiltli  of 'J.')  feet.  Within  *_'()  I'ect  of  ihij  ledge  was  another  p.ir.dlcl  \cinof 
grcit  richness,  and  the  intermediate  porphyry  gold-hearing. 

On  the  southern  shipc  of  the  mountain  is  another  ladt  of  porphyry,  on 
wliuli  were  tho  Xoilhern  Light,  N'irginia,  Orphan  Boy,  raymasicr,  and  oihcr 
niinc.i.  In  the  district  were  idiout  eighly  locations,  carryin,'  free  l'hM  from 
jfhl  to  !?!  .-(H)  per  ton.  Timlier  was  plentiful  in  the  district,  and  the  ledges  pro- 
lioiiiicid  liy  e.vpi'its  to  he  true  lissure  vi  ins.  Other  mnus  in  ("aiihoo  ills  jict 
Wire  the  I'eter.son,  Nahoh,  Mountain  ('hief,  Neal.son,  Oneida  South,  Northern 
l.i.;!it  Fxtension,  .\'.  S.  |)avcnport,  and  Sdver  Star,  more  or  le.vs  dcvidopcd. 
Altitude  i\.r  nine  thousaiul  ieet.  'l"h''se  discoveries  conclusively  pro\cd 
Id.ilioa  '.nining  country.  From  the  eastern  to  the  wcstmi  l)oiiiidaiy,  takinj{ 
u  wide  Hwulh  through  tho  cential  portion  ot  the  territory,  tin;  lullowy  .-iwells 
and  ni;-;ed  hei_;hts  were  found  full  of  lliiiu  rals.  Add  to  tliisceulial  ten  ilniy 
the  country  on  tho  t'lcarwater,  the  lately  discovered  ("leur  d'.Mene  distiet, 
iiiiil  the  Owyhee  region,  tlieie  is  hut  litilo  left  which  is  not  nietailiterous.  it 
lias  long  heen  known  that  gold  existi^d  in  tneCienr  il'.Mcne  region.  .\  ((dis- 
covery was  made  in  1883,  ivhen  the  usual  rush  took  ])laec.  'l"he  lirst  eager 
I'lAA:  eekcrs  pushed  into  the  mines,  di'agging  their  ontlits  on  tolMiggan  .  [n 
Mild  of  hand-sled,  sometimes  drawn  hy  dogs),  over  several  feet  if  snow.  l'!a  ;;lo 
t'ity  started  up  with  plenty  of  business;  a  saw-mill  was  erected  at  an  ( imr- 
nimis  expense  liy  Hood  &  Co  ,  and  a  nc\vs[)aper  was  starled,  callvd  the  .\  /';/./■ ', 
hv  C.  1'".  MeOlashnn  and  \V.  K.  Fdwards.  C'oniidcralile  coarse  gold  w.is 
fiiimd  and  somo  valnahle  nuggets,  hut  so  tar  there  seems  nothing  tu  jusut'y 
any  exriKMuent.  S.  /•'.  C«//.  Alarcli  .'ll,  |.*-8J. 

Till' pl!U'(!r  num'S  of  Idaho,  as  tirst  discovered,  were  oneo  supposeil  tu  lio 
wnrke(|  out  to  a  degree  to  wananl  only  (  iiinese  I.iImum  is  on  thi-  ;'ro'.ind.  But 
till' ii(nv(.'r  methods  of  hediock  iluiin  i  and  liydia'.dic  ap|iar:itiM  hav(!  coin- 
pi'llcd  the  [ilac  'rs  ot  Biis['  li.isin  to  yi  .Id  a  n'.-w  harvest,  w  liicli.  it  not  ciiual 
to  the  liist,  IS  richly  rumuncraiive.     Ben.  \\  dUun,  the  'pUcer  kin^,'  hud  JO 


I* . 
if! 


SM 


NATURAL  WEALTH. 


up  alonj^  the  river."  Thousands  of  ounces  of  gold- 
dust  of  the  very  iiiicst  (juulity  were  taken  from  the 
gravel  in  their  nei;^hl)orh()()d  in  these  two  years.     The 

t)lacers,  however,  were  quickly  exhausted  on  the  lower 
)ars,  the  implements  in  use  failing  to  save  any  but 
the  coarsest  particles.  The  higher  bars  were  unpros- 
pected  and  the  camps  abandoned.  But  about  1871) 
there  was  a  revival  of  interest  in  the  Snake  llivcr 
placers,  and  an  improvement  in  appliances  for  mining 
them  and  saving  the  gold,  which  enabled  operators  to 
wtn'k  the  high  bars  which  for  hundreds  of  miles  are 
gold-bearing.  In  many  places  they  lift  themscKts 
directly  from  the  water's  edge,  ten,  twenty,  a  humiri'd, 
or  two  hundred  feet,  and  then  recede  in  a  slo[)e  moie 
or  less  elevated.  At  other  points  they  form  a  suc- 
cession of  terraces,  level  at  the  top,  varying  from  a 
few  hundred  feet  to  a  mile  or  more  in  width." 

miles  of  ditches  on  (iriniba  ('reek,  costin;;8li'>0,000.  IJllioU's  llixl.  Idaho,  17"). 
Tito  Saliiiuii  Ivivcr  pliiuur.-t,  iu  Lciiilii  county,  wliicli  guvo  line  to  Salniu.i  ( Jty 
ill  |S(l(i,  paid  from  live  to  Ki'vi'iitcuii  dollara  a.  day  to  tlu:  Imnd.  Workiii;;  tluiii 
by  the  old  iiiutlioda  tliey  wcru  practically  cxiiaiistcd  in  livo  years,  Imt  l>y 
the  new  luctliod  the  wuiic  yield  waa  olituined  aaut  (irst.  .S7lo»//',^  Jiii/n)  '!'<  r., 
Ms,,  \.  Ward  and  Na|)iii.i  diseovered  tliose  mines.  1/M)n  CrecU  win  ilii- 
covered  by  Nathan  Sinuii,  a  Cal.  pioneer.  In  IbliJ  he  uime  to  i>hih<>,  and 
Wan  one  ol  tiie  discoverers  of  tiio  HoreMci-  di.'^'iiij,'!).  In  l>S(ii)  lie  pDtip'.'iled 
Loon  ( 'reek,  wiueh  he  named  fiMin  a  bird  of  liiat  8pucic:i  found  on  the  lilreaiii. 
A  tliiiiiHand  nun  were  niinin;{  there  at  one  lime,  and  the  town  of  Oro  (Ir.imiu 
\va:i  Imilt  up  a.s  a  centre  of  trade.  When  the  white  men  had  taki  ii  olV  tlio 
richest  deposits,  the  Chinese  purchased  tho  |;i'onnc|,  aiul  vvero  workiii;,'  it, 
wlica  ni  the  MiiUer  of  bSTS  1)  tiie  Sheep  liatcr  Indians  niaile  a  de.sci  nl  upon 
tliiMu  and  swept  away  tiie  whole  camp,  carryin;.{  oil"  tho  )>roperty  of  tho 
slaui^'htered  Mou^'olians  to  their  hiding-plncca  in  tiio  tnountains,  Iroui  wiiich 
(.'apt.  iieriiard  had  ho  inueh  ti'oid)lu  to  ilialuilj^'o  them  the  (ulluwing  Kinnuier. 
lio.iiiir.fiCi/i/  )'((,(/.((■  Fork  III  mill,  Oct.  IS,  lhS4. 

'■'  .Mudl)arviUe,  Spring  Town,  Waturbiirg,  and  Dry  Town  woi-o  their  eu- 
phonious appellations. 

^'J'he  dejMsil'i  wi're  of  \arious  depth.s,  tlie  iip|>er  lied  Ix'in;.;  from  '_'.">  to  ,"i() 
feet  ileep,  and  lyiu;,'  on  a  iiard-paii  of  |)seuilo-inorphous  rock  fi-om  a  few  iiii'hi.i 
to  tlnic  feet  in  tliicl,  ne.'is,  bene.ith  which  is  another  deposit  generally  rielur 
than  the  first.  Or,  iu  u.uun  places,  thu  hard-pan  it  represented  by  a  solt 
cement,  found  at  a  depth  of  from  thice  to  nine  feet.  The  cost  of  ooeiiin.n  a 
chrm,  aud  p.ittiii;;  io  iu  gooil  order  for  working  is  about  8."i,()lH);  and  the  re 
ceijils  from  it  from  SIO  to  §V)a  day.  (Careful  esliinites,  bused  ou  a' tunl 
yu'lds  and  ineu.uireinents  of  f^roiind,  gi\'o  thu  amount  of  gold  obtained  Imni 
on  aero  of  (jrouml  as  bein,'  from  ^  i.ODJ  to  SlO.OOt),  at  the  rate  of  from  .■?-••  to 
fit);)  a  day,  with  the  gold-siving  inachinua,  which  uru  furnished  with  an 
auial,%'auiaUn'. 

'1  liu  greaLi'st  hiuilrani.'e  to  boovercouio  waa  tho  hoisting  of  water  for  iiiiu- 
iu\t  purposCLi  froui  tlu'  .be.l  of  the  live",  wlieix;  there  are  uo  htnaius  enter. n>;, 
Thu  inojl  fu.iuiblc  !'.diuioii  of  this  didicuky  wuaKt  bu  Ihu  conalructioa  uf  a 


BULLION  PRODUCT. 


535 


Coming  to  the  actual  production  of  the  mines  of 
Idaho,  I  iind  that,  aceordin*,'  to  the  annual  report  of 
tlic  director  of  the  mint  of  the  United  States,  Idaho 
ill  1870,  when  it  was  bej^inninj^  to  recover  I'roiu  Iho 
nii.^Cortunes  of  the  previous  decade,  produced  .^il,l  JO,- 
OUU  in  i;old  and  $050,000  in  .silver,  wldle  the  e.stiuuito 
in  the  tenth  census  is  $1,944,203.  In  1882  the  pro- 
duct in  gold  and  silver  was  $3,500,000,  divided  among 
tin  counties,  of  which  Custer,  or  the  Wood  Kiver 
mines,  j)roduced  more  than  one  third.*  But  the  u Dort 
oi'  the  mint  director  is  no  more  than  a  guide  to  tho 
actual  amount  of  gold  produced,  the  larger  pa-t  of 
wliicli  is  shipped  out  of  tho  territory  by  banl;in;jj  lirma 
or  ill  private  hands,  and  goes  to  the  mint  at  List  \,ith- 
(iiit  any  sign  of  its  nativity.  The  total  gold  product 
of  Idaho  down  to  1880  as  deposited  at  the  minis  and 
assay  oHices  has  been  set  down  at  $24,157,4  17,  and 
of  silver  $727,282.00.  But  some  $00,000,000  should 
he  added  to  that  amount,  maliing  the  yiekl  oC  jjivcious 
metals  for  Idaho  $00,000,000  previous  to  I'uVA,  v.  lien 
the  revival  of  mining  took  place.  Strahorn  esi.iii;ates 
the  output  of  1881  in  gold,  silver,  and  lead  at 
$1,915,100.» 

canal  takiii;:;  water  out  of  tlio  river  alwvc,  and  carrying  it  to  all  t!ic  niinct 
Lo'.DW.  'i'liia  device,  bcaidcu  niaUinp;  milling  a  pcniKincut  buuiiicja  uii  ■Snako 
llivc r,  would  icdi cm  txtcnaivc  tnu'l;!  of  land  wlii  li  only  need  water  for  irrl- 
g-iUoii  ti)  clKiii,^o  tli(  ni  from  Kagc-luuali  wildcnicssis  to  gardciiH  i.l  ('.e.iciom 
Iruilaund  vcg'.'taldiD,  or  liulda  of  golden  grain.  Tliu  iiriaciiial  cl.iiiii  uero 
oil  l!i'j  upiH-r  Snake  Uivcr,  at  Caiilioo,  and  aliovc  in  U  yuniiii'.',  iiiid  al.v)  at 
IlL'iL'k  Cajon,  where  the  lilalio  Snuku  Uivcr  (iuld  Mining  Company  luid  .soma 
ri  :li  [ground,  $10;)  .-v  day  to  the  man  having  hecii  Udicn  out  with  a  iihI;  t,  a 
cippii' pl.xlc,  ami  a  liottie  of  cyanide  of  potassium.  Tliu  avcra'-ji;  yiilil  woa 
fj.ia  d.iy  uccr  hO  acres  of  aurifeion.s  gr.ucl.  The  Lawrence  and  Ilohnea 
Ciiiipii'y  iind  a  claim  near  JUai-kloiit  raying  from  §11)  to  §."•;)  a  d.iy  to  tiio 
nriii.  La.ie  &  (Jo. ,  near  the  moulii  of  llaft  Uivir,  ohtaiiicil  SJ.'i  a  d.iy  to  tho 
tn.u;  and  Aigyle  &  Co.,  near  l"all  Creek,  owned  plaeenj  that  paid  iJCO  a 
day  to  t!ie  man.  Other  rich  plaecrn  were  mineil  in  thevieinity  of  S^.lmon 
lulls.  The  lie.st  Hcasona  for  working,  in  reference  to  the  atagc  (d  water  in 
tiic  river  and  the  btate  of  the  wcallier,  wa.i  from  tho  l^t  of  March  to  tho 
tniiliUi!  of  May,  and  from  the  I  ;t  of  .Septemlier  to  the  l.st  of  Novemlur. 

•Tliatcveiy  county  hnt  fonr  uiioulil  lu  (piotcd  m  goldprodiuiiig  i.Iidws  a 
Very  geiKMal  liiiriiHiou  of  prcciuiu  metal*.  The  proportion  w.'i.i  a.i  loll  )\v8: 
Ali'nraiisiM'l.tHH);  ISoise  g."!  10,000;  Cassia  §J.'>,(M)0;  Ciotcr  SI,-J.;0,(WU;  Idaho 
f-M0,()iM);  L.nihi  SJIO.OOO;  Nez  I'dce  Sd.OOOj  Oneida  JjsJJ.OJO;  Owyhco 
^;f.),(KK);  Shi  shone  ?.jO,OiO. 

^See  Stniliani'^  hl<iho  'J\/:,  01.  The  Vh-ijiuin  (Did  llilfiia  /'os'  of  Jan.  15, 
1^G7,  make!)  the  output  of  the  Idaltu  miiieii  in  ItiCiU  $1I,000,OJO.      W'licn 


I 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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1.25 


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12.0 


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V] 


^^^^ 


A 


0%,     ■  ;» 


0 


7 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


i3  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER.  NY.  «4SS0 

(/U^  f  72-4503 


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636 


NATURAL  WEALTH. 


Turning  from  the  precious  metals  to  the  baser 
metals  and  minerals,  we  find  that,  besides  lead,  Idaho 
has  abundance  of  iron,  copper,  coal,  salt,  sulphur,  mica, 
marble,  and  sandstone.  Bear  Lake  district  contains 
copper  ore  assaying  from  60  to  80  per  cent,  and  also 
native  copper  of  great  purity.  Galena  ores  78  per 
cent  lead  with  a  little  silver  are  found  in  the  name  dis- 
trict. Bituminous  coal  exists  in  abundance  in  Bear 
Lake  county,  where  one  vein  70  feet  in  thickness  is 
separated  from  other  adjacent  veins  by  their  strata  of 
clay,  aggregating  a  mass  200  feet  in  depth  of  coal. 

Near  Rocky  Bar,  in  Alturas  county,  is  a  vein  of 
iron  ore  seven  feet  in  thickness,  and  lifty-six  per  cent 
pure  metal.  Near  Challis,  in  Custer  county,  is  a  large 
body  of  micaceous  iron,  yielding  50  to  GO  per  cent 
metal.  At  a  number  of  points  on  Wood  River  rich 
iron  ores  are  found  in  inexhaustible  quantities.  In 
Owyhee  county,  a  few  miles  east  of  South  Mountain, 
is  the  Narragansett  iron  mine,  an  immense  body  so 
nearly  pure  as  to  permit  of  casting  into  shoes  and  dies 
for  stamp-mills.  A  mammoth  vein  of  hematite  in  the 
neighborhood  carries  thirty  dollars  a  ton  in  gold. 
Deposits  of  iron  ore  are  found  not  far  from  Lewiston, 
which  yield  seventy-fivo  ■  or  cent  pure  metal;  and 
similar  deposits  exist  .■  the  western  boundary  of 
Idaho,  in  Oregon,  in  l'o.;der  River  Valley. 

The  Oneida  Salt  Works,  in  Oneida  county,  manu- 
facture a  superior  article  of  salt  from  the  waters  of  the 
salt  springs,  simply  by  boiling  in  galvanized  iron  pans.' 
The  demand  has  increased  the  production  from  15,000 
pounds  in  18G6  to  600,000  in  subsequent  years,  and  to 
1,500,000  in  1880.  A  mountain  of  sulphur,  eighty-tivo 
per  cent  pure,  is  found  at  Soda  Springs,  on  Bear  lliver. 
It  has  been  mined  to  some  extent.  The  same  local- 
ity furnishes  soda  in  immense  quantities.     Minos  of 

Rosa  Browne  made  his  report  to  the  government  on  tho  cold  yield  of  the  Pacific 
Btatcs  and  territories  ho  omitted  Idaiio,  which  had  produced  from  510,0011,000 
to  $20,003,000  annually  for  4  years.  S'ilorr  (Jit ij  Avalanche,  Feb.  fl,  1807. 

"Tliis  salt  analyzed  yields,  chloride  of  sodium,  97.79;  sulphate  of  soda, 
1.54;  chloride  of  caluium,  .G7;  aulphute  magnesia,  a  truce.  Hlmlioni's 
Idaho  'i'er.,  03. 


AGRICULTURAL  RESOURCES. 


537 


mica  exist  in  Washington  county,  near  Wciscr  River, 
from  which  thousands  of  tons  are  being  extracted  for 
the  market.  Other  deposits  of  mica  have  been  discov- 
ered in  northern  Idaho,  as  also  white  and  variegated 
marbles,  and  beautiful  granites  and  sandstones  of  the 
most  desirable  colors  for  building  purposes,  as  also  a 
quarry  suitable  for  grindstones.  There  is  little  that  a 
commonwealth  needs,  in  the  way  of  minerals,  which  is 
not  to  be  found  in  Idaho. 


But  no  matter  what  the  wealth  of  a  mineral  coun- 
try may  be,  it  is  never  looked  upon  with  the  same 
favor  by  the  permanent  settler  or  home-seeker  as  the 
agricultural  region,  because  there  is  always  a  look- 
ing-forward  to  the  time  when  the  mines  will  be  worked 
out,  while  to  the  cultivation  of  the  earth  there  is  no 
end.  Were  Idaho  as  dependent  upon  its  mines  as 
in  the  days  of  its  earlier  occupation  it  was  thought 
to  be,  it  would  be  proper  to  treat  it  altogether  as  a 
mineral-producing  territory,  which  with  the  better 
understanding  now  had  it  would  not  be  proper  to  do. 

The  conditions  necessary  to  agriculture  are  those 
pertaining  to  soil  and  climate.  Of  the  former  there 
arc  four  kinds,  and  of  the  latter  a  still  greater  variety. 
Taking  the  valley  lands,  large  and  small,  they  ag- 
gregate, with  those  reclaimable  by  irrigation,  be- 
tween 14,000,000  and  10,000,000  acres.  The  soil 
of  the  valleys  is  eminently  productive,  containing  all 
the  elements,  vegetable  and  mineral,  required  by 
grains,  fruits,  and  vegetables.  It  is  of  a  good  depth, 
and  lies  upon  a  bed  of  gravel,  with  an  inclination  suf- 
ficient for  drainage.  Springs  of  water  are  abundant, 
both  warm  and  cold.  Wood  grows  in  the  gulches  of 
the  mountains  which  enclose  the  valleys.  The  climate 
is  mild,  with  little  snow  in  ordinary  seasons.  This 
phenomenon  in  so  elevated  a  region  is  accounted  for 
by  the  theory  of  a  river  of  warm  air  from  the  heated 
table-lands  of  Arizona,  the  Colorado  Valley,  and  the 
dry  valleys  of  Chihuahua  and  Sonora  passing  through 


53S 


NATUUAL  WEALTH. 


tlio  fiumul  of  the  upper  Del  Norte.  There  arc  other 
iiillueiices  more  nearlj-  h)cal,  like  the  Yelh)\vst()ne 
j:reyscrs  anci  tlic  Pacific  warm  stream.  Deep  snows 
fall  ill  the  more  elevated  regions,  and  brief  periods  of 
severe  cold  are  experienced,  but  the  longest  Idaho 
winter  is  short  compared  with  those  of  the  Atlantic 
states.  For  Boise  Talley  the  average  temperature  for 
ciglit  years,  from  1874  to  1881,  was  between  51°  and 
63°,  wliilc  the  moan  temperature  for  1880  and  1881  in 
Lapwai  Valley,  much  farther  north,  was  5G.08°. 
Peach-trees  fi'equently  blossom  in  February  at  Lew- 
iston.  The  extremes  in  the  Boise  Valley  for  seven 
years  have  been  12°  below  zero  in  January,  and  108° 
ubi>ve  in  July;  but  the  average  temperature  in  Janu- 
ary has  been  2G.01°,  and  for  July  75.86°,  this  being 
the  hottest  month  in  the  year.  Spring  and  autumn 
are  delightful.  Tiie  average  rainfall  for  seven  years 
has  been  twelve  inches;  the  lowest  less  than  three, 
and  the  ^Toatest  over  seventeen  inches. 

Takinsjf  Boise  for  a  standard  of  vallev  climate,  it 
should  be  remembered  that  altitude  to  a  considerable, 
and  latitude  to  a  less,  extent  influence  temperature 
in  Idaho.  Boise  is  2,800  feet  above  seadevel; 
Lapwai,  nearly  three  degrees  farther  north,  and  800 
feet  lower,  has  an  average  temperature  in  July  of  90° 
and  in  January  of  20°,  being  both  hotter  and  colder 
than  ]3oise.  Other  valleys  vary  in  climate,  in  accord- 
ance with  altitude  and  position  with  reference  to  the 
prevailing  south-west  wind.  Another  fa(!tor  in  the 
climate  of  Idaho  is  the  dryness  and  rarity  of  the 
atmosphere,  which  lessens  the  intensity  of  heat  and 
cold  about  twenty  degrees,  out-door  labor  being  sel- 
dom suspended  on  account  of  either.  The  same  gen- 
eral remarks  apply  to  every  portion  of  the  country; 
the  cold  and  snowlall  are  in  proportion  to  altitude. 

The  soil  of  the  mountains  and  wooded  regions  is 
deep,  rich,  black,  and  contains  much  vegetable  mould. 
Its  altitude  would  deternjine  its  fitness  lor  cultiva- 
tion.    The  valleys  having  an  elevation  of  from  GOO  to 


SOIL  AND  CLiMATE. 


53d 


5,000  feet,  it  would  depend  upon  the  situation  of  the 
mountain  lands  whether  they  could  be  succesHi'ully 
farniecl.  The  soil  of  the  grass  and  sage  plains  in 
Snake  River  Valley  is  the  best  that  nature  has  pro- 
vided for  the  growth  of  cereals,  would  man  but  con- 
trive the  appliances  for  bringing  water  upon  it.  In 
tlio  northern  portion  of  Idaho,  wheat  and  other  grains 
may  be  grown  without  artificial  irrigation,  but  not  in 
the  southern  portion,  which  must  be  redeemed  from 
drought.  There  is  a  limited  amount  of  alkali  soil, 
which  produces  only  greasi  -wood,  on  which  cattle 
subsist  in  the  absence  of  or  in  connection  with  the 
native  grasses. 

Of  grazing  lands,  it  is  estimated  that  there  are  not 
less  than  25,000,000  acres  in  Idaho,  a  large  propor- 
tion of  which  furnish  food  continuously  throughout 
the  year;  hence  it  is  essentially  a  cattle-raising  country. 
The  native  gras.ses  are  the  bunch,  rye,  timothy,  red- 
fop,  and  blue-stem  varieties,  wliich  together  with  the 
vhito  sage  sustain  and  fatten  immense  herds  of  Cfittle 
and  sheep. 

The  area  of  forest  lands  is  computed  at  7,000,000 
acres,  lying  for  the  most  part  in  the  mountainous  re- 
gions, which  division  of  territory  amounts  to  18,400,- 
000  acres.  Out  of  this  amount  comes  also  most  of 
the  lake  surface  of  Idaho,  computed  to  be  000,000 
acres.  The  waste  lands  are  less  than  have  been 
supposed.^ 

I'or  salubrity  of  climate  Idaho  stands  unequalled, 
th(3  percentage  of  deaths  in  the  army,  by  disease, 
being  lower  than  in  any  of  the  United  States, 
Thus  nature  provides  compensations  for  her  stern- 
ness of  aspect  by  real  benignity.  Tliose  who  best 
know  the  resources  of  the  territory  predicted  for  it  a 
hiilHant   and   honorable    future.     This  is   the    more 

'Xo  great  accuracy  can  bo  attained.  Gilbert  Butler  divides  the  area  of 
Lliilio  US  follows:  liicli  agriciiltui'iil  lauds  .'), 000,001)  acri's;  that  may  ho  ro- 
claimotl  by  irrigation  10,000,000;  grazing  lauda  '20,000,000;  tiiiihcr  huuU  10,- 
CU,),(),)0;  mineral  lands  10,000,000;  lakes  and  volcanic  ovcrllow  ;},:)JS,1G0. 
iiilor  t'Uj/  Idaho  Avutuiic/u;  Juno  20,  1681. 


I' 


m 


640 


NATURAL  WEALTH. 


remarkable  when  the  hardships  and  liability  to  acci- 
dent of  a  new  country  are  considered ;  the  death  rate 
being  one  third  that  of  Colorado,  one  fifth  that  of 
California,  and  half  that  of  Oregon. 

The  settlement  of  Idaho  having  been  begun  for  tlio 
sake  of  its  mineral  productions,  little  attention  was  at 
first  given  to  agriculture.  Further  than  this,  there 
was  the  prejudice  against  the  soil  and  climate,  result- 
ing from  false  conclusions  and  ignorance  of  facts. 
Thirdl}'",  there  was  the  constant  danger  of  loss  by 
Indian  depredations  to  discourage  the  stock-raisoi-, 
and  the  want  of  transportation  to  deter  the  farmer 
from  grain  and  fruit  raising  beyond  the  demands  of 
the  home  market. 


u\ 


CHAPTER   VII. 

MATERIAL  AND^OCIAL  PROGRESS. 

1864-1886. 

Ada  Cottstv— Creation  op  the  Capital  of  Idaho — Onioix  and  Develop- 
MKNT  OF  Towns— Farming  Settlements — Orchards — Stock-raising 
—Pioneers — Alturas  County — Mineual  and  Agricultural  Lands 
and  Settlement — Bear  Lake  County — Bois6,  Cassia,  Custer,  Idaho, 
Kootenai,  Lemhi,  Nez  PKRct,  Oneida,  Owyhee,  Shoshone,  and 
Washington  Counties — Public  Lands  in  Idaho— Social  Condition 
—Education — Religion — Benevolent  Societies — Public  Improve- 
ments— Railroads  and  Telegraphs. 


I  WILL  now  take  up  the  progress  and  condition  of 
Idaho,  Ada  county  was  created  out  of  Boise  in 
December  18G4,  with  Boise  City  as  the  county  seat. 
The  location  of  Fort  Boisd  on  the  5th  of  July,  18G3, 
was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  location  of  tlic  town, 
wliieh  followed  on  the  7th.  But  before  either  of 
these  were  founded,  on  the  3d  of  February  of  the 
^ame  year,  Thomas  and  Frank  Davis  and  Sherlock 
]>iistol  took  up  a  land  claim  and  built  a  cabin  on  a 
part  of  the  town  site  as  subsequently  located,  where 
they  had  a  vegetable  garden.  The  town  was  laid  off 
by  C.  Jacobs  and  H.  C.  Biggs,  and  incorporated  by 
a  coinpany  of  seventeen  men,  including  several  officers 
of  the  fort,^  who  had  it  surveyed  and  a  plan  litho- 
gra})he(l,  as  I  have  mentioned  in  another  place,  for 
the  use  of  the  legislature,  to  induce  that  body  to 

'  Hughes,  quartermaster,  was  one.  Sherlock  Bristol,  who  was  president  of 
th(!  company  and  owned  one  ninth  of  the  lots,  furnished  mo  a  nianusoiipt  on 
till!  nomenclature  of  Idaho  and  scraps  of  early  history.  Ho  waa  born  in 
Clit.'sliiio,  Conn.,  Juno  fi,  18ir>.  He  removed  in  time  to  Fond du  Lac co..  Wis,, 
and  from  there  to  Idaho  in  1802.  lirialol'a  Idaho,  MS.,  5. 

(541) 


642 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


1 

l\ 

«'■■■■ 

IP 


1 

m 

«?■"' 

Hi 

1 

1.1    !.»..  .■^- 

make  it  the  capital  of  the  territory,  as  it  clid,^  It 
prospered  notwithstanding  some  contention  as  to  own- 
ership, which  was  settled  by  the  government  issuing  a 
patent  to  the  mayor,  in  1870,  of  the  town  site,  to  bo 
held  in  trust  by  him  until  the  territorial  legislaturo 
should  prescribe  the  mode  of  the  execution  of  the 
trust,  and  the  disposal  of  the  proceeds.''  It  had  oOO 
inhabitants  when  it  became  the  metropolis  of  Idaho, 
and  a  population  in  1885  of  2,000.* 

'  Walla  Walla  f^latesman,  Sept.  5,  1SG3;  Bolsd  A'cjps,  Nov.  28,  1SG3;  Or. 
Arrjiix,  Oct.  5,  18G3;  Idaho  Statesman,  Oct.  10,  ISGS. 

'■^  Idaho  Slatcuman,  Dec.  12,  1870.  The  act  concerning  the  town  .site, 
passed  liy  the  legislature,  made  the  mayor  trustee  to  execute  docila  to  chiim- 
ants  on  sufficient  proof  of  tlio  validity  of  their  pretensions.  For  the  purpose 
of  defraying  the  expenses  of  procuring  the  titU',  the  sum  of  from  §1,  ii'),  aud 
$10  per  lot,  according  to  the  situation,  was  recjuii'cd  to  be  paid  into  the  tic.is- 
uryof  lk)is(5  City  and  disbursed  lor  that  purpose,  the  residue,  if  any,  to  bj  ex- 
pended under  the  direction  of  the  eoninion  council.  Idaho  Laics,  1H70-1, 
2!)-ai. 

*  Cyrus  Jacob.s,  who  purchased  the  first  parcel  of  gold-dust  taken  from  the 
Boise  basin,  took  a  stock  of  goods  to  Boise  City  in  the  summer  of  1oG;>,  ami 
Bold  them  from  a  tent  as  fast  as  they  arrived,  ])y  the  help  of  H.  C.  Ri.'jg:^  and 
James  Mullaney,  clerks.  Riu'gs  and  James  Agncw  erected  the  b.uldiii;^ 
known  as  Riegs'  Corner  in  July,  and  about  the  .same  time  J.  51.  Hay  ami 
John  A.  James  erected  a  meat  market.  A  well  was  dug  by  Thompsjn  & 
McClellan.  The  lirst  justice  of  the  peace  was  D.  S.  ITolton,  ids  office  bcin^'  iu 
a  log  cabin  on  the  site  of  the  present  Overland  Hotel.  H.  J.  Adams  was  ilio 
first  blacksmith,  the  shop  being  where  Levy's  oliop  now  stands.  The  lirat 
school,  started  in  the  winter  of  lSG;j-4,  was  taught  by  F.  B.  Smith.  First 
hotel  was  kept  by  Burns  &  Nordyke.  The  lirat  newspaper,  published  l)y 
J.  S.  Reynolds  &  Co.,  has  been  noticed.  Tlie  lirst  contractors  and  buildcis 
were  Joseph  Brown  and  Charles  May,  brick-mikers  and  masons.  Fir.st  dry- 
goods  establishment  was  by  B.  M.  Du  Roll  and  C.W.  Moore.  IilahoStale-oiiin, 
April  1,  )S7G.  Du  Rell  and  iMoore  opened  a  national  bank  in  ISG!).  ■S'(7/rr 
Cit;/  Acalanche,  May  11,  18G9.  The  first  cjaw-n.ill  was  erected  by  A.  II.  Robic, 
in  1804,  who  removed  his  mill  fi'om  Idaho  City.  The  first  church  erected 
was  by  the  catholics,  in  1870,  at  a  cost  of  §8.000.  It  was  destroyed  by  a  lire 
in  1871,  which  burned  §57,000  worth  of  property.  Not  a  mining,  but  a  cjiu- 
mercial  centre,  with  the  capital  and  a  military  post  to  give  it  standing,  BjisiS 
City  i3  regarded  as  the  most  important  no  well  as  the  most  beautiful  town  ia 
the  territory.  The  Boisii  River  emerges  from  the  mountains  about  soven 
miles  above  the  town,  where  the  valley  proper  begins,  Tlic  city  stands  on 
the  river  bank,  with  the  fort  on  a  higlier  plateau  a  mile  removed.  The  streets 
arc  wide  and  well  shaded,  the  residences  neat  and  tasteful,  standing  in 
flowery  enclosures  kept  green  by  streams  of  living  water  flowing  down  tiio 
Btreets.  The  squares  devoted  to  public  buildings  arc  well  kept,  and  the 
edifices  of  l.irown  stone.  Up  and  down  the  river  are  many  charn:  ii.g  drives, 
and  altogjthcr  the  place  is  an  attractive  one.  Its  central  location  ivith  refer- 
ence to  other  commercial  towns  in  the  surrounding  states  and  le.ritories  is 
likely  to  continue  it  in  its  present  eminence  as  the  chief  town  of  Idaho. 

Some  other  facts  concerning  the  capital  of  Idaho  may  be  of  interciit,  as  fol- 
lows: Its  altitude  is  'J,80J  foot;  latitudo 'i;)"  ;i7';  distance  from  Chicairr),  1,103 
miles  west  and  a  little  over  103  miles  north;  from  San  Francisco,  330  miles  east 
and  abnut  the  name  distance  north;  from  Portland,  about  170  miles  east  and 
140  south;  from  Salt  Lako  City,  200  miles  north  anil  150  west.     It  had  iu 


EARLY  FARMING. 


543 


Among  the  first  to  take  up  farms  in  A.(\a  county 
were  Tlionipson  and  McClollan,  who  also  kept  a  lorry 
on  Boiso  River  at  Boise  City.  They  located  their 
claim  :\Iay  28,  18G3.  S.  A.  Snyder,  T.  McGrue,  L. 
r.  ]\IcIIenry,  Samuel  Stewart,  the  Purvine  brothers, 
and  ?.[ooney  took  up  claims  the  same  year.  Little 
was  expected  from  farmini^  by  the  pioneers;  but  land 
that  in  1877  was  a  wilderness  of  artemisia  was  soon 
covered  with  fields  of  j[>'oldon  grain;  and  some  of  the 
finest  orchards  on  the  Pacific  coast  sprang  up  in  Ada 
county.  The  agent  which  wrought  this  change  was 
water.^ 

1885  two  newspapers  bcaidca the. ■S'iatM/jJrtH,  viz.:  tho  Idaho  Democrat,  started 
in  May  i'-i77  m  tlic  somi-wcckly  Idahoaii  by  A.  J.  lisyakin,  and  c!i;i;i','C(l  its 
name  i:i  I'lT'J;  and  tho  liepuMicaii,  ot:irtnd  in  March  ISTJ  by  D.micl  IJacon. 
St:u\o.l  and  failed,  tlio  JJoind  City  XeiC'i,  by  John  McGoniulo  in  1870;  the 
B■)l<'^  Dimocral,  by  J.  C.  Boyle  &  Co.,  and  the  Capital  (Jliroiivle,  by  D.  C. 
Schv.atlca  &  Ca.  Tlic  latter  Avas  purchased  by  Boyakin  and  became  the 
lilalij  Dcmocvat.  In  Boisii  City  was  a  large  public  uchool  building,  7  teaclicrs 
employed;  number  of  children  710.  Tiic  lirsb  protcitant  church  or,','a:ii.-:ed  in 
Iilili)  was  the  methodist,  Nov.  2."},  187:',  by  J.  M.  Jameson  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  conference,  presiding  elder  of  the  Coirinne  district.  A  church 
ediiice  waT  completed,  and  dedicated  on  the  '2~)l\\  of  April,  1S7j,  thj  corner- 
stone having  been  laid  Octol.cr  4th  by  Gov.  T.  \V.  Bennett.  The  Isi  pro::by- 
torian  c!mre!i  was  dedicated  in  1879,  and  the  1st  baptist  church  about  tliu  same 
time.  The  catholic3  rebuilt  their  house  of  worship,  and  the  episcopalians 
erected  a  house  for  their  congregation.  One  of  the  features  of  Boijo  City 
was  an  cpicstrian,  full-size  statncof  Washington,  in  military  dress,  fasliionctl 
out  of  mountain  lir  with  a  common  axe,  saw,  gouge,  and  chisel.  It  w.is  placed 
on  a  l)ro:i::c  pedestal  in  one  of  tho  pnljlic  parks.  The  sculptor,  to  whoui  v.ms 
paid  i3),()3J  by  the  territorial  legislature,  was  Charles  Ostncr,  born  in  18'23  at 
13aile;i,  who,  involved  in  a  Hungarian  revolt,  iinuiigrated  to  Cal.  in  13o3, 
and  thence  to  Idaho  in  18G2.  From  the  Fiorenee  mines,  Ostner  went  to  tho 
upper  iV.yettc  Valley  and  settled  himself  upon  a  farm  in  ISGl,  also  keeping  a 
ferry.  During  the  winter  and  at  intervals  he  worked  upon  his  statue,  which 
was  c  impleted  and  set  up  in  1S(j9  with  ini[iosing  ceremonies,  antl  speeches  by 
Cliici' Justice  Mcliride  and  others.  Dolsi  Statesman,  ^iv.\.  9,  181)9.  Thegovern- 
nicn'  i'.-.i  1  a  signal  station  at  BoisJ  City.  A  board  of  trade  was  orgu-ui.-^e  1  in 
April  18S3,  J.  A.  Pinnoy  president,  Nathan  Falk  seeretary,  Cliarlcs  II.  Nim- 
rod  treasurer.  A  fire  department  was  estaljlialicd,  also  several  lodges  of 
mason.!,  <idd  fellows,  good  templars,  champions  of  the  red  crosi,  turn-vorcins, 
etc.,  a  free  library  association,  territorial  law  library,  and  literary  and  dra- 
matic club. 

•' Ai  early  as  1SG4  a  ridit  was  ptranted  to  William  B.  Hughes  and  others, 
who  ineorporr.ted  as  the  Vallisco  Water  C).,  to  take  water  out  of  the  l5ois6 
Rivci-  above  Rocky  Point,  and  convey  it  in  a  ditc'i  or  ariueduet  to  IJoise  <Jity 
and  r  Oit  Boisii,  and  down  to  Snake  River.  Idah  i  L'li"^,  IS'.'A,  47.")-7.  In  Nov. 
IST'  W.  D.  Jlorris,  supt  of  tho  North-western  Stagj  Co.,  began  tho  coustruc- 
tion  nf  ,v  canil,  to  be  G  feet  wide  at  the  l)ottomaud  12  at  the  top,  and  between 
five  :ind  six  miles  in  length,  carrying  •],0J0  inches  of  water,  or  suliieient  to 
float  logj  to  the  naw-mills  ia  tho  valley,  and  cord-wood  to  the  f  irm  is  along 
its  c  )  u'se,  l)oside3  furnisliing  power  for  mills  and  factories,  ami  water  for  irri- 
gating and  rcclainiinif  20,000  acres  of  land.     The  grade  of  the  canal  was 


'M 


644 


MATEHIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


During  the  period  between  187Gand  188G  extensive 
orchards  were  planted  in  the  Boise  Vallc}',  some  of 
which  produced  from  25,000  to  40,000  bushels  of  fruit 
annually,  few  failures  occurring  in  twelve  ycsars,  L. 
F.  Cartce  at  Boise  City  had  a  vineyard  in  which  grew 
forty  varieties  of  grapes." 

Stock-raising  was  carried  on  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent in  Ada  county.  Fine  breeds  of  cattle  were  im- 
ported, and  from  500  to  2,000  grazed  upon  the  grassy 
uplands.^ 

twenty  inches  to  the  mile,  and  the  estimated  cost  §25,000.  ^lorris  died  in 
May  1878.  'J'hc  property  fell  into  tlie  litinds  of  W.  Eidcntiaugh,  who  completed 
the  canal,  and  gave  it  a  width  of  20  feet  ut  top,  a  mile  more  in  Icuglli,  a  di  ptli 
of  four  feet  of  water,  which,  moving  at  the  rate  of  27  lineal  inches  per  second, 
equalled  G,000  miner's  inclics  of  water.  A  reservoir  three  miles  from  its 
head  covered  ten  acres,  and  was  used  to  hold  sawdogs,  which  were  lluatcd 
down  the  river  to  tlic  canal.  Tiic  lands  irrigated  by  this  canal  yielded  40 
bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre,  and  enormous  vegetable  and  root  crop.?.  Av- 
erage crops  in  Idaho  were  30  bushels  of  wheat,  25  of  rye,  53  of  oat.s,  40  of 
barley,  35  of  corn,  and  250  of  jiotatoes  to  the  acre.  Strnhorn'H  Idaho,  (10. 
Morris  became  possessed,  under  the  desertdand  act,  of  17,070  acres  of  v;dlty 
land,  by  paying  25  cents  an  acre  and  constructing  this  canal.  Tiic  act  re- 
quired the  purchaser  to  pay  an  additional  $1  per  acre  at  the  end  of  three 
years  when  the  Irrigation  was  furnished.  The  cost  of  the  whole  enterprise 
probably  was  some  §00,000,  the  land  reclaimed  being  worth  §700,000. 

"Cartec  was  born  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  in  1823,  graduated  from  8t  John's  col- 
lege at  Cincinnati,  and  came  to  the  Pacific  coast  in  1849,  opening  an  otiice  at 
Oregon  City  in  1850  as  surveyor  and  engineer.  In  1863  he  v.ent  to  Llalio, 
and  erected  the  first  saw-mill  and  qnartz-mill  at  Rocky  Bar.  lie  was  ap- 
pointed surveyor-general  in  1807,  which  oflice  he  continued  to  hold  for  more 
than  12  years.  He  was  a  successful  pomologist  and  stock-raisur.  Fruittiees 
matured  early,  and  were  remarkably  healthy.  The  orchard  of  Tlionias  Davis 
when  19  years  old  showed  few  signs  of  decay.  No  irrigation  was  iK'eefi.-;ary 
after  the  first  four  or  live  years.  He  had  10,000  trees  on  seventy-five  acres. 
In  1880  the  product  of  Davis'  orchard  was  40,000  bushels  of  large  fruits  and 
600  bushels  of  berries.  By  large  fruits  is  meant  apples,  pears,  peaches,  nec- 
tarines, apricots,  plums,  and  prunes.  A  portion  of  them  was  dried  for  tlio 
winter  market,  a  portion  sold  fresh  in  the  mines,  and  another  portion  made 
into  cider  and  vinegar. 

'  The  cost  of  keeping  cattle  on  the  range  varied  from  50  cents  to  .?l  each 
per  annum,  according  to  the  size  of  the  herd.  In  some  of  the  higher  valleys 
of  Idaho  winter  feeding  was  followed  to  a  slight  extent,  which  increased  the 
expense.  ]?eef  steers  sold  at  from  §21  to  §24;  stock  cattle  at  §12;  two-year- 
olds  at  §14;  three-year-olds  at  §17;  and  yearlings  §8.  At  these  prices  largo 
fortunes  were  quickly  made  in  raising  stock.  Ada  county  south  of  IJoisu 
River  in  1885  contained  no  towns  except  the  railroad  station  of  Kuna.  Six 
miles  west  of  Bois(5  City  was  the  hamlet  of  Thurman's  Mills,  the  establisliniont 
having  a  ca])acity  of  50  barrels  of  flour  daily.  Aiken's  mills,  4  miles  west  of 
Bois6  City,  Morris'  mills,  opposite  the  town,  Russelvillc  mills,  one  mile  east, 
and  Clark's  mills,  two  miles  cast,  were  all  flouring  mills  of  good  capacity. 
m/ver  Citi/  Avalanche,  Feb.  12,  1881.  Star,  Middleton,  Caldwell,  and  Kiver- 
sido  were  on  the  lower  Boisd  road;  Emmettville,  Falk's  Store,  and  Payette- 
ville  on  the  road  to  Washoe  ferry.  Emmettville  was  the  only  place  of  any 
importance,  having  a  large  lumbering  interest     A  bridge  was  placed  across 


IRRIGATION  AND  PIONEERS. 


545 


I  have  been  thus  particular  in  the  description  of 
one  county  in  order  to  show  of  what  other  counties 

till'  I'ayette  River  here,  and  two  irrigating  ditches  opened,  which  watered 
abciut  UO  sictions  of  excellent  land.  Population  of  Ada  county  in  1885,  5,500. 
I'ctal  UHsissed  valuation  for  1882,  §1,734,508.  Tliere  were  200,000  acres  of 
iiialile  land,  most  of  which  was  taken  up  in  farms  of  320  acres,  about  one 
fum  th  uf  which  was,  in  1885,  in  actual  cultivation. 


! 


Boise  and  Payette  VALLEva. 


■  ?^1  each 
■  valleys 
aseil  tlic 
\vo-yo:ir- 
ccs  large 
of  Ijoiscj 
ma.     Six 
lisliinrnt 
^VL•t•l;  of 
nilc  cast, 
capacity, 
ul  lliver- 
Payctto- 
c  of  any 
;d  across 


Calvin  P.  Bodfish,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  Ada  county,  was  a  native  of 
Maiiu',  whence  he  went  to  Australia  in  1853,  and  thence  to  Cal.  in  1858.  He 
Clinic  to  Idaho  on  the  discovery  of  gold,  and  was  one  of  the  first  .settlers  at 
Buiji'  (  ity.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  Idalio  legislature,  and  was  ap- 
pointed assessor  of  internal  revenue  for  the  government.  He  died  suddenly 
of  a[iujilcxy  Nov.  7, 1805,  at  the  age  of  43  years.  Boise  Slatesmiu) ,  Nov.  11, 1805. 
Jonathan  Keeney  was  born  in  Missouri.  Ho  left  hia  home  at  an  early  age  in 
ISIil  to  join  the  fur  companies  in  the  Rocky  Mountains;  returned  and  married 
ill  KsiiT,  and  innnigrated  to  Oregon  in  184G,  going  to  Idalio  with  the  gold- 
seekurs  in  18G3.  He  located  himself  at  Keeney  terry,  on  Snake  River,  near 
tlic  mouth  of  the  Boise?,  and  resided  there  till  about  1878,  when  ho  sold  the 
property  and  retired  to  a  farm  on  Willow  Creek.  He  was  accidentally  shot 
on  tliu  15th  of  August,  1878,  at  the  age  of  78  years,  by  a  gun  in  his  own 
iianils.  Bo'ixe  Statesman,  Aug.  24,  1878.  J.  C.  Henley,  burn  in  Ohio,  came  to 
Idaho  in  1802  from  Iowa,  and  settled  at  Idaho  City  in  1803.  On  the  organi- 
ziitiou  of  the  judicial  system  of  the  territory  he  became  clerk  of  tlie  U.  S. 
district  court  for  the  2d  district,  which  office  he  held  luitil  1805,  when  he  be- 
came a  partner  in  the  law  firm  of  Gilbert  &  Henley.  He  was  an  accomplished 
lieniian  scholar,  a  republican  in  politics,  anil  for  4  years  a  member  of  tho 
uaticjnal  republican  committee.  He  died  August  27,  1872,  at  Boist'^  City, 
a;,'ed  ;!0  years,  beloved  and  regretted.  J.  W.  Porter,  a  native  of  Kentucky, 
came  to  Cal.  from  Iowa  in  1850,  served  in  the  federal  army  in  tlie  civil  war, 
and  wont  to  Idaho  at  its  close,  where  he  became  private  secretary  to  (iov. 
Ballard,  and  resided  at  BoisiS  City  until  his  death,  March  29,  1870, 
Hist.  Wabh.    35 


546 


MATERIAL  AXD  SOCIAL  PROGRESS, 


are  capable,  according  to   tlicir  altitude,   extent   of 
valley  land,  and  facilities  for  irrigating  bench-land. 


t 


I  I 


Hiram  E.  Talbot  was  born  at  Richmond,  Va,  Sept.  22,  1S09,  imniigratod  to 
Cal.  in  18."i9,  tlicnce  to  Oregon,  and  again  to  Idaho  in  ISO.'?,  i)nicti.sing  nicflii.iiie 
in  each  of  these  commonwealths.  He  died  Nov.  17,  1805,  at  tlio  age  of  M 
years,  leaving  several  sons  and  danghtcrs.     Ilia  ol)sequiea  were  the  most  iia- 

i losing  known  in  IJoisi^  City  at  that  time.  H.  C.  Crane,  anotlier  iihysiciim  of 
5(jise  City's  early  days,  was  fatally  st.ibbcd  by  a  nephew  of  the  sanu!  n;inie, 
in  a  lit  of  temporary  insanity,  in  the  autnii.ii  of  18(J8.  John  lA'mp,  a  native 
of  (lormany,  immigrated  to  Louisville,  Ky,  in  IS.VJ,  at  the  age  of  11  years. 
On  the  discovery  of  the  Colorado  mines  he  went  to  Denver  and  erected  a 
brewery,  but  Vicing  caugiit  by  the  rusli  to  Idaho  in  18(13,  went  thither,  iiiid 
established  a  brewery  at  Boise  City  in  1804.  ITc  mado  money,  and  ni;uiieil 
in  1800.  In  1874-5  was  elected  mayor.  James  A.  I'inney  came  toCV.l.  in 
1S50  at  the  age  of  15,  and  went  to  Oregon  in  185.S,  follow  iiig  the  gold-luinters 
to  Idaho  in  1802,  engaging  in  packing  goods  from  Lew^iston  to  the  mines,  and 
making  money  cnongh  to  set  up  as  a  merchant  at  Idaho  City  the  foUnwiiig 
year,  w  here  ho  also  served  as  postmaster.  Ho  was  burned  out  in  tiie greut  files 
of  1805  and  1S07,  but  recovered  his  i;old  upon  fortune,  and  removed  to  Uoisti 
in  1870,  where  ho  carried  on  a  large  stationery  and  book  business.  1.  N. 
Coston,  a  native  of  Tompkins  county.  New  York,  was  liberally  educated 
and  stu<lie(l  law.  Ho  immigrated  to  Idaho  in  lS(i2,  and  mined  at  Idaho 
City  for  two  years,  when  he  settled  as  a  farmer  in  Boisf"!  Valley.  He  was 
elected  to  the  legislature  in  1S70  and  1872  as  councilman  from  Ada  county, 
and  was  president  of  that  body  in  the  latter  year.  He  was  .again  elected  in 
1870.  Ho  was  a  good  representative.  Silver  City  Avaluvche,  Dec.  .'SO,  Ks70. 
Albert  \l.  I'obie  was  a  native  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y.  He  came  to  tlic  I'acific 
coast  as  a  member  of  Governor  Stevens'  exploring  expedition,  as  I  have  noted 
in  the  previous  part  of  this  volume.  After  the  Indian  war  of  IS.'.';-!!  ho 
was  jiiaced  in  charge  of  the  Indians  about  The  Dalles.  In  1800,  when  the 
Nez  Tcree  mines  were  discovered,  he  erected  a  .saw-mill  at  Lewiston,  removing 
thence  to  Idaho  City,  and  again  to  Boise  City,  where  ho  was  ever  foremost  in 
useful  undertakings.  He  owned  a  large  herd  of  cattle,  whicli  was  j^ia/xd 
near  Steen  Mountain,  in  Oregon.  When  the  Bannaok  war  of  1878  Ijroke  out 
he  was  at  his  stock  rancho  and  larrowly  escaped  with  his  life.  Joining  in  tlie 
pursuit  <vf  the  Indiiins,  who  '  .d  destroyed  his  herd,  he  fell  a  victim  to  an 
illness  brought  on  by  fatigue  and  exposure,  and  died  July  20,  187S,  at  hia 
home  on  Dry  Creek,  JJoisil  Valley,  aged  4(5  years,  leaving  a  wife  and  5  ehd- 
drcn.  /j'o/.sr  Sldti.vnaii,  July  27,  1878.  D.  N.  Hyde  of  Seattle,  Vv'asliiii^'ton, 
was  a  pioneer  of  Boise  City.  Joseph  Branstetter,  one  of  the  discoveicrs  of 
Boise  basin,  was  a  resident  of  this  county.  He  was  born  in  Bcri'y  eo.,  Mo,, 
April  17,  1842;  immigrated  to  Walla  Walla  in  ISOO,  and  followed  the  n.iiiing 
rush  to  Idaho  two  years  later.  In  1870  he  married  Laura  Marlette  of  Wis- 
consin. Branstetter's /^/.scoivri/ o/ iiot.Nd  Uasiii  is  a  manuscript  narrative  of 
an  expedition  which  resulted  fortunately  to  man}^  John  B.  I'ierce.  a 
pioneer  of  Boisil  Valley,  born  in  Cumberland  co.,  Kj',  in  1827,  removed  witli 
his  parents  to  111.  in  1830.  His  opportunities  for  education  were  liii.ited, 
but  being  a  good  observer  and  a  student  of  public  affairs,  acquired  by  rea<lin',' 
considerable  knowledge  of  politics  and  law.  He  removed  to  Mo.  in  IS  !4.  aii'l 
crossed  the  plains  in  1850  to  Oregon,  settling  the  following  spring  in  Siskiyint 
CO.,  Cal.,  where  he  was  engaged  in  mining,  packing,  lumbering,  and  otlur 
business  of  the  country.  In  1800  he  was  a  member  of  the  central  conuuitti" 
of  the  county  which  supported  John  C.  Breckenridge  for  president.  In 
1802  ho  prospected  through  eastern  Or.  and  Wash.,  engaging  in  mining  in 
Boise  basin  among  the  earliest  pioneers  of  that  region.  He  assisted  in  (iruaii- 
izing  the  democratic  party  in  Idaho,  and  was  nominated  for  the  asseiiiMy  at 
the  lirst  election,  but  was  beaten.  He  joined  with  H.  C.  Street  and  .1.  H. 
Bowniou  in  purchasing  the  Jioisd  N'eivs  from  its  republican  owners,  anil  eon- 


ALTURAS  COUNTY. 


547 


Willi  this  in  view,  a  brief  mention  of  the  others  will 
convey  all  the  information  requisite  to  an  understand- 
inj^  (»f  the  early  condition  of  the  territory. 

Alturas  county,  named  by  some  admirer  of  the 
Spanish  word,  sij^nifyinLj  heights,  or  mountains,*  had 
little  valley  land,  and  that  was  upon  the  margins  of 
its  numerous  mountain  streams.** 


vcitinq  it  into  the  Iduho  World,  for  tlio  support  of  democracy.  He  was 
oliiTc'il  the  noniiiiiitioii  for  delegate  to  congress  in  1804,  but  declinud.  Ho 
uas  :  everal  times  elected  to  the  legislature  from  JJoisiS  and  Owylico  and  Ada 
counties,  and  served  as  chairman  of  tiie  special  code  committee  (jf  the  lower 
li'iu 'c  in  1874,  his  popularity  being  attributable  to  his  o[,p:)sition  to  every 
kind  of  jobbery  in  politics,  of  wliicli  there  has  been  mucl  \\:  Idaho  in  his 
owa  party.  Ho  vas  a  prosperous  farmer  in  l]ois6  Valley;  v.-.i^  twice  mar- 
rii  1,  "J  of  his  sons  having  families  of  their  own. 

*' Tliough  the  miners  prefer  the  more  figurative  interprctati  in  of  'heavenly' 
lici^Ii'.s. 

'■'  liig  Camas  prairie  was  the  chief  body  of  agricultui  '  and  in  tliis  cou'.ty, 
with  an  area  of  14,000  square  miles.  It  occupied  a  region  80  ini'es  i.  length 
by  from  eirhtecn  to  twenty-five  in  breadth,  and  lias  an  elevation  of  4,U0O 
fiot.  ''".''  Snake  River  lava-field  appeared  tlestincd  forever  tn  ije  u  waste; 
but  tho  sage-plains  west  of  Wood  River  proved  capable  of  ledeiiiption,  while 
tlic  f  jot-hills  and  benclies  of  the  mountains  in  which  tlie  min< ..  were  situated 
aU'Tdrd  extensive  cattle-ranges.  For  many  years  (Jamas  prairie  «  is  thougiit 
(inly  fit  for  a  liay-field,  and  used  as  such.  The  summers  wen;  warm  and 
pi  MS  at,  but  there  was  a  heavy  snowfall  in  winter.  Later  settlers  raised 
wheat,  barley,  corn,  oats,  vegetables,  and  melons  successfully,  the  oat  crop 
ro  |uiriiig  no  irrigation.  The  valley  of  Wood  River,  for  a  distance  of  lifty 
mil,  3  in  length  and  from  one  to  two  in  breadth,  was  a  favorite  location  for 
fiinncrs.  The  population  of  Alturas  in  1883  was  9,000,  and  its  assessed 
vahiation,  real  and  personal,  .$2,871, •Hi.").  The  number  of  cliihlren  attending 
Relintd  1,000.  Esmeralda  v.as  the  county  seat  when  the  county  was  organ- 
i/oil,  but  Rocky  Bar  succeeded  to  the  honor  in  lSli4.  Idaho  Lairs,  IV.Ctl,  429. 
Ill  ediisfiqucncc  of  tho  discovery  of  the  Wood  River  mines  in  tlie  sumiuer  of 

I  i71),  llailcy  was  chosen  for  county  scat  by  popular  vote,  in  ISSl.  Ijellevuc 
vaM  tlie  first  town  built  in  the  Wood  River  mining  rcgitm,  being  located  and 
.s'ttled  in  1880,  and  chartered  in  1882-,').  Its  ncwsiiajicr,  the  Lltroiiicl'\  was 
owned  by  C.  &  J.  Foster.  Kctchuin  was  next  locateil,  10  miles  above  Uellc- 
viie,  alio  in  1880,  and  Galena  City,  20  miles  farther  north,  in  what  was  aftcr- 
\v;ir,l  Custer  county,  in  the  same  year,  Jacobsville  and  Marshall  competed 
v.itli  otlicr  places  for  tho  dign:ty  of  being  considered  urban,  but  have  re- 
iiiaiuvil  only  camps.  Hailey,  located  in  the  spring  of  ISSl,  four  miles  north 
of  I',  llevue,  then  a  thrixing  town  of  400  inhabitants,  having  8li  school  children 
ami  2  eliurches,  drew  to  it.-;elf  most  of  tho  trade  and  population  on  accnunt  of 
111  iiig  nearer  to  tlie  principal  mines.     11.  Z.  Burkhart,  with  a  machine,  made 

II  kihi  (if  80,000  brick  in  1882.  The  court-house,  hotel,  school-house,  railroad 
ilepiit,  and  otlicr  buildings  were  constructed  of  biiek.  Linic  was  pleiitiful 
ami  cheap.  A  newspaper,  the  Wooil  Hirer  X'tirn,  was  started  at  Jjcllvue  in 
tile  Sluing  of  ISSl  by  Clay,  Allen,  and  (ieorge,  and  sold  to  Frank  O.  Ilanling, 
who  removed  it  to  ITailcj',  changing  tho  title  to  Wood  Hirer  Miner.  Two 
other  newspapers,  tho  Chronicle  and  Time.-',  are  ]mblished  in  this  county. 
Metliodist,  presbyterian,  episcopal,  congrcg..  tional,  independent,  and  cath- 
olii;  churches  have  been  organized,  but  churc;:  edifices  were  as  numerous  as 
tlie  societies  in  1SS3.  A  good  theatre  '.vas  erected,  Some  warm  springs  in 
Cloy  Gulch  were  fitted  up  as  a  place  of  resort.     The  groNrti.  ot  Hailey  rcseni- 


Hi! 


:■  ^M 


548 


MATERIAL  AXD  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


M 


Eeat  Lake  county,  tlic  small  south-east  corner  of 
the  territory,  previous  to  1872  was  supposed  to  be- 
long to  Utah.  It  was  lirst  settl'^d  by  a  colony  of 
Mormons  under  C.  C.  Rich,  and  was  called  ]?i(h 
count}'.     The  establishment  of  the  boundary  of  Idalio 


A-   ■     BktukinqtPh.  K""^ 


jj^  r    I  2  ^*\      /'^ — T-^     4i  y 


tiOCTU-E.^STERN    lUAUO. 

by  survey  threw  the  greater  and  better  portion  of 
liich  count}'  into  Idaho,  together  with  its  industrious 
and  thrifty  population,  and  it  was  considered  as  a  [)art 
of  Oneida  county  until  its  separate  organization  in 
January  IBTf).  The  first  settlers  were,  like  most  of 
tlie  jMormons,  agriculturists.  But  their  earher  ef- 
forts at  farming  were  f'ailui'os,  owing  to  frost  and 
grass! loppers,  which  together  took  the  greater  part 
of  their  croj)s  for  several  years.  The  altitude  of 
13ear  Lake  Valley  is  G,(5GG  ft.-et,  from  which  elevation 
came  the  frosts.     The  grasshoppers  were  a  periodical 

l)l(>s  tliiit  f)f  Idiiho  City  in  180;?-,").  The  rapid  .settlement  of  Woott  River  aii.l 
(JuiDiis  )>iaiiie  was  after  ISSO.  ^lany  of  the  iiicDiiier.'S  were  from  Norway,  ami 
do  not  I'er.r  the  snow.s  of  winter.  'J'hcre  wcrr  fifty  families  in  ISSl  wliere  tin  i<! 
were  not  11  dozen  the  year  before.  Fifty  homesteads  were  taken  np  in  IS-^I 
by  an  a;,'ent  of  the  (jcrman  colony  of  yVurora,  Marion  co.,  Oregon.  Tl'iy 
w<ro  all  agriculturists,  and  will  make  a  garden  of  the  cultivable  parts  of 
Allurus  county. 


BOISE  COUNTY. 


5-t9 


plague.  But  by  making  liaj'"  and  raising  stock  tlio 
settlers  prospered,  and  little  by  little  overcame  the 
worst  of  their  difficulties.^'' 

The  early  history  of  B(Mse  county  has  already 
l)(^en  given  in  a  previous  chapter.  Its  principal  wealth 
lung  continued  to  be  mines."     The  u}>per  Payette 

'"The  valley  of  Beai"  Lake,  called  Mormon  Valley,  a  fertile  jilaiii  !.">  miles 
uiili' ami  2.")  miles  long,  hail  a  population,  in  ISS."),  of  4,(X)().  By  irrigating, 
larifi'  crops  of  wheat,  oats,  ami  barley,  the  finest  ])otatoes  in  ahnndanee, 
ami  the  largest  liuy  crop  in  tiie  territory  were  raised,  wlulti  iierd.s  of  cattle 
11"  1  sheep  covered  tlie  hillsides.  Tlie  Imnhcring  interest  in  this  county  was 
(ii  iiiipoitancc,  pine  and  spruce  being  tlie  prevailing  timber  on  the  moun- 
tains. The  manufacture  of  cheese  was  introduceil,  the  juoduct  in  1S>,;{  Ijeing 
'J''0,000  pounds,  liy  cooperation  tlie  Alormon  jioiiidation  carried  on  tiieir 
ciiti'ipriocs  with  good  results.  It  was  l)y  coilpeiation  that  tliey  made  the 
il](  CSC  faetoiy  profitable,  its  capacity  being  !K)0  pounds  daily,  'i'lieie  was 
the  I'aris  Cooperative  Institution,  composed  of  "JOO siiureliohleis,  witli  a  capital 
(if  t'J."),00i).  It  conducted  a  reneral  merchandise  store,  Ijoot  and  shoe  factory, 
liaiiKss  factory,  tin-shop,  and  tailoring  establishment,  besi<les  a  jilaiiing-laUie 
iiiid  sliiiigle-mill.  Members  were  not  iierinitted  to  hold  more  than  SKK)  w ortll 
(if  stocU,  lest  the  few  should  be  benefited  to  the  exclusion  of  the  many.  Since 
its  cstiiblishmcnt  in  1S7-1,  in  10  years  it  i)aid  !;^'.'7,0t)0  in  dividends,  besides 
txiieiiding  110,000 annually  for  labor.  In  ltSS'2,  '-'.STO  pairs  of  boots  and  shoes 
Wire  manufactured,  !tOO  pieces  of  leather  tanne(l, !?(», 000 worth  of  ])laned  him- 
liir  and  shingles  sold,  and  .'J."), 000  pounds  of  cheese  made,  besides  the  business 
(if  the  other  est.. Mishments.  While  the  results  thus  obtained  furnished  no 
voiidur-provoking  figures  like  mining,  they  secured  contentinent  and  steady 
]ii'(i^l)(  rity,  which  mining  too  often  does  not.  1'here  were  several  villages  in 
lliav  LaU(!  county,  namely,  I'aris,  the  county  seat,  Fish  Haven,  Ovid, 
LiliiMly,  Montpclier  (foiinerly  Bri'.;h!|in),  rreston,  St  t'harles,  ijcnniiigton, 
and  (leorgetown.  The  Oregon  Short  Line  railroad  was  laid  out  on  the  east 
fiile  of  the  lake,  through  MontpeHcr,  Bennington,  and  (Jeorgetown.  The 
as.-ii'sscd  valuati(jn  of  Bear  Lake  county  in  I.S82  was  !:,;2.'i!),9-tO. 

"The  mining  ditch  constructed  by  .1.  Clarion  Moore  and  .1.  C  Smith  in 
iMi.'i  was  the  beginning  of  Ben  Willson's  enterprises  before  mentioned.  He 
liciii;^ht  out  Smith,  and  subse(piently  jjui'diascd  Moore's  half.  Moore  was 
Klmt  ill  a  mining  war  over  the  possession  of  the  Golden  Chariot  mine,  near 
.■Silver  'ity,  (Jwyhee,  in  ISOS.  Samael  Lockhart,  another  owner,  was  also 
:-h^>t.  Moore  was  greatly  regretted  l>y  the  pioneers  of  Idaho,  who  regarded 
liini  as  the  most  indefatigaljle  of  them  all  in  everything  pertaining  to  the 
ilcvrlopineut  of  the  territory,  and  as  a  true  man.  t'djiihl  C/uviiicfr,  Ort.  'JO, 
lS(i!l.  He  was  buried  with  honors  in  the  masonic  cemetery  at  Idaho  < 'ity, 
iiiar  the  creek  which  bears  his  name.  Idaho  U'urld,  .Xpiil.S,  'SOS.  Willson, 
an  lui'^lishman  by  liirth,  came  to  Cal.  at  the  age  of  1,">,  and  was  thoroughly 
Anu'i  iianized.  j[e  went  to  Idaho  and  Boisi'  l)asin  in  the  spring  of  l.SCi.'J,  and 
<li.l  iiiiii(>  real  work  than  almost  any  other  man  in  the  eouiity.  lii  bSO,'}  ho 
built  a  toll-road,  and  ran  a  stage  line  between  I'ioneer  City  ami  Ceiitrevillc. 
lb'  bnilt  a  saw-iiiill,  in  company  with  L'aikiiison  and  ^\■arriller,  at  Idaho 
City,  aiiil  also  engaged  in  merchandising  with  .lames  Powelson.  At  the  same 
tiiiK'  he  bought  milling  ground  iind  iMinstrueted  ditches,  being  the  lirst  to  in- 
tiniliue  hydraulic  mining,  using  at  first  duck  liose  with  a  common  nozzle,  but 
iinally  iron  pijie,  l.'i  inches  diann^tir  at  the  lower  end,  and  tlie  giant  nozzle. 
Thus  Willson  I'eeame  owner  of  100  miles  of  ditches,  a  mill  f(U"  sawing  luin- 
1"  r,  several  shops  for  repairing  tools,  and  a'JOO-acre  farm  on  Clear  Creek,  ad- 
joining the  town  of  Pioneer,  l)esides  being  a  partner  in  the  Mammoth  (piartz 
iiiiiie.    IIo  was  a  member  of  the  bur,  mid  served  in  the  legisdative  council, 


1  J? 

1 

m 

■". 

'i 

i 

,'f 

\ 

I 

ii 

'I  In 
lip' 


t* 


550 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


Valley  proved  the  choicest  farming  region  in  Boise 
county.^'" 

Ill  Cassia  county  were  found  a  good  soil  and  climate, 
but  the  valleys  were  small  and  elevated.  Upper 
Goose  Creek  had  the  choicest  body  of  farming  land  in 
the  county.  Raft  River  Valley,  thirty  miles  long 
by  ten  wide,  contains  fine  meadow-lands.  A  settle- 
ment was  made  at  the  head  of  the  valley,  called  ilio 
Ct)ve.  With  irrigation  the  sage-lands  produce  well. 
Like  Bear  Lake  county,  Cassia  raised  wheat,  oats, 
barley,  and  potatoes  for  market,  in  abundance,  and 
grazed  large  herds.  It  had  mines,  though  not  much 
prospected;  also  one  grist-mill  and  three  saw-mills.'^ 

as  well  as  in  county  offices.  Moore  Creek  was  surveyed,  and  also  Granite 
and  oUici's,  with  a  view  to  constructing  bed  rock  flumes  in  the  same  niaimcr. 
S.  A.  ^Mcrritt,  delegate  to  congress,  was  intrusted  with  the  business  of  {get- 
ting a  bill  passed  granting  right  of  way,  and  other  privileges,  on  Jhiuru 
C?rcek,  for  u  distance  of  7  miles,  but  failed.  A  job  was  altemptcil,  v.hilo 
Ainslie  was  in  congress,  to  get  all  the  waters  of  Snake  Kivcr,  and  other 
streams,  granted  to  a  company,  which  would  compel  the  farmers  to  puy  for 
it  at  tlitir  price.  Another  congressional  job  proposed  was  to  g'-ant  all  tlio 
waters  in  IJoisti  River  to  a  company,  which  would  have  paraly;:e!l  placer 
mining  in  Doisj  basin,  by  placing  them  at  the  mercy  of  the  company.  Tlio 
people  of  Idaho  have  ever  been  alive  to  the  withering  cll'ect  of  iniijuitoiis 
monopolies. 

'- .1  liere  were  in  1885  about  thirty  good  farms  in  this  section,  with  a  \va,i,'()ii- 
road  from  the  valley  to  I'lacervillc  and  Idaho  City.  Back  of  the  liottom-lainl 
M'as  ii  sago  plain  partially  redeemed  by  irrigation,  and  rising  higher,  a  .series 
of  rolling  hills  gradually  attained  an  altitude  of  5,(300  feet,  covered  with  biinili- 
gras3,  making  the  best  of  cattle-ranges.  On  the  crest  of  the  hills  to  llic  e;;st 
was  a  heavy  growth  of  timber.  Long  and  Hound  v.allcys  wer-;  used  only  for 
grazing  purposes,  (iarden  Valley  was  soon  under  high  cultivation,  lying 
only  ton  miles  north  of  the  mining  centre  of  the  Boise  basin,  which  f  m  iii.ilieil 
a  profitable  market  for  the  grain,  vegetables,  and  fruits  raised  in  tlii:4  'para- 
<lise,'  as  it  is  fondly  named.  From  the  dividing  line  between  Ada  and  Wnni 
counties  to  Horse  Shoo  Bi  nd  is  about  twenty-five  miles  of  farming  land  iiccu- 
pied  by  one  hundred  settlers,  who  have  under  cultivation  ir),00j  acies.  lu 
the  lower  I'ayettc  Valley  resided  D.  M.  Bivens,  a  native  of  Missouri,  who 
immigrated  from  Kansas  to  Idaho  in  1802.  lie  was  among  the  liiot  to  t,  lu'a 
farm  on  the  Payette,  where  ho  made  himself  a  beautiful  home,  lie  died  Nov. 
17,  1S79,  aged  .'^)1  years.  A'o/srf  Ti-i-iccddn Statesman,  Nov.  '25,  i;-70. 

Boiso  county  had  M,'2I2  inhabitants  in  1880,  with  a  total  valuation  in  1.SS2 
of  §(i(li),71!).  In  188.3  the  population  ha<l  increased  to  12,003.  willi  a  pro- 
portion.itc  increase  of  property.  Idaho  ('ity,  the  county  seat,  had  diminished 
from  7.000  in  18(i4  to  700  in  1880,  but  expanded  again.  I'lacerville,  Ceiitre- 
ville,  Qaartzl)urg,  Pomona,  Banner,  Deadwood,  ClarkviUe — named  after 
Henry  C  Clark,  a  pioneer,  who  has  a  store  in  this  place.  Si!vr  Vif;/, 
Idaho,  Aralaiiche,  Aug.  12,  lS7G—Ilorsc  Shoe  Bend — C.  II.  Angle,  pi.ip.eenit 
this  place,  and  justice  of  the  peace,  died  ^lareh  Hi,  1870.  Ho  left  a  wile  ;ni(l 
4  ehi'dren—liairdsville— settled  first  by  C.  Bairil  on  upper  Squaw  Creeii, 
Stnrr'x  Idaho,  MS.,  8 — and  Jerusalem  were  the  early  mining  and  farming 
centres  of  Boisi5  county. 

"The  old  load  to  Salt  Lake  by  tlio  City  of  Rocks  passed  through  some 


CUSTER  COUNTY. 


551 


.SfLlcS 

llicli- 

c:;st 

ly  f.if 

l.viM- 

hvA 

I)  liso 

111 

will) 

t,  !;i';i 

INnV. 

iss-i 

.  V"; 

U-lU'll 
111  !■(■- 
i;lirl' 
Cih/, 
err  lit 
o  iiml 

■iniii!,' 

SOIllO 


Custer  county,  named  after  General  Custer,  cut  off 
from  Alturas  and  Lemlii  in  1881,  proved  inconsider- 
able as  an  agricultural  rej^ion.  There  was  a  fine 
valley,  forty  miles  long  by  from  five  to  fifteen  miles 
wide  on  the  upper  Salmon  River,  furnished  with  wood, 
water,  and  grass  in  abundance,  and  numerous  small 
tiacts  of  agricultural  land  alonij  the  streams,  but  the 
county  was  preeminently  a  mining  country.  In  18G6 
(»r  18G7  a  party  of  prospectors  from  Montana,  Leaded 
by  one  Richardson,  penetrated  to  that  branch  of  the 
Salmon  which  they  named  Yankee  Fork,  because  the 
jiarty  consisted  of  New  Englanders.  They  did  not 
remain  long  in  the  country,  which  was  at  the  best 
iiiliospita^bly  strange  and  remote.  In  1873  D.  V. 
Varney  and  Sylvester  Jordan  found  their  way  to 
Yankee  Fork  and  located  some  placer  mining  claims, 
naming  Jordan  Cixiek  branch  of  that  stream.  Four 
years  later  the  great  discoveries  w  ere  made  in  quartz, 
of  the  Charles  JJickens,  Charles  Wayne,  Custer,  and 

of  tlic  settlements,  and  it  was  in  the  direction  of  Ogdeii  and  Salt  Lake  City 
that  the  fanners  looked  for  a  market.  The  population  in  1SS>")  was  '2,500; 
ami  t!iu  assessed  valuation  in  18S2,  417. .'{.'12.  Albion,  the  county  feat,  situ- 
iitod  in  Marsh  basin,  an  agricultural  district,  was  settled  about  lu73.  Its 
]io]iulation  ten  years  later  was  sonic  400.  In  Hibh  tCtiSimka  It'tvir  Urij'on,  MS., 
2  1!,  is  a  brief  account  of  Cassia  county,  by  Frank  Uiblett,  surveyor.  In  the 
vsi>ii;!i-eastcrn  portion  of  the  county  was  the  Black  Pine  mining  caiii|).  Simon 
Siliwa'.iacher  was  the  principal  owner  in  thij  region,  and  erected  t'.ie  first 
(|uirtx-niill.  A  New  York  company  paid  §0r>,OUO  for  a  placer  mine  at  I'.onanza 
IJar,  and  other  companies  took  claims  near  this  one.  There  v.aa  another 
fanning  settlement  started  on  Sublette  (Jrcck,  thirty  miles  east  of  Ili'.ft  Itivei', 
and  Houic  of  villages;  namely,  Beecherville,  Alamo,  Cassier  Creek,  Bridge,  Oak- 
liy,  (loose  Creek,  Uock  Creek,  and  several  stations  on  the  road  to  Salt  Lake. 
Samuel  Iv.  Given,  a  prominent  citizen  of  tiiiseo. ,  born  in  Nashville,  Temi., 
ill  1;  22,  wasabon  of  John  Given,  whoscfatlicrfought  in  the  rcvoluti'  nary  war, 
luidcr  den.  Clarion.  Samuel  received  a  common-school  education  in  La.  In 
IMl)  lie  camo  to  (,'al.,  via  Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  Santa  Ft',  Socorro,  (lila,  and  San 
l)ie;;o,  arriving  at  San  Francisco  in  Octolier,  and  engaging  in  teaming  during 
the  winter.  The  following  spring  lie  went  to  Mariposa  eo.,  and  mined  for  a 
time,  afterward  farming  and  raising  hogs  on  the  Merced  Kiver.  In  the  Hood 
of  ISo2  he  lost  $20,000  worth  of  liogs,  and  all  his  improvements,  but  remaint'd 
ill  the  eo.  until  lie  recovered  a  jiart  of  his  losses,  wlicn  in  \'6~,',\  he  iiut.?;t.000 
into  horses  and  mules  and  started  for  Cheyenne,  Wy.,  being  2  years  on  the 
road.  In  1875  ho  sold  off  his  stock,  and  went  to  frci;.;liting  to  the  Black  Hills, 
iiKikiug  §0,000  in  18  mouths,  lie  then  commenced  buying  mining  claims, 
oi«  iiiiig  and  selling  them,  including  the  Ibmiestako  No.  2,  and  the  I'iei'ce 
mines,  making  $70,000  in  another  year  and  a  half.  Next  he  imrehased  a 
ran;.;e  on  Raft  lUvei',  and  stocked  it  with  cattle  and  horses,  and  h''ie  he  made 
lii>i  home,  in  tiie  finest  section  for  a  winter  range  between  the  Sierra  Nevada 
aiul  the  ^lisBouri  lliver. 


652 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


Unknown,  which  led  to  the  hasty  populating  of  this 
rich  minins:  recfion,  araonsf  the  most  famous  districts 
of  which  are  the  Kinnikinick,  Bay  Horse,  and  Custor, 
Bonanza  City  was  laid  off  in  1877.^* 

Idaho  county,  organized  under  the  government  of 
Washington  in  18G2,  began  its  career  as  a  mining 
district  through  the  discovery  of  the  Florence  and 
Warren  diggings.  The  placers  at  Warren  were  among 
the  most  lasting  and  best  paying  in  Idaho.^^ 

'*The  first  ti'a<ling  establishment  was  opened  by  George  L.  Shonp  and  liia 
partner  Boggs.  Mark  Musgrovc  started  a  newspaper  July  24,  1870,  the 
Yankee  Fork  Herald.  Challis,  the  county  seat,  the  centre  of  a  large  and  rich 
mining  district  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  Salmon  Hivcr,  was  fouiulcd  in 
1878  by  A.  P.  Challis  and  others,  and  had  in  1 880  a  population  of  r)00.  A 
newspaper  called  the  Mcssewjer  was  published  here.  Tliere  were  a  number 
of  mining  camps  in  Custer  county — (ialcna,  Robinson's  Bar,  Jordan  Crcik, 
Crystal  City,  Lost  River,  Clayton,  Concord,  Bay  Horse,  Custer,  Cape  Ilorii, 
Oro  Grande,  Round  Valley,  and  Fislier.  The  population  of  the  county  in 
1 883  was  3,000,  and  the  assessed  value  of  real  and  personal  property  the  pic- 
vious  year  was  §389,475. 

'''The  town  had  a  steady  growth  for  three  years,  containing  1,500  inliab- 
itants  in  1805,  but  declined  subsequently,  until  in  1807  it  had  but  500.  The 
discovery  of  quartz  brought  it  up  again  to  1,200  in  18CS,  but  not  proving 
rich  as  expected,  the  population  declined  to  400  in  1872,  when  1,200  Chinese 
came  in  and  Avorked  the  abandoned  diggings.  But  aftt".'  fciking  out  goUl 
enouglj  to  pay  for  the  ground  they  had  purchased,  most  of  the  Cliinauien 
abaniloned  the  place.  The  first  saw-mills  were  erected  in  1808  by  F.  Slicssl  r, 
r  adison,  and  William  Bloomer,  and  the  first  five-stamp  quartz-mill  by  timl- 
frey  Gamble,  who  employed  water-power  only.  Gamble  and  Leland  erceteil 
a  sec(»ul  water  power  five-stamp  mill,  five  miles  above  Warren.  The  quartz 
nt  Warren  failing  to  pay  as  anticipated.  Gamble  and  Leland  purciiascd  a  len- 
stamp  steam-mill  at  Florence,  which  they  removed  to  a  mine  two  miles  from 
the  town  of  Washington,  on  Warren  Creek,  which  also  failed  to  meet  cxpectii- 
tions.  In  1873  a  stock  company  moved  the  latter  mill  to  the  Rescue  lecli,'ti 
at  \Varron,  and  have  made  it  pay  from  that  time,  although  the  gold  is  in 
chimneys  or  pockets.  Tiio  settlement  of  tlic  county  was  slow,  owing  to  its 
extreme  roughness  and  inaccessibility.  'Salmon  River,  in  Idaho  county,' 
says  Leo  Hofen,  'cuts  the  earth  almost  in  two,  the  bank  being  4,000  feet 
perpendicular  for  miles,  and  backed  by  high  mountains  that  show  evidence  nf 
having  been  torn  and  rent  by  most  violent  convulsions.'  llofeu  was  born  in 
Germany  in  1835,  and  came  to  S.  F.  in  1855,  soon  after  removing  to  Nevii(Li, 
wlience  he  went  to  Lewiston,  Idaho,  in  1802,  and  cngagcil  in  merciiandisin:,' 
and  assaying.  In  the  8j)ring  of  18G5  he  made  another  remove  to  ^Vil^l'en, 
where  lie  remained  until  1784.  For  several  yeai's  Hofen  held  the  control  of 
nil  the  business  between  Payette  and  Salmon  rivers.  He  was  the  last  of  tlie 
pioneers  of  Warren  to  desert  the  camp;  and  returned  to  S.  F.,  where  ho  en- 
gaged in  the  cofl'ee  and  spice  business.  Ilofeii'x  Hint.  Idaho  Comity,  MS.,  1  2. 

James  H.  Ilutton  was  another  pioneer  of  Idalio  county.  Ho  was  born  in 
Maine,  and  followed  the  sea.  Arriving  at  S.  F.  in  1850.  ho  went  to  tiio  mines 
on  American  River,  but  soon  returned  to  S.  F.  and  engaged  in  tiie  coasting 
traffic.  In  1802  ho  visited  the  Cariboo  mines,  going  thence  to  Idalio  the 
same  year  and  working  in  tlio  placers  of  the  Florence  district  until  1>S(I7, 
■when  lie  went  to  Warren,  where,  with  a  partner  named  Cocaine,  he  put  up 
the  first  five-stump  (piurtz-mill  on  the  Rescue  lode.     In  partnership  with  C 


KOOTENAI  COUNTY. 


633 


Kootenai  county  had  almost  no  white  population 
until  the  building  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad 


:>rlz 

■Qlll 

iccta- 

ill 

>  its 
tv,' 

(Mif 

II  ill 
ula. 
sing 
rcii, 
■olcif 

til.! 

I'll- 

I  -J. 

II  ill 
iiics 
till',' 

the 
SIIT, 
;  up 


Johnson,  he  located  the  Sampson  lode,  which,  though  moderately  rich,  was 
too  narrow  to  be  profitably  worked.  Huttoii  was  in  1879  a  detective  on  the 
police  force  of  San  Francisco.   Iliitton'n  Early  Events,  MS.,  1-6. 

Florence  was  the  first  county  seat  of  Idaho  county.  In  1809  the  seat  of 
tlio  county  was  removed  to  Warren,  and  in  1874-5  the  legislature  again  re- 
moved the  f^ounty  scat  to  Mount  Idaho.  The  history  of  Mount  Idaho  is  tlie 
history  of  farming  in  Idaho  county.  Situated  on  North  Camas  prairie,  which 
by  tho  last  legislative  act  concerning  the  boundaries  of  Idaho  county  was  in- 
cluded in  it,  the  town  was  settled  in  1802  by  L.  P.  lirown,  through  whose 
cH'oit.s  it  was  made  flourishing.  Located  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains 
(111  tl'.e  east  side  of  the  prairie,  it  became  a  picturescpie  place,  witli  mills, 
stores,  and  good  buildings.  H.  S.  Crossdale  and  one  IJaring  resigned 
coiiiiiiissions  in  the  British  army  and  settled  on  the  prairie,  10  miles  north 
(if  Mount  Idaho,  about  1870,  where  they  raised  sheep.  Idaho  Slafemnaii, 
Miucli  4,  1870.  A  rival  to  Mount  Idaho  was  (irangcville,  two  miles  north- 
vest,  which  about  equalled  it  in  business  and  population  for  some  time.  Tlie 
other  settlements  in  this  county  were  Wasliington,  Elk  City,  Florence,  John 
Day,  Freodom.  Dixie,  White  Bird,  Manuel  Kancho,  Fittsburg  Landing,  and 
(iiiiiwood.  The  population  of  Idaho  county  in  188,'J  was  2,400,  and  the 
assessed  value  of  real  and  personal  property  6r)0!),'252. 

B.  F.  Morris,  born  in  Bay  co..  Mo.,  in  1S4.S,  came  to  Idaho  with  a  mule 
team  in  1803,  and  the  following  spring  went  to  the  Salmon  Biver  mines  in 
Idalio  CO.  He  made  his  home  in  the  eo.,  of  wlii<h  he  was  for  many  years 
auditor  and  treasurer.     He  married  H.  F.  Graham  in  1881. 

James  Udle,  born  in  Scioto  co.,  Ohio,  in  ]82.'l,  came  to  Cal.  in  1849  with  a 
jiaity  of  21  young  men,  called  tlie  Hoy  and  Odle  company,  William  Hoy  be- 
ing the  other  chief.  On  reaching  I'laeerville,  Edward  Hoy  died,  and  also 
Kiiglish.  Odle  remained  in  the  mines  until  Oct.  18.")(),  when  he  went  to  Doug- 
las CO.,  Or.,  and  afterwards  to  Yamhill  co.  In  1802  he  came  to  Idaho,  and 
was  among  the  lirst  settlers  of  Mt  Idaho.  He  married  Catherine  L.  Crusin 
in  l.sr)4,  and  has  2  sons  and  2  daughters. 

Loyal  P.  Brown,  born  in  Coiis  co.,  N.  H.,  in  1829,  came  to  Cal.  by  sea  in 
1S4!),  the  schooner  Jlmiiit  Xnl,  of  tho  Ma.ssasoit  company,  bringing  them  to 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  Crossing  on  pack-mules,  the  passenj^ers  chartered 
a  Inigantine,  which  was  condemned  at  Mazatlan,  compelling  them  to  wait  for 
II  steamer,  which  tinally  brought  them  to  San  Francisco,  liy  which  time  their 
means  were  exhausted,  and  10  of  the  company  worked  their  passage  to  Saora- 
iiu'iito,  where  they  took  a  contract  to  cut  hay  at  Sutter's  Fort,  after  which 
Blown  and  .'1  others  went  to  the  mines  on  the  Middle  Fork  of  American  River 
at  Hector's  Bar.  In  18.")0  Brown  went  to  Trinity  River,  engaging  in  trade 
and  packing  for  2  years,  then  to  Scottsliurg  on  the  Umpipia  River,  re- 
iiiiiiiiiiig  in  southern  Or.  until  1802,  when  he  removed  to  iMoiint  Idaiio.  Ho 
■was  employed  in  the  (juartermaster's  dejiartnieiit  of  tlie  volunteer  army  in 
l^o.VO,  and  after  the  war  engaged  in  stock-raising  in  Douglas  co.  He  went 
'■  'igii  the  exciting  scenes  of  the  Kez  I'crce  war  in  Idaho  in  1877,  in  which 
111.  iicvCormed  good  service.     His  present  business  is  mercliandising. 

Jacob  B.  Chamberlain,  born  in  Jamiuox  co.,  Canada  West,  immigrated  to 
^'allcouver  Island  in  1802  by  sea,  remaining  .'i  years  in  Victoria,  and  remov- 
iiii;  thence  to  Idaho  in  180.').  lie  was  elected  commissioner  of  Idaho  co.  in 
1n7'>,  and  county  auditor  in  1880  and  1882. 

Jolin  Ai'ani,  born  in  Seneca,  N.  Y.,in  1S27,  came  with  his  brother  .Toseph 
to  Cal.  in  18.->0  by  sea.  He  resided  '■>  years  in  San  Jost?,  and  4  years  in  Anm- 
dnr  CO.,  Cal.,  after  which  he  removed  to  Or.  in  18.">9,  and  to  (jrangoville,  ou 
Camas  jirairie,  Idaho,  in  I8(i4.  He  mariied,  in  ISoIl,  Sarah  Barr,  born  in  Wy- 
oiiiiiig  CO.,  N.  Y.,  in  LS.'ll. 

\\  illiam  C.  Pearson,  born  in  Chautauiiua  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1S29,  immigrated 


,    ii 


554 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


brought  people  there  to  perform  the  labor  of  its  con- 
struction, between  1880  and  1883.  The  Coeur  d'Alune 
Indian  reservation  occupied  most  of  the  southern  por- 
tion, extending-  as  far  north  as  the  Spokane  River, 
and  the  head  of  Coeur  d'Alene  Lalce.^*' 

Lemlii  ct)unty  was  set  off  from  Idaho  county  Janu- 
ary 9,  18G9,  assuming  .$700  of  the  parent  count^-'s  in- 
debtedness. A  change  was  made  in  the  boundary  in 
January  1873,  the  western  line,  south  of  Sahnou 
liiver,  commencing  at  the  mouth  of  the  Middle  Folk, 
thence  south-west  alonij  the  divide  between  tlie  ]Mi(l- 
die  and  South  forks  to  the  line  of  Boise  county.  The 
published  maps  do  uot  give  the  actual  boundaries,  the 
county  lines  very  generally  being  unsurveyed.  The 
early  history  of  Lemlii  county  has  been  given.^^ 

overland  with  liis  father's  family  to  Washington  co.,  Or.,  in  1853,  remnviiig 
to  Caniaa  prairie,  Idaho,  in  1S04,  where  lio  engaged  in  fanning  and  stoLk- 
raising  near  (irangeville.     lie  married  Uelle  CrooUs  in  18G2. 

II.  Titnuin,  burn  in  Warren  eo. ,  N.  J.,  in  IS.iJ,  went  to  Pike's  Teak  iu 
18G0  with  other  golddinntera,  from  there  to  Virginia  City,  Xev.,  and  lioiu 
tiierc  to  the  mines  of  Idaho  in  18112.  In  1870  he  engaged  in  stoek-rai.siiig  <<n 
Salmon  liiver.  The  following  year  ho  married  M.  K.  Turner,  anil  Bettkdat 
Grangeville. 

""iilevatiim  of  Ca'ur  d'Alene,  2,280  feet;  soil  gravelly,  raising  fair  crops  of 
grain  and  vc:^etables,  while  for  fruit  the  land  waa  superior.  Xortli  the  couu- 
try  was  lower,  being  but  1,45(5  feet  above  seadev(d  at  I'end  dOreille  Lake, 
and  the  land  rieh  and  produetive.  A  German  colony  iu  1880-1  purehased  tea 
townships  of  railroad  land  on  the  Pcnd  d'Oreille  division  of  the  Xoriheiu  I'a- 
eilic,  and  established  a  thriving  settlement.  The  county  seat  of  Kootenai  co., 
Cceur  d'Alene,  had  a  population  in  188.")  of  1  oO.  Towns  arose  iu  the  jjvogiv.si 
of  railroad  construction,  Kootenai,  at  the  mout's  of  I'ark  River,  ;}0  mik's  by  a 
trail  to  Kootenai  River,  which  was  navigated  for  I'lO  miles  by  a  steanici'. 
Sand  Point,  Coeolala,  Dry  Lake,  Wcstwood,  Rathdrum,  and  Peud  d'Oicillc. 
Po[)u]ation  of  Kootenai  2,000  in  1883,  largely  railroad  lloating.  Vabuitiou  of 
l)roi;erty  in  1>S82  .$30."), 741,  the  nund)er  of  taxable  inhabitants  being  only  Sii. 
Fort  (JuL'urdWlene,  \\hieh  was  selected  by  General  Sherman,  in  1877,  wasc.iUcd 
the  most  beautiful  military  I'eservation  in  the  country.  It  fronted  on  Lake 
Cfeur  d'Alene.  The  residence  of  the  commauding  oilicer  was  linished  wilh 
native  w  oods  in  their  natural  colors. 

"It  was  lirst  settled  by  a  ilormon  colony  in  1855,  who  cultivated  a  rich 
body  of  land  in  the  valley,  which  they  named  Lemhi,  the  same  laud  later  oc- 
cupied as  an  Indian  resorvatiou.  Tlie  colony  was  called  in  by  the  president 
of  the  ^lormon  church,  and  no  further  settlemeut  took  place  till  mining  dis- 
coveries opened  up  tiie  country  in  18ti0.  In  the  foUov  ing  spring,  George  L. 
Shoup,  wilh  otlier.^,  laid  oil"  the  site  of  Salmon  City,  which  became  the  county 
seat,  disti'ibuting  the  lots  among  themselves,  and  devoting  sonic  to  jiubiio 
uses.  The  discoverers  of  the  mines  at  Salmon  City  were  from  Mouiana; 
namely,  Honney,  Sharkey,  William  Siidth,  Elijah  ^lulky.  Ward,  Xajiiu.s,  and 
others.  S/ioii/i'ii  Idaho  Tcr.,  ^IS.,  3.  As  many  as  5,000men  visited  the  placu 
during  its  first  season,  but  only  about  1,!")00  remained.  When  the  owners  nf 
the  claims  had  carried  off  the  richest  of  the  spoils,  operators  came  iu  with  bed- 


NEZ  PERCfi  COUNTY. 


553 


Nez  Pcroe  count}^  an  agricultuial  rather  than  a 
mining   district,   early    became    settled    by    farmers. 

rock  flumes,  ami  there  being  no  further  employment  for  the  former  mining 
population  it  drii'ted  ofl",  and  only  those  reniaineil  who  had  other  interests. 
Salmon  City  became  a  tln'iviiig  town  with  a  population  of  800.  Quartz  was 
ilisuovered  in  1SC8  twelve  miles  from  Salmon  City,  the  Silver  Star  h  <lge  lieing 
loi  ated  l)j'  G.  L.  Slioup,  J.  C.  Evans,  Tiiomas  I'ope,  Michael  Spahn,  and  J. 
Ciibi,  which  mine  was  sold  to  a  New  York  company.  It  was  not  until  1870 
111, it  much  attention  was  given  to  quartz-minin;,'.  There  were  in  188.1  six 
(|uart/.-milla  near  Salmon  City.  In  1807  the  lirst  newspajjcr  was  started  at 
Salmon  City,  the  M'litimj  A''?i'.v,  by  I'rank  Kenyon.  After  a  few  months  ho 
moved  the  material  to  ^fontana.  If  the  leadiir  now  turns  back  to  (Aistcr 
county  and  reads  its  early  history  as  that  of  Lumiii,  and  re;.;ards  the  towns 
liouaiiza,  Challis,  and  the  rest  as  liclonging  to  tln^  latter,  the  recoid  will  be 
coii,]ikted.  Some  good  land  was  found  in  Lemhi  county,  tin;  v.allcy  of  the 
l.i'iuhi  raising  'Jo  to  40  bushels  of  wheat,  50  to  100  of  oat-»,  and  from  l.")0  to 
;!.");( (if  potiitoes,  to  the  acre.  All  the  fruits  of  tlie  temperate  zone  l^icw  abun- 
dantly, and  in  the  hardest  winters,  although  the  altitude  is  about  4,000  feet, 
the  lo.-s  in  cattle  was  not  more  than  one  percent.  The  lirst  llourinj;  mill  was 
crii-ted  in  1872  by  James  (llendeuing  and  .Job  Barrack,  at  Salmon  City. 
Lciulii  Valley  later  shipped  ilour  to  Salt  Lake  and  southern  Idaho.  1  am  iii- 
(li  bttil  for  many  of  these  items  to  (Jeorge  L.  Shoup,  whoso  mauu.icript  enti- 
tli ;l  Jildho  Tirrilori/  is  a  compendium  of  facts  concerning  the  eastern  portion 
of  the  country.  Shoup  was  boin  in  I'a,  went  to  11!.,  and  suhseijueutly  to 
Xrliiaska  and  Colorado,  where  he  was  engaged  i'l  merchandising,  lie  was  a 
niiiul;er  of  the  lirst  constitutional  convention  of  Colorado.  On  the  breaking- 
out  of  the  war  for  the  nniou  he  organized  an  inilepenthnt  cavaliy  coni[)aiiy, 
and  sei'veil  as  'Jd  lieiit,  and  finally  as  mtij.  and  lieut  col.  In  IS'M  he  tonk  a 
stock  of  goods  to  Virginia  City,  Montana,  and  the  following  year  settled  at 
Salmon  City,  lie  was  one  of  'A  supervisors  of  Lemhi  co.  w  ho  appointid  its 
lirst  oliicers,  the  lirst  councilman  from  the  county  in  t'le  territorial  Icgi  lature, 
and  ha:j  been  consttmtly  ideutilied  witli  tlio  growth  (jf  his  section  of  tlie  cnun- 
ti y.  His  wife  was  Lena  I'awson  of  (jalcsbiirg,  I'.l.,  to  whom  ho  wa  •.  married 
111  Salmon  City  in  1S(J8.  The  dairy  jtroducts  of  Leudii  valley  b.'came  favor- 
ably known.     The  Indian  reservation  occupies  I'J  miles  s(|uare  of  laud. 

Another  valley,  the  I'ahsimeroi,  on  both  sides  of  thi;  I'asamari  Kiver,  and 
tlierifore  partly  in  Custer  county,  was  more  recently  settled  t!ia:i  the  Lenild, 
Imt  wail  found  similar  in  its  characteristics.  Leesbarg  was  laid  od'  on  Napius 
Circkin  18tj(),  and  (irantville  soon  after.  They  formed  together  one  eon- 
liiiuous  street,  anil  survived  under  the  name  of  the  former.  ( lilibonvillc  is 
:ui  old  mining  camp  known  in  iis  (irst  pcrioil  of  existence  as  Dahlong's,  but 
livivcd  an<l  named  after  Colonel  Gibbon,  in  honor  of  his  hard-fought  hattlo 
willi  the  Nez  IVrees  iu  1877.  The  (piartz  nuiies  at  this  place  furnish  tree - 
iiiilliiig  ores,  and  have  recently  been  worki'd  by  aiastras. 

One  of  the  most  prominent  pion.'eisof  Lemhi  county,  in  common  with 
Colonel  shoup.  was  E.  T.  15eatty,  who,  as  a  member  (»f  the  territorial  legis- 
latLirt',  laboriil  successfully  lor  the  organization  of  Lemhi  county  at  the  scs- 
siiii  of  1800-70.  He  was  an  able  parliameiiLarian,  and  for  many  years,  when 
the  democracy  ruled  Idaho,  presided  either  in  t'.ie  tipper  or  lov.er  house,  llis 
lite  has  been  checkered.  He  came  to  Cal.  in  1810;  was  eouuectetl  with  the 
iiavrd  service  for  some  years;  practised  law;  was  twice  a  niemi)er  of  the  (,al. 
legi ::lature;  and  went  to  Idaho  in  early  mining  times,  lu  b'-OI  he  shot  D.  X. 
Anderson,  at  Walla  Wtdla,  for  nuirrying  his  divorced  wife.  He  w;is  himself 
shot,  almost  fatally,  at  Ilocky  Bar,  the  same  year  by  Terry,  who  was  ticipiitted. 
iV'itty  aficrward  gave  much  attention  to  mining,  and  bectime  known  as  tho 
f.ither  of  Ijcnihi  county. 

J.  H.  Hockensmith,  a  ntitivo  of  Ky,  born  in  1S"1,  brought  up  on  .a  farm, 
and  educated  in  the  conunon  schools,  was  taught  the  trailc  of  carriage-making. 


556 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


North  of  the  Clearwater  are  rolhinx  table-lands  haviii'j: 
an  altitude  of  2,500  feet,  with  a  deep,  black,  alluvial 
•soil,  well  watered,  and  exceedingly  fertile.  This  is  a 
great  wheat-producing  region.  On  the  south  side  of 
the  Clearwater,  between  the  Snake  River  and  the 


In  18")7  lie  came  overland  toCal.,  mining  and  working  at  his  trade  until  1804, 
vliun  liu  rc'iiiovt'd  to  Idaho.  Uc  mined  1  year  at  Idaho  City,  and  after  visitiiiL; 
Wa.shington  and  Montana  for  short  i)eriod;i,  lie  settled  in  Lendu  Valley  iu 
1807  at  Leeslnirg,  his  present  rcsidenee,  and  follows  fanning  and  mining. 

Jolm  J'.  Cliiiigli,  l;orn  in  111.  in  lSt.">,  was  bred  a  fanner,  and  attended  the 
common  schools.  In  ISGU  he  crossed  the  plains  to  Beaver  Head  co.,  Jlontaiia, 
where  he  reni;iii)cd  .'{  years  at  farming.  After  a  visit  to  his  (dd  home,  he 
eettled  in  Lemhi  Valley,  where  he  engaged  in  raising  horses  and  cattle.  Jlc 
married  Lucy  JIos.-a  in  1 57-. 

Jacol)  Yeaiian,  a  native  of  Ohio,  born  in  1829,  removed  to  111.  with  his 
])arents  in  It^jS,  and  was  brouglit  up  to  farm  life.  In  IS.jO  he  came  to  (':d. 
overland  with  an  ox-teani.  Alter  ndning  for  4  years  ho  letunied  I'ast,  and 
iu  ISUI  removed  to  Xeb.,  where  he  lived  on  a  farm  until  1S()4,  when  he  a;raiii 
crossed  tlie  pUuii  ^  to  .Montana,  locating  at  Ijannaeli,  and  engaging  in  mining 
for  7  yeai'.i.  He  tl'eu  removed  to  Lemhi  Valley,  where  he  has  a  stotk 
farm.     Ho  married  M.  J.  I'ureeli  in  ISoU. 

Z.  B.  Veai-ian,  born  in  111.  in  ISll,  removed  to  Ohio  at  the  age  of  7  years, 
and  attended  the  public  schools  for  10  years.  He  learned  the  trade  of  a 
luaehinist,  which  ho  followed  I'J  years,  after  which  he  immigrated  to  Mon- 
tana, where  he  remained  '2  years  before  sctiling  in  Lemhi  Valley  at  tiie  liiisi- 
jiess  of  breeding  Holstein  cattle  and  horse-raising.     He  married  Jane  Strov.d. 

l'\  B.  fSharkey,  boi'n  in  ^Ic.  in  ISIO,  went  to  sea  at  the  age  of  It  years 
.•md  landed  in  Cal.  ;{  years  aftei'ward,  where  he  I'emained  at  ndning  fui'  7 
years  witli  go  >d  results.  In  18UI  he  removed  to  ]\lont.,  ndning  for  a  liiiie  on 
KUi  Creek  in  Meagher  co.  Ho  settled  in  1800  in  Lendu  co. ,  Idaho,  Ijiin;;  one 
of  the  dis  'oNcrcis  of  the  nunes  at  Salmon  City,  tiic  others  being  IClijah  ^lulky, 
William  Smith,  Thomas  Certrie,  and  Joseph  Ropp.  He  married  Jlebeeea 
Ann  Catcy  in  187-,  and  is  both  ndmr  and  .stock-grower. 

L.  V.  \Vithington,  born  in  I'a  in  1827,  and  bred  a  farmer,  with  a  coni- 
mon-school  education,  came  to  Cal.  by  sea  in  1854,  where  he  remained  at 
minin,'  for  4  years.  In  lSo8  he  removeil  t()^Vasll.,  where  he  engaged  in 
mereliandi  ;ing  until  18(J."),  when  he  went  to  !Mont.,  nuning  on  KIk  Creek  for 
1  year,  at  the  end  of  which  he  located  in  Lemhi  \'allcy  at  farnung  and  stock- 
raising,     lie  married  Julia  Amia  Holbrook  in  1SU8. 

J.  A.  Jluglics,  born  in  ;\Io.  in  1840,  and  bred  a  farmer,  immigrated  to 
Virgiida  City,  ]Mont. ,  in  1S(J4.  He  ndned  in  Alder  Liulch  '2  years  and  on  tlie 
Yellowstone  1  year,  tlien  went  to  farming  near  Helena,  remaining  until  1S78 
in  that  locality  and  on  the  Missouii  River  in  agrietdtural  pursuits.  He  llien 
lemovoil  to  Lendd  Valley,  where  he  carried  on  a  dairy  farm.  He  married 
Mary  Noteware  in  1874. 

Joseph  Jjarraek.  born  in  Scotland  in  1844,  migrated  to  the  U.  S.  in  IS.'O, 
and  after  two  years  spent  iu  bunber  manufacture  in  111.  came  to  Cal.  across 
the  plains  witli  a  horse-tcani,  stopjiing  but  a  few  months  before  ho  went  to  Or. 
to  engage  in  ndning  on  I'owder  River.  Being  robbed  by  the  Indians  of  all 
ho  pos.sessed,  he  icmoved  to  Lemhi  Valley  in  18G4,  where  he  fanned  and  raised 
stock.     He  married  Josie  J.  .lohnsou  in  ISS'2. 

Alexander  Jiarraek,  born  in  Scotland  iu  1S47,  followed  his  brother  to  the 
L^.  S.  in  180!),  settling  in  Lemhi  Valley  the  same  year,  and  erecting  a  (loiuiMg 
mill  in  ])artner.ship  with  him  in  ]87'_*,  which  property  he  later  owned  si'iia- 
rately.  From  him  I  learn  that  the  annual  crop  of  wheat  in  the  valley  was 
11,000  bushels.     His  mill  ground  0,000  pounds  per  diem. 


LEWISTON  AND  MOSCOW, 


557 


Xcz  Perce  Indian  reservation,  and  south  of  it,  is  a 
tract  of  lower  lyin_<^  and  warmer  land  of  sLii)erior 
quality.  One  township  south  (jf  the  Clearwater,  witJi 
two  fractional  ones,  raised,  in  1883,  30,000  tons  of 
wheat.  Fruit  also  does  well.  The  winters  are  short 
and  mild.  At  Lcwiston,  alono'the  river  Lxjttoms,  and 
in  low  and  sheltered  localities,  grapes,  peaches,  and 
apricots  of  a  large  size  and  line  tlavorare  easily  raised. 
The  staple  productions  ofXez  Perce  county  are  wheat, 
Iwrley,  Hax,  hay,  and  vogetables.^^ 

'"Perliaps  from  the  desire  to  avoiil  the  iieighliovhoofl  of  the  Indian  reser- 
vation, peiliaps  ill  anticipation  of  the  Xortlurii  Paeilic  railroad,  the  hinds 
iiortii  of  the  Clearwater  were  nioiv;  eagerly  .seized  upon  than  tlie  v.anner  and 
njually  fertile  lan<l  on  the  south  side.  A  iiuinher  of  towns  grew  up  hctwecii 
1,S7">  and  1885.  Moscow,  in  I'aradise  \'allcy,  was  foundeil  in  187S,  and  a 
branch  railroad  connected  it  with  the  triinh  line.  Mention  is  made  <if  extraor- 
iliiiary  vegetable  prodiiclion.s  in  raradise  Valley,  luicli  as  turnips  weighing 
14  puunds,  beets  weighing  '2'2  pounds,  potatoes  weighing  4  pound:;  and  onions 
(i  [lounds;  while  sngar-eano,  e(jrn,  inelons,  and  hardy  fruits  attain  marvellous 
[ini[iortions.  In  every  new  country  and  virgin  soil  similar  ])henoi!ieiia  are 
oliscrved;  but  the  region  ()(  I'alouse  Jliver  has  produced  souio  reniarkablo 
siieeimens  of  vegetables,  and  wonderful  crops  of  grain.  The  trade  of  Moscow 
iuiiuunled  in  1882  to  Jii^-iOJ.OoO.  Schools,  churches,  and  a  ])u])li(;  library  sprang 
111),  =""1  '1  newspaper,  tlie  Moscow  Mirrur,  was  pul)lislied  by  C  15.  Jieynohls. 
Liv.iston.  the  county  seat,  vas  the  principal  town  south  of  tlie  (  learwater, 
with  whose  early  history  the  reader  is  acquainted.  It  did  not  long  remain  a 
canvas  town,  intruding  upcjii  an  Indian  reservation,  watciiod  by  a  militaiy 
Loinpanj' to  keep  tin;  peace,  populated  by  adventurers  with  a  large  proportion 
ut' tlie  ciimiiial  eluhscs,  ganibhn's,  horse-thieves,  and  liighwaynien.  v.lio  met 
licic  to  intercept  the  siicecKsiul  miner  on  his  homeward  road.  Un  the  removal 
(it  the  capital,  and  the  rush  of  miners  to  southern  Idaho,  it  remained  f(H'  years 
ii  ipiict,  Mexican  looking  town  of  one  priuciiial  street,  and  one  or  two 
siilc  .'tieots,  its  most  interesting'  inslitution  licing  the  large  warehouse  wlicro 
could  Ijc  seen  miners'  pack-saddles  and  outllts.  A  new  life  w;is  infused 
liy  the  settlement  of  the  country  north  uf  the  Clearwater,  and  the  construction 
ul  a  branch  of  the  Xorthern  I'aciiic  railwaj'.  The  one-story  structures 
(it  the  earlier  period  rajiidly  gave  way  to  large  tine  buildings.  Avenues  of 
trees  sprang  up  to  shade  its  sandy  streets,  and  gardens  of  the  choicest  flowers 
htutitilied  its  homesteads.  \Vith  its  line  location  on  a  point  between  two 
riviis,  sloping  back  gradually  to  the  grassy,  rolling  hills,  its  admir.ablo 
cliiiiate,  and  rich  agricultural  surroundings,  l.,ewist(iu  with  many  was  the 
laviiritc  city  of  the  Snake  lUver  couuiry.  Fort  Lapwai  and  the  Indian 
a'.jeacy  were  twelve  miles  from  Lcwiston,  in  the  jiictty  little  Lapwai  Valley. 
t':a!i[)  Howard  was  also  about  To  miles  away,  on  the  south  side  of  the  reser- 
valiiiii.  After  the  purchase  of  the  land  from  the  Xcz  I'erces  iu  ISGIVT,  a 
ciju!!ict  (if  titles  arose,  claim  being  laid  to  certain  settled  portions  of  the 
tuun  by  Alonzo  Gilman,  who  in  coimiuui  with  others  occupied  the  land  before 
a  title  could  Ijc  acquired.  At  ail  events,  so  it  was  decided  by  the  eonimis- 
sieiicr  of  the  U.  S.  hind  oflicc.  The  town  site  was  entered  by  Levi  Ankeny 
ill  trust  for  the  inhabitants  of  Lewiston  in  1871,  having  been  incoriiorated  in 
bS.;U,  and  the  conimissitmer  allowed  the  claim.  Li'iriMon  Si/iKtl,  ,Inne  28, 
l87.'i;  Jild/io  Lair.f,  lSG(j-7,  87,  lS7--;t,  Kl-Jl.  The  other  early  towns  of  the 
cotiuiy  were  Cottonwood,  tienesee,  1'liorn,  Lidyville,  IJlaiii,  Four  Mile, 
l':il'iiise.  Mountain  Cove,  Camas  Creek,  and  I'ine  Creek.  'J'he  population  in 
l!>b;i  was  4,o00,  and  the  assessed  valuation  for  tlu;  previous  year  §1,327,010. 


^1 

5il 

^K& 

,i| 

'jSKbr 

ij^mi 

-^^Hb 

iH 

'^M 

'"  ^  r'l 

I'lpl 

558 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


mf^ 


Oneida  county,  tlio  south-east  corner  of  Idaho,  was 
early  settled  l)y  ]Mormons,  being  organized  by  the 
legislature  of  1805,  It  occupied  a  largo  extent  of 
territory,  about  one  quarter  of  which  was  taken  u[)  by 
the  Fort  Hall  Indian  reservation.  The  resources  of 
Oneida  county  are  varied.  It  has  two  agricultural 
districts  of  great  fertility  and  considerable  extent,  tiu; 
IMaladc  and  Cache  vallevs,  aside  from  the  fertile  lands 
adjacent  to  Snake  River,  which  extends  for  100  miles 
along  the  northern  and  western  boundary  of  the 
county,  and  gathers  its  many  head  waters  into  the 
main  stream  within  these  limits.^'' 

Exr.T,  Binl,  born  in  Solioi'iric  co.,  N.  Y. ,  in  18.39,  came  to  Cal,  by  sea  in 
1801,  i-cnKUiiini,'  in  S.  F.  oi,^-  year,  when  lie  ixmhovciI  to  Idaho  and  cn'^'afjcd  ia 
iiiiniiii,',  cxinTJis-carrying,  and  cattle-raisinf;.  lie  was  clcuted  sheiill'  of  Ncz 
I'eree  eo.  in  187;?,  serving  ,'( terms.     He  married  Aliee  Odlo  in  ISTii. 

8.  V.  Ilalc,  l)ornin  (lardincr,  .Me,  in  IS'2!),  arrived  in  Cal.  by  sailing  vessel 
in  l.S,"»0,  and  after  a  year's  residence  at  Xapa,  retnrnod  homo  as  lioeame.  Tlu; 
following  year  he  came  out  to  Or.  and  resided  there  4  years,  when  lie  again 
went  home,  and  married  Fidelia  Matthews,  by  whom  he  has  1  eliild,  a 
daughter.  In  18.")S  he  came  out  a  lid  time,  to  Olympia,  W.  T.,  wliero  he  had 
a  brother,  C.  II.  Hale.     In  1802  he  went  to  Idalu^  and  settled  at  Lowiston. 

Fdniund  IVarey.  born  in  IJedford  co.,  Va,  in  1S;>2,  eamo  overland  to(.':d., 
via  Sonora,  with  a  di'ove  of  cattle,  in  ISoS.  Leaving  tiic  cattle  in  the  S:iii 
Joa:[uin  Valley,  lie  went  to  Or.,  settling  in  Multnoniali  co. ,  where  he  had  ,'{ 
brothers.  In  IS.'Ki  ho  went  to  .Seott  Valley,  Cal.,  to  mine,  with  his  bi'other 
James.  On  their  return  his  brother  was  killed  by  Indians  at(irave  Creek 
hill.  In  lS")t)  he  went  with  the  !Mnllan  expedition  as  far  as  the  Bitter  I'odt 
^Mountains,  retuiiiing  to  winter  at  AValla  ^\'alla,  where  he  remained  'J  ycaiN, 
wlien  lie  went  to  Lewiston.  lie  married  Mrs  Jemiio  Davis  in  1881.  Ills 
brotiier,  Xathan  I'earej-,  resided  at  Portland. 

.John  D.  Menomy,  born  in  New  York  city  in  1828,  came  to  Cal.  by  sea  in 
184!),  remaining  in  San  Francisco  until  IS.Il},  when  he  went  to  Mouterey,  and 
thence  to  the  I'ajaro  Valley.  In  1800  he  went  to  the  Doise  mines,  and  from 
there  to  Lewiston  the  following  year,  where  ho  remained.  [lo  married  in 
1804  ^lary  E.  Gloycd,  who  died.  lie  married  a  second  time,  Emma  11.  Lent, 
by  whom  he  had  1  child,  whicli  died.  Tlio  motlicr  followed  in  1881.  He 
has  a  brother,  Edward  T.  Menomy,  in  San  Francisco. 

J.  Clindinning,  born  in  St  Stephen's,  New  Brunswick,  in  ISIH,  came  to 
Cal.  overland  ia  1851,  with  a  horse-team,  in  company  with  II.  II.  .Sloan, 
arriving  at  American  Valley,  Plumas  co.,  in  July.  He  mined  in  diHennf, 
localities  for  3  years,  when  he  settled  at  Crescent  City  until  1802,  at  whicli 
time  he  went  to  the  Nez  IVrct'i  mines,  remaining  in  Elk  City  ~)  years,  .'^uh- 
sequcntly  he  traded  in  tlic  mines  of  Kootenai  and  Warren,  Idaho,  and  also 
in  the  Montana  mines,  having  his  headciuarters  at  Lewiston,  where  he  still 
resides.     He  married  H.  E.  Martin  in  1881. 

'"Cache  Valley,  or  the  valley  of  Bear  River,  called  also  Gentile  Valley  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  Mormon  settlement  of  Bear  Lake,  has  been  pronounced 
the  g.ardcn-spot  of  Oneida  county.  Round  Valley,  which  is  the  upper  end  of 
Cache  Valley,  is  the  wheat  granary  of  southern  Idaho  and  northern  Utah. 
The  land-oflice  for  this  district  is  at  Oxford  in  this  valley.  The  Utah  and 
Northern  railroad  passes  through  it.  The  Idaho  EnterprUe  is  published  at 
Oxford,  and  has  run  ever  since  1878,  J.  A.  Straight,  editor  and  publisher. 


soa  111 

L-y,  ami 

from 

ricil  ill 

Jlo 

aiiio  to 
Slouii, 

id'ji'ciit 

whioli 

Sul)- 

il  also 

110  still 


L'llll  of 

Utah, 
h  anil 
hcil  at 
Usher. 


OWYHEE  COUNTY. 

Owyhee  county,  organized  by  the  first  leL,nslature 
of  Idaho,  and  once  regarded  as  the  cliief  silver-pro- 
ducing region  of  tlie  country,  long  retained  its  eminence 
as  a  mining  rei^ion.  Thouijfh  never  an  a<_>ricultnral 
county,  it  had  niucli  good  land  on  Jordan,  lleynolds, 
Sinker,  Catherine,  and  other  creeks,  and  in  the  valley 
c»t'  the  Bruneau,  where  some  fine  farms  were  made. 
But  tlie  chief  business  has  been  stock-raising.'-"^ 

Swan  Lake,  a  lovely  sheet  of  water,  abounding  in  fish  and  watcr-fiiwl,  is  a, 
silvery  mirror  reflecting  the  sliar[)ly  pencilled  outlines  of  the  AVasatch  ran;To, 
Till,'  scenery  all  alwut  Hound  Valley  is  fascinatini,'.  The  foothills  furnish 
excellent  lan^^ea  for  stock.  W.  Ji.  Cooper,  in  ISSO,  sold  .$10,000  worth  of 
horses  olF  these  natural  pastures.  Maladc  Valley,  population  in  KsSO,  •J,r>()0, 
cuuiained  in  18S3  many  of  the  finest  farms  in  Idaho,  ^lalade  City,  tlie  prin- 
cipal  town,  with  a  population  of  1,200  and  the  county  seat  of  Oneida,  has 
liL'.  n  made  an  attractive  place,  the  streets  having  ditches  of  pure  runuiiig 
Milter,  and  tcardens  thickly  set  with  trees.  The  court-house  cost  ."r?  12,000, 
iiiul  «ith  other  public  buildings  gives  an  air  of  substantial  prosperity  to 
tlie  town. 

Henry  Peck,  sometime  probate  judge,  was  the  first  settler  in  ilalado 
Valley,  in  the  sjuing  of  ISC').  During  the  summer  ]5e!ijamin  Thomas,  Lewis 
(^or.tUr,  James  McAllister,  Itichard  .Jones,  and  olliers  made  locaiions,  and  in 
ISGIi  there  was  an  inllux  of  .Josepliite  ilonnons.  Silvrr  City  ldi:htt  Aidlaiirhc, 
March  11,  1870.  Franklin  became  an  important  place;  also  .Soda  Springs, 
from  the  curative  properties  of  the  waters,  a  second  Saratoga  or  a  (.icrman  Spa, 
\\\sLon.  t'lierry  Creek,  Clia<lville,  Samaria,  Lattlo  Creek — so  called  from  a 
liMttle  fought  with  the  Baunacks  in  liS().'}-l,  the  road  passing  throu;;h  a  delile 
irniied  Connor's  cauoi.  because  (lencral  Connor  was  here  attacked  by  the 
luiliaus  under  I'oeatella  in  ambush,  and  defeated  them;  Mink  Creek,  St 
.lolin.  Swan  Lake,  Nine  Mile,  Ariino,  Oneida,  IJello  Jlarsh,  Port  Neuf,  I'oca- 
ti'lhi,  iloss  Fork,  l31aekfort,  Shoshone,  luiglo  Rock,  Camas,  I'leasant  Valley, 
and  IJeaver  Cailon  were  in  DSSo  small  towns  or  I'nilroad  stations. 

Oneida  co.  had  in  ISSa  six  grist-mills  ami  .30  saw-mills,  the  salt-works  be- 
fore nuntioned,  the  mining  district  of  Cariboo,  and  the  placer  mines  of  Snake 
liivcr,  besides  its  farming  and  stock-raising,  to  create  wealth.  Pojudation 
T,"i00;  assessed  valuation  .$1,401,410,  exclusive  of  railroad  property  on  the 
liuliau  reservation,  which  it  crosses,  and  where  the  company  has  refused  to 
pay  taxes.  It  had  more  wealth  and  greater  advantages  than  any  other  dis- 
trict in  Idaho  with  the  exception  of  Ada  and  Nez  Perce  counties.  Various 
attempts  were  made  for  the  suppression  of  polygamy  in  Idaho,  but  all  through 
tiie  early  period  of  itshistoiy  the  Mormon  inlluence  there  was  strong  enough 
successfully  to  oppose  such  cH'orts. 

-"In  18S2  the  taxable  property  of  Owyhee  was  assessed  at  80fi."),  1  ")2,  of 
which  y.Til, 970  was  for  live-stock.  Cattle  were  assessed  at  810  a  head,  and 
slieep  at  !?1..")0,  while  horses  were  valued  at  ten  dollars  and  upwards.  The 
iiuniber  of  cattle  in  the  county  was  given  at  24,r);")9,  the  number  of  sheep  at 
l'>,b")(),  the  number  of  horses  at  2,0-10.  Dairying  was  followed  in  the  lower 
Jordan  Valley.  There  was  little  timber.  Game  .abounded  on  the  pl.iius  ami 
i  iiioiig  the  hills,  and  mineral  springs  of  value  were  found  in  the  easvcrn  part 
of  the  county.  The  county  seat  was  removed  from  I'uby  City  to  Silver  (Jity 
ill  l8(J(i-7,  which  place  finally  ab.sorbed  the  former,  and  grew  into  a  scattering 
collection  of  residences  and  (piartz-mills,  covering  two  sides  of  .Ionian  Canon. 
1'lic  A  valiuichc  newspaper  was  jniblished  here,  and  was  an  authority  on  mines, 
iuitl  altogether  a  valuable  journal  to  the  territory.  The  early  towns  of  O  wy  heo 
cuuiity  were  not  numerous  or  large.     Fairviow,  a  thriving  little  city,  auflered 


if 


M'i* 


4 


600 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


Shoshone  county  was  the  first  part  of  Idaho  mined 
and  settled.  It  was  soon  abandoned  bv  its  mercurial 
])o[)ulation,  attracted  by  }^old  discoveries  elsewhere. 
The  wiiole  re^non  is  elevated  and  broken,  except  uw 
the  })lains  near  the  junction  of  the  North  Fork  with 
the  Clearwater,  where  there  is  a  body  of  fine  aj^ri- 
cultural  land,  which  was  rapidly  settled.  There  were 
extensive  forests  of  fir,  })ine,  cedar,  spruce,  and  hem- 
lock on  the  mountains  and  the  bottoms  of  the  streams, 
to  be  rafted  down  the  Clearwater  to  mills  and  njarket.-^ 

Washington  county  was  laid  off  ak»ng  the  Snake 
lliver  for  a  hundred  miles,  commencing  at  no  j^rcat 
tlistancc  south  of  the  mouth  of  Salmon  River.  The 
country  is  much  broken,  the  valley  of  the  Weisor 
being  the  largest  body  of  farming  land  in  this  dis- 
trict. Lower  Weiser  Valley  had  25,000  acres  of 
fertile  bottoms.^'^ 


HI 


'  Ui 


li 


¥.\ 


a  loss  of  $100,000  by  fire  in  October  1S70.  ]5oonville,  Ruby  City,  Camp  Lyon, 
Flint,  Rcyiioltls  Creek,  Castlo  Crceit,  Sonth  Mouutaiii,  MuKesi/.ie,  and  Jlru- 
iieau  wore  mining  and  fanninj,'  settlements  of  no  great  importance.  Tlic 
population  of  the  county  in  1885  was  1,(>U0. 

^'  Tlic  population  of  tlio  county  in  KSSj  was  800.  Pierce  City,  the  county 
seat,  had  connection  with  Lewiston  by  stage  over  a  good  road  for  00  miles. 
'J'iic  town  of  Oro  Fino  was  destroyed  by  lire  in  August  1SU7,  but  the  mines  cf 
Oro  Fino  district  continued  to  bo  worked,  and  the  inhabitants  manifested  a 
faith  in  their  county  and  its  resources  which  enabled  tliem  to  keepup;in 
organization  and  rei)resentation  in  the  legislature,  against  the  ellbrts  of  tlio 
more  populou;i  counties  to  disoi'ganize  it.  The  property  of  Shoshone  county 
was  assessed  in  KShi!  at  !?44,3(JS. 

'"  Little  Salmon  ^leadows  in  the  north,  Council  Valley  in  the  central,  and 
Indian  Valley  in  tlie  eastern  part  of  the  county,  and  several  other  sni:dl 
boilies  of  rich  lantl,  are  all  good  farming  or  grazin,'  sections.  This  place  was 
founded  in  1S80,  by  Solouion  .Jellries,  who  donated  ground  for  the  county 
buildings.  It  was  laid  oil' in  blocks  of  live  acres  each,  witli  streets  a  hundnil 
feet  wiile.  Building  was  begun  in  1881,  and  in  1S8.'J  thei-e  were  "250  inh:il)i- 
tants,  with  a  good  court-house  and  ^ail,  a  sc'>.ool-house,  a  to\\ndiall,  a  flouiing 
mill,  three  gei  ral  merchandise  establishments,  three  hotels,  three  livery- 
stables,  liardwi  e,  harness,  and  saddlery  stores,  a  brewery,  drug  store, 
and  all  the  co  vcnieuces  needed  by  a  young  community.  The  Weiser 
City  LtcuUr,  a  ekly  newspaper,  was  published  by  H.  C.  Street,  connected 
with  various  dc  jratic  publications  in  the  early  years  of  Boisii  basin.  The 
town  of  Ijoome.  ig  was  laid  out  near  tlic  mouth  of  the  Payette  River, 
ere  iSlann  Creek,  Salubria,  Old's  Ferry,  Drownlec  Ferry, 
ouncil  Valley.  Two  brotliers  named  Wilkinson  were  the 
first  settlers  (m  tli  upper  Weiser,  where  they  took  farming  claims  in  ISG.'I, 
and  made  bcautifi  homesteads.  In  lS(i4  the  Aberncthy  brothers,  the  Allison 
brothers,  and  one.  Jewell  located  in  the  neighborhood.  On  the  lower  rivci-, 
Shaw,  Thomas  (ialloway,  Woodson  JelFries,  James  Gallowjiy,  and  Havens 
were  pioneers,  and  hud  many  a  tilt  with  the  Shoshones  and  Piutes. 


Other  settlement: 
or  Itutliburg,  anci 


SURVEY  AND  SOCIETY. 


661 


Surveys  of  the  public  lands  in  Idaho  berjan  in 
]S6C),  when  L.  F.  Cartee  was  appointed  survt-yor- 
i,'oneral,  with  his  ofiice  at  Boise  City.  The  initial 
|)()int  of  survey  was  fixed  on  the  summit  ot  a  rocky 
l)iitto,  standint^  isolated  in  the  plain  between  the 
.l>uisu  and  Snake  rivers,  on  the  parallel  of  43"^  .IG'  (jf 
north  latitude,  distant  nineteen  miles  from  IJoisd 
City,  in  the  direction  of  south  29^°  west.  Coni^ress, 
ill  18G4,  had  appropriated  $10,000,  under  which  the 
contracts  were  let  for  establishing  the  standard 
lilies."-^ 


Of  the  social  condition  of  Idaho,  it  is  indicative  of 
the  character  of  its  permanent  residents  that  they 
JKivo  been  from  the  fir,>t  a  reading  community  and 
that  more  books  of  the  l)etter  class  may  be  found  in 
the  homes  and  camps  throughout  the  territory,  than 
in  many  towns  of  a  like  [)()pulation  in  the  older  states, 
east  and  west.  Shoup  says  that  farmers  of  Lendii 
county  are  as  intelligent  and  refined  a  class  as  can  be 
i'ound  anywhere;  and  similar  statements  are  made 
concerning  other  counties.  Twenty  newspapers  were 
jiublislicd  in  Idaho  in  1884.  Owing  to  the  fact  that 
the  IGtl  and  3Gth  sections  granted  by  congress  to 
cacli  state  for  common-school  purposes  cannot  be  sold 

*^Tlie  population  of  Idaho  in  1870  was  14,999;  in  1880,  .32,011;  anil  in 
ISS!),  il'J.oJO,  including  5,000  Cliin(>.sc;  finances  prosperous;  valuation  of 
jiroiHrl\-,  exclusive  of  niininif  claims,  which  arc  not  taxed,  in  1S82,  §0,r>.'!l>,071; 
lionilcd  in<lelitcdncss,  §00,248;  and  the  estimated  surplus  in  188.'}  wasS()0,000. 
(I'onrnor'fi  Jlvssfuje,  1882,  3-0;  Tiraniiirr'tf  I'cpt,  1882,  3.  Manufactures 
Kw;  mills  ill  1880,  grist  10,  lumber  48,  others  98.  Lime  was  made  in  Ada 
;uul  Alturas  counties.  Pottery  was  attempted  as  early  as  ISO.'l,  by  I'liny 
Tiuiycr,  at  Idaho  City.  Fish  were  cured  in  brine  UiT  market  at  tlic  (ireat 
I'iiyettc  Lake  by  two  companies.  A  small  tra<le  in  fui's  was  continued  after 
the  settlement  of  Idaiio,  increasing  after  1809,  wlien  Orchard  and  Colin  be- 
t-'au  shipping  cast  by  rail.  The  skins  were  marten,  fisher,  mink,  and  beaver, 
aiiil  Wire  taken  in  th"  country  between  the  Salmon  and  Payette  rivers, 
'liiere  was  quite  a  local  trade  in  wild  meat  in  the  sliooting  season.  A  game 
l:iw  was  enacted  in  1803-4,  for  the  protection  of  the  larger  game  from  I'eb. 
t'l  .luly,  tluonghout  the  tcrritorj',  which  was  not  strictly  regardcil  in  the 
niouut:;ius.  There  was  also  a  law  for  the  preservation  of  (iuail,  grouse,  and 
ducks,  from  ^larch  to  August,  in  the  county  of  Ada;  and  to  prevent  the  de- 
stniclien  of  their  eggs,  or  the  trapping  of  birds  in  any  part  of  the  territory, 
lish-wears  were  also  declared  a  uuisuuce,  and  the  use  of  giant  powder  for- 
bidden in  the  taking  of  fish. 
Hist.  Wabu.— a6 


5G2 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


imtil  the  territory  has  become  a  state,  Idaho,  h"kc 
every  otiier  territory,  has  been  compelled  to  suppoi't 
its  schools  as  best  it  has  been  able.  The  annual  reve- 
nue for  schools,  derived  from  the  interest  on  escheated 
estates,  grants  or  bequests  made  for  the  support  of 
the  schools,  and  from  a  tax  on  all  taxable  property  of 
not  less  than  two  mills  or  more  than  eijTjht  on  the 
dollar,  has  amounted  to  ,$25,000.  The  tax  collectors 
and  county  treasurers  received  no  fees  for  their  services. 
The  territorial  comptroller  was  ex-officio  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction,  serving  also  without 
salary.-'* 

2<  Sec  Idaho  Lawn,  1870,  14-26;  Goveriior'.-^  Pept,  ISSO,  14-15.  Tho  stliool 
law  of  1SG4  gave  one  per  cent  of  gross  proceeds  of  all  toll-roads,  Iji-idi^is, 
ferries,  and  all  other  fraucliises  to  the  school  fund.  The  law  of  187o  sset  iqiart 
tines  fur  the  same  purpose.  Eacli  conn cy  received  tho  exclusive  licnelit  ot  its 
<>v  -1  educational  resources,  receiving  no  aid  from  tlie  territory,  Lewistnu  ,iinl 
li  ,c  City  alone  having  graded  scliools.  Private  means  were  often  devolcil  to 
sciiool  jiurposes,  since  scliool-houses  are  as  plentiful  here  as  elsewhere.  A  liill 
to  grant  lands  to  Idaiio  for  university  purposes  became  a  law  of  conuicss 
June  IT),  1880;  but  it  has  Ijceu  suggested  by  Covernor  Xeil  tliat  a  grant  nt 
land  for  tho  support  of  common  schools  in  each  of  tiie  territories  would  be  tho 
greater  benelit.  Indeed,  congress  did  grant,  in  Fei)ruary  liSSl,  7-  sections  nf 
public  lands  for  seliool  purposes,  under  certain  restraints.  Tho  inmiediate 
benefit  to  the  territory  was  insignificant.  Congress  gives  annually  a  liii'iri! 
amount  of  money  for  the  maintenance  of  schools  on  Iiulian  reservations,  ;nid 
not  a  cent  for  the  education  of  tiie  lirst  generation  of  white  eliildrcn  in  the 
new  commonwealths  of  the  federal  union. 

Tlie  Poise  Valley  seminaiy,  a  private  institute,  was  founded  at  lii'i-.i' 
City  in  tiie  spring  of  JSC7,  by  H.  Hamilton.  A  movement  was  made  in 
lfS74  at  Poise  City,  toward  founding  a  university  at  that  place. 

1'ho  eailiest  religious  teacliers  in  Idaho  were  the  missionaries  at  L:i|n\;ii 
and  Kamiaii,  and  at  the  CVeur  d'Alene  Lake,  wliose  operations  have  been  \\- 
corded  in  a  previous  volume.  ll'iKt.  Or.,  i.  ch.  xiii.  Peter  J.  De  Siiict,  tlie 
pioneer  of  tlic  (.'unir  d'Alent!  country,  died  at  St  Louis,  May '2,'?,  \s~;\.  He 
was  a  native  of  iklgium.  born  in  LSOI.  H.  IL  Spalding,  the  pioneer  of  b;ip- 
wai,  died  at  that  place,  August  .S,  1874,  in  his  7.'{d  year.  0'r(n/'ii  Or.  Pr' -^'i/- 
'rri/,  II.  .\.  I>.  Smith  li'ft"tlie  country  in  1S4I.  De  Smet,  at  I'lvur  irAlciic, 
name  '  the  St  .Joseph  River  in  Idaho,  au<l  the  St  Ignatius  in  Montana,  w  Inn 
the  whole  countiy  was  called  a  part  of  Ori'gon.  *!regory  Mengaiini  ai:d 
Nicholas  I'oint,  two  Jesuit  fathers,  began  the  mission  of  the  sacred  heart,  nu 
StJoseph'w  liiver,  in  1841,  directly  north  of  Lapwai.  It  was  fou'id  that  the 
waters  of  the  Lake  backed  up  in  the  season  oi  Hoods,  and  prevented  the  iiii- 
pro\ements  necessary  to  carrying  out  their  plans.  Therefore,  in  1H4(!,  they 
i'em(jvud  to  the  present  site  of  the  Cieur  d'Alene  missi(jn  on  the  river  of  that 
name.  'J'he  church,  built  of  wood  in  a  poor  imitation  of  ^1.  Angi'lo's  San 
Miniato  on  the  hill,  stood  on  a  knoll  surrounded  by  low.  Hat,  alluvial  lands. 
Appioaching  from  the  west  it  was  seen  at  the  other  end  of  the  valley,  faiiiig 
north.  In  the  rear  was  the  residence  of  the  fathers— a  I'ustic  cittaue  with 
oveihanging  eaves,  and  a  narrow  piazza  all  round  ir.  A  hundi'cd  feit  to  the 
■west  w.is  the  refectory,  and  grouped  around  the  sides  of  the  knoll  were  ."() 
wigwams  and  cabins.  In  front  of  and  to  the  east  of  tlu^  church  lousideralilc 
ground  was  eni.'losi.d  by  a  stibstantial  rail  fence.     Here  tho  Indians  laijorcd 


CHURCH  AND  CHAIUTY. 


5G3 


/ 


IS,   illlll 

ill  till' 

IJois.^ 
link  ill 

L;ip\Mii 

HTll   IV- 

■t,  the 

;,    llo 
t'  Lip- 

VWvw; 
1,  «in  11 
iui  :i;,'l 
t'iirt,  I'll 
tli;ittlK' 
the  iiu- 

-lii,  tlity 

f  tluit 
I's  S.iu 

,  l';iLiii:4 
^0  witli 
"t,  t.nlj'- 
were  ."lO 
i.U-niliU' 
luijurtil 


il 


Little  had  been  done  in  1886  by  the  government  for 
the  improvement  of  Idaho.     Its  pubhc  buildings  were 

t!>i  irmch  as  tliey  conlcl  be  prevailed  upon  to  do.  P.  P.  .Toset,  who  succeeded 
.MriiL;!ii'ini  at  this  mission,  tauj^ht  the  Indians  agriculture.  IViiit,  wlio  wag 
ill  charge,  was  succeeded  in  1S47  hy  Oazzoli,  who  remained  for  many  years 
iit  this  mission.  It  was  said  J-e  belonged  to  an  illustiious  Italian  family. 
Jhdlm  Mouiilaiiteir,  'Sov.  21,  1805;  t\'aU'i.  Walla  Stafpsmaii,  Sept.  2,  1804; 
,s7i( riw  jy(x.s/o«.s',  470;  Kij>\f  Army  Life,  78-9.  A  lire  destroyoil  tiie  mission 
ill  I.S()4,  whicli  was  rebuilt.  Gazzoli  died  .June  10,  1882.  I'ulonsi'  (lazctle, 
.luuo  ■_'."{,  18S2.  Mengarini  and  Zerliinati  established  the  mission  of  St  Igna- 
tius on  Clarke  Fork  of  tlie  Columbia  Kivcr,  north-east  of  Kalispel  or  I'end 
il'Oieill'j  15ay  in  1844.  £><•  Smi't'n  MU-iioiix,  180-1.  It  l.iy  in  a  prairie,  and  the 
hiiililiiigs  were  begun  in  184,').  In  1840  it  had  14  houses  and  a  large  burn, 
v.itli  everything  prepared  for  erecting  a  church.  Three  hundred  acres  wurc 
k'liccd  and  sowed,  and  the  missionaries  had  30  cattle.  On  ascension  <lay, 
1S4.'),  P.  Iloeeken  baptized  over  1(X)  Indian  adults.  He  was  joined  anil 
assisted  by  Kavelli.  De  Sniet  first  selected  the  St  Joseph  as  the  proper  site 
(if  a  mission,  but  removed  to  the  Cienr  d'Alene  Kiver  after  a  trial  of  two  or 
tlirir  seasons,  finding  the  ground  too  wet  at  the  place  first  selected.  The 
piiU.  slant  mission  of  SpaldiuL',  un<ler  the  patrimageof  the  American  Board  of 
I'uieign  Missions,  was  established  in  1830-7,  on  the  Clearwater,  in  the 
WMiiii  and  fertile  valley  of  the  Lapwai.  Lapwai  signifies  place  of  mectim:,  or 
:i  liimndary,  and  was  the  dividing  line  between  the  upper  and  lower  Xez 
I 'in  IS.  I'iitor',^  Or..  121-4.  The  residence  was  a  one-story  log  house.  A 
saw-mill  and  grist-mill  were  erected,  and  good  ci'ops  raised,  while  the  Indians 
Wire  taught  farming  and  christian  ethics.  The  Cayuse  war  was  the  cause  of 
the  abandonment  of  the  mission  in  1847.  After  white  jieople  began  to  go  into 
the  Nlz  Perce  country  to  mine,  Siialding  returned  as  a  teacher  to  the  Indians 
ai  bajiwai,  and  there  died.  Henry  Hart  Spalding,  .«on  of  the  missionary, 
sitticd  at  Almota,  Whitman  county,  Wasldngton,  in  1S72.  He  married,  in 
1>7">.  .Mary  Warren.  He  built  the  first  road  out  of  Almota  tnward  Colfax. 
'I'lie  lirst  church  erected  in  Idaho  was  by  the  catholics,  in  lNO.3,  at  Idaho 
City,  by  A.  Z.  Poulin,  dedicated  by  Father  .Mcsidie.  In  the  following  spring 
tlirici  was  a  protestant  church  erected  by  ('.  S.  Kingsley,  nu'thodist  clergyman 
ami  merchant  as  he  was  quoteil  in  the  city  ilirectory.  Ijoth  of  tiiese  chiirclies 
were  on  Connnercial  Street.  The  great  file  of  I8(i.'>  destroyed  the  methodist 
(.huivli,  and  a  building  was  afterward  put  up  to  serve  for  the  use  of  all  de- 
iiniiiination.-,  and  nscii  also  as  a  court-house,  for  which  purpose  it  was  liually 
siijil  in  1800.  Iilnho  World,  Sept.  !(,  180.");  I'lnjiiiid  niiil  Ifili  iin  Po^t,  Nov.  0, 
isiid,  Tlio  catholics  also  erected  the  chiircli  of  St  Bernard  at  Placerville,  and 
tliiMlmpels  of  St  Dominiek  and  St  Fi'ancis  at  Centreville  and  Pioneer  City, 
all  ill  I80U-4.  They  were  first  at  Bois<';  City,  as  well.  A  very  determined 
ctl'urt  was  made  by  the  catholics  to  obtain  the  patronage  of  Idaho  in  religious 
aail  Lducatioui.i  matters.  Owing  partly  to  t'lis,  partly  to  .Mormon  intluencc, 
tlicrc  were  but  three  jirotei-tant  chnrclies  prior  to  1871,  and  four  Sunday- 
f^olionls.  The  number  of  elui'idics  had  increased  in  1874  to  1."),  after  which 
time  tliere  was  a  steady  improvement  in  religious  architecture.  A  bible  so- 
ciety was  established  in  1871.  The  lirst  session  of  the  Idaho  confi;rencc  of 
the  methodist  church  waa  held  iSept.  17,  1884.  The  baptist  association  meet.s 
aiiiuially. 

The  people  of  Idaho,  even  in  the  wildest  whirl  of  early  events,  were  not 
fovL'i^tful  of  charities.  In  1801  a  hospital  for  the  indigent  sick  was  providcil 
ill  I'luisiJ  county,  the  county  eommissionci's  being  authorized  by  law  to  make 
a  liny,  not  exceeding  1?2  annually,  upon  each  taxable  inhabitant,  in  addition 
tn  a  tax  not  exceeding  acpiarter  of  one  ])er  cent  upon  the  value  of  all  taxable 
ln'opcity.  I,  H.  Harris  was  the  lirst  attendant  |iiiysician.  and  .V  S.  <  ioodrich 
liaij  rharge  of  the  ho.Hpital.  The  comity  <>f  Ada  had  a  poor-farm,  with  good 
hiiildiugs.     The  legislature   of   1804  authorized   the   coinniissioners  of  each 


5r,4 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


yet  to  be  erected,  its  military  roads  to  bo  constructed!, 
and  its  rivers  made  fit  for  navigation.  Petitions  have 
been  repeatedly  offered  by  the  legislature  for  thesi! 
objects.  In  due  course  of  events-they  must  be  granted. 
That  so  much  has  been  done  by  so  small  a  population 
against  great  natural  obstacles  in  the  building  of 
wagon-roads  is  an  illustration  of  the  ei.ergy  of  tlie  in- 
habitants. Stages  were  running  to  all  the  minin-j 
towns  almost  as  soon  as  they  were  located.  Railroads 
were  early  advocated."" 

county  to  care  for  the  insane  and  idiotic  by  levying  a  tax;  but  as  tliis  coulil 
not  very  well  be  done,  tlic  insane  were  usually  sent  to  Oregon  or  L'alil'or 
nia  at  the  expense  of  friends.  A  law  was  approved  in  Jan.  18S1,  niiikiiii; 
the  governor  and  the  prcsiilcnt  of  the  council  commissioners  to  coiitrurf, 
with  the  proper  authorities  of  California  or  Oregon,  or  both,  for  tho  Liuc^ 
and  treatment  of  this  class  of  indigent  and  unfortunate  persons  where  the 
in.sanity  was  of  ii.  violent  or  dangerous  form,  the  expense  to  bo  l)orni>  l.y 
tlio  territory.  Ida  ho  Larcn,  1880-1,  .300-").  Tlie  bonevolunt  ordeis  of  ma- 
sons, odd-fellows,  and  good  templars  have  lodges  in  the  principal  towns. 
In  1872  the  grand  lodge  of  masons  in  Idaho  issued  a  circular  to  the  oriltr, 
warning  its  members  to  cease  intemperance,  gambling,  and  playing  g;inirs 
in  drinking-saloons,  and  ashing  masons  to  leave  olF  keeping  such  pluies. 

The  territory  iias  a  historical  societj'  of  Idaho  pioneers,  for  the  nr.iin- 
tenanec  of  which,  and  tlio  furtherance  of  its  work  of  collecting  and  piv- 
paring  liistorical  matter  and  statistical  records,  tho  legislature  of  1880,  liy 
resolution,  appropriated  8'2jO  per  annum. 

"•'Anact  of  the  legislature  of  Jjinuary  11,  1800,  incorporated  the  Llalm, 
Salt  Lake,  and  Columliia  Iviver  Brancli  PaciHc  Itailroail  Company,  witii  au- 
thority to  construct  a  road  from  tlic  north  end  of  Salt  Lake  to  a  point 'n  u 
miles  below  Ohl's  ferry  on  Snake  River.  The  incorporators  were  Caleb  1  vnii, 
II.  C,  Riggs,  E.  Boliannon,  John  Wasson,  George  Aiii>lie,  John  M.  C.nniiiih , 
W.  II.  I'arkinson,  K.  'i\  Heatty,  F.  O.  Nelson,  W.  W.  Thayer,  S.  \V.  Wri-li't, 
S.  S,  Fcnn,  of  Idaho;  H.  1).  Clapp,  Bon  Ilolliday,  Erastus  Corning,  Williiiui 
M.  Tweed,  Marshall  O.  Roberts,  of  New  Yoik  city;  J.  C.  Ainsworth,  (.'iiai  !is 
H.  Lai'rabee,  William  L.  Ladd,  of  Portland,  Oregon;  and  Amos  Reed  iiml  W. 
L.  llalsey  of  Salt  Lake  City.  Tdnho  Laira,  180r)-0,  201-11.  Preliminary  sui- 
veys  were  made  by  the  Union  Paeilio  railway  in  1807,  and  the  route  ileelaivd 
favorable  down  Snake  River  from  climatic  considerations,  and  believed  to  In' 
without  serious  engineering  dillicultios.  In  1800  the  sale  of  the  Union  I'aeilie 
west  of  Ogden  to  the  Central  Pacific  caused  tho  abandonment  of  the  branch 
through  Idaho.  ISoisd  Stiilesmaii,  Nov.  19,  1805,  Feb.  9,  1807;  Wada  11  Vr'Vt 
Stntc.'iinnii,  Dec.  27,  1807;  /daho  Uo'ld,  May  20,  180!).  The  people  of  tlie 
Ilundjoldt  Valley  then  held  a  meeting  at  Klko,  resolving  to  give  all  possililo 
aid  to  the  Idaho  people  in  oonstructing  a  branch  to  the  Central  Pacilie.  .\ 
proposition  was  made  in  1871  to  extend  the  California  Pacilie  from  Davisv  ilhi 
via  Boekworth's  and  Noble's  pass  through  south-eastern  Oregon  ami  thr 
Snake  Uiver  plains  to  Salt  Lake.  Sac.  Union,  Feb.  22,  1800,  May  20,  bsTI; 
lioi.'it'  Stafenman,  July  10,  1870.  In  the  spring  of  1872  congress  pa.ssed  an 
act  granting  to  tho  Portland,  Dalles,  and  Salt  Lake  Railroad,  an  Orcg'in  v(<v 
poration  of  March  2."),  1871,  the  right  of  way.  Jl.  Ex.  Do''.,  17,  ptll,  )i.  ItK).'  :!, 
iOtli  cong.  3d  sess.  Tho  Oregon  legislaturo  passed  a.i  *ol  appropriating  tlm 
proceeds  arising  from  the  sale  of  certain  public  lands  to  which  the  state  w.h 
entitled  to  the  assistance  of  this  company,  authorizing  it  to  issue  bonds,  and 
requiring  it  to  commence  with  the  construction  of  the  portage  links.  Or.  Law<, 


RAILROAD  AND  TELEGRAPH. 


665 


Such  was    Idaho   twenty  years   after   settlement. 
Without    markets   or   manufactures    or   transporta- 

I'^TJ,  10-21.     An  effort  was  made  to  get  bills  through  the  Idaho  legislature 
in  su]>port  of  the  scheme  of  the  Portland,  Dalles,  and  Salt  Lake  rood,  propos- 
iiii;  to  pay  tiio  interest  on  $3,000  or  §5,000  per  mile  for  a  term  of  years,     lint 
the  louiniittee  to  which  they  were  referred  reported  adversely.     A  substitute 
was  parsed  exempting  railroads  built  within  the  territory  from  paying  taxes 
for  sjven  years.  Idaho  Laws,  1872-3,  63.     John  II.  Mitchell  of  Oregon,  in 
J:Hi.  liS7-i,  introduced  a  bill  in  the  U.  tS.  senate  providing  for  the  construction 
(if  a  narrow-gauge  railroad  by  tlic  Portlanil,  Dalles,  and  Salt  Lake  road  eoin- 
)iiiiiy,  the  work  to  bo  commenced  on  the  division  east  of  the  Columbia  liiver 
within  six  months,  and  in  consideration  of  the  free  transportation  of  troops 
iiiid  despatch  of  telegrams  for  the  government,  the  latter  should  guarantee 
the  ])ayment  of  five  per  cent  interest  on  bonds  to  be  issued  to  the  extent  of 
.^10,000  per  mile,  secured  by  a  mortgage  on  the  property  and  rights  of  tlie 
corporation.     Tvveuty-llve  per  cent  of  the  net  earnings  were  to  be  set  aside 
as  a  sinking  fund  to  provide  for  tlie  redemption  of  the  bonils  at  maturity.   Uoisii 
Stiih^iinaii,  Feb.  14  and  May  23,  1874.     This  bill  received  a  favorable  report 
from  the  committee.     In  1875  W.  W.  Chapman,  president  of  the  company, 
made  a  contract  with  a  London  company  for  the  completion  of  the  road,  at 
from  §20,000  to  §28,000  per  mile,  exclusive  of  §2,000  per   mile  local  aid 
pledged,  the  London  company  to  be  secured  by  mortgages  as  the  road  pro- 
gressetl.     None  of  these  plans  were  carried  to  a  successful  conclusion.     Con- 
gress neglected  to  pass  bills  as  desired,  and  time  slipped  away  until,  by  the 
vigoious  measures  adopted  by  the  Northern  Pacitic  in  1870  to  complete  its 
line  to  the  Pacific,  thereby  controlling  the  transportation  of  the  north-west, 
tlio  Union  Pacific  was  inspired  to  construct  the  long-ileferred  branch  througii 
lilalio,  called  the  Oregon  Short  Line,  making,  with  the  Oregon  Railway  and 
Navigation  Company's  road  to  the  Snake  River  in  IJakcr  county,  a  continuous 
railway  from  Granger,  in  Wyoming,  to  the  Columbia  liiver,  with  one  branch 
to  Ifailcy,  and  other  branches  in  construction  and  contemplation.     In  the 
laoiin  time  congress  granted  the  right  of  way,  in  1S73,  to  the  Utah  and 
Northern  Railroad,  and  a  narrow-gauge  road  was  built  127  miles  from  Ogden 
to  Oneida,  on  the  Fort  Hall  Indian  reservation,  a  distance  of  53  miles  north 
ol  tlie  Idaho  lino,  when  the  capital  of  the  company  became  exhausted,  unci 
tiio  road  passed  into  the  hands  of  Sidney  Dillon  and  Jay  Gould,  in  1878,  who 
iiiiincdiately  gave  it  a  fre-h  impetus,  completing  it  almost  to  the  Montana 
line  tlio  following  year.  Codmau'n  lioitud  J'rip,  2,)"J-G0;  I'orl  Townwnd  Argils, 
Oct.  i(j,  187!);  HonainaCili/  Yankte  Fork  Ilcnild,  Oct.  11,  1870;  .S'.  /'.  Bidh'- 
till,  Dec.  12,  1870.     It  was  completed  to  Deer  Lodge,  Montana,  in  1881-2, 
and  sooy  after  to  the  junction  with  the  Northern  I'acific,  at  Blaekfoot.     At 
the  time  of  its  construction  it  was  the  longest  continuous  narrow-gauge  line 
ill  the  U.  S.,  and  was  well  eijuipped. 

A  number  of  acts  were  passed  by  early  legislatures  authorizing  the  con- 
stniition  of  telegraph  lines.  The  only  project  which  seemed  to  promise  eon- 
suianiation  was  that  of  a  line  from  Portland,  by  the  way  of  The  Dalles,  Uma- 
tilhi,  Walla  Walla,  La  Grande,  Uniontown,  and  Uakcr  City  to  lioisii  City  in 
Isils,  but  it  finally  failed  of  comiiletiou  because  the  people  of  eastern  Oie;,'ciii 
lai'ked  the  energy  or  the  means  to  carry  it  through.  The  first  line  established 
was  in  1874,  from  Winnemucca  in  Nevada  to  lioisiS  City  via  Silver  City,  dis- 
tance 275  miles.  It  was  completed  to  Silver  t'ity  in  August,  when  on  the 
lil>t  its  advent  was  celebrated  liy  public  festivities.  On  the  ISth  of  Dee.  a 
liiaiieh  was  extended  25  miles  to  South  Mountain.  In  Sept.  1875  the  line 
Was  I'oiupleted  to  Hoisii  City,  and  the  same  aiituiiin  to  Baker  City  in  Oregon, 
the  Idaho  farmers  transporting  the  jwles  to  tiieir  jilaees  along  the  route  in- 
tvvt'i-n  J>oisi5  and  Snake  rivers  to  assist  the  work.  In  I.S7!*  the  .signal  serviei' 
<ilhre  constructed  a  line  from  Walla  Walla  to  Lewiston,  Idaho,  for  the  use  of 
the  government,  the  labor  being  performed  by  troops,  the  principal  object 


i 


56A 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


I  l;:    ■: 


tion,  it  had  to  pay  out  the  riches  dug  from  its  mines 
for  the  necessaries  of  life  brought  to  its  do(»rs  at  enor- 
mous expense  in  the  "  prairie  scliooner,"  the  old-fash- 
ioned Peiuisylvania  freight-wagon. 

The  Northern  Pacific  railroad,  which  so  suddenly 
populated  and  developed  eastern  Washington,  and 
helped  to  develop  eastern  Oregon,  performed  no  sucli 
service  for  Idaho,  merely  crossing  the  Panhandle  as 
far  north  as  Pend  d'Oreille  lake.  That  it  assisted  in 
bringing  to  notice  the  mines  of  Ca3ur  d' Alene  district 
was  true,  and  that  later  it  sent  oft'  branches  to  these 
mines  and  to  other  parts  of  the  Panhandle  was  also 
true.  But  the  road  which  relieved  central  and  south- 
ern Idaho  of  the  state  of  lethargy  into  which  its  busi- 
ness was  falling,  and  which  brought  population  and 
mining  capital  to  the  territory,  was  the  Oregon  Short 
Line  railroad,  constructed  by  the  Union  Pacific  coni- 
])anv.  Traversing  the  territory  from  east  to  west, 
through  its  most  inhabited  belt  of  counties,  it  coni- 
nmnicated  to  the  dormant  nerves  of  these  isolated 
connnunities  a  shock  from  the  thought  batteries  of 
tlie  great  world,  rousing  to  action  the  brain  and  mus- 
cle lying  idle.  The  taxable  property  of  the  territory, 
which  in  1S84  was  $15,497,598,  was  three  years  later 
$20,44 1, 1  9il,  mii.ing  property,  in  which  the  greater 
amount  of  capital  was  invested,  being  non-assessal)lc. 
The  population,  which  in  1884  was  75,000,  was  in 
1887  over  97,000. 

The  forward  impulse  given  to  the  prosperity  of 
Washiuiiton  revived  in  the  northern  counties  of  Idalio 
the  project  of  aimexatiou  to  that  commonweultli, 
which,  it  was  believed,  would  soon  arrive  at  statehood. 
and  whose  constitution,  adopted  in  1878  by  a  vote  of 
tlie  people  of  the  Idaho  Panhandle  as  well  as  of 
Washington,  included  the  counties  north  of  the  Salmon 

Iii-iiig  t(i  facilitate  in  tlu'  event  of  Indian  <listnrliaiic(M,  Set;  .S'.  /■'.  Chromdi', 
.Ian.  2"),  IST'.K  In  tlie  Xez  I'crce  war  of  1877  (ien.  Howanl  was  cMinijitllril 
to  send  all  his  despatches  to  Walla  Walla  l>y  stai;e  or  steamer,  one  ol'  his 
aicU  bciug  uuUiitautly  euipluyeil  iu  auudiag  dtistpatuhca  tu  >dau  Fraoiuiauu, 


LEfilSLATIVE. 


5G7 


river  range  of  mountains.  In  tliis  form  the  Washing- 
ton delegate,  Mr  Brents,  advocated  in  congress  the 
admission  of  Washington,  and  its  legislature  in  1881- 
82  passed  a  memorial  for  an  enabling  act,  including 
this  portion  <^)f  Idaho. 

Tho  politicians  about  this  time  saw  in  this  subject 
opportunity  for  a  party  issue,  and  seized  u])on  it, 
ni;iking  it  the  point  on  which  the  election  of  1882  was 
lost  and  won,  George  Ainslee,  democratic  candidate 
for  congress,  opposiiig,  and  T.  F.  Singiser,  republican, 
advocating  it,  Singiser  behig  elected  by  a  majority  of 
nearly  3,000.  In  1884,  however,  the  democrats  hav- 
ing put  an  annexation  plank  in  their  platform,  re- 
tiiniod  to  power,  and  Singiser  was  defeated,  while 
John  Hailey  was  elected  to  congress,  and  secured  the 
pissago  of  a  bill  for  annexation,  which  passed  both 
houses,  and  only  failed  to  become  a  law  by  the  failure 
of  the  president  to  sign  it.''" 

In  1880,  tho  parties  returned  to  their  former  rela- 
tive positions  in  Idaho,"  although  Hailey,  democrat, 
was  supported  by  the  Panhandle  republicans  on  his 

-"  Tlie  logUlaturo  of  1884-'):  George  Pottingill,  Ada  co. ;  T.  C.  Galloway, 
\i\%  ami  Washington;  Benjaniiii  Wilson,  lioise;  E.  C.  Brearly,  Boise  and 
AUuras;  Jamej  K.  Hart,  Bear  lake;  Charles  A.  Wood,  Custer  and  Lemhi; 
R.  L.  Wooil,  Cassia  and  Owyhee;  S.  C.  Poage,  Idaho;  If.  W.  Smith  and 
Oooi'ge  W.  Crawford,  Oneida;  S.  G.  Isaniau,  Nez  Peree;  S.  W.  Moody,  Nez 
I'c'i'ci',  Shoshone,  and  Kootenei,  couneilnien;  and  Cliarles  I.  Simpson,  1>. 
W.  Fr^Mioli,  M.  H.  Goodwin,  D.  L.  Lainnie,  Ada  co. ;  J.  K.  Watson,  Al- 
tura^;  W.  N.  B.  Sheppord,  Amos  R.  Wright,  Bear  lake;  (i.  B.  Baldwin, 
M.  a.  Luney,  Boise;  J.  C.  Fox,  Custer;  W.  C.  Martindalo,  (.'assia;  W.  S. 
M.  Williams,  Philip  C.  Cleary,  Idaho;  William  King,  Shoshone;  J.  P. 
CI. nigh,  Lemhi;  W.  T.  MeKern,  J.  P.  Quarles,  L.  P.  Wilmot,  Nez  Peree; 
Divi.l  A.lams,  Owyhee;  U.  11.  Jones,  CM.  Hull,  A.  R.  Stalker,  W.  B. 
Gi-eeu,  Oneida;  (ieorgo  ^V.  Adams,  AVashington,  representativ<^^ 

'^'Tho  14th  logislativo  assembly,  ISSO-?,  was  composed  oi  Charles  Him- 
rod,  Ada  CO.;  II.  H.  Ilolih,  Ada  and  Boise;  James  JI.  Beatty,  K.  ( '.  Hel- 
frii'h,  AUuras;  H.  \Y.  Smith,  Bingliam;  P.  L.  Hughes,  Bingham  and  Oneida; 
K.  A.  Jordan,  Bear  lake,  Cassia,  and  Oneida;  A.  J.  Macnal),  Lemiii  and 
•  'ii-iter;  Rol)ert  Larimer,  Idaho;  (.'liarles  W^atson,  Nez  Peree;  .lames  I. 
Crutelier,  Owyhee  and  Wa.shington,  eouneilinen;  and  I).  L.  Badley,  George 
Oiiiidrieli,  M.  H.  Goodwin,  Adaco.;  K.  <I.  Burnett,  Cr.  J.  J.  Guheeii,  W. 
Hunter,  T,  B.  Shaw,  AUuras;  11.  W.  Gee,  Bear  lake;  T.  A.  Hartwell,  C. 
H.  Wheeler,  Bingham;  Josiah  Cove,  Boise;  Charles  Col)l),  Cassia;  J.  C.  Fox, 
Custer  atid  Bingliam;  John  S.  Rohror,  Custer;  F.  A.  Fenn,  Idaho;  J.  P. 
Clou.!h.  Lemhi;  James  De  Haven,  A.  S.  Chaney,  W.  A.  lllyea,  Nez  Peree; 
William  B.  Thews,  Oneida;  John  S.  F-ewis,  Owyhee;  John  M.  Burke,  Sho- 
sliiiiK'  and  Ko>tenai;  II  8.  Harvey,  Shoshone;  ]>L  L.  Hoyt,  Washington, 
reprusoutativcs, 


\  'i 


568 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


if 


I?; 


record  as  an  annexationist,  he  receiving  a  majority  of 
536  in  the  northern  counties;  and  the  [leople  of  Xcz 
Perce  count}^  by  a  ^'ote  of  1,G7D  to  26,  ('X[)res,sed 
themselves  in  favor  of  b3in<j  joined  to  Washington; 
but  Frederick  T,  Dubois,  repubhcan,  who  gave  a 
})ledge  not  to  oppose  annexation,  and  to  use  his  iiiHu- 
encc  for  tlie  suppression  of  polygamy  among  tlie 
Mormon  population,  was  elected  by  a  majority"'  of 
426.  But  tlie  interest  in  annexation  began  to  de- 
cline with  the  increase  of  population  and  the  revival 
of  industries,  giving  liope  of  statehood  for  Idaho  at 
no  distant  day,  and  that  for  which  a  majority  had 
more  than  once  voted  began  to  be  denounced  as  a 
.scheme  "born  in  local  jealousy  and  ])etty  spite,  fos- 
tered by  political  hatred  and  party  spleen,  and  advo- 
cated by  many  political  jobbers  and  tricksters,"  and 
as  "thoroughly  distasteful  to  a  majority  of  the  pcoj)le 
of  Idaho,  and  repugnant  to  the  best  interests  of  the 
territory. 


}■>  -i* 


''^Tlie  federal  and  territorial  officers  m  1885-0  were  Edward  A.  Ste-.i'ii- 
son,  governor,  appointed  Sept.  2S),  ISS"),  for  four  years;  Edward  J.  I'lirtis. 
secretary  and  lil)rarian,  appointed  Feb.  12,  1885;  Joseph  Perrault,  treasuifr; 
Silas  \V.  Moody,  comptroller  and  ex-oHicio  supt  of  pulilic  instruction;  1).  P. 
1$.  Pride,  attorney-general;  Jaiaes  P.  Hays,  chief  justice;  Norman  liiuk  and 
Case  Proderick,  associate  justices;  James  H.  llawley,  U.  S.  dist  attnriuv; 
A.  L.  Richardson,  clci'k  sup.  court;  Ezra  Baird,  U.  S.  marshal,  ap|iivinted 
Aug.  "J'J,  ]S8(>.  In  1887  Charles  Hinu-od  waa  iosen  territorial  treasurer, 
and  J.  11.  Wickersliam  comptroller. 

'•'''There  was  prohahly  a  spice  of  party  spleen  in  these  remarks,  altlioiiL'h 
it  was  true  that  the  annexation  fever  of  a  few  yearn  previous  was  visiMy 
decreasing.  The  reasons,  both  for  its  access  and  its  decline,  were  easily  yw- 
ceived.  At  the  time  it  existed  the  Panhandle  counties  truly  felt  that  tla'ir 
natural  and  almost  impassable  southern  boundary,  the  Salmon  river  i'.iml'i', 
prevente<l  that  freedom  of  intercourse  between  thcni  and  the  southern  oimii- 
ties  which  wouhl  make  then*  a  homogeneous  people.  Tliey  had  yet  to  learn 
what  railroad  engineering  could  <h>  with  the  insurmountable.  They  bchcvcii 
that  innnigratiou  came  to  tliem  with  reluctance,  because  the  prospect  of 
stateliood  was  so  remote,  and  they  justly  complained  of  the  inacoessiliiiit y 
of  their  own  capital,  whereas  if  they  were  joined  to  Wasliingtmi  tlic  c:ipit:il 
of  that  state  would  doul)tless  be  removed  to  within  ea  ;y  distance,  and 
readied  fpiickly  by  railways.  Tiie  evidence  of  wiiat  one  railroad  iiad  dour, 
and  the  promise  of  M'hat  others  wouhl  do,  created  a  iliversion  of  intirc  t, 
and  tlie  extraonlinary  wealth  being  discovered  in  the  Civur  d'  Alciie  luiuinu' 
district  caused  ]>romoters  of  the  agitation  to  reflect  upon  the  injustice  nf 
taking  away  Idaho's  jurisdiction  over  so  valuable  a  \»ortion  of  its  doiiiaiii. 
But  doubtless  had  the  counties  intei-ested  only  been  empowered  to  decide 
the  matter,  they  would  liave  united  fhemselves  to  Washington;  and  a  lull 
was.  in  fact,  pendinu  in  congress  in  ISSS  for  the  admission  of  tliat  conniioii- 
wcaitb  into  the  union  with  this  part  of  Idaho  attached,  subject  to  the  vote 


FEDERAL  AFFAIRS. 


669 


It  was  in  harmony  with  the  restrictive  acts  affect- 
in;^'  territories,  passed  about  this  time,  that  couii^ress 
should  say  that  no  law  of  any  territorial  legislature 
shall  be  made  or  enforced  by  which  the  governor  or 
secretary  of  a  territory,  or  the  members  or  officers  of 
any  territorial  legislature,  are  paid  any  compensation 
other  than  that  provided  by  the  laws  of  the  United 
States.  This  law,  the  result  of  the  recklessness  of 
long- past  territorial  legislatures,  came  at  a  period  in 
the  affairs  of  Idaho  when  the  duties  of  the  governor 
w'vve  truly  onerous,  and  the  practices  of  legislatures 
had  so  much  improved  that  the  people  were  willing 
to  make  the  pay  of  the  executive  commensurate  with 
his  services,  and  consistent  with  the  dignity  and 
rtcjuirements  of  his  position.  The  salaries  of  judges 
of  the  supreme  court  were  also  beneath  the  value  of 
tlio  services  jierformed  with  the  expenses  attached  to 
tlicm.  Besides,  the  business  of  the  courts  demanded 
the  establishment  of  another  district,  and  the  appoint- 
ment of  another  judge.  Idaho  had  collected  and  paid 
into  the  national  treasury  an  amount  largely  in  excess 
of  the  sums  appropriated  by  the  government  to  pay 
the  federal  expenses,  covering  also  the  many  defalca- 
tions of  federal  appointees  during  twenty-two  years, 
(jrovernor  Edward  A.  Stevenson,  appointed  in  1885, 
mentioned  this  fact  in  his  report  to  the  secretary  of 
the  interior,  together  with  the  further  one,  that  no 
otticcr  appointed  from  the  people  of  the  territory  to  a 
I'edenil  office  liad  ever  defaulted.^" 

About  1884-5  there  was  reached  a  distinctly  for- 
ward tendency  in  territorial  aflairs.  In  1872  the 
iiulebtedness  of  Idaho  amounted  to  $1132,217.71;  in 
1885  there  was  a  surplus  in  the  treasury  over  its 
bonded  debt  of  $5,540.30.     After  years  of  dissension 

of  tlic  four  counties,  but  delegate  Dubois  was  instructed  to  l.ibor  to  siijijiress 
it,  :iii(l  iiad  also  a  l)ill  before  congress  to  divide  Ne/,  I'eree  county  aid  create 
till'  iiiuiity  of  Lataii  out  of  tlio  northern  jtortiott  of  it,  tiiis  i)cinL!  the  sulistitute 
till'  a  hdl  to  remove  tiio  county  seat  of  Nez  I'erce  from  Lewistoii  to  Moscow, 
taiviiij,'  local  matters  (.'utirely  out  of  tlie  haudtj  of  the  legislature. 
•"'  (jov.'h  Ih'iit,  ISSo,  18-19. 


H 


i 


11 


570 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


concerning  the  capital,  the  legislature  of  1884-5  had 
established  it  permanently  at  Boise  City,  and  apjjro- 
priated,  with  the  consent  of  the  people,  eighty  thou- 
sand dollars  to  erect  a  capital  edifice,  the  city  devot- 
ing a  whole  square  to  a  site,  the  building,  of  brick, 
being  constructed  with  every  modern  appliance,  com- 
bining elegance  with  convenience,  furnishing  not  only 
legislative  halls,  but  offices  for  the  territorial  and 
federal  officials,  a  supreme  court  room,  library,  and 
judges'  chand)ers.  An  appropriation  was  made  by 
the  same  legislature  of  $20,000  for  the  erection  of 
an  insane  asylum  at  Blackfoot,^^  which  was  subse- 
quently enlarged  at  a  considerable  additional  cost. 
The  cx[)ense  of  maintaining  the  institution  was  about 
$17,000  })er  animni. 

In  the  matter  of  a  penitentiary,  the  territory  still 
paid  annually  about  $18,000  to  the  United  States 
for  keeping  its  prisoners  in  a  federal  building  which 
was  located  tw^o  miles  east  of  Boise  City,  and 
which  Governor  Stevenson  pronounced  a  "disgrace 
to  great,  rich,  proud,  and  humane  government"; 
and  where  the  prisoners  were  "  clothed,  fed,  and 
crowded  into  cells  without  any  employment,  and 
only  kept  there  by  the  shot-guns  of  the  guards,"  the 
wall  surrounding  the  penitentiary  being  built  of  inch 
boards  set  up  on  end.  This,  too,  while  there  was  a 
quarry  of  excellent  stone  immediately  adjoining  the 
premises,    where    the    prisoners    could    have    been 

''  Gov.  Stevenson  remarked  in  his  report  to  the  secretary  of  the  interior 
that  the  necessity  which  called  for  the  action  of  the  tax-payers  of  the  terri- 
tory in  incurriiif^  these  expenses  reHected  '  little  credit  on  congress,  wliifli 
lavislies  its  millions  in  the  way  of  appropriations  upon  worthless  johs... 
Congress  generally  winds  up  with  a  dividend  day  for  all  the  states,  with  tlie 
territories  left  out.  Tlie  right  thing  for  congress  to  do  at  its  coming  sessimi 
is  to  apprf)priate  !*ir)0,()00  to  reimburse  our  territorial  treasury  for  tlie  oiitluy 
in  erecting  the  capitol  building  and  the  insane  asylum,  whicii  will  he  neeilcd 
to  complete  and  tiuish  those  buildings  as  they  should  he,  and  the  purpose  of 
flagging  the  walks,  fencing  and  beautifying  the  grounds,'  etc.  Id.  17.  i'liu 
main  building  of  the  insane  asylum  was  destroyed  by  lire  on  the  night  of  the 
23d  of  Nov.,  1889,  when  several  of  tlie  inmates  lost  their  lives,  it  beirig  im- 
possible to  rescue  every  one,  the  asylum  being  located  at  some  distances  tiom 
town,  and  the  employees  of  the  institution  having  all  to  do  in  saving  the 
patients.  The  estimated  loss  to  the  territory  of  the  buildiug  aud  furniture 
was  $50,000. 


PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS. 


871 


profitably  employed  in  netting  out  material  for  a 
jtiison,  combining  security  with  some  renaitl  to  sani- 
taiy  conditions.  The  j^oveinor  proj)osed  that  the 
United  States  should  furnish  $"20,000  to  pay  for 
extra  guards,  and  purchase  the  necessary  iron,  lum- 
ber, and  tools,  when  the  territory  would  put  the 
convicts  to  quarrying  stone  and  building  a  peni- 
tentiary which  should  be  a  credit  to  Idaho  and  the 
general  government.*" 

Other  government  buildings  in  Idaho  there  were 
noiio,  if  I  cxce])t  the  United  States  assay-office  at 
IJoise  City,  which  cost  about  ,$100,000.  For  many 
years  it  was  of  little  use.  It  cost  the  government  so 
uiuch  to  send  out  its  bullion — the  producers  having  to 
pay  the  fee — tliat  the  office  received  only  a  small  pro- 
portion of  the  gold-dust  and  bullion  produced  in  the 
territory.  In  188G  an  arrangement  was  made  with 
the  Pacific  express  company,  by  which  they  were  sent 
to  the  mints  either  at  San  Francisco  or  Philadelphia 
flee  of  express  charges.  The  business  of  the  office 
ff)r  the  tiscal  year  ending  June  -'iO,  I88G,  was  7,1)10 
ounces,  valued  at  8122,040.01;  but  in  1887  it  was 
;]2,l»o4  ounces,  valued  at  $44G,G4l.Gr) ;  and  for  the 
year  ending  June  30,  1888,  it  was  estimated  the  busi- 
ness would  roach  $1,000,000. 

J^oise  City  had  a  court-house,  erected  at  a  cost  of 
8(10,000,  which  occupied  a  square  ;  and  another  square 
was  devoted  to  the  use  of  the  Independent  school  dis- 
trict of  Boise  City — a  district  organized  under  a  spe- 
cial charter  granted  by  the  territorial  legislature,  and 
which  was  independent  oi'  school  officers,  either  terri- 
torial or  county.  It  had  a  board  of  trustees,  with 
power  to  examine  and  employ  teachers,  disburse 
moneys,  and  transact  all  business  necessary  for  the 
iDaiiitenance  of  the  schools  in  the  district.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  county  a})portionment,  a  revenue  was  col- 

^-'Tlie  mimborof  territoriiil  prisoners  was  75,  aiul  U.  S.  prisoners  3.  Oor.'s 
R--p',  1.SS8,  p.  54-5.  The  citizens  of  Boise  formed  a  C'liiiutiUKpia  reading,' 
I'inlii  lunoiig  the  couvicta,  who  gladly  embraced  the  opportunity  for  study. 
Id.  IbUl. 


872 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


m !'' 

,  Jl 

1 

:'( 

ff' 

t  i  ;r 

.,;l 

lectcd  from  escheated  estates,  and  from  a  special  tax. 
Tlii«  was  a  graded  school  system  cousistiii<>'  of  primarv, 
intermediate,  grammar,  academic,  and  high  school  de- 
partments, and  from  its  text-books  seems  to  have  been 
of  a  liigh  order  of  public  school.  Lewiston,  also,  liad 
its  independent  school  district  and  system  in  iour 
grades.  The  territorial  conchtion  handicapped  tin; 
cause  of  public  instruction  by  withholding  the  school 
lands  from  sale  until  the  attainment  of  statehood,  tho 
school  money  having  to  be  drawn  from  the  peoj)le  by 
taxation,  for  which  reason  no  great  advance  could  bu 
expected  before  the  territory  became  a  state.  Iilalio 
will  have  much  and  valuable  land  for  school  inn- 
poses.  In  anticipation  of  soon  coming  into  possession 
of  these  lands,  the  legislature,  in  January  1881),  passed 
an  act  locating  the  university  of  Idaho  at  Moscow,  in 
Latah  county,  and  appropriating  $15,000  with  which 
to  commence  its  foundation.^^ 

Turning  to  the  condition  of  the  mining  interests  of 
Idaho  in  1889,  it  appears  that  there  has  been  an  ini- 
])ortant  increase  in  the  yield  of  the  mines  from  1884 
to  1889,  the  product  in  1885  being  $5, 48(1,000:  in 
188(5,  $5,755,(i02;  in  1887,  $8,905,1^6;  in  1888. 
$9,245,589;  these  figures  being  from  conservative 
sources.^*  Other  authorities^^  claim  ten  millions  in 
gold,  silver,  and  lead  for  1888.  The  actual  amount 
reported  for  1889  of  gold  and  silver  was  $10,7(!9,000; 
of  lead,  $0,490,000;  of  co)  per,  $85,000— making  a 
total  of  $17,344,600  as  the  product  of  the  mines 
for  this  year,  while  $120,000,000  is  claimed  as  the. 
amount  of  the  precious  metals  wliich  Idaho  has  given 
to  the  world  since  mining  began  within  its  borcK  is. 
The  territory  in  1889  stood  fifth  in  the  list  of  bul- 
lion-producing commonwealths.     Besides  the  precious 

^^  The  first  board  of  regents  consisted  of  9  incniljors,  AVillis  Sweet 
beiuL;  prest,  and  D.  H.  B.  Blake  sec'y-  The  site  of  the  university  cuii.-i.sta 
of  i-'O  acres,  one  mile  from  Moscow,  on  tiie  slopi!  of  a  hill  facing  tlic  town, 
and  aiiproached  by  two  broad  avenues,  wiiii:li  will  be  sliaded  witii  trees. 

"  H.  V.  Wild,  U.  S.  Assayer  at  Boise,  in  tlio  Ji'eyt  of  (loo.  Skcenson  for 
16SS. 

•'''  (Shoshone  Journal,  ia  'The  NoHhweU  Mwjazint,  May  1889. 


MINING   AND  IRRIOATION. 


87S 


iiic'tals,  the  abundance  of  iron,  copper,  salt,  sulphur, 
mica,  sandstone,  limestone,  jjranite,  and  marble  dis- 
till tuted  throughout  the  territory  ottered  a  profitable 
iitld  to  capital  and  industry. 

Ahout  1(5,000,000  acres  is  the  estimated  amount  of 
aqricnltural  lands  in  Idaho,  000,000  acres  of  which  in 
is.si)  had  been  brought  under  cultivation,  by  an 
(.'.\[K'nditure  of  $2,000,000  in  irrigating  canals.  Expe- 
rience had  proved  that  when  irrigated  the  soil  of  Idaho 
jiroduced  all  kinds  of  cereals  and  vegetables  and  all 
the  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone  in  almost  unexampled 
al)undance  and  unrivalled  excellence.  Farmers  had 
come  to  prefer  the  irrigable  lands,  for,  water  being 
hniught  upon  them,  they  were  more  constant  in  their 
piodnctiveness  than  lands  depending  upon  rainfall, 
irrigation  thereby  became  a  subject  of  vast  ini[)or- 
taiice  to  agriculturists,  who  eagerly  studieil  the 
various  plans  from  time  to  time  proposed  by  govern- 
ment agents  and  commissioners  for  some  generally 
practicable  solution  of  the  question  which  thus  far 
has  i)een  little  illumined  by  their  observations.''" 

There  were  2,000  miles  of  irrigatmg  ditches  in  the 
territory,  and  schemes  on  foot  for  constructing  canals 
which  would  cost  several  millions,  for  reclamation 
liurj)oses,  and  to  bring  arid  lands  into  market,  either 
as  agricultural  or  grazing  farms.  Even  stock-raising, 
whicii  is  a  leading  industry  in  Idaho,  will  be  greatly 
promoted  by  the  reclamation  of  waste  lands.  ]\lucli 
has  already  been  done  to  improve  the  stock  of  the 
l)rceding-ranchos,  the  total  value  of  animals  of  all 
kinds  on  farms  being  set  down  at  $11, 882, IDG. 

A  movement  looking  to  the  closing  out  of  Indian 
reservations  by  allotting  land  in  severalty  to  Indians 

^''  Tlu>  last  report  of  the  irrigation  commissioners  presents  a  liill  of  costs, 
witli  tlu'ir  plan  of  diverting  the  waters  of  rivers  over  arid  lands  which  rcn- 
(krs  it  wholly  void  of  utility.  Tiien  ccmes  Wni  N.  Byers  of  Culdiado 
with  a  plan  for  storing  water  by  means  of  artiricial  glaciers,  wliicli  lio  ilaims 
caiihl  he  easily  constructed  during  the  winter  high  in  the  niiniii'.iiii  ,  and 
which  we  are  assured  wouhl  keep  supplied  during  summer  tiiosc  stioania 
wliich  otherwise  are  dried  up.  The  plau  is  deemed  worthy  of  cousiduration 
by  some  people. 


i 

BkI 

I 

\ 

674 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


had  l)een  bci^un,  and  promised  good  results.  Tlie 
Fort  Hall  and  Bannaek  reservation,  coinprisiii<^ 
1,202,M;}0  acres,  contained  525,000  acres  of  tirst-elass, 
easily  irrigable  land,  the  remainder  being  good  grazing 
land,  witli  some  jwrtions  rich  in  mineral.  The  Indians, 
for  whom  all  was  reserved,  numbered  1,700  int  ii, 
women,  and  children.  If  every  individual  shtnild 
receive  1(50  acres,  there  would  still  be  left  over  a 
million  acres.  The  Indians  on  the  Fort  Hall  reser- 
vation had  made  some  progress  in  agriculture,  3.S0  ot' 
them  cultivating  "mall  tracts,  on  which  they  raised  :i 
variety  of  farm  products.^^  The  Lemlii  reservation 
contained  105,900  acres,  which  was  held  for  548  In- 
dians, who  cultivated  258  acres,^^  The  Xez  IVicu 
reservation  embraced  740,051  acres  of  the  best  agri- 
cultural land  west  of  the  Rocky  M(nintains,  and  not 
excelled  by  any  porticm  of  tho  union  for  soil,  watci', 
tind)er,  and  all  natural  advantages.  It  was  held  fn' 
1,227  Indians — men,  women,  and  children.  Al)<>ut 
nOO  families  cultivated  small  farms,  raising  grains, 
fruit,  and  vegetabies.^^  This  tribe  had  been  tauglit 
almost  continuously  for  fifty  years,  and  were,  whm 
first  known,  superior  to  all  the  other  tribes  west  of 
the  Rocky  JMountams.  Indian  Auent  George  W. 
Norris,  in  his  report  to  the  governor  of  Idaho  in 
1888,  remai'ked  concerning  this  jieople  that  tliey  took 
little  interest   in  education  beyond  a  desire  that  their 

*'  Tliese  Indians  raised  8,523  bushels  of  wheat,  or  an  average  of  -'J'j 
hnslii'ls  to  thy  fiir;n;  S.OS.')  biisheU  ni  o.its;  i)15  bnMhuls  of  barlt'y;  .S,4.'iit 
bushels  of  potatoes;  1,'2(»0  husliels  of  tuiliips;  100  bushels  of  unions;  40 
Itusliels  (.f  beans;  2,000  tons  .>f  hay;  500  por.nd.)  of  butter.  Tiie  stdtk 
owni-'i  by  these  Jnliaus  wim:>,  »;,;,>(;  hors'!S;  2  mules,  1,000  cattle,  4,1  swini', 
ami  ;i")()  donostic  fowls,     trov.'s  Uepf,  1SJS8,  p.  47. 

^•^  The  Indians  on  this  ;  s-h  rvation  raised  200  bushels  of  wlieat;  IS.-iH) 
bushels  of  oats;  4.")0  busi^  Is  X  potatoes;  25  bushels  of  onions;  400  bushils 
of  other  vegetables;  70  tons  of  hay;  and  owned  8,000  horses,  1  nnile,  ami 
(jO  eattle.     Jd.  48. 

•'■' The  Nez  P.'rc<^s  raised  68,750  bushels  of  wheat;  ],OoO  bushels  of  corn: 
22,000  bu.-hels  of  oats,  1,000  busiuds  of  barley  and  rye;  10,000  busluls  of 
potatoes;  100  bushels  of  turnips;  800  bu.shels  of  onions,  500  busluls  ot 
beans;  1,000  bushels  of  other  vegetables;  25,000  melons;  15,000  squashes; 
4,000  tons  of  hay;  400  pounds  of  butter;  and  owned  14,0t)0  horses,  10 
mules,  ;i,500  cattle,  500  awiue,  7  sheep,  2,500  fowls;  and  cultivated  5,4'JJ 
acres.     Id,  41). 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


675 


f'liildron  slioulc]  learn  to  speak  tlio  Eiii^lisli  laii'^uaij^o; 
and  that  tlieir  ainUitioii  was  Itoumlccl  by  a  (It'iiiaiid 
for  tlic  fires,  beds,  clotliiiij^,  and  8ubsisteiiee  furnislicd 
(luriiiij^  the  winter  by  the  srovennnent.  In  his  opinion, 
land  should  be  allotted  to  them  individually,  and 
stH'ured  by  patent,  and  they  be  compelled  to  labor, 
instead  of  bein<^  dependent  upon  the  bounty  of  the 
I'nited  States,  whose  creatures  have  taken  from  them 
about  all  that  they  once  possessed.  Their  increasinjjj 
wants  would  lead  them  to  dispose  of  their  superfluous 
lands,  and  thus  the  reservation  question  be  amicably 
settled;  but  to  o])en  reservations  to  settlement  before 
tlic  allotments  were  made  would  alarm  the  Indians 
and  lead  to  trouble. 

The  fourth  Indian  reservation  in  Idaho  was  the 
Co'ur  d'Aleiie,  in  which  was  contained  .'I'JB.oOO  acres, 
held  for  the  l-Ciiefit  of  about  500  individuals.  A  por- 
tion of  this  territory  was  rich  in  minerals,  and  was  in 
actual  possession  by  a  minino;  population.  Steps  were 
hein<i^  taken  to  secure  its  relinquishment  by  the  In- 
ilians,  who  iealously  ofuarded  their  rights  undtr  their 
treaty  with  the  United  States.  The  CNeur  d'Alenes 
were  catholics,  and  were  far  behind  the  Nez  Perce:-;  in 
inteilig-ence. 

Still  another  reservation  was  that  of  the  western 
Sliosliones,  comprisini^  131,300  acres  at  the  head  of 
the  Owyhee  river,  and  occupied  by  about  400  Indians. 
These  were  wild  Indians  who  cultivated  no  farms. 

Hius  there  were  within  the  boundaries  of  Idaho 
2,884,731  acres  of  the  most  valuable,  atyricultural, 
timbered,  and  mineral  lands,  hehl  for  4,375  persons, 
not  more  than  one  fifth  of  whom  were  heads  of  fami- 
lies. Aside  from  the  desire  to  have  these  lands  pro- 
ductive and  taxable  was  the  ap[)rehensi()n  that  any 
misunderstanding  mi_<T^ht  involve  the  territory  in  an- 
other war  such  as  had  desolated  certain  ])ortions  only 
as  rLcently  as  1877  and  1878.  This  conjuncti(»n  of 
circumstances  led  Governor  Stevenson  to  point  out  to 
the  general  government  that   while  Idaho  had   be- 


Si     .*i4      In  ji  s  J 


f]  I    ! 


H 


676 


MATERIAL   AND  SOCIAL  PROllRKSS. 


twoon  4,000  and  5,000  Imliaiis  witliin  licr  bnnlors, 
she  had  hut  one  company  of  cavalry  and  one  oi"  in- 
fantry for  defense,  at  Boise  J^arracks.'*''  Fort  Sher- 
man, also  a  two-company  post,  was,  to  he  sure,  in 
Idalio,  hut  almost  at  its  extreme  northern  hound.ny, 
and  so  nearly  in  Washinii^ton  that  its  iniluence  was 
not  felt.  The  governor  called  attention  to  this  want 
of  consideration  i'or  Idaho,  and  demanded  "one  i^ood 
permanent,  at  least,  four-com[)any  post,"  to  check  the 
roamiiiii^  hahits  of  the  Indians,  "whose  presence  ex- 
cites the  fears  and  evil  passions  of  our  pi;o[)le."''^ 

Previous  to  1885,  when  the  Ore;:?on  Short  Line  r;iil- 
road  was  com[)leted  from  its  junction  with  the  Union 
Pai'ifu-  in  Wyoininjj;  to  its  connection  with  the  Orr- 
|L»()n  IJailway  and  Xavi^ation  Conii»any's  raihoad  at 
Huntiii'^ton,  on  Snake  river,  418  miles,  Idaho  could 
not  he  said  to  have  any  commerce,  or  at  hest  to  have 
a  verj'  one-sided  ct)nnnerce  with  the  world  on  any 
side.  The  opening  of  railroad  trans[)ortation  marked 
a  new  I'ra,  encouraging  every  existing  industiy,  and 
developing  new  ones.  The  exports  of  live-stock  in 
1885  aggregated  o(),000  head  of  cattle  and  horses,  or 
1,800  car-loads;  and  the  imjiorts  of  improvc^l  stock 
for  hreeding  pur])oses  reached  200  car-loads,  or  ahdut 
4,000  head.'*"  The  railroad  was  a  great  relief  to 
miners,  also,  in  the  transportation  of  ores  and  hulli<in; 

*"Rciiso  l'>,irr:ii'ks  in  a  two-onnipatiy  post,  witli  a  ri'scrvalioii  oiu,'  iiiiln 
squiiri.  nil  u  liiili  iii'O  (Mci'ti'il  iniiriy  iiiiu  l)iiililinji;s  of  a  (IuimIiK'  stmii'  |it'(iili:ii' 
to  till-  loi-ility,  wliirli  givi's  tlu'iii  an  iinpoising  appoaraiu'o.  Tin/  grmin.l.s  iuu 
■\voll  caii'il  tor  anil  liMiulsoiiii'ly  l.iiii  out. 

♦'  Slivijiisoii  jioiiitt'd  out  t!iat  wliilo  Idaho  was  so  nonrly  (IrfciiM'lcss, 
Mont.ina  liiul  .'1(1  I'onnianii'M,  stationoil  at  7  dittiTi'iit  imiut-i;  .New  Mi'xico  liiul 
'Jit,  at  "i  points;  Arizona  .'{4,  at  11  points;  Utah  1."),  at  2  points;  W.ishiiiutoii 
'JO,  at  4  points;  Wyonuiig  'J7,  at  7  points;  aiul  Dakota  ;{7,  at  10  points. 
Uoi'.'m  /,'<jit,  'u   ."i8. 

'•'One  of  tliu  liorsu-raisors  of  Idaho  was  Miss  Kittio  Wilkins,  soinctiiii'.'s 
called   the    llorso    (^iiceii,   of    Hruui'au  valley,   where  she   residi'd  witli    her 

iiareiits,  on  a  lar;,'o  rr.ngo.  lli:r  stoek  eonsisled  of  Hlack  liauks,  Moiuiuh, 
'oreherons,  li.iinliletoiiians,  and  French  draughtdiorse.s.  Tht!  father  of  MisH 
Wilkins  settled  in  Iilaho  in  ISti."),  when  she  was  an  infant,  and  from  one 
(illy,  given  the  eiiild,  eanie,  hy  good  inaniigement,  a  hiind  of  700  or  SIM) 
liorses.  Miss  Wilkius  was  ediuNited  at  St  \'iiioeiit's  academy,  Walla  Walla, 
and  tlio  couvuut  uf  Nutru  i)uine,  tjau  Joae,  Ual, 


COMMERCE. 


577 


and  to  merchants  and  farmers.  For  the  year  ending 
Juno  30,  1888,  the  total  tonnai^e  of  Idaho  carried 
on  the  ()re*i^on  Short  Line  and  Utah  and  Northern 
divisions  of  the  Union  Pacific  was  44,809  tons,  8,380 
(if  wliich  was  grain,  11,874  ores,  (),yi3  Hve-stock, 
(;,(i78  bulHon  and  lead,  and  4,7G6  mercluindise;  the 
remainder  heiiig  misceHaneous  freight. 

Tlie  total  outward  tonnage  of  all  the  railroad  and 
(steamboat  lines  in  Idaho  in  the  year  ending  July  30, 
ISSl),  was  184,015,  of  which  50,000  tons  was  of 
wlieat,  oats,  barley,  Hax-seed,  and  other  farm  pro- 
ducts; while  the  freight  received  for  consumption 
amounted  to  111), GOO  tons.  The  value  of  farm  ])ro- 
(hifts  and  building  material  marketed  was  .$1),520, 17G 
-a  stattMnent  which  shows  the  importance  of  rapid 
transit  in  increasing  commerce. 

Tlie  legislature  of  188(5-7  enacted  a  law  constitut- 
iiii;'  tlie  governor,  controller,  and  treasurer  of  the  ter- 
ritory a  board  of  equalization,  whose  duty  it  was  to 
]ilacc  a  valuation  per  mile  on  each  line  of  road  [tassing 
through  more  than  one  county.  In  1881)  there  were 
iK'Vin  railways  traversing  various  ]>arts  of  ]daho,  so 
.sudden  was  the  trans[)ortation  system  by  rail  devel- 
("IK'd  in  this  inter-montane  commonwealth.^''  The 
assessed  valuation  of  888.73  miles  of  railway  was  fixed 
liy  the  connnissioners  at  .$4,71D,78G — a  moderate  valu- 
ation, especially  when  it  is  considered  that  the  rail- 
roads fi.\(Ml  their  own  tarifls,  which  the  people  had  to 
pay.     The  Northern  Pucific  claimed  exemption  from 

''Tlit'so  wcri^  tlio  Orciron  Sli'.t  [.ino;  Utah  and  Nortlicrii,  I'.'O  miles; 
Mali(i('t'iiti"il,  IS\  mill's;  N'jrtliciii  I'iU'ilio,  SH  miles;  Woml  Kivcr,  1.")',  milfs; 
Imiiiili  of  Oiiiuiin  SJiDi't  Lii.. .  C)i\  milos;  Washington  and  Itlaho,  Xl  miles; 
Cii'iu'  d'Ali'iie  Itailway  and  Niivij;ation  Coniitaiiy  (nari'owgauge),  ;{S  miles, 
iiMilcanyiiin  '■••'{.'•00  toiisjierannniii;  .SpoUiiiifaiid  Paloiiso,  (•'.  miles;  O.  K.  it  N. 
liniiirh  ill  l^iUali  eo.,  .'1  miles;  .Sj.okaiie  l-'alis  and  Idaho  Kailway,  \'A>,  miles. 
lii'^iilcs  tiies<',  the  Miilland  I'acilie,  a  iraiiseontiiieiital  line,  was  (nojeeted  Iroiii 
.Scuttle  to  Sioux  Kails  and  (,'iiiea<;o.  'I'liis  road  would  enter  Id.ilio  from 
till' cast  on  the  north  fork  of  Snake  river,  erossini;  tiie  Utah  aii<l  Norllierii 
lit  M.irket  lake,  erossing  the  jilains  to  IJireh  ereek,  tlienee  on  the  divide  he- 
twccii  Snake  and  Salmon  rivers,  down  the  Lemhi  to  Salmon  <'ity,  tiience 
(liiwi  .  Hion  river  to  Statu  creek,  and  thioiigii  the  northern  (.'.iinas  m-.i^vie 
ti)  .  ..ton.  Us  lengtii  iu  Idaho  would  aiiproximale  ."lOlt  nnle^i,  It  was 
i''iiitciii|iiated  ehaiiging  tiie  route  of  t!ie  Oregon  Short  liine  m  as  to  hring  the 
iiuiu  line  thiim;;h  lloise  City,  lii^it  q/  Goo,  Gconjc  L.  iHuji.i',  llsSU. 
iiisT.  a'asu.— ay 


ill'.,  ■ 


\h 


578 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


taxation  for  its  franchise  and  road-bed  by  act  of  con- 
gress, and  only  its  rolling  stock  was  valued  for  taxa- 
tion by  the  county  authorities." 

The  fifteenth  legislati\v;  assembly  of  Idaho  con- 
vened December  10,  1888.*^  The  session,  whicli 
held  until  the  7th  of  February  1889,  had  under  con- 
sitleration  as  subjects  of  more  than  usual  interest 
the  division  of  Alturas  county  and  the  creation  of 
the  county  of  Elmore  out  of  its  western  territory,  tlu) 
exclusion  from  the  house  of  two  members  from  the 
mormon  districts  of  Binjxham  and  Bear  Lake  on 
account  of  illegal  voting  and  the  question  of  state- 
hood. In  the  case  of  Elmore  county,  after  niueli 
display  of  legislative  tactics,  including  the  l)oltiiig  of 
the  speaker  of  the  house,  who  abru[)tly  left  his  el  •  ,i' 
during  the  readino-  of  the  iournal  on  the  last  da,  n^' 
the  session,***  the  bill  was  passed  and  approved  by  tht 
governor.  Logan  county  was  organized  at  the  same 
time,  and  the  county  of  Custer  also  created  at  thi« 
term. 

With  regard   to  the  contested  elections,  notwitli- 

**  The  Western  Union  Telegraph  comjiany  had  770  miles  of  wires  in  tlm 
territory,  valued  at  §Cl,3l)3.'J0.  Other  couipanies  had  131  miles  of  wiivs, 
valued  at  §3,700. 

■"  The  members  of  the  council  at  this  term  were:  J.  S.  Nejilce,  Ada  m  ; 
Charles  McViierson  and  Perkins,  Altu  .;;:;  Frederick  Caniplu'll,  Ada  ,iiid 
Boise;  S.  V.  Taylor,  Bingham;  .1.  P.  ("lough,  Cujter  and  LiMidii;  J.  K.  Ire- 
land, Oneida  and  Bingham;  J.  \V.  Brigham,  Nez  Perce  an<l  Latali;  T.  V.  Nil- 
son,  Iilaho;  J.  W.  Lamoreux,  Oneida,  I'assia,  and  Be;ir  l^akc;  K.  S.  Jtwtll, 
Owyhee  and  Washington;  A.  E.  Mayhew,  Shoshone  and  Kootenai.  J.  l'. 
Clongh  was  chosen  president. 

The  representativ  es  of  the  lower  house  dechared  entitled  to  scats  viii't 
D.  L.  Bradley,  .1.  M.  Martin,  and  M.  A.  Kurtz,  of  Ada  co. ;  .1.  II.  \  ..i 
Sehaick,  H.  H.  Clay,  Ira  S.  Waring,  and  H.  C.  Burkliart,  Alturas;  .1.  11. 
Kinnersley,  Bear  Lake;  H.  B.  Kiiiport  and  (Jeorge  P.  Wlieclfr.  lliii;;liaiii; 
(r.  W.  (jlorton,  Bingham  and  Custer;  J.  A.  Bruner,  lioise;  K.  A.  .Idrdini,  Cas- 
sia; C.  M.  IJay,  Idaho;  A.  S.  Ciianey,  J.  I.  Mitchani,  and  .lames  l)e  llaveii, 
Nez  Perce;  U.  H.  Uavis,  Oni^ida;  (ieorgo  W.  Sampson,  Owvlicc;  1.  ('.  J^ar- 
geant.  Siioshone;  J.  Rand  Sanhurn,  Shoshone  and  Kootenai;  ^larviii  KiI!".]m. 
Washington;  (Jeorge  W.  Emory,  Custer.  No  member  from  L(  iiilu  w.is 
present  at  the  opening  of  the  session.  W.  H.  B.  Crow  and  .lames  Lyons  were 
admitted  to  contested  seats.  H.  C.  Burkhart  was  elected  speaker,  lilnkt 
Jour.  Council  and  Home  188S-'J. 

*"  The  president  of  the  ecmncil  also  vacated  the  chair  on  the  hist  day  of 
the  session,  in  orde.  to  obstruct  the  passage  of  a  measure  obnoxious  to  him. 
In  neither  case  was  the  action  successful,  as  tiio  house  immediately  cK'i  tcil 
(reo.  P.  Wheeler,  of  Bingham,  chairniuu,  and  the  council  jhosc  S.  F.  Taylor, 
ot  Bingham,  president. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CONVENTION. 


579 


standing  a  well-argued  minority  report  in  their  favor 
by  the  member  from  Nez  Perce  county,  the  mormon 
members  were  Ukiseated.  This  bitterness  towards  a 
jtortion  of  the  population  of  the  territory,  however 
much  it  may  have  had  to  justify  it,  is  a  painful  spec- 
tacle in  a  republic.  Congress  was  memorialized  to 
ri  fuse  Utah  admission  into  the  union,  and  also  to  re- 
(|uire  of  homestead  and  preemption  settlers  an  oath 
t(  inching  polygamous  practices.*'  A  perusal  of  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  legislature  would  impress  the  reader 
witli  the  conviction  that  the  main  point  to  be  gained 
in  all  their  legislation  was  security  against  the  growth 
of  mormon  principles  in  the  territory. 

A  bill  establishing  a  board  of  immigration  to  en- 
courage the  movement  of  population  to  Idaho  was 
|);i>ised.  "It  is  a  well-known  fact,"  said  the  report  of 
the  committee  on  territorial  aflairs,  while  recommend- 
ing the  passage  of  this  bill,  "that  the  advantages  and 
resources  of  IcUiho  are  the  least  known  of  all  the  ter- 
litorics.  We  believe  the  time  has  come  when  Idaho 
should  take  that  rank  amono-  the  territories  which  her 
iiiiiics,  her  soil,  her  climate,  and  her  resources  justly 
entitle  her  to."*** 


II.  \  ..1 
lis;  .1.  11. 
Ii>nr.:liaiii; 
lilaii.  I  :l>- 
)l'   llilVlMl, 

('.  Silt'- 
Killmni. 

Illllu     WIS 

mis  wiTu 
■i:    Ihiho 


*■  The  law  rcquircil  superintendents  of  schoola  to  take  an  oath  that  thoy 
virc  iit'ither  "lii^iunist  or  iMilyganiist,"  but  at  this  nt'ssinii  it  was  so  altercil 
tiiat  in  case  the  [iLTson  challeiigud  were  a  woman,  the  ol)j('ctional)lo  terms 
■'iniild  not  be  includeil  in  th(!  oatli.    Iihiho  Jour,  ('oiiiiril  188S  !»,  1'28. 

'"  A'ith  regard  to  mines  ot'  wiiieh  the  early  history  has  been  giN'en,  the  fol- 
;  lu  Mi;  .lay  bo  intcrestin^f;  The  Oro  Fino  j,'roiii)  of  8  mines  belonj,'8  to  the  Oro 
K'lii.  Miniiij,' com])any,  limited,  of  I^ioudon,  England.  Tlu' original  Oro  Fino 
;  red  loed  .*I,SI)0,()(X),  and  is  soon,  according  to! rov.  Slioiip  s  rejiort,  from 
>  1  take  these  items,  to  produce  much  more.  The  lode  is  situated  on 
•'ii'de  mountain,  in  Oroyhee  district,  3  miles  from  Silver  City.  The 
'I  is  a  truo  Hssui  ■,  varying  from  2  to  (')  feet  in  width,  carrying  free  milling 
nil  •,  L'«'  ;  .uul  silver.  The  shaft  has  reached  the  depth  of  'M)l  feet,  while 
the  Ml  ii.:  has  not  been  stoped  out  to  that  depth.  Levels  already  starteil  on 
tills  mine  before  it  was  purchased  by  the  comi)any  now  owning  it  have  bee!i 
('iiiliiiued  with  good  residts.  A  lode  of  very  rich  ore  has  been  discovered  for 
a  ili^tance  of  I'iO  feet  in  length,  reaching  \ipward  KM)  feet.  At  a  recent  test 
tills  (ii'c  as.sayed  !?'_"_'.")  per  ton,  nearly  all  gold.  Over  the  mine  is  a  substan- 
tial sliaftdionse,  with  hoisting  ntachiiiery  capalile  of  working  the  mine  to  a 
iliptli  of  1,500  feet,  while  at  Silver  t'ity  is  the  new  Oro  Fino  'JO-stamp  steam 
i|iiart/. mill.  The  Oro  Fino  group  of  mines  is  eovereil  by  ten  loeatioi.s,  [latents 
liii'  w  liich  have  been  applied  for. 

I'lie  I'oorman  group  covers  an  area  of  about  one  half  mile  in  width  by  one 
tnili-  in  length,  and  is  comjiosed  of  8  or  10  lodes,  the  principal  of  which  is  the 
v.tii  Ijrated  I'oorniau,  the  lioUe  I'eck,  Oso,  llhiioiu  t'eutral,  South  i'oorman, 


680 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS, 


■  a 


'■'■■ 


ii- 


It  is  worth}'-  of  mention  that  the  legislature  appro- 
priated $50,000  for  the  construction  of  a  road,  lonof 
needed,  between  Mount  Idaho,  in  Idaho  county,  and 
Little  Salmon  Meadows,  in  Washington  county,  more 
closely  connecting  the  Panhandle  to  the  main  body  of 
the  future  state.  Congress  was  memorialized  for  an 
amendment  to  the  alien  act,  so  as  to  except  mines  from 
its  prohibitions.  A  bill  was  passed  establishing  a 
board  of  innnigration.  The  *  University  of  Idaho' 
was  established.  Congress  was  asked  to  pay  the  In- 
dian war  claims  of  1877-8-9,  and  a  badge  or  button 
asked  of  congress  as  a  distinguishing  mark  for  the  men 
who  ^^rved  in  those  wars,  with  local  legislation  of  or- 
dinary rtance. 

On  th.  4th  of  January  a  bill  was  introduced  in 
the  house  by  Bruner  of  Boise  providing  for  a  conisti- 

Silver  Cord,  and  Jackson.  All  these  mines  Iiavf;  produced  more  or  less,  wliilt^ 
tlie  Pooriiian  lias  yiolilcd  millions.  United  States  patents  have  hceii  applii'd 
for  for  this  group  of  minus.  The  property  was  purchaised  in  1888  by  a  syndi- 
cate then  living  in  London. 

'i'ho  Morning  Star  mine,  situated  one  fourti^  of  a  mile  from  Silver  City, 
owned  l»y  Stoddard,  Townsend,  &  Smith,  has  produced  iJToO.lXM).  Six  otiier 
mines  situated  in  this  district  are  mentioned  in  the  report  of  Gov.  Slidup. 
In  the  adjoining  district  of  Wagontown,  discovered  in  1870  by  J.  VV.  Stodaril, 
is  the  Wilson,  the  largest  and  richest  mine  in  Llaho,  owned  by  Christian  and 
Louis  Wahl  of  Chicajio,  and  J.  R.  De  Lamar  of  Owyhee  co.  The  veins,  l.'i, 
HO,  and  77  feet  in  width,  have  all  been  opened,  showing  .300,000  tons  of  nn; 
that  will  mill  from  §15  to  ^'200  per  ton.  The  bullion  produced  ia  high  grudo 
in  gold. 

Concerning  the  CVeur  d'Aleno  mines  of  the  ^'anhandle,  the  following  is  the 
history:  In  1884,  the  tirst  tliscovcry  of  galena  was  made  on  Canon  creek,  .i 
tributary  of  tiie  C<eur  d'Alene  river.  The  Tiger  and  Poorman  mines,  ijuw 
famous  lor  their  product,  are  the  micleus  of  the  flourishing  town  of  Ihirke. 
Soon  af  :er  their  discoverj-,  the  Bunker  Hill  and  Sullivan  mines,  on  Milo  .uul'li, 
also  a  tributary  of  the  Scuith  Fork,  were  found.  They  were  of  such  e\tra<ii- 
dinarv  magnitmle  and  richness  as  to  awaken  the  interest  of  the  capitalists  et 
Montana,  who  the  ensuing  year  constructed  a  narrow-gauge  railway  from 
Lake  Co'ur  d'Alene  to  tlieso  mines,  and  began  shipping  the  ore  to  the  eon- 
eentrating  works  at  Wickes,  Mont.  This  was  the  entering  wedge  wliich 
ojiciU'd  the  marvellous  treasures  of  the  CVeur  d'Alene  to  tiie  world,  and  onalili'd 
it  in  less  than  3  years  to  become  the  greatest  lead-producing  region  in  tli') 
I'nited  States.  Ten  concentrators,  with  an  average  capacity  of  100  tons  dailj 
each,  are  now  in  operation  in  this  di.striet.  They  produce  70,000  tons  of  enii- 
centrates  per  annum,  containing  an  average  of  30  oz.  of  silver  anil  00  jut 
cent  of  lead,  besides  45,000  tons  of  selected  ore,  averag;:;^'  40  oz  of  siher 
and  00  per  cent  of  lead,  aggregating  a  cash  value  of  $l),030,00u  a\  the  market 
price  of  silver  and  lead. 

Large  cfipper  n\ines  are  found  in  Washington  co.,  bit  cannot  be  profitahly 
worked  until  railroads  are  constructed  to  this  district — Seven  Devils  by 
uanie — also  iu  Alturas,  Ouster,  aud  Bingham  cuuutieu. 


I 


STATEHOOD. 


5S1 


tutional  convention  preparatory  to  tlie  admission  of 
Idaho  into  tlie  union,  and  on  the  17th  councihnan 
Perkins  of  Alturas  gave  notice  of  a  joint  memorial 
iiraving  confjress  for  an  act  enabHni;  Idaho  to  form  a 
state  government.  In  the  mean  tune  the  citizens  of 
Jicwiston,  having  held  a  mass  meeting,  sent  their  reso- 
lutions to  the  legislature,  in  which  they  "insisted 
upon,  and  respectfully  demanded  of  congress,  admis- 
sion as  a  state  into  the  federal  union,"  and  indorsed 
the  efforts  of  delegate  Dubois  and  others  to  secure 
this  end,  and  calling  upon  the  legislature  and  the 
towns  and  counties  of  Idaho  to  unite  in  urijing  imnie- 
diatc  action.  On  the  2i)th  of  January  the  councd 
approved  a  h  /"'Je  joint  memorial  for  the  admission  of 
Idalio  without  a  dissenting  voice;  and  on  the  4th  of 
February  a  select  committee  appointed  to  examine  a 
house  bill  providing  for  the  calling  of  a  constitutional 
convention  made  a  favorable  report.  The  desire  of 
the  people  was  declared  to  be,  while  not  doubting  the 
national  will  and  power  to  legislate  for  the  interests 
of  the  territorv,  that  the  oovernment  atlairs  of  Idaho 
be  placed  in  their  hands.  They  had  the  wealth  and 
pi)l)ulation,  and  believed  that  further  delay  would 
postpone  the  enlistment  of  capital  in  the  development 
of  tiieir  resources.*" 

Nothing  more  was  needed  to  impel  the  governor  to 
issue  a  proclamation  calling  for  a  state  constitutional 
convention. 


The  general  condition  of  Idaho  was  much  improved 
in  1881).  Mining  and  agriculture  were  both  making 
long  strides  forward  by  means  of  transportation  facili- 
ties and  irrigation.^"  Land  was  advancing  in  value, 
po[iulation  increasing,  and  various  enterprises  being 

^'  /'Inho,  Jour,  rfome  1888  -!»,  204. 

'"  The  Central  Ciiiiiil  iiiiil  Liuul  company  was  24  miles  in  length  in  Pecoiii- 
li'i-  ISS'J,  and  would  irrigate  50,000  iu:re»*.  The  .SettlerH*  ditch,  which  had 
been  ill  progress  tiiree  years,  was  aimiit  ready  to  run  lateral  lines  to  100 
I'lrnis.  Huth  thesu  uauuU  were  in  Ada  cuuuty.  i'urtluud  Onyunian,  Dec. 
l!U,  iSSi). 


ti-i't 


■n 


582 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


projected.  All,  or  nearly  all,  the  old  political  acri- 
mony had  died  out.  Even  the  scheme  so  loiitjf 
entertained  in  northern  Idaho  of  being  annexed  to 
Washington  was  no  longer  heard  of,  except  to  be  de- 
nounced. The  legislature  of  188G-7  passed  a  resolu- 
tion pn^testing  against  any  proposition  to  segregate  any 
portion  of  Idaho  with  a  view  to  attach  it  to  another 
state  or  territory  by  a  vote  9  to  3  in  the  council  and 
20  to  4  in  the  house.  A  similar  resolution  was  in- 
corporated in  the  platform  adopted  by  the  democratic 
territorial  convention  held  at  Boise  City  in  Juno 
1888;  and  the  measure  was  strongly  denounced  by 
the  republican  convention  of  the  same  year. 

The  republican  cojiventicn  of  1888  also  declared  in 
favor  of  statehood  "  for  the  whole  territory."  The 
moveuicnt  for  statehood,  it  was  alleged,  was  bassod 
upon  the  desire  of  the  people  to  have  a  voice  in  presi- 
de! ^tial  elections,  the  need  to  become  possessed  of  a 
state's  landed  dowery,  and  the  wish  to  do  away  witli 
the  alien  act  of  congress,  prohibiting  the  invest- 
ment of  foreign  capital  in  the  territories,  w'liich  was 
detrimental  to  mining  interests.  Of  the  opposition 
to  statehood,  which  proceeded  chiefly  from  the  fanning 
population,  it  was  said  that  a  state  government  sutti- 
cient  in  all  its  departments  for  the  needs  of  a  growing 
commonwealth,  affording  means  for  the  prompt  admin- 
istration of  justice  in  the  courts,  providing  a  teacher 
for  every  child  of  school  age,  and  an  asylum  for  every 
helpless,  blind,  dumb,  or  idiotic  dependent,  would  cer- 
tainly cost  more  than  a  government  which  delayed 
justice,  turned  out  the  feeble  to  the  charities  of  tlie 
world,  and  reared  the  young  in  ignorance;  but  that 
every  good  thing  was  worth  its  cost,  and  no  peo]»le 
ever  bore  just  burdens  with  greater  patience  thantli<3 
people  of  Idaho. ''^  The  general  government  paid  only 
$28,000  per  annum  for  t'^e  support  of  the  territory, 
while  the  tax-payers  paid  $75,000,  and  by  economy 
the  state,  with  its  greater  advantages,  would  be  able 

"1  Proclamation  by  Gov.  Shoup  in  Oov.'a  liept,  1889,  106. 


STATEHOOD. 


683 


mi«»' 


iiiiii- 

ery 
cer- 


fcluit 
oplu 
the 
nily 
oiy, 
)iuy 
iblc 


to  meet  all  the  increased  obligations  necessary  to  be 
assumed.  These  arguments,  as  we  shall  see,  proved 
convincing  to  the  majority. 

The  changes  in  the  judiciary  of  Idaho  had  always 
l)ccn  frequent.  James  B.  Hays  was  appointed  chief 
justice  in  188G  in  place  of  John  I.  Morgan;  Norman 
l^ut'k  and  Case  Broderick,  appointed  in  1884,  being 
his  associates,  and  James  H.  Hawley  United  States 
attorney.  In  1888,  Hugh  W.  Weir  was  chief  justice, 
and  John  Lee  Logan  and  Charles  H.  Berry  associates, 
with  Hawley  still  United  States  attorney.  In  1881), 
AViir  was  su})erseded  by  James  H.  Beatty  of  Hailey; 
and  Logan,  who  was  removed  on  account  of  ill  health,^^ 
was  followed  by  Willis  Swret  of  Moscow,  who  had  a 
few  months  previously  been  appointed  United  States 
attorney.  E.  S.  Whittier,  district  attorney  of  Bing- 
liani  county,  was  mentioned  as  successor  to  Judge 
Ixriy,  and  Fremont  Wood  of  Boise  was  a})pointud 
United  States  attorney,  and  John  P.  Wilson  mar- 
shal. Thus  at  last  Idaho  secured  courts  from  among 
lior  own  citizens.  With  a  change  of  administration 
and  the  election  of  1888  in  Idaho  came  a  (juite  gen- 
cial  change  of  federal'*^  and  territorial  officials.  Fred- 
erick T.  Dubois,  however,  was  again  chosen  delegate 

■'-'  Judge  Logan  came  to  Idaho  when  the  bench  and  society  were  sliaken 
to  tlii'ir  foundations,  and  mob  law  openly  advocated.  The  atmosphere  was 
fciul  with  venality,  corruption,  and  moral  weakness.  A  change  occurred  as 
it  by  magic  when  Judge  Logan  ascended  the  tribune.  Tiio  people  recognized 
ill  liiui  a  splendid  lawyer,  a  man  of  firmness  and  clearness  of  miml.  He 
ciiiulucted  and  ruled  the  court;  the  court  did  not  rule  him.  He  was  just  and 
fair,  impartial  and  fearless.  The  first  criminal  cases  tried  before  him  showed 
tliat  he  was  a  judge  for  the  people,  that  he  would  interpret  the  law  as  it 
tiliunld  bo  interpreted,  and  that  he  would  honestly  discharge  his  duties. 
(jrdii'jrrille  Free.  I'rcnn. 

''■'  Otiier  federal  apjiointr.ients  were  Charles  S.  Kingley,  register  of  the 
U.  S.  laiid-ortice,  and  Joseph  Pcrrault,  receiver,  Hoise  City;  H.  O.  Hillings, 
rouister  of  the  U.  S.  land-oflice,  and  C.  0.  Stockslagor,  receiver,  llaiiey; 
Perry  J.  Anson,  register  of  the  U.  S.  land-otlice,  and  VV.  H.  JJanielson,  re- 
ceiver, IMackfoot;  Francis  F.  Patterson  of  the  U.  S.  land-ollice,  and  Charles 
M.  Kiiree,  receiver,  Lewiston;  William  J.  McChire,  register  of  tiie  U.  S.  laad- 
oliiif,  and  Robert  E,  McFarland,  receiver,  Cieur  d'Ah'ne;  S.  G.  Fisher,  U.  S. 
liitl.  agent  at  Ross  Fork  agency  (Fort  Hall);  W.  1).  Robbius,  U.  S.  Ind. 
a;,'i:iit,  Nez  Perci''  agency;  J.  M.  Neediiam,  U.  S.  Ind,  agent,  Leiniii  agency, 
and  11.  J.  Cole,  U.  S.  Ind.  agent  at  C»vur  d'Alene  agency;  W.  J.  Cuniiing- 
liaiii,  U.  S.  assaycr,  Bi  ise  City;  William  A.  Kortz,  sergeant  iu  charge  of 
U.  S.  signal-oUicc,  Boise  City. 


iy 


I  M 


684 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


to  cono^ress.  Gcorcre  L.  Shoup  was  appointed  jrov- 
ernor,  E.  J.  Curtis  remained  secretary,  Joseph  C. 
Strauglin  was  appointed  surveyor-general,  Kicliard 
Z.  Johnson  was  elected  attornev-fjeneral  of  the  terii- 
tory,  James  H.  Wickersham  comptroller,  Cliarlos 
Himrod  treasurer,  and  Charles  C.  Stevenson  su[)or- 
mtendent  of  public  instruction/* 

Before  Governor  Stevenson  was  relieved  of  the  ex- 
ecutive office,  he  issued  a  proclamation  April  2,  1889, 
recommending  that  the  people  elect  delegates  to  a 
constitutional  convention,  to  meet  at  Boisd  City,  July 
4th  of  that  year,  to  frame  a  constitution  for  the  state 
of  Idaho,  although  no  enabling  act  had  been  passed  l)y 
congress.  On  the  30th  of  April  Shoup  took  the  outh 
of  office,  and  assumed  the  duties  of  governor  on  the  1st 
of  May.  On  the  11th  he  supplemented  Stevenson's 
proclamation  with  another,  approving  the  holding  of 
a  constitutional  convention.  Seventy-two  delegates 
were  elected,  and  the  convention  was  in  session  for 
thirty-four  days.  The  instrument  as  framed  by 
them  declared  the  constitution  of  the  United  States 
the  supreme  law  of  the  land,  and  aimed  to  protect 
and  foster  the  industries  and  interests  of  the  territory. 
It  forever  prohibited  bigamy  and  polygamy.  The 
govcrmnent  of  the  state  was  in  three  departments, 
legislative,  executive,  and  judicial.  The  legislature 
was  to  consist  of  18  senators  and  36  assemblymen, 
and  should  not  be  increased  to  exceed  24  and  (50  re- 
spectively. It  should  meet  biennially,  excejit  in  s{)e- 
cial  instances.  The  executive  department  was  to 
consist  of  a  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  secretary 
of  state,  auditor,  treasurer,  attorney-general,  and 
superintendent  of  public   instruction,   each   t(^    hold 

**  The  legislative  ap])ointir.ont8  were:  Trustees  for  tho  care  and  oustdily 
of  the  oii|iit()l  buihliiig,  R.  Z.  Joliiisou,  C.  liiiiiroil,  J.  H.  Wickersliaiii;  imii- 
inissiouers  for  the  iin])roveinciit  of  the  capitol  grounds,  V.  W.  Moore,  I'l'ti  r 
Souiia,  I.  L.  Tiuer,  R.  Z.  Jolmson;  territorial  prisou  conunissioiiers,  Wil- 
liam Bryon,  C.  P.  Bilderbaek,  J.  B.  Wright;  direetors  of  the  insane  asyliiii' 
at  Blaukfoot,  I.  N.  Costou,  O.  P.  Johnson,  N.  A.  .Just;  regents  of  tlie  iiiii 
versity  of  Idaho,  George  L.  Shoup,  Isaac  H.  Bowman,  John  W.  .Tonen,  .1.  W 
Reid,  Nathau  Falk,  B.  k\  Morrisou,  Willis  Sweet,  11.  B.  Blake,  Richard 
Z.  Jolumou. 


i 


WAR  ON  THE  MORMONS. 


585 


office  fttr  two  years.  Tlie  sfovernor,  secretary  of 
state,  and  attorney-general  were  to  constitute  a  board 
of  pardons. 

The  su})rcnie  court  should  consist  of  three  justices, 
to  he  elected  at  lari^e.  Five  judicial  districts  were 
provided,  the  judges  to  reside  in  and  be  chosen  by 
tlie  electors  of  their  respective  districts;  and  a  dis- 
trict attorney  should  be  elected  for  each  district. 

Absolute  secrecy  of  the  ballot  Avas  guaranteed. 
Six  months'  residence  was  required  to  become  a 
qualified  elector.  Keligious  freedom  was  guaranteed. 
Taxes  for  state  purposes  should  never  exceed  ten  mills 
on  the  dollar;  when  the  assessed  valuation  should 
have  reached  .$50,000,000,  five  mills;  or  $100,000,000, 
not  more  than  three  mills,  with  greater  reduction  as 
the  wealth  of  the  state  should  increase. 

The  cai)ital  was  located  at  Boise  City  for  20  years. 
The  insane,  blind,  deaf,  and  dumb  were  provided  for. 
All  railroads  and  express  conqianics  were  declared 
connnon  carriers,  subject  to  legislative  regulations. 
] Provision  was  made  to  prevent  inconvenieiice  in 
clianuiuix  the  business  of  the  territorial  to  the  state 
courts.  In  all  these  matters  the  Idaho  constitution 
resembled  other  modern  state  organic  laws,  the  only 
thing  in  which  it  was  singular  being  in  the  prohibi- 
tion of  bigamy  and  polygamy,  and  in  truth  this  ques- 
tion had  become  one  of  the  dee[iest  interest  in  Idaho. 

(lovernor  Shoup  gave  it  as  his  belief  that  the  pop- 
ulation of  Idaho  in  1889  was  118,777,  and  that  of  this 
number  25,000  were  adherents  of  the  mormon  faith 
and  practices,  and  although  public  sentiment  to  a 
coasiderable  extent  suppi'essed  the  visible  fact  of  polyg- 
amous relations,  it  was  known  that  plural  marriages 
were  contracted,  and  that  the  doctrhie  was  taught  by 
the  mormon  church  leaders.  It  was  not  so  much,  he 
said,  that  examples  of  plural  marriages  could  be  pointed 
out  that  the  gentile  majority  made  war  upon  mor- 
monism,  but  because  the  preachers  of  the  mormon 
minority  taught  that  all  laws  enacted  for  the  suppres- 


[liiil 


586 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


sioii  of  polygamy  were  unconstitutional,  on  the  fi^round 
that  they  were  an  interference  with  religious  liberty. 
This  was  a  point,  he  claimed,  most  dangerf)us  to  go(jd 
morals ;  for  any  association  of  persons  could,  under  the 
name  of  religion,  commit  any  crimes  against  society 
with  impunity,  protected  by  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States. 

To  break  their  power,  the  legislature  of  1884-5 
passed  a  registry  law  requiring  voters  to  take  a  '  test 
oath'  of  the  most  rigid  nature,^^  which  kept  a  large 
majority  of  mormon  voters  away  from  the  polls, 
only  about  1,000  taking  the  stringent  oath,  and 
voting  at  the  election  for  adopting  or  rejecting  the 
constitution  in  which  it  was  incorporated,  which  was 
held,  according  to  the  governor's  proclamation,  on  the 
5th  of  November.  The  number  of  votes  polled  at  the 
election  was  14,184,  12,31)8  being  for  and  1,773 
against  the  adoption  of  the  constitution.  Upon  the 
presumption  that  the  mormon  vote  was  against  the 
constitution,  the  vote  of  the  territory  was  almost 
unanimous  in  favor  of  state  government  without  re- 
gard to  party. 

In  order  to  settle  a  question  raised  by  the  mor- 
mons of  the  constitutionality  of  the  registry  oath,  a 
mormon  voter  was  arrested,  charged  with  conspiracy, 
and  imprisoned.  His  friends  began  habeas  corpus  pro- 
ceedings, but  the  court  decided  that  the  writ  would 

^^  The  oatli  is  as  follows:  '  You  do  solemnly  swear,  or  affirm,  that  you  are 
a  male  citizen  of  the  United  States  over  the  age  of  twenty-one  years;  tli:it 
you  liave  actually  resided  in  tliis  territory  for  four  months  last  jiast.  and  in 
this  county  tliirty  days;  tliat  you  are  not  a  bigamist  or  polyganiist;  tliat  you 
are  not  a  member  of  any  order,  organization,  or  association  which  teaclas, 
advises,  counsels,  or  encourages  its  mend)ers,  devotees,  or  any  other  i»'is<iii, 
to  commit  the  crime  of  bigamy  or  polygamy,  or  any  other  crime  defineil  l»y 
law,  as  a  duty  arising  or  resulting  from  membership  in  such  order,  or^ani/a- 
tion,  or  association,  or  which  practises  bigamy  or  polygamy,  or  plural  nr 
celestial  marriage,  as  a  doctrinal  rite  of  such  organization;  that  yo\i  do  not, 
either  publicly  or  privately,  or  in  any  manner  whatever,  teach,  advisi',  nr 
encourage  any  jierson  to  commit  the  crime  of  bigamy  or  polygamy,  or  any 
other  crime  defined  by  law,  either  as  a  religious  duty  or  otherwise;  that  you 
regard  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  and  the  laws  thereof  and  of  tliis 
territory,  as  interpreted  by  tiie  courts,  as  the  supreme  law  of  the  land,  tlie 
teachings  of  any  order,  organization,  or  association  to  the  contrary  notwitli- 
standing;  aud  that  you  have  not  previously  voted  at  thia  election;  so  liclp 
you  God.' 


STATEHOOr. 


587 


not  liokl,  and  the  case  was  taken  to  the  United  States 
sui»rLine  court  to  obtain  an  opinion  whicli  would  make 
valid  or  invalid  the  test  oath,  and  that  part  of  the 
Idaho  constitution  in  which  it  is  incori)orated.^^  L)ele- 
oiite  Dubois,  who  was  taking  the  opinion  of  congress  on 
the  admission  of  Idaho,  was  met  by  the  assertion  of 
the  mormon  leaders  that  the  effort  to  disfranchise 
'2.0,000  of  the  population  would  prove  a  stund)ling- 
l»h)ck  in  the  way  of  statehood — an  assertion  to  which 
he  returned  the  counter-statement  that,  rather  than 
come  in  without  the  anti-mormon  clause  in  the  con- 
stitution, the  territory  would  prefer  to  remain  out  of 
the  union."  Nevertheless,  he  labored  strenuously  for 
it,  not  on  party  grounds,  for  Idaho  was  so  evenly  bal- 
anced in  politics  at  this  period  that  neither  party 
dared  claim  it,  but  simply  on  the  merits  of  her  claims 
to  recognition.  *'  Our  constitution,"  said  the  delegate, 
"  forbids  the  carrying  of  any  Hag  in  public  processions, 
except  the  American  flag.  We  want  a  state  for  those 
whose  highest  allegiance  is  to  the  United  States,  or 
else  we  want  no  state  at  all."  Truly,  the  times  were 
(hanged  since  18G4,  wiien  the  scum  of  secession  over- 
ran the  territory,  and  a  loyal  man  dared  hardly 
breathe  a  sentiment  of  devotion  to  the  union.  But 
there  were  complications  in  the  way  besides  the  mor- 
mon test  oath.  Unless  the  state  should  be  admitted 
by  the  congress  about  to  meet,  it  might  have  to  wait 
for  years,  because  in  1890  a  census  would  be  taken, 
and  the  apportionment  for  representation  in  congress 
undt)ubtedly  raised  to  about  200,000.  Congress  was 
already  so  un wieldly  that  it  would  not,  probably,  in- 
crease the  number  of  representatives,  but  rather  the 
re(|uirement  of  population,  and  it  might  be  very  long 
hefore  Idaho  doubled  hers.  Again,  it  was  said  that 
the  democrats  in  congress  would  unite  in  opposition 
to  the  admission  of  Idaho,  and  Wyoming  which  was 

•"'  II.  W.  Smith  of  Ogdeii  went  to  Washington  as  the  special  attorney  of 
Malm,  tu  argue  the  case  before  the  Bupreuie  court.    I'ortlaud  Ureaoitian,  Dec. 

"  Id.,  Nov.  27,  1889. 


it    ^   ''I 


MATERIAL  AND  SOCIAL  PROGRESS. 


l\ 


also  an  aspirar.t  for  stateliood,  unless  Xew  ^lex 
slioultl  1k'  admitted  at  tlie  same  time.  Thus  hopes  and 
fears  had  tlieir  turn.  IVIeanwhile,  the  ne\vsi)a[)trs,  of 
•which  there  were  now  thirty-eight  in  Idaho,"'*  asserted 
truthfully  that  never  had  there  been  so  many  utw 
enterprises  inaugurated  as  in  this  j'ear  of  1 881) ;  irriga- 
tion schemes  that  would  cost  millions;  new  mining 
camps  as  fast  as  they  could  be  built  and  machiiu  ly 
could  be  'freighted'  to  the  mines;  homestead  filiii;is 
for  tlie  year,  8(51 ;  homestead  proofs,  4G3  ;  preenii)tioii 
filings,  841;  preemption  proofs,  441;  desert  filings, 
204;  desert  proofs,  841  ;  timber  culture  filings,  2'.):i ; 
timber  culture  proo^';^:,  5  ;  mineral  filings,  72;  pr(»ot"s,  02. 
All  these  mci.it  so  many  times  IGO  acres  improved, 
or  al)out  to  be.  The  total  amount  of  land  surveyed  in 
Idaho  was  8,500,000  acres ;  of  land  patented  or  tilrd 
on,  4,500,000  acres;  and  land  in  cultivation,  surveyed 
and  unsurveyed,  600,000  acres.  Idaho  contained 
about  55,000,000  acres,  12,000,000  of  which  were 
suitable  for  agriculture,  while  nearly  as  much  '  >re 
could  be  made  so  by  irrigation.  There  were  5, Of  0 
acres  of  grazing  land,  10,000,000  acres  of  timlxx,  ,,a 
8,000,000  acres  of  timber  land.  Idaho  had  indeed  ad- 
vantages unsurpassed  in  any  quarter  of  the  glohe. 
Kailroads,  irrigation,  and  statehood  would  make  tiiis 
evident.  Such  was  the  voice  of  the  Idaho  press,  and 
such,  by  their  vote  on  the  constitution,  was  the  voice 
of  the  peoi>le. 

68  p,.gf  Preii8,  ftrangeville;  Star  and  Mhror,  Moscow;  Teller,  and  S/'US 
and  Ihirn,  Lcwistou;  Tiinen  and  I'evivw,  CVvur  d'Alt-ne  City;  Sun,  Mmiay; 
A'i'ii:i,  Wardnur;  Courier,  Ratlidrum;  Mesxeui/er,  Challis;  Citizen,  Sidiiliria; 
Leiiiirr,  Weiser;  Ikcortler,  Salmon  City;  Keijntone,  Ketcliuni;  AV/cv  Miner 
and  Tiine.i,  Hailey;  Pretm,  Bellevue;  State  Journal,  Shoslione;  Re<iisier,  Ivigle 
Kouk;  Neirs,  Blackfdot;  Herald  aiul  Bepultlican,  Pocatello;  Eiiterjiriie,  .Maluile 
City;  Tinief,  Albion;  Iiidejiendent,  Paris;  Bulletin,  Rooky  Bar;  /'nr/rt ■■<■■<, 
Nampa;  Tribune,  Caldwell;  Statesman  and  Democrat,  Boise;  World,  Jihilio 
City;  Aralanr/ie,  Silver  City;  Iw/ejK'ndent,  Burke;  Free  Prenn,  Wallacu;  !'<>■•'(, 
Post  Falls;  Ohxercer,  Montpelier;  and  J/a«Y,  Mountain  Home.  lie^it  of  O'ov. 
Shoup,  ISStf,  100. 


HISTORY  OF  MONTAJ>f A. 


CHAPTER  I. 


NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 

1728-18C2. 

TnE  Name — CoNFiCTJRATioy  and  Climate — Game — S rocK-RATBTTfo  AUVax- 
TAGEs — Minerals  and  Metals  —  Catacombs  —  Mauvaises  Tehres — 
Early  Evi-lokations  —  Fir-hunters  and  Forts  -Missionaries  and 
Missions  —  Overland  Explorations  —  Railko  \  i >  Survey  —  Waoon- 
RoADS — Early  Steamboats— Gold  Discoveries— The  Cattle  Busi- 
ness— FiiiST  Settlers— New  Counties  of  Washington. 


^loNTANA,  mountainous  or  full  of  mountains,^  is  a 
nauie,  as  heroin  used,  no  loss  beautiful  than  signilicant. 
From  the  summit  of  its  loftiest  peak — Mount  Hay- 
(Icii — may  be  seen  within  a  day's  ride  of  each  other 
tlio  sources  of  the  three  great  arteries  of  the  terri- 
tory owned  by  the  United  States — the  Missouri,  the 
Colorado,  and  the  Columbia.  From  the  springs  on 
either  side  of  the  range  on  whoso  flanks  ]\[ontana 
lies  flow  the  floods  that  mingle  with  the  North  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  the  gulf  of  California,  and  the  gulf  of 
Mexico.  The  Missouri  is  4,600  miles  in  length,  the 
Columbia  over  1,200,  and  the  Colorado  a  little  short 
of  1,000;  yet  out  of  the  springs  that  give  them  rise 
the  Montanian  may  drink  the  same  day.  Nay,  more : 
there  is  a  spot  where,  as  the  rain  falls,  drops  descend- 
ing together,  only  an  inch  asunder  perhaps,  on  strik- 

'  Many  infer  that  the  word  is  of  Spanish  origin,  a  comiption,  perlinps,  of 
moiilniia,  a  mountain,  but  it  is  purely  Latin.  It  was  a  natural  aduptiuii,  and 
tliu  manner  of  it  is  given  elsewhere. 

(589) 


I 


)    ' 


'I'il' 


5S0 


NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 


ing  the  ground  part  company,  one  wending  its  loiijr^ 
adventu'ous  way  to  the  Atlantic,  while  the  other 
bravely  strikes  out  for  the  Pacific.  These  rivers,  w  it  li 
their  great  and  numerous  branches,  are  to  the  land 
what  the  arteries  and  veins  are  to  the  animal  organisin, 
and  whose  action  is  controlled  by  the  heart;  lience  this 
spot  may  be  aptly  termed  the  heart  of  the  continent. 
From  New  Orleans  to  the  falls  of  the  Missouri  tluic 
is  no  obstacle  to  navigation.     Wonderful  river  1 

Could  wc  stand  on  Mount  Haydcn,  we  should  see 
at  first  nothing  but  a  chaos  of  mountains,  whose  coii- 
fused  features  are  softened  by  vast  undulating  niass(  s 
of  forest;  then  would  come  out  of  the  chaos  stretclics 
of  grassy  plains,  a  glint  of  a  lake  here  and  tin  re, 
dark  canons  made  by  tlie  many  streams  convergiuL,' 
to  form  the  monarch  river,  rocky  pinnacles  shoot in^- 
up  out  ot  interminable  forests,  and  rising  above  all,  a 
silvery  ridge  of  eternal  snow,  which  imparts  to  tlic 
range  its  earliest  name  of  Shining  Mountains.  The 
view,  awe-inspiring  and  bewildering,  teaches  us  little; 
we  must  come  down  from  our  lofty  eminence  befoie 
we  can  particularize,  or  realize  that  mountains,  lakes, 
I'orests,  and  river-courses  are  not  all  of  IStontana,  i<v 
that,  impressive  as  the  panorama  may  bo,  greati  r 
wonders  await  us  in  detail. 

The  real  Montana  with  which  I  have  to  deal  (••in- 
sists of  a  number  of  basins  among  these  mountain^, 
in  which  respect  it  is  not  unlike  Idaho.  Comnicnein.;' 
at  tlie  westernmost  of  the  series,  lying  between  iln 
Bittcrroot  and  Rocky  ranges,  this  one  is  drained  Ky 
the  Missoula  and  Flathead  rivers,  and  contains  the 
beautiful  Flathead  Lake,  which  lies  at  the  ft)ot  of  the 
]i()eky  jMountains,  in  latitude  48°.  /^^rom  the  hike 
south  for  fifty  miles  is  a  gently  undulating  countiy, 
with  wood,  grass,  and  water  in  abundance,  and  a  gnml 
soil.  The  small  valley  of  the  Jocko,  which  is  reach'  d 
1»V  crossin«_!f  a  raiii^e  of  hills,  is  a  garden  of  fertilitv  and 
natural  loveliness,  l^ut  true  to  the  character  of  this 
montane  region,  another  and  a  higher  range  must  I'o 


HELLGATE  AND  BITTERROOT. 


691 


crossed  before  we  can  get  a  glim])se  of  tlie  grander 
and  not  less  lovely  Hellgate''^  Valley,  furni;>li(^d  also 
with  good  grass  and  abundance  of  fine  timber,  l^ranch- 
itig  otf  to  the  south  is  the  valley  of  the  Bittcrroot, 
another  fertile  and  picturesque  region.  The  llellgate 
and  Bitterroot  valleys  are  separated  from  Idaho  on 
the  west  by  the  Bitterroot  range,  on  the  lofty  peaks 
r)t'  which  the  snow  lies  from  year  to  year.  These 
luduntains  have  a  general  trend  south-east  and  north- 
west, and  cover  an  area  of  seventy-five  miles  from 
west  to  east,  forming  that  great  mass  of  high,  rough 
mineral  country  so  often  referred  to  in  my  description 
oi'  Idaho,  and  which  is  covered  with  forest. 

Passing  out  of  the  Bitterroot  and  Hcllgate  val- 
leys to  the  east,  we  travel  through  the  pass  which 
"is  OS  its  name  to  the  latter.  This  canon  is  I'orty  miles 
in  length,  cutting  through  a  range  less  lofty  than 
those  on  the  west.  Through  it  flows  the  Heligate 
IJiver,  receiving  in  its  course  several  streams,  the 
largest  of  which  is  the  Big  Blackfoot,  which  heads  in 
tho  Rocky  Mountains,  near  Lewis  and  Clarke's  pass  of 
isOf).  At  the  castcin  end  of  this  cailon  is  Deer 
Lodge  Valley,  watered  by  the  Deer  Lodge  Liver, 
using  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  south  and  cast  of  this 
pass,  and  becoming  the  Hcllgate  Kiver  where  it  turns 
al)rnptly  to  the  west  after  receiving  the  waters  of  the 
liittle  Blackfoot,  and  which  still  farthet  on  becomes 
the  Missoula.  Other  smaller  streams  and  valleys  of 
a  similar  character  go  to  make  up  the  north-western 
Itasin,  which  is  about  250  miles  long  by  an  average 
width  of  75  miles.  It  is  the  ln'st  tind)ered  portion 
of  Montana,  being  drained  towai'd  the  nortli-wtst, 
and  open  to  the  warm,  moisturedaden  winds  of  Iln; 
racilic,  which  find  an  opeiung  here  extending  to  the 
liocky  Mountains. 

'  'I'lio  name  of  Ilcllgato  Rond  was  givo;  to  a  circular  iirnirio  at  tlio  month 
of  .1  ciiriim,  tlic  passago  of  which  waa  so  thmgorous,  from  liuliau  amlmsh,  to 
till' tiir-hiintcrH  aiul  trapiHTB,  tliat  in  their  iio'm'iiL'Iatiive  tlu^y  couM  liiiil  no 
V"i'l  si>  I'xpriissivo  aa  llelljjatc.  Viryiiita  and  Jhlfiia  I'oit,  Oct.  14,  ISliO; 
\yiiiii\i  Or.,  'JSO. 


'#^     i 


Mr Ri :  -' 

I'i  \^n 

ii 

P|>,^ 

h^i 

1 

W;!j!'il,,' 

i|:||li 

1 

Wt  'avl 

ii  'ffiw 

1 

1  ^i^^'> 

lii 

1 

1:1  ■' 


592  NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 

The  north-east  portion  of  Montana,^  bounded  hy 
the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the  west,  tlie  divide  he- 
twocn  the  ^lissouri  and  the  river  system  of  the  Brit- 
ish possessions  on  the  north,  and  by  a  brokeu  cliaiii 
of  mountains  on  the  south,  is  drained  toward  the 
east  by  the  Missouri  River,  and  is  a  country  essen- 
tially different  from  the  grassy  and  well-wooded  le- 
gions west  of  the  great  range.  It  constitutes  a  basin 
about  400  miles  in  length  and  150  in  breadth,  the 
western  portion  being  broken  occasionally  by  njotni- 
tain  spurs,  or  short,  isolated  upheavals,  such  as  the 
Little  Rockies,  the  Bear  Paw  Mountains,  or  the 
Three  Buttcs,  and  taken  up  in  the  eastern  jiortlon 
partly  by  the  Bad  Lands.  Its  general  elevation  is 
much  less  than  that  of  the  basin  just  described,*  yet 
its  fertility  is  in  general  not  equal  to  the  higher  re- 
gion west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  There  is  a  belt 
of  grass-land  from  ten  to  twenty  miles  in  width,  e\- 
tending  along  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  I'or  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty  miles,  backed  l)y  a  belt  of  forest  on  the 
slopes  of  the  higher  foothills.  The  lower  ])lains  arc 
for  some  distance  along  the  ^Eissouri  a  succession  of 
clay  terraces,  entirely  sterile,  or  covered  with  a  scanty 
growth  of  grass  of  inferior  nutritive  quality.  Throti^h 
tliis  clay  the  rivers  have  worn  carious  sevei-al  hundred 
feet  in  depth,  at  the  bottom  of  which  they  have  made 
themselves  narrow  valleys  of  fertile  soil  washed  down 

'In  Iiiijorsoira  Knorliitfj  nroumf  the  Ikochif^i,  19'2-20"J,  there  nrc  some  liits 
of  clcscriptioii  toucliiiig  Montana's  jiliysical  I'uiitures  worth  leadiii'r,  thmi^h 
talifii  together,  no  very  clear  notiun  of  the  country  eouhl  lie  obtained  lioiii 
the  liook. 

*'J'lie  following  tahle  phows  tlic  relative  positions  and  cliniatie  peeiiliaii- 
tii'S  (if  these  two  natural  divisions  of  Montana:  I'l't't. 

Summit  of  Jiitterroot  range,  near  the  pass ri.ilsO 

.lunelion  of  t!io  Missoula  and  .St  liegiti  do  Borgia  rivers 'l^M 

Ihttei'i'oot  Valley,  at  Fort  Owen .'!.'_'S4 

Hiv'  niackfoot  Itiver,  near  mouth  of  Salmon  Trout  Fork ;!,!iii(» 

])ier  Lod^e,  nt  Deer  I/odge  (Jity l.Ti'S 

J'rieUly  Tear  Valley,  near  Helena 4,iKK) 

Chilian's  i'ass  of  the  liocky  Mountains (!/.'MJ 

Lewis  and  Clarke's  I'ass (i,"dl) 

l''orks  of  Sun  Hiver 4, 1  U 

Fort  Itenton,  Missouri  liivcr 'J,7^'> 

Furt  Uuiuu,  mouth  of  Yuliowstono ..^ >|U-^ 


BASINS  OF  MONTANA. 


SQ8 


are 

n  of 
luty 

Ired 

own 


iiliiiri- 
iwt. 

:!.'jsi 

:!.'•!  iti 

4.IHH) 

■  t.iu 


from  the  mountains,  supporting  some  Cottonwood 
timber  and  grass.  Higher,  toward  the  south,  about 
the  heads  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Missouri,  there  is  a 
region  of  good  agricultural  and  grazing  lands  lying  on 
both  sides  of  the  Little  Belt  and  Snow  Mountains. 
The  scenery  of  the  upper  Missouri  also  presents,  for 
a  hundred  or  more  miles,  commencing  below  the  mouth 
of  the  Jefferson  fork,  a  panorama  of  grandeur  and 
startling  effects,  the  Gate  of  the  Mountains,  a  canon 
five  miles  in  length  and  a  thousand  feet  deep,  being 
one  of  the  finest  river  passes  in  the  world  in  point  of 
beauty. 

South  of  the  vast  region  of  the  main  Missouri  are 
three  separate  basins;  the  first  drained  to  the  east  l)y 
the  Jefferson  fork  of  that  river,  and  by  its  branches, 
the  Bighole''  and  Beaverhead,  the  latter  heading  in 
Horse  Prairie,  called  Shoshone  Cove  by  Lewis  and 
Clarke,  who  at  this  place  abandoned  canoe  travel,  and 
purchased  horses  of  the  Indians  for  their  journey  over 
the  mountains.  They  were  fortunate  in  their  choice 
of  routes,  this  pass  being  the  lowest  in  the  Roclcy 
range,  and  very  gentle  of  ascent  and  descen'.  The 
Boaverhead-Bighole  basin  is  about  150  miles  by  100 
in  extent,  containing  eight  valleys  of  considerable  di- 
nK'Usions,  all  having  more  or  less  arable  land,  with 
grass  and  water. 

East  of  this  section  lies  another  basin,  drained  bv 
tlio  Madison  and  Gallatin  ft)rks  of  the  ^Missouri,  and 
having  an  extent  of  150  miles  north  and  south,  an<l 
80  east  and  west.  In  it  are  five  valleys,  containing 
altogether  a  n-reater  amount  of  agricultural  land  than 
th(!  last  named. 

l^ast  is  the  Yellowstone  basin.  It  contains  eight 
principal  valleys,  and  is  400  miles  long  and  150  milos 
wide.     The  Yellowstone  River  is  navigable  for  a  dis- 

'This  valley  wan  formerly  called  by  the  French  Canadian  trapper!",  Lo 
Oiaiicl  Tron,  wliioli  literally  means  My  hole,  from  whicii  the  river  tiK)k  ita 
iiainc.  11)0  mountain  men  nsetl  'Jiisword  frequently  in  reference  to  tlieseelo- 
viitid  Iwisins,  as  JiicitBCn'a  Hole,  Pierre's  Hole,  etc.  McClnro  givea  ii  ditler- 
eat  origin  in  liis  7'Arce  Thoiuand  Milts,  300,  but  hu  is  uiiaiuforuied. 
UlHT.  Wabu.— 38 


m 


'i  I-  .  , 


S94 


NATURAL  WEALTH  A^'r)  SETTLEMEXT. 


i  M  .i" 


tance  of  340  miles;  there  is  a  larjje  amount  of  acrri- 
cultural  and  grazing  lands  along  its  course,  and  be- 
tween it  and  the  Missouri,  with  which  it  makes  a 
junction  on  the  eastern  boundary  of  Montana.  About 
the  head  of  this  river,  named  by  early  voyageurs 
from  the  sulphur  tint  of  the  rocks  which  constitute 


General  View  of  Mountain  Tasses. 


its  banks  in  many  places,  cluster  a  world  of  the 
world's  wonders.  The  finger-marks  of  the  great 
planet-making  forces  are  oftener  visible  here  than 
elsewhere.  Hundreds  of  ages  ago  about  these  moun- 
tain peaks  rolled  an  arctic  sea,  the  wild  winds  swei'i)- 
ing  over  it,  driving  the  glittering  icebergs  hither  and 
thither.  When  the  mountains  were  lifted  out  of  tlio 
depths  by  volcanic  forces  they  bore  aloft  innix.'iisc 
glaciers,  which  lay  for  centuries  in  their  folds  and 
crevices,  and  slid  and  ground  their  way  down  the 
wrinkled  slopes,  tracing  their  history  in  indcllMc 
characters  upon  the  rocks,  while  they  gave  rise  aiul 
direction   to  the    rivers,    which  in   their   turn  lii>vo 


YELLOWSTONE  VALLEY. 


695 


scooped  out  the  valleys,  and  cut  the  immense  canons 
which  reveal  to  us  the  nature  of  the  structure  of  the 
earth's  foundations. 

Volcanic  action  is  everywhere  visible,  and  has  been 
most  vigorous.  All  the  stratified  rocks,  the  clays  and 
slates  in  the  Yellowstone  range,  have  been  subjected 
to  fire.  There  are  whole  mountains  of  breccia.  Great 
ravines  are  filled  with  ashes  and  scoria.  Mountains 
of  obsidian,  of  soda,  and  of  sulphur,  immense  overflows 
(»t' basalt,  burnt-out  craters  filled  with  water,  making 
lakes  of  various  sizes,  everything  everywhere  points 
to  the  fiery  origin,  or  the  later  volcanic  history  of  the 
Yellowstone  range. 

The  valley  of  the  Yellowstone  where  it  opens  out 
presents  a  lovely  landscape  of  bottom-lands  dotted 
with  groves,  gradually  elevated  benches  well  grassed 
and  prettily  wooded,  reaching  to  the  foothills,  and 
for  a  background  the  silver-crested  summits  of  the 
Yellowstone  range.  As  a  whole,  Montana  presents  a 
Ijcautiful  picture,  its  bad  lands,  volcanic  features,  and 
great  altitudes  only  increasing  the  effect.  In  its  for- 
ests, on  its  plains,  and  in  its  waters  is  an  abundance  of 
•^aiiie,  buffalo,  moose, elk,  bear, deer, antelope,  mountain 
slieep,  rabbits,  squirrels,  birds,  water-fowl,  fish,"  not 
to  mention  the  many  wild  creatures  v.hich  civilized 
men  disdain  for  food,  such  as  the  fox,  panther,  lynx, 
l^rountl-hog,  prairie-dog,  badger,  beaver,  and  marten. 
The  natural  history  of  Montana  does  not  differ  i'rom 
tliat  of  the  west  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  except 
in  the  matter  of  abundance,  the  natural  parks  on  the 
cast  side  of  the  range  containing  almost  a  superfluity 

T.nflalo  used  formerly  to  bo  numerous  on  the  plains  between  the  South 
r.iss  aiitl  tlui  British  possussions,  tlio  Nez  IVrciS  'going  to  buffalo'  througli  the 
ri:itluail  anil  IJlackfoot  country,  and  tlio  fur  eomprnies  wintering  on  tlia 
^  rlloustone  in  preference  to  farther  south,  both  on  account  of  climate  ami 
gaiiii'.  The  Montana  buffalo  is  said  to  have  been  smaller,  less  humjircl,  and 
vitli  tiiu'r  hair  than  the  southern  animal.  In  ISUo  a  lu'rd  of  them  were  seen 
en  t!u'  licail  waters  of  Jlellgate  Hivcr  for  tiie  first  time  in  many  years.  Idtiho 
U'l.rlil,  Aug.  '28,  ISO.").  Tlie  reader  of  Lewis  and  Clarke's  journal  will  re- 
iiKMilici-  tiieir  fre(|nent  encounters  with  the  huge  grizzly.  See  also  tiio  ad- 
vnitiires  of  the  fiirdiunters  with  these  animals  in  \'ut(ir'n  Itinr  of  t/u.  West, 
liusidea  the  grizzly,  bluck,  brown,  and  uiuuainou  boars  were  abundant. 


« 1^1 


Mr 


S96 


NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 


of  animal  life — a  feature  of  the  country  which, 
taken  in  connection  with  the  hardy  and  warlike 
indij^enous  tribes,  promises  well  for  the  prosperity  of 
the  white  race  which  unfolds  therein. 

As  to  the  climate,  despite  the  general  elevation  of 
the  territory,  it  is  not  unpleasant.  The  winter  camps 
of  the  fur  companies  were  more  often  in  the  Yellow- 
stone Valley  than  at  the  South  Pass  or  Green  River. 
Here,  although  the  snow  should  fall  to  a  considerable 
depth,  their  horses  could  subsist  on  the  sweet  cotton- 
wood,  of  which  they  were  fond.  But  the  snow  stl- 
dom  fell  to  cover  the  grass  for  any  length  of  time, 
or  if  it  fell,  the  Chinook  wind  soon  carried  it  off;  and 
it  is  a  remarkable  trait  of  the  country,  that  stock  ic- 
mains  fat  all  winter,  having  no  food  or  shelter  other 
than  that  furnished  by  the  plains  and  woods.^  Occa- 
sional 'cold  waves'  affect  the  climate  of  Montana, 
along  with  the  whole  region  east  of  the  Ilocky 
Mountains,  sometimes  accompanied  with  high  winds 
and  driving  snow.^  But  the  animals,  both  wild  and 
tame,  being  well  fed  and  intelligent,  take  care  to  es- 
cape the  brief  fury  of  the  elements,  and  seldom  perish.'^ 
This  for  the  surface,  beneath  which,  could  the  beholder 

'  The  yearly  mean  temperature  of  Deer  Lodge  City,  the  elevation  Ix'ini,' 
nearly  r),000  feet,  is  40°  7',  and  the  mean  of  the  seasons  as  follows:  Sprin::  1 1 ' 
6',  summer  G'J"  7',  autumn  43"  1',  winter  19°  9'.  This  tcmpenitnro  is  inu.  !i 
lower  than  that  of  the  principal  agricultural  areas.  The  total  yearly  raiiifail 
is  17  inches,  and  for  the  growing  season,  April  to  July,  9.15  inches.  Xorfr,:/.< 
WondtT'Land,  89.  Observations  made  at  Fort  Denton  from  187-  to  1^77 
gave  a  mean  annual  temi)eraturo  of  40°,  and  an  average  of  291  clear  days  larh 
year.  Tlic  average  temperature  for  1800  at  Helena,  wluch  is  1,000  feet  lii^lirr 
than  many  of  the  valleys  of  Montana,  was  44°  5'.  The  snowfall  varies  tinin 
44  inches  to  41^.  The  report  of  the  U.  S.  signal  officer  at  Virginia  City  ;^ivi  s 
the  lowest  temperature  in  G  years,  with  one  exception,  at  19°  below  zero,  Jind 
the  highest  at  94*  above.  Observations  taken  in  the  lower  valleys  of  Mm- 
tana  for  a  number  of  years  show  the  mean  annual  temperature  to  Itc  is. 
Navigation  opens  on  the  Missouri  a  month  earlier  near  Helena  than  atUnmhi. 
The  rainy  season  usually  occurs  in  Juno.  Omaha  New  Wes'  Jan.  lisTU; 
Schotl's  Uiiitrihution  and  Variations,  48-9;  Afoiitana  Scrapn,  54,  09-71. 

*  These  storms,  which  arc  indeed  fearful  on  the  elevated  plateaux  iiiul 
mountains,  are  expressively  termed  'blizzards'  in  the  nomenclature  of  tht^ 
frontier.  The  winter  of  1831-2  is  mentioned  as  one  of  the  most  severe  known, 
before  or  since. 

•Shoup,  in  his  Idnho,  MS.,  4,  speaking  of  stock-raising,  says;  'Cattle  of  ;ill 
kinds  thrive  in  the  hardest  winters  without  stall-feeding,  and  we  lost  none 
through  cold  or  snow.  My  loss  in  the  hardest  winter  in  5,000  head  wus  nut 
more  than  one  per  cent.' 


MONTANA,  HOME  OF  GOLD 


■■MM' 

mff 


look,  what  might  he  not  see  of  mineral  riches,  of  gold, 
bilver,  and  precious  stones,  with  all  the  baser  metals  1 
Montana  is  the  native  home  of  gold.  Nowhere  is 
it  found  in  so  great  a  diversity  of  positions;  in  the 
oldest  igneous  and  metamorphic  rocks,  in  the  mica- 
ceous slates,  in  alluvial  drifts  of  bowlders  and  gravel, 
sometimes  in  beds  of  ferruginous  conglomerates,  and 
iiitiltratcd  into  quartz,  granite,  hornblende,  lead,  iron, 
clay,  and  every  kind  of  pseudomorphs.  In  Montana 
(|uartz  is  not  always  the  ^mother  of  gold,'  where  iron 
and  copper  with  their  sulphurets  and  oxides  are  often 
a  matrix  for  it.  Even  drift-wood  long  embedded  in 
the  soil  has  its  carbonaceous  matter  impregnated  with 
it;  and  a  solution  of  gold  in  the  water  is  not  rare.^" 
The  forms  in  which  the  precious  metal  exists  in  Mon- 
tana are  various.  It  is  not  always  found  in  flattened, 
rounded,  or  oval  grains,  but  often  in  crystalline  and 
arborescent  forms."  The  cube,  octahedron,  and  do- 
decahedron are  not  uncommon  forms,  the  cube,  how- 
ever, being  most  rare.  Cubes  of  iron  pyrites  are 
somotiuies  covered  with  crystals  of  gold."  Beautiful 
lihunents  of  gold  frequently  occur  in  quartz  lodes  in 
Montana,  and  more  rarely  spongiform  masses.'^  Curi- 
ously exemplifying  the  prodigality  and  eccentricity  of 
the  creative  forces,  cubes  of  galena,  strung  on  wires 
of  gold,  and  rare  tellurium,  are  found  in  the  same 
place  in  the  earth. 

'"  Tliis  statement  I  take  from  an  article  by  W.  J.  Howard,  in  the  Helena 
lUii-ly  Mciintaiii  Gnzi/ti',  Dec.  '24,  1808.  Tlio  author  writes  like  a  man  ac- 
i|ii:iiiite(l  uith  liis  subject.  Mi^ht  not  this  account  for  tlio  presence  of  tiouf 
giiiil  in  ccrbiin  alhivial  deposits  t 

"  The  same  may  be  said  of  California,  Oregon,  and  Idaiio.  I  Iiave  seen  a 
stem  with  leaves,  like  tlie  leaf -stalk  of  a  rose,  taken  from  a  creek-bed  in  Cali- 
fornia, und  tho  most  elegant  crystalliuo  forms  from  the  Suutiani  mines  of 
Orcjjon. 

'-'i'lie  Venus  lode,  in  Trout  Creek  district,  Indian,  Trinity,  and  Di-y 
gull  lies  in  tho  vicinity  of  Helena,  iiavo  produced  some  l)eautifu[  tree  forms 
<if  crystallization.  Also  other  crystalline  forms  of  jrold  have  ))een  found  near 
the  liciid  of  Kingsbury  gulch,  on  tho  cast  side  of  tlie  Mi.s.si>uri  lliver,  in  seams 
in  rl:iy  slate  overlying  granite.  Helciiu  liorhj  Moiinttiin  O'aziltc,  lU'c  '24,  1808. 

'■'The  linest  spec i mens  of  tlireail  gold,  says  Howard,  were  found  in  tho 
I  nile  Sam  lode,  at  tho  he.id  of  Tucker  gulch.  A  sponge-shaiKil  muss  valued 
at  .^^tiH)  was  taken  from  McClellan  gulch,  both  in  tlio  vicinity  of  Midlan's 
jiass.  Sue  Vinjiiiia  Moni.nna  Pu.it,  June  2,  1800;  /><rr  LoJije  I luli peiideiU, 
Sov.  30,  1807;  JJecr  Lodge Nuw  Xorthwi'.il,  Dec.  1),  1870. 


hn 


J  'i 


008 


NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 


Silver  is  present  here,  also,  in  a  variety  of  forms, 
as  the  native  metal,  in  sulphides,  chlorides  of  various 
colors,  antimonial  silver,  ruby,  and  polybasite,  with 
some  rarer  combinations.  Gems,  if  not  of  the  finest, 
are  frequent  in  gulch  soils  where  gold  is  found.  By 
analogy,  there  should  be  diamonds  where  quartz 
pebbles,  slate  clay,  brown  iron  ore,  and  iron  sand  are 
found.  Sapphires,  generally  of  little  value  because 
of  a  poor  color,  beryl,  aquamarine,  garnet,  chryso- 
beryl,  white  topaz,  amethyst,  opal,  agate,  and  moss- 
agate  are  common.  Of  these  the  amethyst  and  the 
moss-agate  are  the  most  perfect  in  points  of  fineness 
and  color.  Of  the  latter  there  are  several  varieties, 
white,  red,  black,  and  green,  in  which  the  delicato 
fronds  of  moss,  or  other  arborescent  forms,  are  definud 
by  the  thin  crystals  of  iron  oxides,  manganese,  or 
other  mineral  matter  in  the  process  of  formation; 
crystals  of  epidote,  dark  red  and  pale  green,  form 
veins  in  the  earth;  calcite,  of  a  beautiful  light  red 
color,  marbles,  tin  ores,  cinnabar,  magnesia,  gypsum, 
and  fire-clays,  base  metals,  coal — these  are  what  this 
montana  storehouse  contains,  waiting  for  the  re- 
quirements of  man. 

There  have  been  those  who  talked  of  catacombs 
in  Montana,  of  underground  apartments  tenanted  by 
dead  warriors  of  a  race  as  far  back  as  one  chooses  to  go. 
However  this  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  in  the  mauvaises 
terres,  or  bad  lands  of  the  early  French  explorers, 
are  immense  catacombs  of  extinct  species  of  animals. 
These  Bad  Lands  form  one  of  the  wonders  of  the 
world,  which  must  be  counted  since  the  discovery  ot" 
this  region  to  be  at  least  eight.  The  region  is  goo- 
logically  remarkable.  Under  a  thin  gray  alkaline 
alluvium,  which  supports  only  occasional  pines  and 
cedars  on  the  banks  of  the  streams,  is  a  drab-colored 
clay  or  stone,  which  covers,  in  most  places,  beds  ef 
bituminous  coal,  or  lignite.  The  soil  is  interspersed 
with  Lcams  of  gypsum  in  the  crystalline  form,  which 


THE  BAD  LANDS. 


699 


sparkle  in  the  sun  like  necklaces  of  diamonds  upon 
tlie  hills  and  river-blufts.  Other  seams  consist  of  spar 
irt)n,  carbonates  of  magnesia,  and  deposits  of  many 
varieties  of  the  spar  family  in  beautiful  forms  of  crys- 
tallization. In  the  alluvium  are  bowlders  of  lime 
and  sandstone,  containing  as  a  nucleus  an  am- 
nxinite,  some  of  which  are  five  feet  in  diameter, 
and  glowing  when  discovered  with  all  the  colors 
of  the  rainbow.  Fossil  crustaceans  also  abound 
in  the  shales,  their  shining  exposed  edges  making 
a  brilliant  mosaic.  Beds  of  shells  of  great  depth, 
and  of  beautiful  species,  are  exposed  in  the  walls  of 
canons  hundreds  of  feet  beneath  the  surface.  Balls 
of  sandstone,  in  size  from  a  bird-shot  to  half  a  ton's 
\vc'ight,  are  found  on  the  ISIissouri  River,  the  centre 
of  each  being  a  nucleus  of  iron.  Bones  of  the  mam- 
moth elephant,  of  a  height  a  third  greater  than  the 
largest  living  elephants,  and  of  twice  their  weight,  are 
scattered  through  the  land,  together  with  other  fossils. 
In  some  localities  the  country  is  sculptured  into  the 
likeness  of  a  city,  with  narrow  and  crooked  streets, 
white,  shining,  solitary,  and  utterly  devoid  of  life — the 
most  striking  picture  of  desolation  that  could  be  im- 
agined. Fancy  fails  in  conjecturing  the  early  devel- 
o})nients  of  this  region,  now  dead  past  all  resurrection." 

It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  the  shining  appearance 
of  the  Bad  Lands,  which  the  Indians  of  Mentana 

"It  is  not  in  thoBad  Lands  alone  that  we  find  interesting  fossil  lemains  in 
Montana.  Teeth  and  bouea  of  extinct  fossil  mammals  have  been  exliuiiied  at 
v:uioii3  points,  as  in  Alder  gulcli,  at  Virginia  City,  wliere  also  an  enormous 
tusk  has  been  dug  up,  and  shells,  in  state  of  ahnost  perfect  preservation. 
Forty  feet  from  the  surface  in  Last  Chance  gulch  a  tooth,  in  good  conditimi, 
corresponding  to  the  (ith  upper  molar  of  the  extinct  ('/(////rt.sj((/o/-/HP(/iM,-i,  was 
found.  A  little  lower  two  tusks,  one  measuring  i)  feet  in  Icngtli  and  "JO 
iiiclu's  ill  circumference,  were  talicn  out,  this  being  but  a  part  of  the  whole. 
New  Voik  gulch  produccil  a  tootli  14  inches  long  and  o  inches  across.  Jlili  ;iii 
Itorl.if  .]Joiiiit<iiii  (io.Zi'lti',  Dec.  'M,  IfSOS.  Many  hints  as  to  the  geography  and 
rtsoiirces  of  Montana  have  been  gatlicred  from  the  JJcf^r  Loibji'  liiilf/irn<l(  id; 
IhU'iKi  Iniloj.endcnt;  Uili-uii  Ihrnl'l;  llihna  I'ockij  Mountain  O'azeff)';  V'cr 
L)  ''jf  iVcio  XorthwfHl ;  I'iniinin  Ciii/  I'ont;  and  the  local  journals  of  Montana 
fliiicrally;  also,  from  Sli'vcns' Nort/un ^l;  Duhf'x  Adiln'M  Am.  (li< ;'  S<i<\,  iiST.'J; 
Stirilh/'H  JIM.  N.  J'w.  If.,  and  JI.  L'x:  JJoc',  3J0,  248-71,  4-Jd  coug.  2d  scss.; 
Ondand  Monthly,  ii.  37^-60. 


600 


NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 


described  to  the  tribes  farther  east,  and  thcv  to  others 
ill  cominercial  relations  with  the  French  in  Canadii, 
and  which  became  mingled  with  descriptions  of  tho 
g?eat  mountain  range,  should  lead  to  a  journey  of 
e\[>loration  in  search  of  tlie  Shining  Mountains,  where 
diamonds  and  gold  abounded,  by  the  Canadian  French. 


Carver'-s  Map,  1778. 

For  the  progress  of  these  mercurial  people  since 
1728  westward  along  tho  line  of  the  great  lakes,  for 
the  lies  of  Baron  La  Hontan,  the  adventures  of  Yc- 
rcndrye,'*  tho  journey  of  Moncaht  Ape,  the  ex})loru- 

'•It  was  the  1st  of  Jan.,  174,3,  when  Verendrye  reaehcil  thcShining  Moim- 
tains.  Tlio  iniint  nt  which  the  ascent  was  nuulu  was  near  the  present  city  ut 
IKli  iia,  where  the  party  discovered  tiio  I'rickly  Pear  River,  and  liarncd  of  liio 
llitterroot.  They  described  tiic  IJear's  Tooth  Mouutuiii  near  Hcleuu,  uuii 
ill  utlicr  ways  have  left  ample  evidence  of  their  visit. 


EARLY  EXPLORATIONS. 


tions  of  Lewis  and  Clarice  with  the  names  of  the  first 
white  men  in  Montana/'  and  the  doings  of  the  fur- 
hunters  *^  and  missionaries  in  these  parts,  the  reader 

"  The  treaty  of  Reynwick,  concluded  in  lG9o,  defined  the  boundaries  of 
the  English,  French,  and  Sixanish  in  America;  but  so  crude  were  the  notions 
of  geography  which  prevailed  at  that  period,  that  these  boundaries  were  after 
nil  without  intelligibility.  The  Spanish  possessions  were  bounded  on  tiic  north 
by  tlic  Ciirolinns  of  the  English,  but  to  the  west  their  extent  was  indefinite, 
and  conflicted  with  the  French  claim  to  all  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  Missis- 
sippi and  west  of  the  AUeghanics,  which  was  called  Louisiana.  France  also 
claimed  the  region  of  the  great  lakes  and  river  St  Lawrence,  under  the  title 
of  Canada.  The  English  colonics  lay  east  of  the  Alleghanies,  from  Maine  to 
(li'ui'gia.  During  the  latter  part  of  tlie  17th  century  and  early  in  tlie  18th 
tliu  French  explored,  by  the  help  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries,  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  established  a  chain  of  stations,  one  of  which  was  St  Louis, 
penetrating  the  great  wilderness  in  the  middle  of  the  continent,  well  toward 
tiio  great  divide.   . 

"A  fort  was  built  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bighorn  in  1807,  by  one  Manuel. 
In  1  SOS  the  Missouri  Co.,  under  the  leadershiii  of  Maj.  Henry,  penetrated  to 
tliu  Rocky  Mountains,  and  was  driven  out  of  the  Gallatin  and  Yellowstone 
cuiiutry  by  the  Blackfoot  tribe,  with  a  loss  of  83  men  and  50  horses,  but  in  the 
following  year  he  returned,  and  pursued  his  adventures  westward  as  far  as 
.Snake  River,  naming  Henry  Lake  after  himself.  In  18IG  Rurrell,  a  French 
trader,  travelled  from  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone  across  tlio  plains  to  the 
iiionth  of  the  Platte  River.  The  St  Louis  and  American  fur  conipanios  soon 
followed  in  his  footsteps.  In  182.'}  W.  H.  Ashley  led  a  company  to  the 
Kocky  Mountains,  and  was  attacked  on  the  Missouri  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Yellowstone,  losing  20  men.  The  Missouri  Co.  lost  seven  men  the  same  year, 
and  $15,000  worth  of  goods  on  the  Yellowstone  River,  by  tlic  Indians. 
'J'liere  was  much  blood,  of  red  and  white  men,  shed  during  tlio  operations  of 
tlic  fur  companies.  Of  200  men  led  by  Wycth  into  the  mountains  in  18;{'2, 
only  40  were  alive  at  the  end  of  3  years.  Victor's  Itivfr  of  the  W'cxt.  Tlio 
names  of  Henry,  Ashley,  Sublette,  Jackson,  Bridger,  Fitzpatrick,  Campbell, 
bent,  St  Vrain,  Gantt,  Pattie,  Pilcher,  Blackwell,  Wyeth,  and  Bonneville 
aic  a  part  of  the  history  of  Montana.  Many  of  their  employes,  like  Carxon, 
^Valker,  Meek,  Newell,  Godin,  Harris,  and  others,  were  men  not  to  be  passed 
over  in  silence,  to  whom  a  different  sphere  of  action  might  have  brought 
a  greater  reputation.  If  not  settlers,  they  made  the  trails  which  other  men 
iun  0  found  it  to  their  interest  to  follow. 

In  1829  there  was  established  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone,  by  Kenneth 
McKonzie  of  the  American  Fur  Company,  a  fortilied  post  called  Fort  Union, 
tliu  lirst  on  the  Missouti  witiun  the  present  limits  of  Montana.  McKcnzio 
was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  served  in  the  Hudson's  Bay  Co.,  from  wliidi  ho 
retired  in  1820,  and  two  years  afterward  located  himself  on  the  upper  Missouri 
as  a  trader,  where  ho  remained  until  1829.  From  that  date  to  1839  lie  was  in 
diargc  of  the  American  company's  trade,  but  Alexander  Culbertson  being  ap- 
pointed to  the  position,  ho  went  to  reside  in  St  Louis.  James  Stuart,  in  Con. 
lli-it.  Soc.  Montana,  88. 

In  1830  the  American  Fur  Co.  made  a  treaty  with  tlio  Piegans,  a  branch 
of  the  Blackfoot  nation;  and  in  1831  Captain  James  Kipp  erected  aiiutlier 
post  named  Fort  Piegan,  at  the  mouth  of  Maria  River,  in  the  country  of  the 
rii'gaiis,  which  extended  from  Milk  River  to  tiio  Missouri,  and  from  Fort 
Tiegan  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Tlie  situation,  however,  proved  untenable, 
on  account  of  the  bad  disposition  of  the  Indians,  and  for  other  reasons,  all  of 
wliicli  led  to  its  nluindonment  in  the  autumn  of  1832,  when  Kipi>  loiiioved  t'j 
a  ])oint  opposite  ti.i  mouth  of  Judith  River.  But  here  again  the  sitnation 
«as  found  to  bo  unprolitablc.  and  later  in  the  season  D.  D.  Mitchell  of  the 
Buiiiu  company  erected  Fort  Brule  ut  u  place  on  the  south  side  of  the  Missouri 


i 


602 


NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 


is  referred  to  my  History  oj  the  Northwest  Coast,  in 
this  series.^' 

called  Brul6  Bottom,  above  the  month  of  Maria  River.  The  following;  yrnr 
AIuxuikIui- Culbei-tsuu  took  charge  of  thia  fort,  ruiiiainiiig  iu  coininuml  imtil 
]h4I,  when  be  wont  to  Fort  Luiumie,  and  F.  A.  Chcardon  assunitd  tlio 
charge. 

Cliturdon  proved  unworthy  of  the  trust,  becoming  involved  in  a  warw  itU  the 
PiegariN.  and  losing  thi  ir  trade,  in  the  following  manner:  A  party  of  rii.'iins 
demanded  admittance  to  the  fort,  which  waji  refused,  on  which  they  killed  a 
pig  iu  Kiaiice,  and  rode  away.  Being  pimsued  by  a  sniall  party  from  the  fdrt, 
among  whom  waa  a  negro,  they  shot  and  killed  him,  after  which  the  pui su- 
ing part,,'  returned  to  the  fort.  Cheardon  then  invited  a  large  nuuiber  ot  tiie 
Indiiiiis  v.o  visit  the  post,  throwing  open  the  gates  as  if  intending  the  utinnst 
hospitality.  When  the  Indians  were  crowding  in,  he  tired  upon  them  with 
a  howitzer,  loaded  to  the  muzzle  with  trade  balls,  killing  about  twenty  ni' n, 
women,  and  children.  After  this  e.\ploit  he  loaded  the  mackinaw  iioats  with 
the  goods  of  the  establishment,  burned  the  buildings  of  the  fort,  and  desctiKlcd 
to  the  post  at  the  mouth  of  the  Judith  River,  which  he  named  Fort  Cheaiildii. 

Robert  Campbell  and  William  Sublette,  of  the  Missouri  Co.,  erected  a  t.  iit 
five  miles  below  Fort  Union,  in  1833;  and  in  18;J4  another  si.xty  miles  almvi', 
but  sold  out  the  same  year  to  the  American  co.,  who  destroyed  these  posts,  in 
lJSU'2  McKenzie  of  the  latter  company  sent  Tullock  to  build  a  post  on  tiiu 
south  side  of  the  Yellowstone  River,  three  miles  below  the  Bighorn,  totradu 
with  the  Mountain  Crows.  These  Indians  were  insolent  and  exacting,  l.viiij< 
and  treacherous,  but  their  trade  was  valuable  to  the  fur  companies.  TulNicIc 
erected  a  large  fort,  which  he  named  V'an  Buren.  The  Crows  often  wished 
tiio  trading  post  removed  to  some  other  point,  and  to  suit  their  whims.  Fort 
Casa  was  built  by  Tullock,  in  IS.'JO,  on  the  Yellowstone  below  Van  lUncii; 
Fort  Alexander  by  Law-euder,  still  farther  down,  in  1848;  and  Fort  Sarj  ■•  liy 
Culbertson,  at  tiio  mouth  of  the  Rosebu  ,  in  ISoO.  This  was  the  lust 
trading  post  built  on  tho  Yellowstone,  and  was  abandoned  in  1853. 

In  i84;JCulLertso.i  returned  from  Fort  Laramie  to  the  Missouri,  .ind  built 
Fort  Lewis,  tweuty-tivo  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Maria  River,  ctTectin^' 
a  reconciliation  with  tho  I'iegans,  with  whom  he  carried  on  a  "'ery  prolitaliio 
trade.  Three  years  afv«rward  this  post  was  abandoned,  and  the  timbers  of 
which  it  was  constructed  rafted  down  the  river  eight  miles,  where  CuIIh  rtsdii 
founded  Fort  Benton,  in  1840.  In  the  following  year  an  adobe  buildiiiu'  was 
erected.  In  1848  Fort  C.impbell  was  built  a  short  distance  above  Fort  Ken- 
ton by  tho  rival  traders  Calpin,  Labarge,  &  Co.,  of  St  Louir-  who  did  not  luiii; 
occupy  it,  and  successively  a  number  of  fortilicd  stations  on  tho  Missouri  ;uiil 
Yellowstone  rivers  have  been  built  and  occupied  by  ti-aders  whoalteriuitily 
courted  anil  fought  tho  warlike  Montana  tribes.  They  enriched  themselves, 
but  left  no  historical  memoranda,  and  uo  enduring  evidences  of  their  oecu- 
pation. 

"^1*.  J.  De  Smet,  missionary  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  in  tho  spring  of  1810 
left  St  Louis  on  a  tour  of  exploration,  to  ascertain  tho  practicability  of  estab- 
lishing a  mission  among  the  Indians  of  tho  Rocky  Mountains.  Travelling' 
wi  Ji  the  American  Fur  Co.  to  their  rendezvous  on  Green  River,  he  there  uiet 
a  party  of  Flatheads,  who  conducted  him  to  the  Bitter  Root  Valley,  wheio 
he  remained  teaching  and  baptizing  from  tho  17th  of  July  to  the  '_*!itli  ()f 
Aug.,  when  he  set  out  on  his  return,  escorted  as  before  by  a  company  < if  Flat- 
head warriors.  His  route  was  by  tho  way  of  the  Yellowstone  and  liighoru 
rivers  to  a  fort  of  tho  American  Fur  Co. ,  in  the  country  of  the  Crows,  i'runi 
this  point  De  Smet  proceeded  down  the  Yellowstone  to  Fort  Union,  with  (nily 
a  single  companion,  John  de  Vclder,  a  native  of  Belgium,  having  several  nar- 
row escapes  from  meeting  with  parties  of  hostile  Indians.  From  Fort  I  nina 
they  had  the  company  of  three  men  going  to  the  Mandan  village,  whenee  lio 
tSmet  i)roccedcd,  via  furta  Pierre  and  Vermilion,  to  ludcpeudeucuund  St  Louis. 


EARLY  SETTLERS. 


603 


The  first  actual  settlers  of  Montana,  not  mission- 
aries, were  some  servants  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 

Iii  the  following  spring  he  set  out  again  for  the  mountains, accompanied  by  two 
otlii  r  jiriests,  Kicolus  I'oint,  a  Vi'ndeeau,  and  Gregory  Mengarini,  nn  Italian, 
ami  tiiree  lay  brethren.  Falling  in  at  Westport  with  a  party  from  New 
()rli';iii9  going  to  the  moitntuiiia  for  a  siuniner'a  sport,  and  anotht;r  party 
Ixniii'l  for  Oregon  and  California,  they  travellel  together  to  l''ort  Hall,  where 
tlic>  i'lathcads  again  met  the  missionaries  to  c  <<j-'rt  them  to  their  country.  In 
all  tliis  journeying  De  Smct  evinced  the  ut'nost  courage,  believing  that  be- 
cause he  was  upon  an  errand  of  mercy  to  benighted  man  the  Lord  of  mercy 
wiiiiM  interpose  between  him  and  harm.  I  am  impressed  witii  his  [)iety,  but 
I  do  not  fail  to  observe  the  egoism  of  his  Christianity  when  he  writes  about 
(itiii  !■  religious  teachers,  inspired,  no  doubt,  by  an  equal  philauthro])y. 

As  far  as  Fort  ilall  the  fathers  had  travelled  with  wagons,  which  there 
tlicy  seem  to  have  transformed  into  carts,  and  to  have  travelled  with  these, 
by  the  help  of  the  Indians,  to  Bitterroot  Valley,  going  north  from  Fort  Hall 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Henry  branch  of  Snake  River,  at  the  crossing  of  wiiich 
they  lost  three  mules  and  some  bags  of  provisions,  and  came  near  losing  one 
of  llic  lay  brethren,  who  was  driving,  but  whom  the  Indians  rescuc<l,  and  as- 
sisted to  get  Ills  can,  •■vcr.  As  Do  Smet  nowhere  mentions  the  abandonment 
of  the  carts,  and  as  iie  had  before  proved  himself  a  good  road -maker,  I  take 
it  f'lr  granted  that  in.  y  arrived  at  the  BitteiToot  with  their  contents,  among 
wliieh  was  an  orga*  .  The  route  pursued  was  through  the  pass  of  the  Utah 
anil  Northern  Railro.  d,  which  was  named  The  Fathers'  Delilo,  theni-e  north, 
on  the  east  side  of  the  i-tocky  Mountains, and  through  a  pass  at  the  head  of  Deer 
Lodu'o  River,  and  by  the  Hellgato  cailon,  to  tlie  liitterroot  Valley,  where,  ou 
Olio  of  the  last  days  of  September  1841,  the  cross  was  set  up  among  tho 
Flatlieads,  and  a  mission  founded,  which  was  called  St  Mary's,  and  dcdieatod 
to  tiio  blessed  virgin.  A  long  account  is  given  by  tlio  father,  in  his  writings, 
of  a  journey  to  Fort  Colville,  and  subsequent  doings,  which  are  unimportant. 

lu  1S43  the  Jesuit  college  sent  out  two  priests— I'eter  De  Vos  and  Ailrian 
Iloeken — to  assist  Point  and  Mengarini,  while  De  Smet  was  despatchecl  on  a 
iiiisbion  to  Europe  to  secure  both  men  and  women  for  the  mission.  He  was 
eminently  successful,  returning  wii.h  both,  and  giving  nuich  assistance  to  tho 
missions  of  western  Oregon.  Do  Vos  and  Iloeken  arrived  at  St  Mary  in  Sept. 
with  tlirco  lay  brothers.  In  1844  Hoekcn  founded  the  mission  of  St  Ignatius  n 
short  distance  north  of  the  Clarke  branch  of  theColnmbia,  east  and  south  of 
Kui  t  Colville,  in  what  was  later  Washington.  Here  De  Smet  found  him  on  his 
retnrn  from  Europe,  and  here  again  he  visited  him  in  1845,  having  been  tlown 
to  the  Willamette  Valley  and  loaded  a  train  of  eleven  horses  with  '  ploughs, 
siiadcs,  pickaxes,  scythes,  and  carpenters'  implements,'  brought  by  ship  to 
the  Columbia  River.  Not  until  these  arrived  could  Hoekeu  conmicnce  any 
iiii]irovement3,  nor  waa  much  progress  made  until  184tj.  During  these  two 
years  the  father  lived  as  Point  had  done,  roaming  about  with  the  Indians 
ami  subsisting  on  camaa-root  and  dried  berries.  After  the  first  year  Father 
Anthony  Ravelli  was  associated  with  Hoeken.  The  first  wheat  raised  was 
huiled  in  the  husks  for  fear  of  waste.  But  in  185.3-4  the  mission  of  St  Ignatius 
liu<l  a  farm  of  100  .icres  under  improvement,  a  good  mission-house  of  8(iuare(l 
l.iL's,  with  storeroom  and  shops  attached,  a  largo  chapel  tastefully  tle<;oratcd, 
burns  and  out-buildings,  a  windmill,  and  a  grindstone  hewn  out  of  native 
reek  with  a  chisel  made  by  the  mission  blacksmith.  Brick,  tinware,  tobacco- 
pipes  turned  out  of  wood  with  a  lathe  and  lined  with  tin,  soap,  candles,  vine- 
gar, butter,  cheese,  and  other  domestic  articles  were  manufactured  by  tlso 
missionaries  and  their  assistants,  who  were  often  tho  Indians.  On  the  farm 
grew  wheai,  barley,  onions,  cabbages,  parsnips,  pease,  beets,  potatoes,  and 
carrots.  In  the  fields  were  cattle,  hogs,  and  poultry.  See  S/eirm'  iV.  J\ 
It.  U.  Reft,  in  De  SmtVa  Mmions,  '282-4;  lihcu'ii  MUaions,  HU;  Hheuii  Indian 
likelches,  passim. 


H  '■ ' 


31 


604  NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 

pany,  and   all   f(ircif^n-born  except   the  half-brcods. 
These  men  seldom  had  any  trouble  with  the  Indians, 

At  the  same  time  the  Coeur  d'AlCne  miaaion  was  equally  proapcrons.  U 
■was  sitiiatcil  on  thoCitur  d'Alcno  itiver,  ten  niilca  above  Cieur  d'Aieno  l^ikf. 
Here  about  *J(X)  acres  were  cncloHed  and  under  cultivation;  mission  buililiiii,'.s, 
a  church,  a  ilour-ndll  run  by  iiorse-power,  20  cowa,  8  yokes  of  oxen,  HMt  ).i;rs, 
horses,  uiul  mules,  constituted  a  prosperous  settlement.  Alwut  both  of  tlicso 
cstablishnicnts  the  Indians  were  gatliercd  in  village!!,  enjoying  with  tho  mis- 
sionarins  the  abundance  which  was  tlie  reward  of  their  lubora.  The  mission 
of  >St  Mury  in  1S4U  consisted  of  1*2  houses,  neatly  built  of  logs,  a  chuali,  a 
small  mill,  and  otiier  buildings  for  farm  use;  7,000  buhiicls  of  wheat,  between 
4,000  and  5,000  bushels  of  potatoes,  and  vegetables  of  various  kinds  were 
produced  on  the  farm,  whicii  was  irrigated  l>y  two  sniall  streams  runnini; 
tiirou,L;h  it.  The  stock  of  the  establishment  consisted  of  40  heiid  of  eattle, 
some  horses,  and  other  animals.  Then  comes  the  old  story.  The  condiiion 
of  tlie  Indians  was  said  to  be  greatly  ameliorated.  They  no  longer  sulii  ii d 
from  famine,  their  children  were  tauglit,  the  women  were  shield  jd  from  tiie 
barbarous  treatment  of  their  husban(ls,  who  now  assumeil  some  )f  the  ialicr 
formerly  forced  upon  their  wives  and  daughters,  and  the  latter  were  no  longer 
sold  by  their  parents.  But  alas  for  iiuman  schemes  of  happifie.ss  or  pUilan- 
tliropliy!  When  the  Flatheads  took  up  the  cross  and  the  plougliHharo  tiny 
fell  victims  to  the  diseases  of  the  white  race.  When  they  no  Ioniser  iiiailo 
war  on  tiieir  enemies,  the  Ulackfoot  nation,  these  implncnbio  foes  gave  tleiii 
no  peace.  They  stole  the  horses  of  the  Flatheads  until  they  had  none  lift 
with  which  to  hunk  bulTalo,  and  in  pure  malice  shot  tiieir  beef-cattle  to  pre- 
vent tiieir  feeding  themselves  at  home,  not  refraining  from  shootinu'  tliu 
f.iiiers  whenever  an  opportunity  ollcred.  By  this  system  of  persecutiuii 
they  liiiully  broke  up  the  eHtablishment  of  St  Alary  in  iK.'iO,  the  priests  liinl- 
iii;4  it  impossible  to  keep  the  Indians  settled  in  their  viihi'^"  undei'  tiiese  i  ir- 
eumstiincts.  Tiiey  resumed  their  migratory  habits,  and  tiio  fati'-jrs  iia\  iii(,' 
no  protection  in  their  isolaticm,  the  mission  buildings  werosohl  to.lobn  Owen, 
who,  with  his  brother  Francis,  converted  them  into  a  trading-post  .-iinl  lurt, 
and  put  the  establishment  in  a  state  of  defence  against  the  Blackfoot  iiiu- 
raudera. 

In  18.")3-4  the  only  missions  in  operation  wore  these  of  the  Sacred  Heartat 
Cfuur  trAlene,  of  St  Ignatius  at  Knliapel  J«'tke,  and  of  St  I'aul  at  C'lUilJe, 
tliounh  certain  visiting  stations  were  keptuji,  wiierebujitisms  were  pcrfin'iiied 
periodically.  In  lSo4,  after  the  Stevens  i;.vploring  expedition  had  made  the 
country  somewhat  more  habitable  by  treaty  talks  with  the  Blackfoot  iiinl 
other  tribes,  lloeken,  who  se^'iiis  nearly  as  indefatigable  as  l*e  Sinef, 
selected  a  hite  for  a  new  mission,  'not  far  from  Flathead  Lake,  an<l  iiliuiil  lit'ty 
mills  from  the  old  mission  of  St  Mary.'  Here  he  erecte<l  di'riiig  the  Huiimier 
several  frame  buildings,  a  chapel,  siiops,  anil  dwellings,  .uid  gatlierec!  aljiiit 
him  a  camp  of  Ivootenais,  Flathows,  I'eiid  d'Oreiiles,  Flatheads,  and  Kalis- 
pels,  liai Is  f(jr  fencing  were  cut  to  the  number  of  18,01)0,  a  largo  liiM  |iiit 
under  cultivation,  and  the  mission  of  St  Ignatius  in  the  Flathea<l  country  he- 
camo  the  suceessor  of  St  Mary.  In  the  new  'reduction,'  the  f;'tiiers  were 
assisted  by  the  iiliicers  of  the  exploring  cx()cditiou,  and  csjieeially  by  I.i'iit 
Mullan,  who  wintered  in  the  Bittevroot  \  alley  in  18.')4-iJ.  In  return,  tlm 
fathers  assisted  (Jov.  Stevens  at  the  treaty-grounds,  and  endeavored  to  e.ni- 
trol  the  Cieur  d'Alenes  and  Spokanea  in  the  troulilea  that  immediately  f  il- 
lowed  the  treaties  of  I.S.m,  of  wiiieli  I  have  given  an  aocount  elsewhere.  Suh- 
seipiently  the  mission  in  the  Bitterioot  Valley  was  revived,  and  the  Flatluails 
were  taught  thereuntil  their  removal  to  the  reservation  at  Flatheail  I.  ike, 
•vliich  reserve  included  St  Ignatius  mission,  where  a  school  was  lirst  opi  nid 
in  IHO.'l  by  Father  Urbanus  (irassi.  In  IS.VS  the  missionaries  at  the  I'latlie.id 
mi:isi(ms  had  .'100  more  barrels  of  Hour  than  they  could  consume,  vhieh  thy 
Bold  tu  the  furts  uf  the  American  Fur  Co.  uii  the  Missouri,  and  the  lii<liiiis 


INDIAN  TROUBLES 


605 


with  whom  they  traded  and  tlwelt,  and  among  whom 
tlicv  took  wives.^"  They  were  protected  ajjjainst  the 
l^hickfbot  tribe  by  the  Flatheads,  wliom  they  assisted, 
ill  their  turn,  to  resist  the  common  foe.  But  tliero 
was  not  tlie  same  security  for  other  white  residents. 
Til  1853  John  and  Francis  Owen,  who  bouglit  the 
building  of  St  Mary's  mission,  and  established  them- 
sclvus,  as  they  believed,  securely  in  the  Bitterroot 
Valli.y,  were  unable  to  maintain  themselves  longer 
against  the  warlike  and  predatory  nation  from  the 
cast  side  of  the  .Rocky  ]Mountains,  and  set  out  with 
their  herds  to  g  j  to  Oregon,  leaving  their  other  prop- 
erty at  the  niarcy  of  i,hc  savages.  They  had  not 
pruteeded  far  when  they  were  met  Sy  a  detachment 
of  soldiers  under  Lieutenant  Ariu  id,  of  the  Pacific 
division  of  the  government  exph-ring  expedition  in 
charge  of  I.  I.  Stevens,  coming  <,o  establish  a  depot 
of  supplies  in  the  Hitterroot  ^'alley  for  the  usu  of 
tilt  exploring  parties  which  were  to  winter  in  the 
iin-mitaina.  This  fortunate  circimista  ice  enabled 
tlieiii  to  return  and  resume  their  settlement  and 
oci-uiiations.*^ 

Since  the  explorations  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  nogov- 
orniiient  expedition  had   followed  the  course  of  the 

cuitivatetl  fifty  friitns,  avcraf^inf;  five  ncrcs  cncli.  In  tlirir  nt'it;hlM)rlioo(l  woro 
also  iu((  K.'iw-iuills.  In  1H71  the  inittsion  church  of  St  Ij^nutius  w.ih  juo- 
iiiiuii<i'((  I'liu  'lilu^st  in  Mont-anu,'  well  fiirni.shcil,  and  ctipal)!!'  of  holdin;; '>(M) 
|R'i's<iii.i,  wliili!  tho  niiHMion  farm  produced  ^'(K)d  crtiiiH  and  was  kept  in  good 
(inUr,  In  adiiition  to  the  forimr  HchiM>l,  tlic  Sistcrt  of  Notre  haiiie  had  two 
liiiusci  at  tliix  niissi'.n.  At  St  lVter°H  niisMinn  on  the  Minsouri,  in  lS(is,  farm- 
iu^  h^nl  liecii  earrieil  on  with  nuicii  HUceexf 

Itrannot,  lie  Kaiil,  altliou^h  no  hi;,di  dfj,'rcc  of  civilirntion  n»nonj»  the  wiv- 
ages  tnllowed  their  ell'ortn,  Ihnt  Do  Sniet  and  liin  axsoeiatcH  were  nut  feurh'hS 
t'xiiinit  iH  anil  worthy  \iioncer«,  wiio  at  h-aHt  iireiiarecl  the  way  I'or  rivili/.ation, 
an  I  the  lirKt  to  teat  the  capability  of  the  noil  and  eiiniate  of  Montana  for  sua- 
taii.iiii,'  a  civilized  ponulation.  The  liiHt  nientior.  I  have  niadi^  of  the  xniicrior 
of  tin:  i'latliead  niiaitnin  left  him  at  St  li^Miatins  in  'he  Huinnier  of  IS4.'i,  liu 
travilled  thereafier  for  scvcntl  years  nioii-  iinioni,'  t'le  northern  trihes,  and  via- 
iird  M.dio  and  Montana,  finally  returning;  to  his  eolli'^jc  at  St  I.oiii.M,  w  here  hu 
ciiiIimI  Ilia  inihmtrioua  lifo  in  May  IS7a,  after  the  yround  he  had  trod  first  as 
UKcttliT  was  0('eiipiud  by  men  of  a  tlitl'erent  faith  with  far  ditl'orent  motives. 

"  l.iiuis  llrown,  still  livinff  in  MisHoula  eo.  in  IS7J,  w«h  oiu;  of  thcao.  Mo 
idciitilied  himaelf  with  tho  Flatheada,  and  ni  do  liia  home  amonj;  them.  Mrr 
/.(«/;/(■  A'do  Aurlhwenl,  March   I),    1M7-.     Sec  also  //.   Mim-,  hoc,  51),  Xld 

OOUK.    JHt  HUH8. 

^"liultou'i  AdvetUurts,  MS.,  13;  Pac.  11.  II.  I{ej>t,  I.  2j7. 


606 


NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 


Missouri  in  Montana,  if  we  except  some  gc()^o^i('al 
roscarclies  by  Evans,  until  the  railroad  survey  uii.K  r 
Stevens  was  ordered;  and  to  this  expedition,  mnrc 


L£W°.£i  AMD  Clabke'b  Map,  1S06. 


than  to  any  other  cause,  may  the  gold  discoveries  in 
Idaho  and  Montana,  and  the  ultimate  rapid  settle- 
ment of  the  country,  be  credited."     Stevens  lel't  at 

"  Stcvcna'  party,  charged  witli  tho  scientific  object  of  the  expctl'ion,  con- 
sisti'il  of  Capt.  J.  \V.  T.  Ganliner,  iat  drai?. ;  Liout  A.  J.  Donelsoii,  onip^iuf 
eii.Lriiieors,  with  ten  Kinj-.urs  ainl  miners;  Liout  l^ecktnaii  du  IJarry,  'M  iHt.; 
1-i'ait  Ciivier  (j rover,  'ltd  art.;  Lieut  Joliii  Mullaii,  2d  art.;  Isaac  !•'.  OsLrnoil, 
di^liursin^'  ii.HPiil;  J.  h\.  Stanley,  artist;  (loorgo  iSuckley,  surgeon  aini  nat- 
uralist; V.  \y.  Laudtr  and  A.  \V.  Tiukliain,  assist  enjj. ;  John  Laniiiert  U\\«yj,- 
rn))her;  (Jeorxe  \V.  .Stevens,  Williuu  M.  (Jraliain,  and  A.  Ueinenyi,  in  cluiige 
ot  nstronoiiiieal  and  niagnutic  observations;  Joseph  F,  Moflutt,  motoorul(iL;ist; 
John  llviins,  goohigist;  Thomas  Adams,  Max  rftrobel,  Elwood  Evans,  1'.  H, 
inirr,  and  A.  .Jckelfalu/y,  aids;  and  T.  H.  Everett,  quartermaiter  and  cum- 
missary's  ulork.  I'uc.  li.  Jl.  lirpt,  xii.  33. 


DOTY,  GROVER,  AND  MULLAN. 


007 


Fni't  Benton,  and  west  of  there  along  the  Hne  of  ex- 
ploration in  Montana  in  the  winter  of  1853-4,  one  of 
liis  assistants,  James  Doty,  to  study  under  Alexander 
("ulbcrtson  the  character  and  feelings  of  the  Indian 
tiil)cs  of  the  mountains,  preparatory  to  a  council  of 
tivuty  with  the  Blackfoot  nation ;  Lieutenant  Grover, 
to  observe  the  different  passes,  with  regard  to  snow, 
dm  ing  the  winter;  and  Lieutenant  Mullan,  to  explore 


RiCToR's  Map,  1818. 

t'r  routes  in  every  direction.  Those  oftioors  and  ^[r 
J  )oty  sei'incd  to  have  failod  in  notiiing.  Mullan  tniv- 
I'llt'd  nearly  a  thousand  niiU-s,  crossing  the  divide  of  the 
Ikocky  Mountains  six  tiinos  tVoin  Octohrr  to  Junuaiy, 
jLissing  tlic  n'Miaiiidcr  <>f  the  wintor  at  CantoMiiu'iit 
Sli'W'Ms  in  the  Hittcrroot  X'ailcy.  (ir(»vrron  the  'Jd  ot 
Jiiiiuary  left  Fort  Benton,  c:-.ssing  the  Uocky  Moun- 
tains by  Cadotte's  pass  on  the  12th,  and  linihiig  the 
(old  severe,  the  temperature  by  day  being  21^  klow 
zrvo.  On  the  IGth,  being  on  very  elevated  grt)uii(l,  at 
sunrise  the  mercury  stood  at  38'  below  zero.  In  tiie 
licllgnte  and  Bitterroot  valleys  it  was  still  from 
10'  to   20°    below   zero,   which   was    ct)ld   weather 


COS 


NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 


even  for  the  mountains.  On  the  30th  he  loft  Fort 
Owen  for  Walla  Walla,  having  wanner  weather,  hut 
finding  more  snosv  from  Thompson  piairie  on  CluVku 
fork  to  Lake  Pencl  d'Oreille  than  in  the  Kocky 
Mountains,  and  arriving  at  Walla  Walla  on  the  Jd 
of  March. 

IMeantime  Stevens  had  gone  to  Washington  city 
to  advocate  the  buildiiig  of  the  Northern  Pacific  rail- 
road and  the  construction  of  a  preliminary  wagon-road 


Bh.  kfr,  t  In.l«.  ".    y  ,  I    „     ,   H 


•  V     KT.X..t 


Lh 


Huy  of  air  Frr.ti 


^     l.fT.CAIAcIN 


FiNLET's  Map,  182a 

from  Fort  Benton  to  Fort  Walla  Walla.  On  receiv- 
ing the  reports  of  (jrovor  and  Mullan  the  follouinij; 
spring,  he  directed  ]\[idlan  and  Doty  to  continue  tluir 
explorations,  and  their  eftorts  to  promote  peace  anion^ 
the  natives,  especially  between  the  Blackfoot  ami 
Flathead  tribes.  Of  the  temporary  failure  <»f  tlit; 
scheme  of  a  wagon-road,  through  the  combination  I'l 
the  southern  tribes  tor  war  in  1855,  the  narrative  has 
been  given.  After  the  subjugation  of  the  natives, 
Mullan  was  permitted  to  take  charge  of  this  highway, 
which  played  its  part  in  the  early  history  of  the  set- 
tlement of  Montana,  and  its  trade  and  travel.  The 
road  was  first  advocated  as  a  military  necessity  to 


ROUTES  TO  MONTANA. 


60ft 


save  time  and  money  in  moving  troops  across  the 
continent,  and  shortening  land  travel  for  the  annual 
iuinii<^rations.  The  rumored  discovery  of  gold  in 
some  places**  along  the  route,  with  the  natural 
sproading-out  of  the  mining  population,  attracted  first 
to  the  British  Columbia  and  Colville  mines,  together 
with  the  requirements  for  the  transportation  of  mili- 
tary stores  during  the  Indian  war,  completed  the 
chain  of  sequences  which  led  up  to  actual  immigra- 
tion'" and  settlement. 

One  of  the  projects  of  Stevens  and  Mullan  was  to 
iiukice  owners  of  steamboats  in  St  Louis  to  send 
their  boats,  which  had  never  run  above  Fort  Union,''* 
up  the  Missouri  as  far  as  Fort  Benton.  The  Robert 
('((inpbeU,  in  which  a  part  of  Stevens'  expedition  as- 
fi'uded  the  Missouri,  advanced  seventy  miles  abovo 
Fort  Union  in  1853,  when  her  course  v/as  arrested 
h\  sand  bars.'*^ 

"(lol(i  C'-nek  was  named  by  Mullan,  because  Lander,  it  is  said,  found 
g(.M  tliiTc.     Miilln)i\t  i1/i7.  I,'on<l  Itciit,  IHS. 

•■''J'liero  was  an  expedition  by  Sir  (Jeorge  Oore,  of  Sligo  in  Ireland,  to 
Miiiitaiiii,  in  1!<.">4-(J,  simply  for  nd venture.  (Jore  had  a,  retinue  of  40  men, 
wit!<  I  I'-I  iiorses,  14  doj.'s,  G  wagons,  and  'Jl  carts.  The  party  left, St  Louis  in 
|s,"i4.  wiiiteiing  at  Laramie.  Semiring  tin-  Rerviee.s  of  .lames  Hridj;er  as  guide, 
the  lnll()\viii}{  year  was  spent  on  the  Powder  River,  the  winter  lieiii^  ]iasseil 
ill  a  Inrt,  wliich  was  built  by  Sir  (Jeorpo,  eight  miles  above  the  niouih  of  the 
livif.  At  this  place  hi'  lost  one  of  his  men  by  illness  the  only  one  of  tiie 
jiaity  \vli(»  died  during  the  three  years  of  wandering  life.  In  the  spring  of 
|s."i(i  (lure  sent  his  wagons  overland  to  Fort  Union,  and  himself,  witii  a  por- 
tion (if  his  command,  descended  the  Yellowstone  to  Fort  Union  in  two  tiat- 
JM.ats.  At  the  fort  he  contracted  for  the  construction  of  two  maekinaw  boats, 
tlic  lur  company  to  take  iiaymeiit  in  wagons,  horses,  etc.,  at  a  stipulated 
piirc.  IJut  a  (juarrel  arose  on  the  completion  of  the  Ijoats,  Sir  (Jeorgc  insist- 
in.'  tliat  the  company  were  <lispo.sed  to  take  advantage  of  his  remoteness  from 
I  i\  ili/atii>n  to  overcharge  liim,  and  in  his  wrath  he  refused  to  acce]>t  tiie 
in.H  kinaws,  burning  his  wagons  and  goods  in  front  of  the  fort,  and  selling  or 
^'ivin.;  away  his  lior.ses  and  cattle  to  Indians  and  vagabond  white  nu'U  ratlier 
than  have  any  dealings  with  the  fur  company.  Having  satistied  his  choler, 
Ills  |iai  ty  hroKo  up,  and  he,  with  a  portion  of  his  fnUowers,  proceeded  on  his 
llal-luiats  to  Fort  Mcrthold,  where  he  remained  until  the  spring  of  bS,')7,  v.luii 
!»■  iitiiincd  to  St  Louis  by  Rtcamcr.  Among  those  of  the  party  rcnuiiniug  iu 
til''  loiwilry  was  Kc'vy  il  )stwick,  from  whom  this  sketch  was  ohtuincd  by  F. 
(I('iii<,;e  lleldt,  who  coutritutcd  it  to  tho  archives  of  the  Hist.  Sor.  Alontait'.i, 
144  s. 

•■'I'lic  first  steamboat  to  .>rrivc  at  Fort  Union  was  the  YillowHtoiii',  wliicii 
rtarln  il  there  in  IHS'J.  After  that,  each  spring  a  steamer  b  ought  a  cargo  of 
til''  .\iiicricau  Fur  ('o,"s  gcHuls  to  the  fort;  but  tho  ])cUrics  were  still  shipped 
t"  Si  Louis  by  tho  muekinuw  boats  of  tho  minpany.  Sluurt,  Con.  Uiiil,  tioc. 
M<.iii''tiiti,  84. 

-  Tiic  HoIm'vI  Cnwphcll  had  a  doublo  engine,  was  300  tona  burden,  and 

UlST.  WA8U.~39 


lira 
1 


810  NATURAL  WEai.TH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 

In  1858  and  1859  a  steamer  belonging  to  the  firm 
of  Chouteau  &  Co.  of  St  Louis  ascended  to  Fort 
Benton  and  Fort  Brule,*^"  to  test  the  practicability  of 
navigating  the  Missouri,  in  connection  with  the  mili- 
tary road,  the  construction  of  which  was  commenced 
in  the  latter  year.     In  18G0  the  further  test  was  made 


Tradixo  Forts,  1807-1850. 


of  sending  three  hundred  soldiers,  under  j\r;ijor 
Blake,  recruits  to  the  army  in  eastern  Washington 
and  Oregon,  to  Fort  Walla  Walla  by  the  ]\Iiss(iuri 
River  route  and  the  Mullan  road,  which  was  so  I'ar 
completed  that  wagons  passed  over  it  in  August  nt" 

drew  almut  5  feet  of  ■water.  Slio  lia<l  been  a  first-class  packet  on  tlic  Mis- 
souri, uiiil  wiis  too  deep  for  the  iiaviiratioii  above  Vitvt  Union.  /''('•.  A'.  /•'• 
It't'/it,  xii.  80.  8'J.  Lieutenant  Saxton,  in  liis  report,  describes  tiie  iir.l  I'nat 
(niackiuiiw)  in  which  li.i  ilesccnileil  tiio  Missouri  fioni  Fort  llenton  to  I.imvcu- 
wortli  as  80  feet  long,  I'J  feet  wide,  with  \'2  oars,  nnil  drawing  IH  iin ius  of 
water.  In  this  he  travelled  ovei'  '2,000  miles  between  tlio  2'2d  of  Sept.  iuul 
tiio  0th  of  Nov.,  18."i3,  ids  duty  being  to  return  to  St  Louis  the  17  diai;  miiis 
and  employt's  of  the  (piarterniaster's  department,  who  had  cscortid  tlic 
Stevens  expedition  to  Fort  Ijcnton. 

**It  ii  usually  stated  that  the  first  steamer  to  reach  Fort  Benton  \\;is  the 
Chlp/xirn.  in  1859.  Or.  Aninit,  Sept.  17,  1850;  Con.  //int.  Sor.  J/o«''<"-f.  ."i:: 
but  Mulian,  in  his  MiHtun/  /load  Jlept,  21,  says  that  steambouts  arrived  at 
Fort  Bcntou  iu  IfdoU  aud  1859. 


DISCOVERY  OF  GOLD. 


Cll 


uiiri 
1  far 
4  .if 

,.  Mis- 

.'1  iiiitit 

l.iWl'll- 

Iks  of 
V.  ami 
lli^imllS 

lit  the 

( the 
vol  at 


that  year,  conveying  the  troops  from  Fort  Benton  to 
their  destination.*^  By  the  time  the  road  was  quite 
finished,  which  was  not  until  September  1862,  such 
changes  had  taken  place  with  respect  to  the  require- 
ments of  travel  that  a  portion  of  it  was  relocated; 
hut  its  existence  was  of  great  temporary  benefit  to 
the  whole  country.^ 

Tlie  time  had  now  approached  when  this  montane 
rcoion  could  no  longer  remain  the  common  ground  of 
Inihan  tribes  and  white  traders,  where  a  travelling 
]);uty  was  a  notable  event,  and  a  steamboat  a  surprise. 
The  genii  of  the  mountains  could  no  longer  hide  their 
secrets,  and  their  storehouses  once  invaded,  all  was 
tminoil. 

The  existence  of  gold  in  Montana  was  not  unknown 
to  the  Jesuit  fathers,  but  they  had  other  motives  than 
the  gathering  of  earthly  treasure,  and  they  would  !Jot 
risk  the  souls  t)f  their  '  dear  Indians '  for  the  glitter- 
ing- metal.  As  early  as  1852  a  half-caste  from  the 
lied  River  settlements,  named  Francois  Finlay,  but 
known  as  Benetsee,  and  who  had  been  to  California, 
prospected  on  a  branch  of  tlio  Hellgatc  River,  finding 
the  color,  but  no  paying  placers.  The  stream  became 
known  as  Benetsee  Creek;  but  in  1853  a  member  of 
tlie  railroad  exploring  expedition  took  out  of  this 
.stream,  being  ignorant  of  Fiiday's  (liscov(.;ry,  some 
si»eeimens  of  gold,  from  which  circumstance  it  was 
called  Gold  Creek  by  the  men  of  the  expedition,  wliich 
name  it  retained.  But  the  government  officers  were 
no  more  gold-seekers  than  the  fathers,  and  the  dis- 
covery was  passed  over  with  brief  comment.  Similar 
indications  had  been  observed  l)y  Kvans  of  the  geo- 
lo;4ical  survey,  and  by  McClellan's  party  in  the  \Vo- 

"  Tlio  Chippewa  and  the  AV//  ]Vesf  J)rought  tlio  soUliora  to  Fort  Iknton. 

'''  After  Gov.  Stcvcna  and  Lieut  MiiUan,  tlio  pei'sons  most  ititiniately  con- 
ncctiil  with  tiic  liuilding  of  a  wngoii-roud  tliroii;;!!  tlio  nioiintiiiii  iiiii^^'es  of 
Moiitiinu,  then  cuatcrn  Waaliiiigtoii,  were  \V'.  \V.  I)(!  Lmy  uinl  Coiiwiiy  li. 
lliiu.iril,  civil  engineers;  Sohon  und  lui^'le,  topoi^rapliei-H;  Wiisner  und 
Knl.  I'Ui,  astronuniers;  W.  W.  Johnaon,  James  A.  MuUuii,  and  Lieut  •!.  L. 
White,  U.  B.  Lyon,  and  James  Howard,  of  the  3d  U.  8.  art. 


1     n 


G12 


NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 


P5      • 


natchcc  country,  at  the  eastern  base  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  hundreds  of  miles  west  of  ])eer  Lodge 
Valley,  and  no  one  thou«,dit  nuich  about  it. 

l^ut  the  time  had  come  when  the  knowledge  niu^^t 
be  forced  upon  the  world;  and  there  appeared  onuday 
in  1857  at  Fort  lienton  an  unknown  niountaiiunr 
with  a  buckskin  sack  full  of  yellow  dust,  for  whicii  ho 
requested  the  agent,  Culbertson,  to  give  him  in  cx- 
chantre  .^1,000  worth  of  goods.  Culbertson  was  not 
an  expert  in  judging  of  gold-dust,  never  having  been 
a  miner,  and  but  for  the  intenx'ssion  of  his  clerk,  Kay, 
would  have  declin<Kl  the  ])roffered  treasure.  On  the 
rejtresentations  of  the  latter,  but  still  in  some  doubt, 
he  accepted  this,  to  him,  singular  currency,  charging 
the  transaction  to  his  private  account.  In  due  tinu; 
the  gold  was  minted  and  produced  over  $1,500.  Tluii 
the  agent  at  Fort  Benton  would  gladly  have  known 
more  of  his  customer,  who  had  divulged  neither  liis 
name  nor  the  loeality  of  his  mine.  It  ha])[)e!it(l, 
however,  that  lilercure,  an  old  resident  of  Fort  Juii- 
ton,  who  had  beei  present  at  this  transaction,  after- 
ward met  the  first  Montana  miner,  when  both  \V(  lo 
digging  for  the  ])i'ecious  metal,  and  learned  that  his 
name  was  Silverth(»i'ne.  Further  information  Ic  was 
said  no  one  ever  gathered  from  the  solitary  t-reatiiiv, 
and  in  a  few  years  ho  disa|)pean!d  from  the  tiJiitoiy; 
but  whether  he  died  or  returned  to  friends  in  the  cast, 
was  never  revealed.  Such  was  the  story.  Silvn- 
thorne  was  undoui)tedly  the  first,  and  for  scvi  ral 
years  the  only,  miner  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.-"  Jiiit 
except  that  he  was  reticent  concerning  the  sourci;  of 
his  gold  supi>ly,  there  is  no  mystery  about  him  iikhi! 
than  about  many  other  niountain  men.  In  IcS;')'.)  ho 
was  in  the  ])itterroot  ValK'y,  and  his  name  was  John, 
as  I  shall  show  furtiier  on. 

The  first  party  to  undertake  to  prove  the  trutli  "f 
certain  rumors  concerning  gold  placers  in  the  tin  ii 
unorganized  eastern  limits  of  Washington,  and  tho 

"Juims  II.  Hvadli'y,  hi  Veer  Lotfiji  Xi'ir  jVorihwent,  Oct.  8,  1875. 


THE  STUART  BROTHERS. 


GI3 


western  part  of  Dakota,  was  one  of  whicli  .Tallies 
StiKii't  was  the  leading  spirit  In  tin;  sprin*^  of  ISf)? 
James  and  Granville  Stuart,  brothers,  left  Yieka, 
Calii'ornia,  to  pay  a  visit  to  their   former  hoiiK.'  in 


I 


oNva. 
ither 


com 
person 


pany 


with  Rco(30  Anderson  and  t'i">ht 


Granville  Stuart  heinir  seized  with  a 


st.vere  illness  when  the  company  had  |)rogrcssed  as 
far  as  Malade  Creek,  a  hraiK-h  of  Bear  lliver,  they  en- 
caiiii>ed  for  ten  days  at  the  ))lace  of  Jacob  Meeks,  a 
iiiomitain  man  and  Indian  trader.  At  the  end  of 
that  time,  Stuart  not  liavinL?  recovered,  the  eioht 
jiroceeded  on  their  journey,  leaving  the  two  brothers 
and  Anderson  on  the  Malade.  ]^y  the  time  the  sick 
man  could  ride,  all  the  roads  leading  to  the  states 
\\(!re  patrolled  by  Mormon  troops,  then  at  war  with 
the  United  States,  and  the  Stuarts  decided  not  to 
jihicc  themselves  in  the  power  of  the  Latter-day 
.Saints,  but  to  join  some  mountain  men,  who  traded 
with  the  annual  immigrations  at  different  points,  and 
who  were  intending  to  winter  in  the  ]^eaveihead 
ami  Bighole  valleys,  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountain:- 


a  I 


'"The  Stuart  lirotlirrs  were  iiiitives  of  Va.  Jiiniea  was  born  March  14, 
183'J.  IFi.s  jiaieiits  riMiiovod  to  111.  in  I.S;}(i,  and  two  years  later  toMiisoatiiie, 
luwa.  'J'he  eouiitry  lieing  new,  tlu;  only  education  James  received  was  from 
liis  ]iMi-ents,  sn|>|>lenient(il  liy  a  year  of  .study  at  a  private  school  tauLdit  at 
Ii)\va  City  by  .lames  Harlan,  afterward  U.  S.  senator.  In  liS.V2  tlu;  liroliiers 
iimuiLtrated  to  Cal.  in  conijiany  wil.li  their  father,  who  returned  in  IS."),'l,  leav- 
ing; them  in  tiie  mines  in  the  northern  jiart  of  that  state.  From  IS.'i"  their 
lii.-tiiry  belongs  to  Montana,  whei'c  they  became  prominent  citizens,  and 
wiicie  .lames  ilied  Sept.  SO,  1873.  ''o«.  J/int.  Soc.  Montana,  3()-T!>;  Jhli'ia 
Umh/  MoiiiilaSn  lim<llf,  C)ct.  8,  187!1. 

"  The  )>lace  of  the  Higholc  River  camp  was  a  short  distance  below  where 
Brown's  bridge  later  stood.  Here  were  encamped  Jacob  Meeks,  our  adven- 
tiinrM,  ]to1)ert  Dempsey  and  family,  .lack.son  Antoine  Leclairo  and  family, 
and  Oliver  and  Michael  Lcelaire  'ami  family,'  meaning  an  Indian  woman  and 
lialf-caste  children.  Within  a  radius  of  '2~t  miles  were  the  following  II.  H. 
Cii.  .'ind  other  traders:  Riehanl  (Jrant,  Si-,  and  family,  .Tohn  K.  (ir.int  and 
f;iii;ily,  Jame«  ('.  Orant,  Thomas  l'and)run  and  fandly,  Louis  It.  Maiilrt, 
■li'liii  M.  .lacoli'.'  'iitl  family,  lvol)ert  Ilareford,  .lohu  Morgan,  Joiin  \V.  i'owi'H, 
•I'llin  Saunders,  ..'!■  Ross,  Antoine  I'ourrier,  several  cmployi's  of  Hereford  and 
tlic  (liants  whose  names  liavo  been  lost,  Antoine  Courtoi  and  family,  and  a 
bi  l.iware  Indian  named  James  Simonds  m  iio  was  also  a  tnider.  The  Indians 
P"1>1  horses,  furs,  and  dressed  skins;  and  the  white  men  paid  them:  for  a 
liiiiM',  two  blankets,  one  shirt,  a  pair  of  cloth  leggings,  a  knife,  a  ftiujill  mirror, 
ftliiipi  r  of  vernulion,  and  perhaps  some  otiier  trifles;  for  a  dressed  deer  skin, 
fi"m  I.")  to  20  balls;  for  an  elk  skin,  from  'JO  to  '2,')  balls,  ami  powder;  for  an 
niiitlope  skin,  H  to  10  balls;  forii  beaver  skin,  'JO  to '2o  balls;  fur  a  puiruf  goud 
muc'.asous,  10  bulls.  Von,  IliM.  Soc.  Montana,  38-9. 


■■m 

m 

''H 

ifl 

\ 

i 

i 

'iiill 

^nl 

' 

SiB 

MM 

'mI 

}i 


614 


NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 


M 


11 


i 


There  were  ten  adults  and  a  number  of  half-brocd 
children  in  the  cani|),  and  within  a  radius  of  twentv- 
five  miles  a  number  of  similar  communities.  Late  i.i 
December,  while  they  were  in  Bighole  Valley,  their 
encampment  was  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  ten 
volunteers  from  Johnston's  headquarters  at  Fort 
Bridij^er,  commanded  by  R.  F.  Ficklin,  and  guided  by 
Ned  Williamson,''-  a  noted  mountaineer,  their  errand 
being  to  purchase  beef  for  the  army.**  But  not  \mu<^ 
able  to  obtain  cattle  on  the  terms  offered,  and  fearing' 
to  return  across  tlie  high  divide  in  midwinter,  thu 
detachment  remained  in  Bighole  Valley  until  early 
spring,  when  they  returned  to  Fort  Bridger,  cx[)o- 
riencing  many  hardships  on  their  journey,  owing  to 
the  ;  an-ity  of  game  and  the  inclemency  of  the 
weather. 

About  the  last  of  March  the  Stuarts,  Anderson, 
and  a  man  named  Ross  also  set  out  for  Fort  Bridgi  r, 
the  Stuarts  having  now  no  property  remaining  Init 
their  horses,  twenty  in  number,  and  wishing  to  dis- 
pose of  the»»i.  The  snow  on  the  divide  being  too  dvr\) 
for  the  horses  to  [)ass,  the  ])arty  determined  u\Hn\  l;i»- 
ing  to  Deer  Lodge  Valley  for  the  purpose  of  hunting 
and  curing  meat  for  their  journey,  and  also  to  ascrr- 
tain  the  truth  of  an  account  given  them  while  on 
Malade  Creek  by  some  mountaineers,  of  the  gold 
placers  said  to  exist  on  l^enetsee  Creek,  as  they  tin  ii 
called  Gold  Creek,  on  the  American  fork  of  the  llril- 
gate  River.  The}-  started  about  the  1st  of  vVpiil, 
and  reached  there  without  difficulty,  finding  at  the 

•'  Williamson,  wliilc  actiiigns  cxprcssninii  for  Mnlhui  in  tlui  winter  of  hV,)- 
00,  from  15ittciT()ot  Valley  to  ('anip  Floyd,  was  caught  in  the  heavy  msiws 
near  thu  head  of  Snake  Uiverand  lost  lii.s  horses.  lie  made  snow-.siioes  c  f  ui* 
8ad(ll(!  rij^ging,  and  Uiouj^h  snow-blind  for  several  days,  niatle  the  j^'ieati  r  |"ir- 
tion  of  the  .'iOO  miles  on  foot,  reachin,i;  ('anij)  Floytl  and  returning  on  Ikmsi;- 
back  within  ,W  days.   iMiilhiii'x  Mil.  h'uud  /,'</,f,  -Jl-'J. 

"*  It  apjiears  from  the  narratives  of  Stuart  and  others  that  eattle  vuro 
somewhat  extensively  <lealt  in,  even  as  early  as  IKoS,  by  the  settlers  of  Mon- 
tana. The  rovinj?  traders  made  a  ymxl  i)ro(it  buyinij  poor  and  exhaiiMcil 
Btock  from  the  California  and  Oregon  immigratitms,  keeping  it  on  tueixicl- 
lent  pastures  of  the  mountain  valleys,  and  exchanging  it  with  the  next  y<  :ir's 
travel,  ono  fat  aniniul  for  two  lean  ones,  or  selling  bcef-cattlu  whcrc\cr  a 
market  ulTered. 


THE  PIONEER  WOMAN. 


615 


niouth  of  Gold  Creek  John  M.  Jacobs  with  a  herd 
ul'  cattle,  which  he  owned  with  John  F.  Grant,  who 
tiiially  settled  near  the  junction  of  the  two  forks  of 
llL-ligate  Iliver,  where  in  18G0  he  had  erected  two  log 
houses." 

Tlie  Flathead  agency  at  the  Jocko  River  became 
tlio  home  of  the  first  white  woman  resident  in  Mon- 
tana. This  pioneer  was  Mrs  Minnie  Miller,  who  with 
her  husband,  Henry  G.  Miller,  accompanied  I^ansdale 
to  the  Flathead  country  in  ISbb.^  A  cattl  -owner, 
Thomas  Adams,  was  also  in  Hellgate  Valley  in 
1Sj8.*' 

Tlie  want  of  any  provisions  excepting  meat,  and  of 
proper  mining  tools,  combined  with  the  loss  of  several 
liorses  stolen  by  the  Indians,  discouraged  the  young 
men  from  attempting  mining,  and  they  resolved  to  con- 
tinue their  journey  at  once  to  Fort  Bridger,  where  they 
arrived  about  the  last  of  Juno.  The  army,  however, 
had  removed  to  Camp  Floyd  in  Utah,  and  here  they 
lollowed  after  a  brief  rest,  and  where  their  horses 
lirought  a  good  price.  The  Stuarts  had  by  this  time 
ju'cjuired  a  taste  for  adventure,  and  determined  to  re- 
turn to  Green  Iliver,  wluire  they  began  operations  as 
traders,  buying  cattle  and  liorses  from  the  teamsters 
of  Johnston's  army  and  wintering  them  in  the  valley 
of  Henry  fork  of  Snake  liiver.  For  two  years  the 
brothers  lived  in  this  manner.     In  the  winter  of  18G0 

"  Mullan's  Mil,  lioad  Rept,  140,  Grant  seems  to  have  been  the  second 
Bottler  on  tlic  Hellgate,  MeArtlnu'  being  the  lirst.  The  Owcus  in  tlie  Dittcr- 
rodt  Valley  anil  tlio  traders  above  referred  to  constituted  the  white  popu- 
liitiou  ut  Montana  in  1858.  I  have  been  told  of  (irant  that  ho  was  a  crafty 
trader,  and  when  a  Blackfoot  came  to  his  door  he  brought  forward  his  Blaek- 
fout  wife,  but  when  a  Flathead  appeared  he  presented  a  Flathead  wife.  An- 
other settler  in  Hellgate  Valley  in  ISOO  was  a  Frenchman  named  Brown. 
Mullan  mentions  (J.  0.  Irvine  and  two  laborers.  The  names  of  Bjiptisto 
Cliauipaigno  and  Gabriel  I'rudhonmie  also  occur  in  his  report.  It  would 
Beeiii  that  the  II.  B.  Co.'s  men  liked  this  particular  region,  probably  «)n  account 
of  the  catholic  missions  as  well  aa  the  friendly  character  of  the  Flathead 
Indians.  In  1801  Iliggins  and  VVorden  had  a  trading-house  at  Hellgate,  and 
Van  Uorn  another;  and  a  grain  farm  was  opened  about  this  time  by  Kobert 
Denipsoy,  between  Flint  Creek  and  the  American  branch  of  Hcllgato  Kiver. 

"■•Mrs  Miller  was  born  in  Vermont,  was  educated  in  the  Mormon  faitli,  and 
resided  at  North  Ogden.  At  the  ago  of  lU  she  married ugcntileand  (led  with 
Liin  to  escape  the  wrath  of  the  saints.  Udana  Jiidejjendent,  Jan.  21),  Ib'o. 

^'' Later  a  rcsidcut  of  Washington  city. 


i  ■  1-^ 


616 


NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 


they  made  their  camp  in  Beaverhead  Valley,  but  tlio 
Iiuliaiis  killing  their  cattle,  they  moved  to  Deer  Lodii^o 
Valley,  locating  themselves  at  the  mouth  ot*  (Jold 
Creek,  still  having  in  mind  the  rumored  gold  placris. 

In  July  1851)  the  war  departnient  had  one  of  its 
engineers — W.  F.  Reynolds — in  the  field  t(>  explme 
the  IJlack  Hills  and  tlie  Yellowstone  country.  Start- 
ing from  Fort  Pierre  on  the  Mi.ssouri,  fiirnished  willi 
all  the  necessary  mining  tools  had  gold  been  dis- 
covered, and  commissioned  to  report  on  the  mineials 
of  the  country,  Reynolds,  whose  com[)any  consis^tt.d 
of  roving  adventurers,  although  finding  evidences  of 
gold  on  the  affluents  of  the  Yellowstone,  discouraged 
searching  for  it,  oppressed  with  a  fear  that  he  should 
be  deserted,  and  tlie  arms  and  property  of  the  ex- 
pedition carried  oft*  if  any  too  certain  evidences  of 
placers  or  quartz  gold  became  known,  all  of  which  lie 
reported  to  the  government. 

Ill  the  spring  of  18G1  James  Stuart  went  to  Fort 
Benton  to  meet  the  steamer  Chijfpewa,  wliich  was 
expected  there,  to  endeavor  to  purchase  tools  and 
other  sup[)lies.  But  the  steamer  and  all  her  cargo" 
was  burned  before  arrival.  On  returnin<jf  to  (lold 
Creek  he  found  that  Blackfoot  marauders  had  stoI(  a 
all  his  horses  except  three  that  were  every  night  kcjit 
tied  at  the  cabin  door  by  his  brother.  Nothiii'^' 
daunted,  however,  he  hired  two  men  who  owned  a 
whip-saw  to  get  out  lumbt.T  for  sluice-boxes  at  ten 
cents  a  foot,  and  sent  to  Walla  Walla,  which  since  tin; 
discovery  of  the  Nez  Perce  mines  had  become  a  thriv- 
ing town,  to  procure  picks  and  shovels,  Wordeii  k 
Co.  of  that  place  having  a  pack-train  on  the  Mullan 
road,  then  about  completed.     The  tools  did  not  ai- 

"  The  Chippewa  exploded  400  miles  below  Jort  Benton,  a  dcck-haiul  hav- 
ing taken  a  lighted  candle  into  the  liold  to  Hteai  sonic  nlcoliol  frain  :i  l'M^I:, 
■when  the  spirit  took  iire.  There  were  280  kegs  of  powder  on  iMiiml.  il"tli 
alcohol  and  powder  were  intended  for  tlio  Indian  trade.  The  hout  was  run 
ashore,  nnd  the  pasHcngors  run  a  mile  away.  It  .'s  soberly  stilted  tlmt  u 
safe  weigliing  2,000  Ib.s  was  hurlod  three  quarters  of  a  mile  by  tlio  force  of  1  ho 
explosion.  The  passengers  were  Left  to  get  tu  Fort  licuton  aa  they  could. 
Corr.  A'.  /'.  Bulletin,  Aug.  28,  1801. 


EARLY  MIXINO. 


617 


rive  until  it  was  too  lato  to  commence  minincf  that 
year,  but  a  ditch  luul  boon  ilu2f,  and  ovory  preparation 
made  for  beginninif  in  the  followinuf  sprinj,'.  Lato  in 
the  autumn  three  otlier  men — W,  Graham,  A.  S. 
]>l.ike,  and  P,  W.  McAdow — arrived  at  Gold  Crook, 
and  in'ospocted  in  a  dry  guloh  whore  the  vilhij^o  of 
I'ioneor  was  located,  findin<(  <;oo(l  indications,  and 
roinaininj^  until  spring  to  work  tiieir  claims.  Andtr- 
soii  having  taken  a  steamer  down  the  Missouri  in 
IMCiO,  there  remained  only  the  Stuarts  and  the  new 
arrivals,  tivo  in  all,  to  make  the  experiment  at  mining. 

The  results  at  tirst  were  not  flattering,  the  claims, 
excepting  one  in  Pioneer  gulch,  which  paid  from  six 
to  twenty  dollars  per  day,  yielding  no  more  than  from 
one  and  a  half  to  three  dollars.  While  working  for 
this  small  amount  the  Stuarts  kept  their  remaining 
horses  picketed  on  a  sloping  piece  of  grass-land,  which 
\\as  afterward  discovered  to  conceal  an  enormously 
lich  deposit,  which  took  the  name  of  Bratton  Par 
in  18(50.  A  man  named  Hnrlbut  discovered  tlie 
])];».  ers  on  Pig  Prickly  Pear  Creek  about  midsummer 
of  tliis  year. 

In  my  account  of  the  Idaho  mines  I  have  men- 
tioned that  in  18(52,  aji< I  later,  certain  innnigrants  and 
Ijfold-huntors  made  the  attempt  to  reacli  Salmon  River 
mines  I'rom  Fort  Hall,  or  the  South  pass,  and  failed, 
some  being  killed  by  Indians,  and  others  being  scat- 
tered among  various  loeaHties.  Such  a  party  arrived 
ill  June   18(52  at  J)oor  Lodge.^     They  discovered  a 

"*ARaii  episode  in  tlie  iiistory  '>f  spttlcinent,  tiic  fdllowinj;  is  interesting: 
III  April  I8(W  a  party  of  six  men  left  Colorado  'for  Salmon  River,  or  Oregon, 
or  ;iiiy\vherc  west,  to  escape  from  ( 'olorado,  wliieii  we  all  then  thought  a  sort 
(it  Siberia,  in  wliieh  a  man  was  likely  to  end  his  days  in  hopeless  exile  from 
Ills  Imme  and  friends,  Iweause  of  tin-  j)oorness  of  its  mines.'  At  a  ferry  on 
tlic  north  riatte  they  fell  in  with  14  others,  and  tintling  Hridger's  pass  tilled 
with  snow ,  the  winter  having  lieen  of  unusual  severity,  the  joint  company 
rcMilved  to  proeeed  across  the  country  to  the  Sweetwater,  and  throu^ii  the 
Siiiitli  pass.  On  arriving  at  Plant's  station,  on  the  .Sw(!ctwater,  it  wa.s  fonnil 
ill  ll.'imes,  the  Indians  having  just  made  a  raid  on  the  stations  along  the  whole 
liai'  iif  the  road  lietween  the  I'latte  liiidj;e  anddreen  Kiv4>r.  Here  they  found 
n  iKitiee  that  another  party  of  IS  men  had  retreated  to  I'latte  hriilge  to  wait 
fnr  rreiiforeenienls.  They  accordingly  .sent  two  expressmen  to  liring  up  this 
puity,  antl  by  the  time  they  wi're  ready  to  go  on,  their  force  was  4'>  men,  well 
araicd  und  uhlc  to  tight  Indians.     Uepleuishing  their  supplies  ut  Salt  Lake, 


I     i|i- 


II  ill 


i\ 


1       I 


NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 


rieh  placer  on  a  hrancli  of  Gold  Crook,  which  thoy 
named  lake's  Peak  jl^liIcIi.  Many  others  arrived  by 
Hteaniers  at  Fort  Benton,  sonjc  of  whom  .stopped  at 
(iold  (.'reek."'"  Four  boats  from  St  Louis  reached 
Fort  lienton  in  IH&2.*'' 

In  the  winter  of  1850  a  petition  had  been  addressed 
to  the  lej^islature  of  \VaHhin;:;ton  by  the  .settlers  of 
liitteri'oot  Valley  and  the  Flathea<l  a<»ency,  to  havo 
a  county  set  oif,  to  be  called  Jiitterroot  countv. 
This  petition  hatl  seventy-seven  names  attached,  and 
chieily  tln)seol' the  Mullan  wa<^on-road  comi)any,  wlio 
could  hardly  be  called  settlers,  altlu)Uj^h  a  lew  nanus 

tlu-y  contiiiui'il  tin  ir  jounicy,  civcrtiikiiij^  nt  llox  Kliler  t\  Hiiinll  party  wiili  ."{ 
vji'zuiis  lii;nK(l  with  till'  fiaiiu'  of  ii  li'iry-lMiat  for  SiiiiUo  liiviT,  iiliovc  1' nt 
JIall,  .1.  Mix  li.'iiiL,' one  of  tlir  fiTry-owiui-.s.  Krom  tlio  licst  inforiimtioii  tuljo 
ol)taiii<il  ill  Salt  Ii  iki'  or  Sii.'iki^  ItiviT,  tlicy  would  liiul  tlifir  coiirMO  to  Iw  ihu 
iiM  Moi'inon  .M'ttlt'iiu'iit  of  |'\ii  t  l.cinlii,  ami  tliciici'  liO  niili's  down  tiic  Saliihui 
ItiviT  to  tilt' iiiiiirs.  lint  oil  ai'i'iviii^'  at  l.ciiilii  on  tlio  KMli  of  July,  tin  y 
foiiiiil  a  ('oiii|ialiy  tlicrr  lit'ftX'e  (liciii  iiiidir  Sainiii'l  M>:lA.'an,  and  In  aiil  nf 
III  'illirr,  uliicii  had  ai'i'ivcil  nUII  rarlifr,  iiiidi  r  Austin,  nil  hoiiiid  for  Sahii'>u 
]!ivrr  iiiiiii's,  and  dit'i'ivrd  as  to  tin;  cliMtaiii'c  and  the  practicaliility  of  a  I'n.iil, 
the  foriiit'i'  lii'iiiL^  .'tlii>  mill's,  and  tlio  latter  iin|iiissal)li'  for  \vaj.;oiis.  'I'liu 
\\ii;.;oiis  Ik  iii:^  aliaiidout'd.  and  the  freight  |iaeked  u|ioii  tlio  di'.iu;,'lit  aiiiiiiaU, 
liotliin>{  was  left  for  their  owners   Init  to  walk.     Tliirty-live  men  deeicli'.l  to 

Iiroeeod  in  this  nianiier  lo  the  mines,  most  c  f  Mel.ean's  party  n main  ii,'  In'- 
lilld.  'i'he  ;i(|  ni'^ht  after  le.'ix  jh^'  Lemhi  the  eoni|iany  eiii.'am|ied  in  l>i;,'liu|o 
]irairiu,  and  on  the  following'  niorniii;,'  fell  in  with  a  Mr  I'hattield  and  hii 
l^'uide,  eoiniii;.' fi'oni  FortOweii  to  I'ort  l.enihi  to  seltlo  ix  dillieiilty  aii-iie.,' 
from  the  Li'iiihi  !n<liaiis  lia\in;.(  killed  ami  eati'li  one  of  .MeI.ean's  hoise.i;  hut 
learniii;!  from  the  eoni|iany  just  from  l.eiiihi  that  tlit3  matter  had  lieiii  ai- 
ran'4eii,  Ch.itlield  turned  liaek;  and  his  eonversation  iiidiieed  '.''2  of  tli<^  >'<iiii. 

imny  to  lesiuii  the  ide.i  of  Salmon  lti\er,  and  turn  (heir  faees  towarcl  linr 
>od>;e,  the  remainder  eoMtinuiii;^'  on  thu  trail  to  V.IU.  City,  from  llu'  |"iiiit 
wlii're  it  i.'roM'<ed  the  Itittei'ioot  Uixer,  near  its  head.  Anion;,'  (lio-e  nU" 
iito|i|ie.|  nil  the  Montana  Miile  of  the  Ihtteri'oot  Mountains  wfre  iT  my 
'l'hra|i|i,  .M.  lla.-ikiiiM,  Willi.im  Smith,  .Mien  Mel'hail,  .lohntiraham.  Warm  r, 
'i'liom.is     Neild,    .lose|ili     Muilihy,    .laliii'S    'i'aylor,    ,1.   \V.     li.i/eman,    'rhninail 

Woods,  ,1,    ( ','ii'iiiheis,    .Andrew    .Murray,    'J'honias    IKinelson,   N.    |)a\i'l 

.LtMies  I'atton,  William  Thoiniisoii,  Miir|iliy,  and  Uilteli  I'l'te.  Ten  of  ill'".''-' 
remained  at  l''ort  Owen,  l.ikiii;,'  eni|iloynii'nt  there  at  tin*  l''h<'head  re^ei'v.t. 
lion,  of  which  <rolin  ((w<mi  was  airent.  '!'wel\<!  went  to  (iohl  Creek,  wImij 
tliov  arrived  iiliout  tin'  last  of  .Inly,    lluilij  Munuldiii  (lir.illc,  Keli.  '.'."»,  \^*'i'.\ 

*" AeeonliiiK'  to  .Miillaii,  of  'M\\  ininii^r.iiits  arriviiiu  at  Fort  Itiiitoii  iii 
.Tnlv.  a.  lar;.'!!  iiiimlier  were  dcMtined  to  Walla  Wiilhi,  with  Naw  mid  ^'ii->t 
niillH,  and  many  to  tho  mi:n  i.  .1///,  llniul  AV/*/,  ,'U-."i.  This  year,  aNn,  1.:* 
]lar^'e,  llarkiiexH.  &  Co.  estaMished  ii  trailin;{dioiiNi)  near  l''o>'!  lleiitoii,  and 
intended  to  creet  milU  near  the  l>eer  Lod;{e  mini's.  Au.uni{  tinmo  who  ur- 
rivecl  liy  Hteamer  wi  n-  W.  II.  jlaiieo  and  S.  S.  llaUHcr.  .lerome  .S.  (ilirk, 
David  Cray,  tieorjje  ( iiay.  (ieor;,'e  I'lrkins,  William  IjlritUtli,  Jack  t)livti,  and 
Ji>m'|ih  ('lark  Hto|i|'('d  at  l>eir  Lod^'e  ndnex. 

*" Khiilii;  Juno  17th;  S/ir<i'i/>jit,  ilo. ;  K<y  Went  Xo,  2,  June  'JOlli;  Si<nwi 
Jiaytf,  (lu. 


(30UNTIES  AND  HORSETHIEVES. 


010 


(if  actual  pioneers  are  to  be  found  anionj?  them/* 
The  petition  (loe.s  not  appear  to  have  been  presented 
until  the  session  of  18()0-  I,  when  two  counties,  calletl 
Shoshone  and  Missouhi,  were  created  out  of  tlie  region 
(list  of  the  later  boundary  of  Washiny;ton,  the  ll7tli 
iiH  ridian. 

No  election  was  held  in  Missoula  county  until  tho 
1  Ith  of  July,  18(i"J,  wiien  .lames  Stuart  was  eK'ctetl 
slii'rilf.  It  was  not  lonuf  i)efore  he  was  called  to  act 
ill  his  <>tficial  capacity,  and  to  arre.' t  and  biinj,' to  trial 
an  ai>ed  Frenchman  who  had  stoK  ;>  s«»me  horses  ami 
iilher  property,  lie  was  tried  in  a  mass-mectin;^  of 
tin;  miners,  who,  compassionatiiiif  ids  iv^v,  ids  sorrow, 
and  poverty,  made  up  a  purs('  for  him,  and  sent  him 
tuit  of  the  county  to  troul)K;  tlicm  no  more.  Thi;  next 
linrse-thieves  fared  worse.  They  were  three  men, 
named  William  Ainett,  C  W.  Spilhiian,  ami  ]J.  F. 
.Irrna.ijjin,  and  arrived  t»n  Aujerican  foi  k  of  lIcil]i;ato 
Kiver  from  tiie  west,  ab<>Mt  the  middle  of  August, 
liavini,'  with  them  Indf  a  do/cn  jirood  Amcri«'an  iioiscs. 
W  lien  they  had  been  tlure  a  IV'W  days,  the  owners  of 
tlu'  liorses  also  arrivi-d,  a';d  enterin<L(  the  settlement 
al  the  mouth  of  (jJold  Crei  k,  winch  was  now  bc<^'in- 
iili)!^  to  be  called  by  the  nri)an  appellation  of  .Vnieri- 
caii  Fork,  ami  wiiere  Worden  »fe  Co.  iiad  opened  a 
>it>i(»,  under  tho  cover  of  niiL;ht,  r«'(|Uested  tin'  aid  of  tim 
.slierilf  and  nnner.'?  in  capturin;^:  the  trio.     Arnett  and 

"The  list  id  n«  IhIIowh:  W.  \V.  .IoIiuhdii,  .1.  A.  Miilliin,  O.  ('.  'ruliafiiro, 
.1.  SdIhiii,  (,'.  11.  MoMiini,  .ImiifS  S.  'I'uXMisriiii,  'riuiiilnro  Koluulvi,  W.  \V  l><i 
1. 1.  \ ,  (iiMirjjt!  II  Siiiitli,  ( 'yi'iH  S|ii'ii),'lt'i-,  A.  .1.  nDitdii,  W'llii.im  l-nwciy,  A. 
\..  i)'('iiiii':<c,  .1.  C  ..n!iiii'>>i,  Uilliiiiii  I'lHK.  (  liailt'M  •!.  (  link,  |)iiiiirl  I'.  Siiiitli, 
llnlii'it  !'.  lloDtll,  |)iiv.il  ('ani)ll,  .laliii  s  ('niilaii,  Iwiai'  II.  lti)ra|),  Kinlrriik 
Mnriilan,  W.  h.  Wlii't'lock,  .lulni  < '.  |>a\iM,  'I'liniiat:  IIiiiUnii,  W.  Itiircli,  l>, 
li.i,\s,  Jiilin  ('arr,  (icor^it  li'iiililmk,  Tatriik  <ii'alii4iii,  < 'uiili<i|)ii  l.aianl,  .loliu 
l..>i'aii|,  .liiHciili  Ti'itcy,  William  O  \4  il,  ratnrk  Miliaii,  .IIiiik."  N.  Ilrimi, 
Ivivsanl  Scully,  M.  Mcl.ivii^liliii,  W  liliaiii  Crai^',  W  illiaiii  lin  kiiiaii,  .1.  (', 
.'•iwvii,  A.  .I.llatilu'lilir,  .\.  L.  Itiil  iK,  .lam.  s  .M.Mali.Hi,  W..liam  <  lalij;lu>f, 
1..  Nrin,  Zil>. 'I'l'lH'rlari',  Ui'iiiui' Vmiii^;,  .lirliii  ( luriiH,  W.  I'.  IVikiiiN,  Iticiiaiil 
^nlllll,  LiiarH  1'.  William.'*,  William  llfiiry,  W  ir.aiii  I'imviiv,  < ',  !■',.  .Iiiiiic, 
1'  M.  lai.v'ily,  ,1.  H.  Kal.in,  llinmas  \\ .  Hani-.,  Il<iiii  \\.  (  lark.',  S.  II, 
M.ii'tiii,  .It  tri'i'Hiiii  M>ii'Ni>,  .(aiiK  .i  ti'itiir,  AnL;iM  Mad  li>ii.|,  .lului  lie  I'laiii  m, 
'I  iiiiii  'I'lilaiiil,  I*.  Mui'ilmialil,  1'',.  Williaiiir-iiii.  .lolm  SiIm  liliMnic,  .lolm  M. 
ilai'iln,  ijoliii  I'rai'Hult,  l.iiui  H  laiiiiiiiit,  L'liiiHti.  Mai<<'iii,  Nai'i'iNHc  Mcniici',  A. 
(•i>  I,  .liii'i'iih  Loiii|>t'uy,  iUclui'U  (iruiil,  .Miclmcl  Oj^dcti.  11  <(aA,  Jour.  y/uiMc, 
bliO-l,  a5-(l. 


■ii; 

Si 

I 

...  * 

H      1 


'i; 

A    i 


t-\i 


\- 


I  '"4   I* 


C20 


NATURAL  WEALTH  AND  SETTLEMENT. 


Jornajjin  wore  found  cuj;ai;c(l  in  a  inoutc  fjamo  in  a 
clri!iKini,'-sal<H)i),  the  loruier  witli  a  pistol  on  his  knees, 
ready  lor  emergencies.  When  t>rdered  to  throw  up 
his  hands,  Arnett  seized  his  pistol  instead,  antl  one  of 
the  pursuers  shot  him  dead,  as  he  stood  up  with  the 
weapon  in  (Mie  hand  and  the  cards  in  the  other.  So 
tight  was  his  dying  clutch  upon  the  latter,  tiuit  they 
could  not  be  removed,  and  were  buried  with  him. 
Jernagin  surrendered,  anil  on  trial  was  acipiitted  and 
sent  out  of  the  country.  S[)illman,  wiio  was  arrestid 
in  Worden's  store,  and  who  was  a  Hnely  built  man  i>\' 
twenty-five  years,  made  no  defence,  and  when  sen- 
tenced  to  be  hanged,  jtreferred  no  recpiest  except  to 
be  allowe<l  to  write  to  his  father.  He  n>et  his  dculli 
fu'inly,  being  hanged  August  '_Mi,  18(>2,  the  lirst  of  a 
long  list  of  criminals  who  exj)iate(l  their  lawlessness 
in  the  same  maimer,  and  on  whom  the  vigilants  nf 
^Montana  executed  justice  without  any  legal  circiunln- 
cution.  Soon  after  this  affaii",  news  of  new  jdaccrsoi) 
VVilhird  (calh'd  on  tlu'  maps  (Grasshopper)  Creek,  in 
the  ]]eaverhead  Valley,  drew  away  the  miners  lioin 
(iohl  Creek,  the  Stuarts  atnong  the  rest;  and  as  tlic 
affairs  of  the  new  mining  settlements  deserve  a  eha|i- 
ter  to  themselves,  1  will  proceed  to  recount  them. 


CHAPTER  ir. 


TO\rN-llUILI)I\<J   AND  SOCIETY. 
18G'2-18G4. 

EXI'I.ORINO  ExrKDITlONS— PlONKKltS  OK  MoNTANA  — ritdsrF.rTINO  PAKTIErt 
— OKCAMZA'IIoN  (IK  |)|S1I!|(TS  -STlAltT  AM>  l!(i/.KM\N  1)1'.  I<A(V  — 
lUiKillAl'IllCAl,  SkKT(  HKS  OK  Sk.ITI.KUS  -  l-'UEKillTS  ANIi  I'lilliiUT  TuAINS 
—  KaKI.V    SoflKTY    IN'    TIIK    MiNK.S       Ko  AI)-A<iKNTf<    AMI    V  Iilll,  AMK  CoM- 

Mrri'KK.s-LiiiiAi.LY  OutJAMzr.K  Bandiiii Tin:  Siii:i!ikf  llniiisv wmav 

AND     MIS     DlllMTIKS — A     TvnCAL     TUIAL — WUULESALIi     AsSASSIN  ATID.V 
AM»    UkTUIISLTION. 


Amonu  tlioso  (lotained  in  Beaverlicml  Valley  lu;- 
(Muse  \vaj4<)iis  could  not  ,l;'o  through  iVoiii  Liiulii  to 
Salmon  Kivcr  was  a  liarty  .»<' \vlii(  h  .I<»lin  Wliito  and 


lohn 


Mc( 


favMi  wcie  nu'inoi'is. 


T\ 


us  com 


l)any 


ai)o 


ut 


tli>'  1st  of  AuufUst,  I  HC'J,  dis('<)V('ri'd  plarcrs  on  Willai'd 
itv  <  Jrassliopper  Creek,  wlicic  IJannaek  ('ity  was  hnilt 
ill  ronseijuenct',  wliieh  yieldetl  iVom  five  to  til'tei-n  dol- 
lars a  day  to  tlu;  hand.  White,  who  is  usually  ae- 
I'cdited  with  the  discoviTV,  havin"»'  done  so  inu<'h  lor 
\i\>  lame,  has  left  us  no  other  knowledge!  of  him  or 
liis  anteeediiits,'  save  that  he  was  murdeied  in  Ue- 


ci 


iiiher  IH(;;{. 


I  lu 


.1  ..f  McC 


fr 


A.  K. 


Stiintoii  of  (liilliitiii  City,  annthir  of 
tliL'  iiiiiiiii;i'aiits  iif  Ihfi'J,  w  liu  iiiiucil  lii'>t  i>ii  l>i;:li(il('  Itivi  r.  Sainton  \\;is  Imi  u 
ill  I'ii,  I'l't',  ls;i'_'.  W'lis  tile  Mill  (if  i\  hiniii'i',  1111(1  l(Mi'iii'it  tlic  jiiiiKl's  ti':i<l  '. 
Ill  l.'i.ili  111'  iciiKiM'il  til  MiimcMit.i,  ainl  hki'  iiiaiiy  of  tln'  iMliiilii',.iiit-<  ><t  that 
Htiilc  wiiH  iiiiiili  iiiiiii«'M«i'il  «itli  the  liiiiic  ■  f  tlic  lilaliii  iiiiiics.  Mi'  staitiil  tor 
NiiiiiKiii  lli\'<'i'  with  11  ti'itiii  III  \v  hii'li  JaiiK  !^  Kiiil  was  ('a|itaiii.      He  ti  icil  mill- 

iTMilvcil  t'l  tal^i' Miiiiii' liiiiil  ill  th(! 


iliu'iit  liaiiiiai'k,  liilt  nut  icaii/iii^'  iii-  liii|ii' 


liitiL.tiii  \  iillcv  aii>l  turn  far 


laii.l. 
i-^v.'  I 


ami  rtl.iili  raisir.      llcMcrmnl    1 10  aiic-*  n 


i|   in'i'sciitly  hail  KO  hiiriicil  lattli',  l')0  hiU'HcH,  ami  I7,(MH)  kKii'ii.      lu 


II'  iiiai  I'li'i 


l.l( 


'Ml!    K 


■  White  an. I    l;ii(liil|ili   I  •inset  I  were  inilpli'reil  at  thn  milk  I'aliel i  tin) 

I'M'i  from  Vii 'iiiiia  ( 'ity  In  Helena  liy''liarlis  Kelly.  li'nnH'lnli.i  MchIiukk 
I  '  iihiii/iM.  'riieic  seems  to  lie  nii  jm'i'iI  leaMiiii  lor  li;  ;!i)i  the  Sjiaiiish  \'  mil  rii/i- 
ii:  ■•  •  iimtuiul  of  itH  Kiiglitrli  cipii vuk'iit  '  vigiluiitii '  in  tlie.sit  nortlieni  cuuiiirio*. 

(.i'il) 


m\%,> 


iilV; 


!'l 


rl 


I 


I 


i  I- 
1  I. 


1 
li 


^1 


622 


TOWN-nUILDIXO  AND  SOCIETY. 


Almost,  at  the  same  time  Joseph  K.  Slack,  born  in 
Vermont  in  183G,  and  who  had  been  seokinj^  his  i'oi- 
tunc  in  California  and  Idaho  since  1858,  discovered 
j)lacers  on  the  head  of  Bij^hole  River  that  yielded 
til'ty-seven  dollars  a  day  to  the  man.'  Also  about  (lie 
same  time  John  \V.  Powell  disc(»vered  mines  on  North 
Bowlder  Creek,  in  what  was  later  Jeft'erson  county. 
These  repeated  discoveries  occasioned  much  excite- 
ment, and  the  Deer  Lodj^e  mines  were  abandoned  for 
those  east  of  the  Rocky  ranjL^e. 

In  Anj^ust  a  train  arrived  from  ^linnesota,  under 
James  Reed,  like  the  others,  in  quest  of  Sahiieii 
River,  but  wiUinijfly  tarrying  in  the  Beaverhead  Val- 
li'V;*  and  several  weeks  later  a  larger  train  undir 
James  Jj.  Fisk,  which  left  Minnesota  in  July,  by  a 
route  north  of  the  Missouri,  and  was  convoyed  over  the 
]>laiiis  by  a  govi'rmnent  escort.  They  were  destined 
to  Washington,  but  the  greater  part  of  the  c(»mpaiiy 
ri'solved  to  put  their  fortunes  to  the  test  in  the  IWky 
^Mountains.' 

'Sl;ii-k  Ncttlnl  nt  or  iu>nr  Hfloim,  nml  raised  utock. 

Mil  tliin  truiii  caiin;  .loliii  I'otter,  tlic  lloyts.  Woostrr  Wytnnn,  riiarli-s 
Wyinim,  Still,  Siiiitii,  Miiik  l>.  I,i.';i<ll)«'ttt'r,  I''ri'iK'li  ami  smi,  iiml  W  .  !■'. 
llfutlclt.   S.  H.  !».,  ill  f/<liiin  UikIii  Moiml'iin  Hn'.itli;  |VI».  •_'.'>,  Isi;!*. 

'''Tlio  coinpiiny  I'oiiHJMtotl  of  1 10  iiicii,  iiikI  nu  iinkuowii  nuiiihcr  of  women 
mill  oliiltli'cii.  'I'lii'ir  niiiix's,  so  fur  as  known,  wt-ro  \V.  S.  Aniolil,  Mrs  Arn  <\A, 
llosca  Ainol.l,  Smith  Mall.  Mrs  Hall,  Dr  Ui.ldlr.  Mrs  Uid.llo,  15.  W.  linn!,  it, 
Mrs  Ihirclii'tt,  Miss  S.illjo  liurcliett,  Mihs  Mary  lliircliutt,  Mrs  IJi'iiiHtt, 
Hiiiry  ISiiikmr,  Mrs  Ilinkiitr,  Mrs  llrowii,  'riioiniiH  Calilwrll,  MrsCalduilJ, 
.1.  M.  ("astiirr,  Mrs  ( 'astiur,  .loscpli  Carrol.  Mrs  ("arrol,  .1.  11.  f'aviii.  Mm 
Civcn,  Mr  |)altoii  and  '1  sons,  Mrs  |)altoii,  Miss  Drsdciiioi  |)alfon,  Mi^u 
Matilda  ]>alton,  Mrs  I,.  \\.  |)aM'ii|iort,  Miss  Mary  l)oiiiii'll\ ,  Mrs  ('atliiinni 
l>iirL!aii,  Mrs  lU'wiiis,  .lames  llarliy,  Mrs  Harlty.  •!.  Kuster,  Mrs  Kiei'r, 
Frank  l,o  (iraw,  Mrs  J,o  (!raw,  Mr  Meredith,  Mrs  Meredith,  Mrs  Sii-.ia 
IValiody,  Frank  Hay,  Mrs  Hay.  I>rl!ay,  Net!  I!av  Mr  and  Mrs  Short,  Mr.  nd 
Mi-8  Tilly,  II.  T.  Tyler,  Mrs"  Tyler,  VVihoii  Waildams,  Mrs  Watldams,  Mii 
Sarah  Waddams,  Henry  /oiler,  Mrs  Xolhr,  Miss  Finina  Zoller,  \.  I'.  Ljuh,'- 
ftn'd,  Charles  St  (JIair.  Mesides  the  alK)ve  and  others  already  named,  llim 
wiM-iiat  Itannack  City  and  that  vicinity  in  the  winter  of  LSdJ-.M,  .lolin  Aiili. 
Harry  y\rnelt  and  i)rollier,  James  M.  Ainon.v,  William  llalihett,  Fi)!ii  'im 
llostuick  (killed  Ity  Crows  on  IJiyhorn  Iliver  \^'0,  (Jeorxc  S.  Ila.lieliirr, 
William  II.  Hell  (died  at  Haniiaek  Nov.  |-_>,  IS4I-J,  the  tirst  death  in  that  e.iiii|  >, 
Henry  A.  Hell,  Samuel  W.  Haclielder,  joseiili  Heniler,  l)uvid  A.  Heiiil  \, 
William  Huchannn,  St«>wait  HiiLhanan,  Willinin  Hvekeii,  Clmiles  lUii  ■  n, 
.lohii  Hcrtwliistle,  H.  M.  Hij.'t;s,  I'atriek  Hray,  Con.  lirav,  (icorjjo  Hro»ii, 
Joseph  A.  Hrowne,  .lohii  Hothwtdl,  John  Hiirnett  (killed  liy  Indians  on  Salm  ii 
Kivur,  Mareli  l.S(>,'t),  (ieor^Mi  Hcatfv,  Mr  Hnttica,  Henry  H.  Hiyan,  IVhv 
lUti'ton,  liichard  Tinker  Hrown,  .loseph  Hrown  (killed  liy  Indians  (>n  Saliiiuii 
Kivor,  March  18U:t),  VA.  Uruwn,  William  HuiUugtou,  N.  W.  Uurris  (killed  by 


PIONEER  LISTS. 


623 


About  four  hundred  pcrHons  wintered  on  Grass- 
hopper Creek,  and  called  thocani[)  Bannu^k  Crty  at'tor 

Iiiilians  at  tbo  mouth  of  Mnria  River  IStio),  William  Biitz,  Henry  H.  Hrook:', 
IVtfi-  IJntlcr,  Mr.  lloyd,  Williuin  Couk,  John  (':unpl)ell,  .loliii  Carrico,  .loisiph 
Currigan  (killn<l  liy  IikIIuiim  on  Sulnion  Jtiver  iHti'.i),  J.  AI,  ("ustuci ,  All).rt  «i. 
rhirke,  lic-i-muu  (.'larkc,  Ocorgo  Colburii,  Mr.  Colo,  tlio  two  dui'tors  Cox, 
Jliiiry  Cni^^ford.  Kobc-rt  HomorCrawfonl,  CJcorse  M.  Ciii'lKirt^kiili'd  l^y  roail- 
ii^'cnts  in  IH03),  William (Jarr,  iVter  Cardwcll,  Josiait  (JliamlU!!',  .IfB^o  Croukti, 
'lliouias  H.  ('lurk,  William  (.'olu,  (JL-urgo  Copley  (killed  in  atti-ni)itin.L;  to 
Miest  a  road-agent  I8<i4),  H.  L'onovcr,  'I'iioinaH  \V.  (.'ovt-r,  K.  {.'rawldid,  .1. 
W.  Crow,  F.  R  Curtis,  I^ouis  Coasctte  (killeil  l)y  road-agent  lieevtsaml  liters 
IStJIi),  William  Clancy,  (Jeorge  Cold),  (Jeorjrc  CotiW,  .Ir,  dac.  (  kxtLiiid  (killi'd 
liy  road-ngent  I*lnmin':r  iHicenilier  l.Sti'J),  Alexandi'r  Carter,  Tlii'i'dori'  C'arriek, 
('lemons,  Coojjer,  Nutlianiil  J.  l)uvi.-t,  William  H.  Deiiar.-I.  iKinncliy.  Klijah 
M.  I)uni)liy,  (iilliert  Dnrant,  Tom  l)uirey,  iJoliltins,  dolin  l)iirL'«u,  L.  \\ . 
l»aveni)ort,  ('liarlus  M.  ])avi8,  (Jimrge  Ileweos,  Kd\vin1>,  l)ukes,  Fiank  iMin- 
liar,  dames  l)yke,  Richard  l)nryea,  ll;i|)tiste  Dorrica,  (Jeorgc  Kdwards  (iiiiir- 
(Ic  red  by  road-agents  Jan.  I.S(I.'(),  Ja.sim  \V.  KdiiinL's,  .F.  !■'.  isinory,  lt<il>eit 
Klls,  John  Kllis,  William  If.  Knieriek,  Charles  I'lntwhistle,  John  i''alls,  James 
i'(  igus,  James  S.  Ferster,  Thomas  Foster,  David  Iv  lAdsoni,  Charles  Falcn, 
\\'illiam  Fiinlds,  Watson  Forst,  Thomas  l''all<)n  (killed  by  Indians  on  .Salmmi 
]{ivir  March  iWi.'J),  Fox  (who  shot  Arnett  in  arrc.iting  him  in  .l\ilv  iMi'i,  ot 
Cold  Creek),  W.  I..  Farlin,  O.  J».  Farlin,  William  Feiiton,  l>r  FohscU,  I'atri.k 
Kloridtt,  J.  M.  Calloway,  H.  T.  (lucy  (kilh'd  by  Crows  on  Ih^lidrn  Kivcr  May 
lMi:>),  Jiihn  ii.  ( iill,  \\  dliam  (loodrieh,  .'ack  (iunn,  Janies  (iourley,  Ard  ( lod- 
fiey,  l'hili|i  Cardmr  (ealleil  tlie  Man  l''ate''|,  James  Ccnmiell,  S'liiiney  (iilson, 
\\  .  C.  (iillette,  .1.  S.  Click,  William  Craves  (lian;^ec|  liy  vi;'ilants  at  Fort 
(Iwcn  181)4),  llaniel  Could,  Cliai'les(iuy  (nuinlcred  i^n  Rock  Creek  by  persons 
iiiikniiwn),  Lon  Cillem,  Cwin  (killed  by  Sioux  whjh'  deseending  the  .Nlis^oiiii 
ill  lH(i:t),  James  llarby,  .\mos  W.  Hall,  Fd.  Ilibbard,  llolnian.  Willi;ini  T. 
Ibiinilton  (known  as  V\ild  Cat  ililli,  .bihn  .1.  Hall,  S.  T.  iiaiiMti,  llariy 
Ill-listed,  <  icorgu  Hillernian  (nicknamed  the  <  ii'eat  American  I'ii  '  iter),  I'etir 
lliiian,  Hector  liorton,  Fiank  and  llr  lloyt,  Itarney  lluLfhex,  Ijlward 
lloii.sc,  ]''reeman  House,  lieorge  llnrd.  Holla  lliird,  Ccorge  Hacker.  Ili'i.ster, 
lliriiartl  M.  Hnriis,  Robert  lioliaday,  iMmiel  II.  ilunkins,  Wilii;ini  lliinter 
(hanged  by  \igihtiits  near  Callatin  City  Feb.  |S(I4),  Jlawley,  lleniy  C. 
ilaii'ison,  ■lames  llanxhnrst,  J<ihn  lliggin:<,  Cliarles  Haniinotid.  David  .\. 
Ib'pkiuB,  .lolin  limes,  J.  I'".  Irwin,  Ceoigi'  Ices  (hanged  liy  \i.ilants  near 
Nevada  (^ity  l)ec.  Isii.'ti,  .lohn  M.  .lacolis,  Mavid  .loins,  Lcainlir  .lohns.m, 
A'ii.'iistus  Jordan,  William  Kijilingir,  Conrad  Kohrs,  .John  Kiiowles,  .lanes 
King,  William  Kinney,  .lohn  Kane,  Dr  A.  Ket.cimm,  l.,a\Mence  Keelcy  iniiir- 
'Ineil  by  IVtcr  lloranin  lS(i.'<),  R.  C.  Knox,  F.  |{.  King,  Tlionins  Kiikpaiiic  k, 
.l"'iti  Kirt/.  (killed  liy  the  caving  of  the  earth  in  Alder  gulch  in  IsiH).  C  Kusle?', 
.iM.JniaFiilhii,  Hi  my  l.ansing,  i.ear,  F.  I'.  Lewis,  F.  !>.  I.eavilt,  I'l  ilip  I.om  II, 
li.  I'tanklln  l-o\ve,  .lason  l,iicc(shot  in  Silt  Fake  for  the  niuvdei-.  i  Itjll  ih.ttou 
in  IS(t.'l),  Ilajs  l,\oii  (hanged  at  \  irgiiiia  City  by  vigilaiits,  .Ian.  isdli,  Siniiui  I 
LuiiiV'stoii,  M.  II.  Lott,  \V  dloid  Luce,  .Andrew  Lii/i,  llenrv  Lv'e  h,  I'linik 
M  .Niadison,  H.  M.  Mandeville,  Capt.  O.  H.  Ma\>ull.  D.miel'  Mef'a.ideu, 
.l-liii  S.  .Memh'nhall,  .Sand  M.mhiiliall.  L.  C.  Miller.  11.  II.  Muid.  Mn„re. 
William  Moore  (a  road  ageiii).  II.  F.  Monell,  (hibiiel  Monis,  .lohn  .Miiipiiy, 
Flijah  MHi'kham,  I'eiry  M.'Adow,  .John  Miuinheiiii,  Cli:irl>s  .Murj>liy, 
(m.iijjc  Manning,  Kichaid  McCallcitv.  (<eorge  .N!  Intyro,  Robt  Mem  tec, 
J"liii  Mi'i'iy,  WUliam  Mit.!:' II  (killed  by  lu'tians  on  .'^almon  Liver  March 
\>i<:\],  David  Morgan,  Hai.y  Moore,  ,lame-i  H.  Moilcy,  .lulins  Nb.riey, 
'lliHiiias  .Mctc.df,  Thomas  M.  Nainara,  .Maekey,  Janiet  Mar'iden,  .Vmlrew 
Miiiray.  Allied  L.  Nidiils.  Lcnnud  Nuckolls,  A.  . I.  Oiiver,  W.  II.  Orrutt, 
Tli"uia.s  O'Comicr.  Frank  I'arish  (hanged  by  vigilants  in  Virginia  (  it>  -Ian. 
l!X>4;,  A.  rruiiie,  Thomas  D.  I'itt,  C.  \V.  I'luce,  I'utaum,  F   I'ortur,  (j«5orgo 


r  ■;#;!. 


%t 


C24 


TOWN-BUILDING  AND  SOCIETY. 


,'i  1* 


tlie  aborij^inals  of  that  region,  not  knowing  that  in  tluj 
13oi«o  basin  another  Bannack  City  was  being  founded 
at  the  sanje  time  in  the  same  way.*  At  Biglioltj 
mines  were  a  few  men  who  preferred  wintering,' 
near  tlieir  claims,'  and  a  few  others  were  scattertil 
about  the  forks  of  the  Missouri  on  land  claims.'*     At 


I    m 


Pratt,  Kihviii  II.  Purplo,  Frederick  Peck,  Alonzo  Pease,  Oeorgo  Perkins, 
'J'IupIiius  l'it«,lnr,  Daviil  Phillips  (imirdcred  witii  Lloyd  MaRnider's  party  in 
tlif  wiiiti  Tiif  lS(i;j-4,  as  rulatud  in  tiie  foregoing  J/ixloii/o/ /ihiho),  H.  Porter, 
Henry  I'liininicr  (chief  of  the  hand  of  road-agents),  S.  Jeff.  Purkins,  Haiiy 
Plilcger,  .Mark  IVst,  William  Parks,  Charles  Ueenu',  Charles  lievil,  Ciiuil'  i 
IJunilcy,  W.  ('.  Uiie«-'ni,  Thonms  Itiley,  Frederick  W.  Hoot,  John  W.  KummII, 
L.  I'',  l!ichie(iliedfroin  an  accidental  gunshot  wound  in  l8(>;{),]{ayniond,('iiarii  h 
Reeves  (road-agent),  VVilliain  Koueh,  Harry  Hickanis,  John  Uhinehart, 
Oi'Hou  J.  llockwell,  Henry  Kodgers,  .Fauies  )lou|>,  Itowley,  Patrick  Sky, 
Shaw,  William  Staiu'ps,  M.  V.  Si'Well,  (Jcorge  Shears  (hangeil  at  Hellgnte  liy 
vi^iiants  in  \SM),  A.  H.  Siiepherd,  Joseph  StJtrk,  .lohn  Seiidder,  Asa  Suitilry 
ami  hrotlitT,  Cyrus  Skinner  (hanged  liy  vigilante  at  Hellgat.e  in  1S(H),  O.  .1. 
Sharp,  Williavn  Spencer,  .lohn  A.  Smith,  11.  P.  A.  .Smith,  Sniitii  (killed  |py 
Induins  on  Salmon  liiver  in  March  ISIJH),  .lohn  P.  .Spencer,  Sweeney,  .1.  \'. 
.Supivnnnt,  William  Still,  (i.  and  .las  Stiuut,  .lerry  T.  Sidlivan,  II.  M. 
iSpencer,  \N'iIliani  .SinipHon,  A.  J.  Smith,  Fuiicli  .Snutli,  Lew  1'.  Smilli, 
Janu'M  Spence,  1  ieorge  II.  Smith,  A.  K.  Stanton,  (J.  W.  Stiipletoii,  K. 
C.  Stii.kuey,  William  Sturgis,  '"hristopher  Stoker,  .lo8eph  Swift,  .Ir,  I'. 
M.  rh(>m|>son.  C.  i^.  Tisdale,  H.  T.  'I'yler,  William  Tcwilliger,  Williaui 
'J'ownley,  lleujandn  'I'owidey,  ('.  (),  'J'rask,  Trainer,  ThilxMleaux,  .luliu 
(".  Terrill,  Hohi'rt  'I'inijley  and  '2  sons,  one  named  Itohert),  iMewur 
Uiidei'wo'id,  John  X'eddir,  \'iiuoourt|  .lohn  \'am'.erliilt,  Woodwortli,  .1. 
II.  Wiidman,  S.  Walton,  \.  Wall,  K.  P.  Watei^,  William  Wallace,  C\nn 
|).  Wiilkins,  Prank  Watkins,  Ned  Williamson,  (Jcorge  Wing,  P.  (J.  Wonil», 
Williaiu  Wright,  Wilds,  .lames  Wiggington,  Wendell,  Horace  Wheat,  (U-nv^r. 
Wickii;Mn.  .1.  U.  Wilson,  W.irren  Whitclicr,  Frank  H.  Woody.  .1.  S.  WiUaid. 
James  X.  ^'ork,  Charles  I,.  N'uiing.  John  A.  Smith,  one  oi  the  founders  c.f 
U'lnna-k,  died  .April  l!(,  IS7'_*.  In  IS.'(|  he  was  iuti'reste  1  in  the  town  site  I'f 
Florence,  on  the  ^li:iHoll^i  Ui\ev,  almvo  Omnlia,  an<l  kept  a  lerry  there.  .\t- 
terward  he  kept  a  ferry  on  tlie  Klkimrn  iiml  I'latli  ij\.  is  ,\iceessively.  Ihi 
wa.s  a  memiier  if  the  lir.st  Ni  lira>ka  legislature.  In  IS.'kS  he  «  rut  to<  'ulnniilit, 
retuiuing  to  Ni  l>rii.-;ka  the  same  yeai',  ami  coining  to  .MoiaUnaiu  ISO'-'.  />i  m-'  r 
AVi/M,  May  IS,  IsT-'. 

''  Moiiiiin<i  Siniii'<,U.  W'lllii  WfUln  S'nir^maii,  \\>v.  (\,  ISO".';  ItimaiizaCihi 
YaiiLvr  l'<ii-k  lln-'ihl,  .Ian.  .»,  Ih«U;  X>l>rt4.l,.->  Lnml  Laii>,  H.'iT  !». 

^  Frederii'k  II.  Purr,  .lames  Coulan,  Lonom  l>.  Krviu,  and  James  M.  Mine- 
singer  spent  the  wi.itcr  in  lli^lmle  \  alh'y. 

'  .Among  til'  latter  Was  !•'.  .1.  |)unl>ar,  w*o  was  Imrn  in  <#iio,  .April  IS.'tT, 
und  ri'inoveil  to  Wi.sconsiii  at  the  aye  of  H  years,  liuvi  :"  !ii-st  Irurncd  tin) 
plasterer's  trade.  From  \ViHeiin.-.in  he  wen:  to  Iowa:  tliei  to< 'oloiado  in  IvV, 
^itli  I  lie  gold -seekers,  driving' an  <>\  team.  Wliili  prohpt  ctiiig  in  Colorado  li' 
di8co\el>-<i  tlie  .Malniiiotli  mine,  wliicli  afterward  sold  lor  .^MI.OINI,  aUo  tlio 
'iIm,  Mid  other  ijiiar:/.  mine-.  I!ut  he  seems  not  to  '.lave  worked  his  li-- 
o>veiK'<;  and  after  crossiiiL^  the  plains  three  times,  tiiuilly  joined  the  iiiiini- 
cnktion  to  Salmon  Itivci',  uliieii  stop[ieil  at  llaiin.uU  ii>  .luly.  In  .NdVemUr 
Im  Went  to  look  «t  the  count  r\  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cailutin  Piver,  aiiil  lulu.,' 
ikvoruhlv  inipivau-wd  v.itii  it,  n  moved  lu.s  wil'e  and  iii«)|ierty  in  lleeeinher ,iii  I 
«bu*e  III- fntiiri;  lionie,  lieing  then  reeently  mariiecl  to  Anna  Campliell.  lie 
••rctiiii  U)t'  tirst  house  in  (iullatin  Vicxtey,  alog  hnildiitj.  IH  liy  'Jl>  feet.  Wli<  ii 
IhiHiiliii  City  nftruiig  up  he  k«pt  a  liotal  t'ur  tuur  yu*i-a.     lie  buwuue  tliou\\ lu r 


PIONEER  NAMES. 


Fort  IBonton  wore  thirty  or  forty  persons  of  JilTercnt 
nationalities,  su(;li  as  attach  tlieinselves  to  fur  com- 
panies." 

At  the  Blackfoot  aj^oncy,  cstabhshed  in  1858  on 
Sun  Itivcr,  liy  Alfred  J.  Vuiij^hii,  agent  for  that  trilie, 
were  a  few  persons.^"*  On  the  west  side  of  the  lloeky 
Mountains,  in  Missoula  county,  Washini^ton,  were 
over  two  hundred  persons,  inclusive  (»f  the  niininjjf, 
trading,  missionary,  and  other  classes.  Of  these  Deer 
Ijudgc  Valley  had  ahout  seventy.''     Already  a  town 

of  SOO  or  COO  acres  of  lanil.  Another  settler  in  the  Oallutin  Valley  this  year 
vii.H  .lohn  E.  Iteesp,  horn  in  WaU'S,  Jan.  I'J,  1HI9,  who  iuiniigr.ited  to  New 
^'ni'k  in  |H,')(i,  and  sutth^il  on  a  farm  in  I'a,  where  Ik?  remained  hiit  'J^  years, 
vliin  he  went  toSalt  I^ilic.  In  IKi>-J  lie  found  iiimiiclf  iit  lianiiack;  hut  eiioos- 
in'^'  larniing  instead  uf  mining,  lie  settled  15  miles  north  of  the  |)i'esent  town 


III  IJn/cnian,  having  no  nei^^libor  iii'arer  than   t   niues. 


till 


ih 


II 


e  niarni'i 


I   Ml 


ry 


li:ivi.s  in  IS40,  who  was  tlie  lirat  and  for  H(tine  tiiiie  tiie  only  white  wonian  in 
lii:i  ^|('l.'tion.     Jie  ow  ns  '240  aeres  will  ctdtivated,  and  some  horses  and  cattle. 

liohert  I*.  Menefee,  horn  in  Mo.,  in  l.s;i;i,  went  lo  Kansas  at  tiio  a;{e  of -2 
y^•!ll^l,  and  was  iiii^aj^ed  in  the  ]iolitieal  8triiv'!.'le  tiuie  from  I  >."i.'i  to  l>S.'iS,  wlieri 
III' wi'iit  to  Utah,  driving  an  o.\-team.      While  in  Suit  l>ake  hi!  was  clerk  for 


•  lilliiit  (iani.i 


in  Oct.  iKIi'J  he  went  to  the   mines  at   lianiiaek.      Wliei 


\'iiL;iiii:i  City  arcso  he  was  jiostmaster  from  .Viij.'.  I8(ii  to  l"el>.  )Nti,"».  He 
tlicii  reiiiainiil  for  a,  few  months  in  I)i'ir  J.oiJLie  N'alliy,  returning  in  theau- 
tiiiiiii.     lie  took  some'  land  in  (iallatiii  Valley  in  ISliT,  togrtlur  with  .Ji  lin  S, 


.M 


ciiili'iilia 


II,  wl 


he  I 


)oi:'':ht  out  ni 


INTO.     'II 


leroaiso  re.Hiiii'ii  en  a  farm  near 


llii/ciiiiiii,  lliley  ','ook,  a  yoiiu<»man  whoso  i>.irents  eiiiigialrd  from  the  east  to 
lloLsc  Valley  in  ISO*.'.  He  was  horn  tli(>  folh>wiiii,'  year,  ht  iiig  one  of  the  lirst,  if 
not  the  lirst  native  of  Idaho  of  white  jun-entagi'.  lie  livid  there  on  a  farm  un- 
til |ssl.    .lames  Uedford  was  a  native  nf  lieland,  w  ho  iminigrateil  to  .Xmi'iieu 


ill  |H."d,  at  the  ageof  iM  years,  and 
(iiniiiioii  lahor  until   IS.V>,  when  h 
ill  Kill  re.ssiou.      Ho  drove  freight  t< 
L'a^'eil  ill  miiiiii;.;  in  (Jolorado.     In 
I'li'.'itiiig   hiiir-elf  at   hixeiis  giileli 


I  !.ie 

itei 

i  l.ll 

«  wenr. 

to  K 

■.•iiiis  aerons 

ISIi.' 

he 

eani 

an< 

1   II 

mil) 

ha.l 

ID 

iiil. 

iself  in  I'a,  where  he  Worked  lit 
ansas,  Neliraska,  and  ( 'oloiadii 
the  |ihiiiis  twosiif'^cjiis,  then  en- 
e  to  ikinnaek  with  a  nnili-tean), 
g  for    II  Of  I'J  yi  ,ir.s.     In   |S(i4 


leii,  ami  owiiei 


d  ■-'»()  J 


lei'es  in  tlio 


iiiied  .liilia  IMwards.    Tiny 
of  .lelletNoii  \alley,  where  they  <  imaged  ill  rai-.ing  hoiie-i  ,iiid  i.itlle. 
Andrew  Oawson  was  iitrent  in  charge;  (ieorge  Stiill  and  M.  ('.iiroll,  ehief 
lliini.  k,  .xiih-eleik;  lleiiry  ItostMJck  and  Francis  Wide,  iiiter|ii'eters; 


I'lriiiaiiiin  IK'   lloclie,  .hweiih   S]n 


(liaih.'S  (  lloi|l|ette,   I'eter  t'l|o.|Uettl>, 


laiiipaL.'iie,  and   Hi  iiry    RuUrt,  interpreters  and  traders;  X'lnceiit 


Mhlia-l  CI 

Ml  iriii'eand  .lii.-ie[ili  LaurMii,  cai'))<-nteis:  .lohn  Nidiert,  tailor;  lleiiiy  .Martin, 
M  iik-iiiiilh;  t!(or;.'e  W«i|Krt,  tiiinef;  I'.ml  Loiudciiie.  lAeiseer  of  wurUmen; 
Ani'iiMe   Ihirileail,  i'li-inent  t^omiioNi,  Charles  Coiiriiova,  Charles   <'iinand, 


1.  uvard  Ciinand,  Milton   Foy,  .hisi  jih   Iliile,  William    Iwiser,  .John  l.argeiit, 
•l'|-i|ili    LiicH  r,  William 'rrueidale,  h  liah  Trenilile/,  ein|iloy.  s;   l>anid('ara- 


I'  I,  a    iree   man;    riiilip    Karnes  and    ileiiry    Mills,    ne<;r< 


\ 


iiiiiitliiirg,  negro  eiHili 


II, si.  ,s 


»/n 


ii'iiiii,  .'U.   s. 


i|i|oye 


ainea 


'"The  agent  at  tin-,  time  wa  1  lien  W.  Iteiil.  Tlu>  farnii'r  was  .1.  A  Vail, 
^^lllMe  wife  and  sistei  in  liiM',  Miss  »»  llrieii,  were  the  only  white  wi.mh  n  resi- 
lient in  .Montana  pruviouit  to  IHO;*.     Another  iiurson  on  Sun  Itivur  was  Jumoa 


M.  A 


I'lloilX. 


'  Uuld  ('reek  hail   Thoniiis    Adams,   Keese   .\iiilenii>n,  A.   Cook,    .Stephen 
iier,   Jonepli   Howard,  Mis  llevv^ua,  IVlor  Kishuer  luid  partner,    Linn, 

II  1ST.  \V,ISII.-W 


:  ii 


i  ■ 


'I 


626 


TO\\Tf  ■BUIIJ)INO  AND  SOCIETY. 


was  laid  off  on  the  east  side  of  Deer  Lodfre  RivGr, 
near  its  junction  with  tlie  Hcllgate,  called  La  Bar<,'o 
City,  the  Hcat  and  centre  of  the  business  and  popula- 
tion of  Indian-trader  antecedents,  where  the  Antoines, 
Louis,  and  Baptistes  were  as  numerous  as  over  tliu 
border  in  the  provinces.  At  the  mission  of  St 
Ignatius,  at  Fort  Owen,  and  in  the  Hellgatc  and  Bit- 
terroot  valleys,  were  the  greater  part  of  the  two 
hundred  inhabitants,"'  who  were  not  miners,  but  stock- 
Peter  Martin,  Amelia  Martin,  Rolx;rt  Nelson,  Henry  S.  Pond,  Parkrr, 
U.  A.  Thompson,  ami  Job  Townscnd.  At  La  Uargo  City,  wlioso  lirst 
name  gave  place  to  Deer  Lwlge  City,  were  Henry  Ucaurcfiarcl,  Antlidny 
Cos^ove,  Calvin  Carroll,  Mrs  CurroU,  David  Contoi,  l<rnnk  Ciililiiu,, 
Ltmis  Demars,  Dionisio,  Louis  DcHciicneaux,  John  Dayton,  William  Tair- 
weather,  Louis  (irundmaison,  .losepli  Hill,  Homer  llewcins,  Tiiomas  l.avutta, 
Charles  D.  La  llreche,  Henry  LamvetS  I-'ran^ois  La  Montague,  Josef  Martin, 
H.  A.  Milot,  Mack  the  tiddler,  Fran<,'oi8  Narmondin,  CilcsS.  Olin,  Frank  (tliti, 
MraU.  H.  Olin,  (ieorgc  Orr,  ^ladame  UencS  Peltier,  Augustus (>.  Peltici',  Mv^ 
Peltier,  Miss  Peltier,  Eli  Pelleriu,  Joseph  Prudhommo,  Ucnoni  H.  Ppidmily, 
Mrs  Susan  Pcttl><>dy,  Leon  Quesnellc,  Iktptiste  Qucsnellc,  Joseph  Qucsiitllt', 
Thomas  liiley,  James  Kecd,  Ifenry  Tiiomas  (commonly  called  Cold  Tnin>, 
Francois  Truchot,  and  Young,  iK'siiles  most  of  the  traders  already  nanieil  as 
being  in  tlic  mountains  including  the  (iriints,  .Tohn  S.  Pemhcrton,  and  ('.  A. 
Broadwater  of  Cottonwood  (,'icek,  John  Franks,  .Fohn  Carr,  and  IvL'ar 
Henry  of  Dempsey  Creek,  ami  (leorgo  Ives  and  Ciiarles  S.  Allen  of  Duhliii, 
comnosi'd  the  suburban  population. 

"At  St  Iiniatius  mission,  on  n  branch  of  Flathead  Hlver,  were  fathers  Josipli 
Carnaim,!  'aliphonio,  Url>anu8(iraf«i,  Joseph  (Jionia,  Joseph  M(''nc'trey,  Ma:.'ii, 
Louis  Vercruyssen,  and  Aloysius  Van/ini;  also  tiio  following  periions:  I'lank 
Jiison,  William  i'laessens,  Joseph  Coturc,  Louis  Corville,  Peter  Irvine,  l.<nm 
Pelon,  Chorles  Reiilt,  Joseph  Speclit,  and  Charles  Scliadt.  At  Freuchtowii, 
on  the  Missoula  Kiver,  Joseph  Asliue,  Louis  llrown,  (Jeorge  IJeaupnS  riiilip 
Carr,  liaptiste  Dusharnie,  Adcdpli  Didireuil  (called  Tin-cup  Joe),  David  Kit- 
son,  Fdward  Lambert,  Damien  Ledoux,  Joseph  Ijirose,  Henry  W.  Milin, 
CnroJiiic  Miller,  Lucrctia  Miller  (Liter  Mrs  Worden),  Mary  C.  Miller  (litir 
Mrs  l^i'utl,  Fustacho  Nenm,  Joseph  Poutre,  Moiso  Keeves,  Luther  Kicliaul^, 
M.  T.  Tipton,  Fuiil  Tuleau,  Thompson,  and  (ieorge  Young.  At  the  I'lut- 
heud  agency  on  the  Jocko  lliver  wen?  Charles  Hutchins  (agent),  ('.  S. 
Barnes,  William  Ikidger,  John  Dillingham  (killed  in  July  1803  at  .Mln- 
culcli,  by  Haze  Lyons,  Buck  Stinsou,  and  Charles  Fubbs),  Charles  I'lii^li, 
William  Holmes,  A.  B.  Ht^iderson,  Michael  Ijirkin,  Frederick  Slirru'".!, 
James  Sinnett,  Daniid  Sullivan,  and  Dr  Terry.  At  Fort  Owen,  .lolin  ()\m  n, 
L.  L.  Blako,  \V.  W.  Do  Lacy,  (ieorge  W.  Dolibins,  Louisa  Dobbins,  Mrs 
William  (i(K>drich,  ('.  K.  Irvine,  and  (^yrus  McWhirk.  In  the  lUttemnit 
Valley,  Joseph  Blodgett,  Kdward  Murk,  William  11.  Babeock,  William  Hanti  ■, 
Mrs  mntec,  Louis  Clairmont,  Kdward  Carron,  John  Chattield,  licnrv  M, 
Cone  and  Elva  (.'one  (the  first  white  man  and  woman  married  in  liillirii"'t 
Valley),  ]V.>njnmin  Crandall,  Napoleon  Dumontio,  Thomas  Freweii,  A.  K. 
Gird,  Tlioniau  W.  Harris,  Ccorge  Hurst,  K.  B.  Johnson  and  children,  1*.  M.  l-ii' 
fontain,  Joseph  Lompri",  Williani  Meroi'iith,  Mrs  .Merid'th,  Antoiue  M.iiii 
noau,  C.  J.  Parker,  .lohn  Peters,  Mrs  Peters,  John  Sla' k,  John  SilvertliDiiie, 
W.  A.  Tallman,  and  <ie(u-go  M.  Windes.  At  Hellgato  Bond,  IVterJ.  It'ttr, 
Albert  Brttchelder,  DanielS.  Calkins,  Marcus  Donn,  John  Frazier,  Mi'*  lbl<ii 
Ornnt,  Julia  P.  <Jrnnt,  Adeline  (Jrant,  C.  P.  Higgins,  W.  B.  S.  lliu-^nn, 
George  Hohnan,  John  Lowre,  Thonuu  .Vliueoiger,  Peter  MuDonuld,  Uobci  i  A. 


THE  FIRST  WINTER. 


627 


raisers  and  farmers,  or  settled  in  some  regular  occu- 
pation. How  these  six  or  eight  hundred  people  pa.ssL'd 
the  winter,  midway  between  the  Missouri  River  at 
Omaha  and  the  lower  Columbia,  after  the  knowledge 
we  have  acquired  of  the  American  pioneer,  it  is  not 
(litticult  to  imagine.  Building  went  on  briskly,  with 
such  material  as  was  at  ha!ul.  Few  were  idle,  and 
they  were  men  with  whom  the  vigilants  eame  in  time 
to  deal  peremptorily.  On  the  road  to  Salt  Lake 
teamsters  kept  their  heavy  wagons  going  until  the 
snow  in  the  passes  closed  them  out.*'* 

As  soon  as  s|)ring  opened,  parties  l)egan  to  be  made 
up  for  prospecting,  not  for  mines  only,  but  for  eligible 
situations  for  town  sites,  it  being  already  settled  in 
tlie  minds  of  the  first  comers  that  a  largo  population 
was  to  follow  in  their  wake.  Such  a  company,  under 
James  Stuart,  left  ]:Jannack  A[)ril  9th  for  the  mouth 

Ptlky,  Aili'lino  IVlky,  .Ti-tTorHim  Honry  Polity  (son  of  Robert  A.  nml  Ailolino, 
\\;i.s  iiorii  at  (iraHii  Vailt'y  :<  iiiilt-H  l)olow  llcllgiite,  .Ian,  l.'<,  ISfJ'J,  licin){  tlio  liiMt 
wliitc  cliilil  horn  witliiii  tlio  )irfsciit  liiiilt.s  of  Montana),  .Josi'i)!!  I'ion,  I)a\'itl 
IVittrr,  il.  K.  Iiou.sc,  Mrs  lioiisi',  William  Sinclair,  Jci'finiali  L.  Sinclair,  .lanios 
Sinclair.  Mary  SiNclair,  (."olin  Sinclair,  I.  N.  Stinaon(liani,'cilat  llaunack  liy  tlio 
vi;.'ilant8  in  Jau,  ISiU),  James  ScIRmh,  Susan  Sellers,  William  Scott,  l!icliar>l 
Siiiitli,  (Jfor;;e  I'.  \\  iiito,  .losepiiine  White  (lirst  wliitu  couple  married  any- 
\\lM'r(^  in  Montjina,  the  ccreninny  licini,'  performed  at  llelli^ato  March  "i,  iMiJ, 
piiiljaMy  l>y  tin'  lirst  justice  iif  the  peace,  Henry  R.  Itrook.s),  Henry  Williams, 
Ulid  Frank  I..  Wurden.  At  (trass  Valley  were  Henry  U.  ISrooks  (appointed 
justice  uf  the  peace  l>y  the  Wash,  legislature  of  jcStil  -'J,  tin?  lil'st  court  held 
lieiuL,' in  the  spring  of  |S(!'_»,  ami  lirst  cause  Tin-eup  .loo  vsO'Keefe),  Wnrtli- 
iii^tnn  Hills  (torm>  riy  if  l  )rei;(jn  ami  Washington),  and  lle/ekiith  Van  I)(irn. 
At  Two  (,'reeks.  David  M.  Itrooks,  J.  1',  Ltivallie,  .Icihn  Little,  I)aniel  I*. 
Nirhiils,  .lanu's  Xojan,  ami  Amos  Overlander.  At  I'Mathead  House,  or  Hud- 
li'lii's  Kay  post,  James  Mclver,  Aivgns  McLeod,  Loclilin  McLim'in,  ami  Mont- 
^'(pincrv.  At  MisHoiila  Kerry,  .lohn  S.  Caldwell.  At  Koriaken  l>elile,  (!.  ('. 
()  Kecfe  (calle.l  Uaron  O'Keefe  ol  ("astle  O'lveefe)  and  I).  C.  OKeefe.  .Mail- 
cjinier  to  Walla  Walla,  W.  W,  Johnson.  This  complotes  the  list  of  wliito 
iiilialiitanta  of  Montana  in  the  winter  of  |S(iL>,  as  givi'u  in  the  archives  of  the 
ilistcirical  Society  of  Montana,  with  additions  from  other  nuthoritiL's;  and 
tlll)u^h  not  n  perfect  roll,  it  eontuinii  over  two  thirds  of  all  the  population, 
according  to  tlio  In-st  accounts. 

"The  pass  liy  Fort  Lemhi,  according  to  Oranvillo  .Stuart,  i»  tho  second 
liiwest  in  the  liocky  langc.  'I'he  lowest  is  that  which  leads  Irom  lleaverhead 
\':ilii'y  to  Deer  Lodge  N'alley,  and  the  only  one  that  ne\er  becomes  iin;>as-'alilu 
with  snow,  which  nehloni  falls  to  a  depth  of  more  than  '2  feet,  while  in  tliu 
l)ry  ( 'reek  pass,  as  it  is  callecl,  which  was  adopted  for  the  Salt  Lake  •■oute  in 
IS();t,  it  is  Honietimes  10  feet  ilecp.  Mmilaiiii  m  It  In,  70-S().  This  little  lio<ik 
>'f  Stuart'M  contjtins  a  great  variety  of  information  concerning  the  topography, 
<!iinati<,  resources,  noinenelatiii'e,  routes,  diiituucuH,  etc.,  uf  Monlauu,  and  ia 
nu  easy  refercucu  un  uU  these  suhjectit. 


IS! 


i      A 


G3S 


TOWN  nUILDIXa  AND  SOCIETY. 


'  I,  I 


of  tho  Stinkinq'watfT  Tlivcr,  wliorc  it  was  cxpootcd 
another  division  would  join  thcin."  This  party,  how- 
ever, did  not  arrive  in  time,  and  were  left  to  t'ollnw 
when  they  slionld  strike  the  trail,  Stuart  continuiii-^f 
on  with  tlie  advance  to  tlio  Yellowstone  country, 
wliich  it  was  the  desijjrn  of  the  expedition  to  exploit . 
The  men  reinainintf  were  oidysix  in  number;  namely, 
Louis  Sinnnons,  (feorj^c  Orr,  Thomas  Cover,  liarncy 
If  utiles,  Henry  Edu^ar,  William  Fairweather.  Tiny 
followed  the  trail  of  Stuart's  party  for  some  distancf, 
but  before  overtakinfj  them,  were  met  by  Crows,  who, 
after  robbing?  thenj,  placed  them  on  their  own  miser- 
able sore-I)acked  [)onies,  and  ordered  them  to  return 
whence  they  came.  This  treatment,  which  called 
out  nothing  but  curses  from  the  disappointed  pms- 
jieetors,  eventuated  in  their  liighest  jjfood  fortuiuv 
( )n  their  disconsolate  journey  back  to  J^annack  tiny 
made  a  detour  of  a  day's  joiirney  uj*  Madison  Itivrr 
above  their  crossiiJLj,  and  passinj^  throuj,di  a  gap  to 
tlu;  south-west,  encamped  on  a  small  creek,  and  pro- 
( ee'ded  to  cook  such  scanty  food  as  the  Indians  li.nl 
lift  them,  whih)  Fairweather  occupi<Ml  his  time  in 
panniiii^  out  some  diil  in  a  jljuIcIi  where  he  obsiMVid 
a  point  of  bed-rock  ju-ojectinij^  from  the  hillside.  To 
his  surprise  he  found  thiity  cents  in  coarse  g'old  in 
the  first  panful  of  dirt,  and  upon  a  few  more  trials, 
$1.75  to  the  pan.  After  this  discovery  the'  ((Xploms 
needi.'d  no  sauce  to  their  dinner.  The  stream  \\;h 
calleil  vVlder  (^lei.-k,  from  its  Irin^'o  of  alder-trees,  ami 
the  place  of  discovery  f^'airweather  gulch.  It  was 
sixty-live  miles  nearly  duo  east  from  Bannack. 

Claims  were  immediately  staked  oif,  and  Iluolns 
returned  alone  to  liannack  to  procure  supplies,  ami 
inform  such  fritMids  as  the  party  desired  to  have  shaix- 
the  benelits  of  the  discovery.     But  a  |)ros|)ector  is 

".Tiiini'9  Stimrt  wjw  cliosoii  cuptniu  hy  thoao  who  prt'sentod  thcin«i'Ivi  i  .it 
tho  rfuili'/.v<iiis.  Tlii'V  \vi'i-i!  J'yruH  I).  \Vatkin«,  Jnhii  Vaiiilcrhilt,  .liiiiH"<  N- 
VdiU,  liii'hunl  Mi'(J:iH"crty,  .laiiu's  ]Iiiuxhurst,  Orowy-r  L'liilcrwtmcl,  Sumui  1 
T.  llaiimT,  II.nryA.  IJrll,  William  llutich,  .\.  St.'mo  lUakt;,  (Ji-ni-o  II. 
Siiutli,  Henry  T,  Goory,  Kpluiam  Bontwiok,  uiul  trcorgo  Ives.  C'o;».  ///.<'.  <Vu^ 
.Uiintmia,  15U. 


FAIRWEATHER  AND  ALDER  CREEK. 


C'29 


sharply  watched,  and  when  Hughes  returned  to  Alder 
Creek,  which  proved  to  be  one  of  the  heads  of*  Stink- 
ini,'water,"  ho  was  f'(i>liowed  by  two  bundled  men. 
Unable  to  prevent  theni,  Hughes  encamped  a  tew 
imurs'  ride  from  the  mines.  Having  inlormed  his 
fVicnds,  he  stole  away  in  the  night  with  them,  and 
.so  gave  them  time  to  make  their  locations  before  the 
otiicrs  left  camj). 

When  the  two  hundred  arrived,  a  mining  district 
vas  formed,  named  after  Fairweatlier,  with  Dr  Steele 
jiKsident  and  James  Fergus  recorder.  This  was  on 
the  Gth  of  June,  18G3.  Eight  months  afterward  tiicre 
were  five  hundred  dwellings  and  stores  on  Alder 
( 'icck;  and  Virginia  City  when  a  year  old  had  a  pop- 
ulation of  four  thousand."  Like  numy  other  mining 
tnuns,  it  had  a  dual  existence,  consisting  of  two  towns 
joining  each  other,  the  second  one  being  called  Ne- 
vada." Together  they  made  one  long  street,  witli 
side  streets  branching  off  at  right  angles.  The  joint 
city  was  twenty  miles  frt)m  the  jun(tit)n  of  Stiidving- 
watcr  with  the  Jelfersi)n  foik,  in  latitude  a  little  north 
of  Jf)"  and  longitude  lHo  west.  It  was  400  miles 
I'lom  Salt  Lake,  1,400  from  Omaha,  1,000  from  Port- 
land, GOO  from  navigation  on  the  Columbia,  and  500 
t'luiii  practicable  navigation  on  the  Missouri,  except 
niice,  or  perhaps  twice,  a  year  in  good  seasons,  wlien 
Miamboats  ce)uld  como  to  Fort  IJiMiton,  200  miles 
iii'itli.  What  did  that  matter?  (jold  smooths  away 
all  (litKculties,  and  out  of  Alder  Creek  gulches,  in  tlui 
iiiiinediate  vicinity  of  A'irginia  City,  were  taken,"*  in 

'■■So  called  by  tlio  Indiana,  from  the  snlplnir  8prinj.'s  wliidi  nm  into  it. 

'"Tho  town  was  first  culled  Variiia,  afti-r  tin-  wifi-  nf  ■Ictrii-.sim  iJavis,  Imt 
C'liii  rhangid  to  Virginia.  W,  \V.  l)o  l.ai  y,  in  Con.  /liyl.  S,n\  Mniiliiiin,  li:i. 
'i.  •!  liitirioll,  wliilo  acting  ns  jiiil^o  in  tlio  tii;il  of  Kurln.s,  a  icadagi'nt,  w- 
lusc  d  to  write  Varina  nt  the  lioad  of  a  li';,'al  (Idciimi'nt,  and  wiutc  Vii>;iiiia  iii- 
stijid,  which  scttli'il  the  matter.   MiiC'nn'.i  'J'/inv  TIiuuikwI  .1/.7' •),  'J'Jit. 

''  (Jeutral  and  Sununit  cities  Imvu  niucu  been  added  to  tlic  suburbs  nl  \'ir- 
ginia. 

''  Aiix  Miiiiii;!  ill  Colorado  and  Montana,  MS.,  7  0;  I'om  llrinniy.i  /''/i/; 
/V.v's  Trail II,  i-h'  Ciiidr,  •!  I ;  K.  \\.  Nonlly,  h\  Atliiiilir  Moiilhlij,  Au.i;.  iMiCi, 
-'•>!'■  J.  .M.  Carlton,  burn  in  Aldcrbaii^Ii,  Maint-,  in  ISI.'i,  was  a  hutt  I  kcipiT 
"t  \  ii'irinia  ("ify.  Ifo  lucatiil  hini.s.'lf  in  liaiinaik  in  Isti'.',  l)iit  ntuuved  to 
\  11  juiia,  of  which  he  wua  mayor  for  several  terms,      lie  died  April  '11,  UsTO, 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WKBSTEil,  NY.  14580 

(;i6)  873-4503 


I 


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5   !  ^!  ,i 


630 


TOWN-BUILDING  AND  SOCIETY. 


the  first  three  years,  $30,000,000.  Five  other  tlis- 
tricts  were  organized  on  Alder  Creek — Highland, 
Pine  Grove,  and  Summit  up  the  stream,  and  Nevada 
and  Junction  below.  About  a  thousand  claims  were 
located,  which  yielded  well  enough  to  pay  a  good  profit 
when  wages  were  from  $10  to  $14  a  day. 

But  Alder  Creek  was  not  the  only  rich  mining  lo- 
cality. A  spur  of  the  mountains  which  runs  down 
between  the  Stinkingwater  and  Madison  rivers  con- 
tained highly  productive  mines.  Wisconsin  gulch,  so 
named  because  a  Wisconsin  company  first  worked  it. 


G' 


AND  Lodes  in  1863. 


Bivcns'  gulch,  named  after  its  discoverer,  celebrated 
for  coarse  gold  and  nuggets  weighing  over  three  iiuii- 
dred  dollars,  Harris  and  California  gulches,  all  jtaid 
largely.  In  this  same  spur  of  the  mountains  were  a 
number  of  quartz  veins  bearing  gold  and  silver,  tlio 
value  of  which  could  only  be  guessed  at  from  tlio 
richness  of  the  placers. 

We  will  now  look  after  the  party  of  James  Stuart, 
which  narrowly  missed  discovering  the  Alder  Civck 
mines  by  hurrying  on  to  the  Yellovstonc  country  in- 
stead of  stopping  to  prospect  where  they  found  indi- 

leaving  a  wife  and  daughter.  Ho  liad  been  one  of  the  founders  of  St  I'aul, 
Minuosota.  Dozeman    Avant'Courier,  April  'J3,  187G. 


STUART'S  PROSPECTORS. 


631 


cations.^®  Keeping  a  generally  north-east  course,  they 
crossed  Madison  River,  finding  plenty  of  burnt  quartz, 
and  'raising  the  color'  when  prospecting;  crossed 
the  Gallatin  Valley  where  it  was  watered  by  two 
forks,  and  found  it  superior  to  Deer  Lodge;  crossed 
tlio  divide  between  the  Missouri  and  the  Yellowstone, 
reaching  that  river  on  the  25th,  keeping  down  the 
south  bank  two  days  beyond  Big  Bowlder  Creek, 
when  they  fell  in  with  a  band  of  Crows,  from  which 
they  narrowly  escaped  through  the  intrepid  behavior 


BlOHOBN  ClT7. 

of  Stuart.  It  became  an  almost  daily  occurrence 
to  meet  thieving  Crows.  They  pursued  their  way 
down  the  Yellowstone,  reaching  Pompey's  Pillar  on 
tliG  3d  of  May.*'  On  the  5th  they  arrived  at  Big- 
horn River,  where  they  found  "from  ten  to  fifty  very 

"Says  James  Stuart,  in  his  journal  of  the  Yellowstone  expedition:  'To- 
il ly  we  crossed  two  small  creeks  and  camped  on  the  tiiird  one,  near  tiio  divide 
liutwcen  the  Stinkingwater  and  Mndist)u  rivers.  .  .Tlie  country  from  the 
Stinkingwater  to  the  divide  is  very  broken,  with  deep  ravines,  witli  plenty 
(if  liides  of  white  quartz  from  1  to  10  feet  wide.  In  this  camp* ioery  and  Mc- 
CiiHurty  got  a  splendid  prospect  on  a  high  bar,  but  we  did  not  tell  the  icst  of 
tlie  party  for  fear  of  breaking  up  the  expedition.'  This  prospect  was  on  a 
f  irk  of  Abler  called  Granite  Creek.  When  the  party  returned  tliey  found 
tlicso  gulches  full  of  miners.   Con.  Hist.  Soc.  Montana,  15'2-.3. 

"  On  this  rock,  named  by  Lewis  and  Clarke,  Stuart  found  carved  tha 
■allies  of  Clarke  and  two  of  his  men,  with  the  date,  July  25,  1800.  Also  the 
lumcs  of  Derick  and  Vancourt,  dated  May  23,  1S34. 


m 

Ti' 


ih, 


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..»■  I'll    :  .^^| 

Pil  vii 


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"■ 


^5- 


:i      I     ■ 


TOWN-BUILDING  AND  SOCIETY. 

fine  colors  of  gold  in  every  pan"  taken  from  loose 
gravel  on  a  bar  near  the  mouth.  On  the  6th  five 
men  were  detailed  to  lay  out  a  town  on  the  east  side 
of  this  river,  which  they  accordingly  did,  surveying 
320  acres  for  the  town  site,  and  lots  of  IGO  acres  eacli 
surrounding  it  for  the  suburban  possessions  of  the 
company.  The  stakes  may  be  there  still,  but  the 
town  has  not  been  peopled  to  this  day. 

On  the  11th,  as  the  party  were  travelling  up  the 
Bighorn,  they  discovered  three  white  persons  riding 
and  leading  pack-animals,  whom  they  endeavored  to 
intercept;  but  the  strangers,  taking  them  for  road- 
agents,  escaped.^^ 

On  the  night  of  the  12tli  of  May,  Stuart's  camp 
was  attacked,  and  Watkins,  Bostwick,  and  Gcory 
left  dead  in  the  Crow  country.  The  survivors,  on  the 
28th,  after  a  toilsome  journey,  arrived  at  the  Sweet- 
water, sixteen  miles  below  Bocky  Bidge,  where  thry 
found  good  prospects  in  the  loose  gravel.  On  the  i22d 
of  June  the  company  arrived  at  Bannack  City,  having 
travelled  sixteen  hundred  miles  since  leaving  it  in 
April,  and  without  having  done  more  than  learn  tlie 
inhospitable  nature  of  a  large  part  of  the  country 
explored. 

In  August  a  company  of  forty-two  men,  most  of 
them  new  arrivals,  left  Virginia  City  to  explore  the 
head  waters  of  the  south  fork  of  Snake  Biver.^^   Thty 

"  They  proved  to  bo  J.  M.  Bozcman,  accompanied  by  the  trader  John  M. 
Jacobs  and  liis  young  daughter.  They  were  looking  for  a  ■\vagon  route  from 
the  three  forka  of  tlio  Missouri  to  Hcd  Buttes  on  tho  North  Platte,  wliidi 
they  succeeded  in  finding,  and  which  became  known  aa  the  Bozeuian  cut-olf. 
Bozcniaii  laid  out  tho  town  of  fliat  uatno  in  tho  Gallatin  Vallcj',  and  \\;is  a 
man  much  respected  for  tho  qualitiea  which  distinguish  tho  actual  pioneer. 
He  met  tlio  fate  which  has  overtaken  so  many,  being  killed  by  Indians  ou  tho 
Yellowstone,  near  tho  moutii  of  Shield  River,  April  20,  1807. 

*^Th(!ir  names  were  W.  W.  Do  Lacy,  J.  Bryant,  S.  Brown,  A.  R.  Burr, 
David  Bui-ns,  Lewis  Casten,  J.  C,  Davis,  F.  A.  Dodge,  John  Ferril,  .1.  II. 
Ferguson,  Georgo  Forman,  T.  J,  Farmerlce,  Aaron  Fiekcl,  S.  R.  lUUeiiniin, 
Charles  Heincnian,  H.  11.  Johnson,  James  Kelly,  D.  H.  ^lontgomery,  Jl.  ('. 
Mewhorter,  A.  II.  Myers,  J.  B.  Moore,  John  Morgan,  W.  II.  Orcutt,  J.  J. 
Rich,  Joseph  W.  Ray,  H.  Schall,  W.  Thompson,  Major  Brookie,  E.  P.  Lowi.-i, 
John  Bigler,  J.  Stroup,  Richard  Tod,  Jack  Cumn)ings,  D.  W.  Brown,  C'harli  s 
Lamb,  E.  Whitcomb,  A.  Conistock,  C.  Failor,  Charles  Roam,  J.  GallMi^hrr 
(hanged  by  vigilants),  Smith,  Dickie,  J.  H.  Lawrence,  E.  Sheldon.  Do  L;icy, 
ill  Con.  JJint.  Soc,  Montana,  140. 


DE  LACY'S  E-'^.PEDITION. 


C33 


were  out  51  clays,  and  travelled  500  miles,  discover- 
lu'j;  much  new  country,  but  finding  no  rich  deposits  of 


De  Lacy^  Expedition. 

"  Do  Lacy  was  employed  by  the  first  legislature  of  Montana  to  make  a 
ni;i))  of  the  country  to  assist  in  laying  off  counties,  and  in  this  map  was  i  m- 
liDilii'd  the  knowledge  acquired  by  his  personal  observations.  It  was  litho- 
L'laphcd  and  published,  as  also  another  in  1870.  He  also  draughted  a  map  of 
Jlontana  in  18G7  for  the  Burveyor-general's  office.  In  18G8  ho  wi'otc  .1  letter 
on  tlic  railroad  facilities  of  Montana,  which  was  published  in  liaymond's  re 
port  of  the  Mines  of  the  West  the  following  year.  In  this  letter  he  states  his 
(lisi-Dvcrics  of  Shoshone  Lake,  which  ho  had  called  after  himself,  and  the 
M.idison  Geysers.  In  1872  Prof.  Ilayden  visited  these  places,  and  failed  to 
i.'iv(!  the  proper  credit;  even  after  being  reminded  of  it  ho  uc-glectcd  to  do  so, 
^^  i -liinc;,  of  course,  to  appear  as  tho  discoverer  of  the  lake,  tlio  true  source  of 
Siudio  lUver,  and  the  wonderful  geyser  basin  at  tho  head  of  the  Madison. 


i^f^^ 


ft,? 


634 


TOWN-BUILDING  AND  SOCTETY. 


*'•   i 


Another  expedition  of  this  year  was  that  of  a  large 
company  of  immigrants  which  started  from  St  Cloud, 
Minnesota,  under  the  escort  of  James  L,  Fisk,  who 
conducted  the  Minnesota  train  of  the  year  previous,^* 
On  both  occasions  he  pursued  the  northern  route; 
in  18G3  via  Fort  Ripley,  the  Crow  Wing  Indian 
agency,  Otter  Tail  City,  Dayton,  Fort  Abercrombie, 
Thayen  Oju  River,  lakes  Lydia,  Jessie,  and  White- 
wood,  the  head  of  Mouse  River,  and  the  C6teau  du 
Missouri,  crossing  the  White  Earth,  F'orcupine,  Milk, 
and  Maria  rivers,  reaching  Fort  Benton  on  the  6th  of 
September.  In  his  report,  Fisk  mentions  that  the 
farm  at  the  Blackfoot  agency  was  in  charge  of  a  Mr 
Clark,  Vail  having  gone  to  the  Bannack  gold-field. 
Wheat,  oats,  and  all  kinds  of  vegetables  were  raised 
at  the  agency,  and  the  catholics  had  established  a 
mission,  St  Peter's,  within  fifteen  miles  of  the  place. 
The  only  farm  in  Prickly  Pear  Valley  belonged  to 
Morgan,  who  was  erecting  a  large  log  house  and  out- 
buildings, covering  a  considerable  area,  the  whole  sur- 
rounded by  a  stockade  ten  feet  in  height.  The  popu- 
lation of  Bannack  and  Virginia  City  together,  he  tells 
us,  was  twelve  thousand  in  the  early  summer. '^^ 

''risk's  report  ia  contained  in  //.  Ex.  Doc,  45,  38th  cong.  Isfc  sess., 
and  is  extremely  good  in  a  descriptive  and  also  iu  a  historical  sense. 

'^  Among  other  immigrants  of  1863  who  settled  in  Beaverhead  county 
were:  William  B.  Carter,  born  in  Ohio  April  23,  1840.  At  the  ago  df  'iS 
years  ho  came  to  Montana  with  a  horse-team,  and  established  himself  on 
Alder  Crock,  freighting  goods  from  Salt  Lake  for  4  or  5  years,  in  company 
with  E.  C.  Bennett,  who  came  with  him  from  Ohio.  Bennett  died.  Carter 
married  Anna  B.  Sehvay  in  ISG8,  and  settled  at  Dillon.  Frederick  Temple, 
born  in  Germany  Aug.  14,  1840,  came  to  America  an  infant  and  lived  ia 
Oliio  and  Missouri  until  20  years  of  age,  then  went  to  Colorado,  following  the 
rush  to  Montana  in  1803.  Mined  in  Alder  gulch  and  Prickly  Pear  Valley  until 
18G0,  when  ho  went  to  Indian  Creek.  In  1807  he  took  a  farm  near  lladcrs- 
burg,  and  married  Sorate  llichards  in  1874.  Archie  Macumber,  born  in  Xow 
York  Dec.  1,  1838,  removed  to  Mich,  when  a  boy,  and  resided  tlicro  till 
1859.  Went  from  Colorado  to  New  Mexico,  and  returning,  went  to  tlio 
Salmon  River  mines.  Made  some  valuable  discoveries,  and  spent  the  winter 
of  1802  in  Salt  Ijike,  returning  to  Virginia  City  iu  1803,  and  going  into 
freighting  for  two  years,  then  selling  groceries.  Went  to  tho  Lemhi  niinea 
when  they  were  discovered,  and  finally  settled  at  merchandising,  but  sold  out 
and  secured  a  farm  of  320  acres  near  Radersburg.  In  1870  he  married  Mrs 
Martha  Kennon.  John  Brady,  Bowlder  Valley,  born  in  Ireland  Aug,  .^, 
1825,  camo  to  tho  U.  S.  in  1830,  settled  in  Missouri,  where  ho  remaiucd  un- 
til 1800,  and  then  went  to  Colorado,  and  to  tho  Montana  mines  in  the  spring 
of  1803.    Ou  tho  discovery  of  Alder  Creek  placers  bo  went  there  and  fol- 


NAMES  OF  SETTLERS. 


635 


He  sold  the  horses,  cattle,  and  wagons  belonging  to 
the  government  at  Virginia  and  Bannack  cities,  and 

lowed  mining  for  5  years,  after  which  he  removed  to  Bowlder  Valley,  where 
he  soon  had  480  acres  of  land,  400  or  500  head  of  cattle,  and  some  other 
stock.  He  married,  in  18C1,  Anna  Magillie.  William  Rogers,  Bowlder  Val- 
ley, born  in  Ireland  Feb.  17,  1837,  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  1856,  remaining  in 
New  York  one  year,  going  thence  to  St  Louis,  to  Colorado,  and  to  Virginia 
City  in  1803,  then  to  Diamond  City,  where  he  mined  for  three  years.  He 
then  settled  in  Jefferson  county,  where  he  farmed  with  600  or  700  acres  of 
land,  raising  horses  and  cattle.  He  married,  in  1860,  Anna  McEntre.  They 
were  among  the  first  settlers  in  North  Bowlder  Valley.  John  Cull,  Bedford, 
was  bom  in  England  July  7,  1832,  immigrated  to  America  in  1856,  and  to 
the  Colorado  mines  in  1861,  driving  an  ox-teani.  lu  September  1863  he  fol- 
lowed the  rush  to  Alder  Creek,  mining  on  the  small  gulch  12  miles  from 
Virginia  City  for  a  year,  and  afterward  on  the  Blackfoot  River.  Ho  then 
tried  prospecting  for  new  mines,  and  with  George  Detwiller  discovered  Basin 
Creek  mines,  and  subsequently  Indian  Creek  mines,  in  1865.  In  1869  he 
weut  to  the  Cceur  d'Alene  mining  region,  and  from  there  to  California,  re- 
turning to  Indian  Creek  and  mining  there  until  1876,  when  he  went  to  the 
Black  Hills,  and  from  the  Black  Hills  to  Bear  Paw  Mountain  in  1878,  and 
back  again  to  the  Black  Hills,  to  Lcadville,  to  Santa  F^,  New  Mexico,  and 
finally,  after  stopping  again  at  Leadville,  to  Indian  Creek.  William  Vaughn, 
born  iu  Virginia  Aug.  5,  1825,  removed  at  the  ago  of  18  years  to  Missouri,  and 
in  1850  to  California,  returning  in  1853  to  Missouri.  In  1850  he  went  to 
Colorado,  and  thence  to  Virginia  City  mines,  where  he  remained  a  year,  after 
which  he  mined  on  Indian  Creek,  Confederate  gulch.  Grizzly  gulch,  and 
Tucker  gulch,  returning  at  last  to  Indian  Creek,  where  he  located  50  acres  of 
placer  ground,  which  he  mined  by  hydraulic  apparatus,  and  had  500  feet  of 
mime.  H.  J.  Marsh  was  born  in  Ohio  April  2,  1838,  and  raised  on  a  farm.  Re- 
moved to  Illinois  in  1863,  and  thence  to  Montana  the  same  year  by  overland 
coach.  He  took  a  farm  of  320  acres  on  White  Tail  Deer  Creek  and  met  with 
good  success  raising  horses. 

•Settlers  in  Madison  coujty:  John  Willhard,  born  in  Germany  Sept.  28, 
1838,  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  1854,  and  crossed  the  plains  with  a  mule-team  in 
1800,  to  Colorado,  where  he  mined  and  farmed  until  May  1863,  when  he  fol- 
lowed the  immigration  to  Montana.  After  mining  one  season  at  Virginia 
City  he  took  a  farm  of  640  acres  in  the  Beaveriiead  Valley,  a  mile  below 
Twin  Bridges.  In  company  witij  Lester  Harding  he  discovered  Carpenter's 
Bur.  Carl  Rahmig,  bom  in  Germany  Oct.  3,  1837,  came  totho  U.  S.  in  1858, 
locating  in  Iowa,  where  he  remained  until  1862,  when  he  went  to  Nevada 
with  a  horse-team.  After  a  short  stay  there  and  in  Cal.  he  went  to  Idaho, 
and  thence  to  Montana.  His  lirst  residence  was  in  the  Prickly  Pear  Valley. 
After  prospecting  and  mining  until  1870  he  settled  on  a  farm  in  the  valley  of 
AVillow  Creek,  between  the  Kladison  and  Beaverhead  rivers,  and  raised  stock. 
0.  W.  Jay,  born  in  New  York  May  2,  1844,  removed  with  his  parents  to 
Wisconsin  and  Illinois,  being  raised  a  farmer.  At  the  age  of  17  years  went 
to  Colorado,  returning  the  same  season  to  Illinois.  In  1863  went  again  to 
Colorado,  and  the  same  year  to  Virginia  City,  where  ho  mined  until  1870, 
when  he  secured  a  farm  of  1,100  acres.  He  married  Ella  J.  Wilcox  in  1874. 
Wilson  Butt,  Fish  Creek,  born  in  Indiana  March  7,  1827,  removed  to  Cal. 
overland  in  1849,  where  he  mined  for  five  years,  returning  to  Missouri 
in  1854.  In  1862  went  to  Colorado,  where  he  remained  until  the  following 
year,  when  ho  went  to  Alder  gulch,  and  in  1865  to  Helena.  In  1870  he 
Bottled  in  Jefferson  Valley,  farming  280  acres,  and  raising  grain  and  stock. 
Sunders  E.  Word,  Ennis,  born  in  Ky  Dec.  10,  1846,  removed  in  1854  to 
Missouri.  At  the  age  of  1 7  years  began  driving  freight  teams  across  the 
plains,  which  business  ho  followed  several  years.  He  settled  on  the  upper 
Mudisou  River,  devoting  himself  to  farming  and  stock-raising.  Joseph  Eveaus, 


!?;h'| 


i'  si    I  ■}.'.. 


636 


TOWX-BUILDIXG  AND  SOCIETY. 


h   11 


r :  i 


ll^'lh! 


■• ;«' 


returned  via  Salt  Lake,  travelling  to  that  place  l>y 
the   Bannack    City   express,  which   was   a   coveruil 

Ennis,  born  in  Indiana  Jan.  30,  1S36,  went  to  Colorado  at  the  age  of  25 
years,  driving  a  niiile-team;  mined  for  throe  years  in  that  country,  and  tluu 
went  to  Viri,'inia  City,  but  soon  settled  on  a  farm  on  the  Madison  Kivtr. 
William  Fletcher,  Ennis,  born  in  New  York  March  24,  18-0,  was  raise  d  ,i 
farmer,  and  resided  in  his  native  state  until  185G,  when  he  emigrated  to 
Nebraska,  and  to  Montana  in  1803,  driving  a  horse-team.  Remained  a  ytar 
at  IJannack,  when  he  went  to  Virginia  City  and  engaged  in  tljc  business  uf 
supplying  tiie  market  with  beef,  lie  married  Zilphia  Wakelield  in  Isiiii. 
Christoplier  llicliter,  born  in  Germany  June  8,  1834,  came  to  the  U.  S.  in 
185(5,  and  engaged  as  a  coal-miner  in  I'a,  altliougli  a  cooi)er  and  brewer  Ijv 
trade,  but  s(jon  went  to  8t  Louis,  and  then  to  St  Charles,  Missouri,  workiii:^ 
at  his  trade  of  cooperhig  until  1800,  when  he  went  to  Colorado  for  a  yciir, 
and  from  thence  to  New  Mexico,  returning  and  going  to  Montiina  in  1803.  Ho 
went  into  brewing  beer  in  1804,  with  Henry  Gilbert,  at  Vi''ginia  City,  in 
which  business  ho  continued  for  8  years,  tlien  went  to  farming  on  the  upper 
Madison,  where  he  raised  .stock.  Ho  also  owned  a  quartz  mine  callcil  tho 
Germantown,  half  a  mile  from  Spaulding,  whieli  assayed  02  ounces  of  silver 
and  58  ounces  of  gold  per  ton.     He  married  Anna  Acklor  in  1802. 

Settlers  of  Gallatin  county:  George  E.  McKinsey,  born  in  Indijina  Aiilt. 
22,  1822.  In  1854  he  removed  to  Nebraska,  remaining  tliero  until  iMi.S, 
when  ho  went  to  Montana  with  an  ox-team,  and  mined  for  three  years  at  AMur 
gulcli.  In  1800  ho  removed  to  Madison  Valley,  and  established  a  ferry,  Imt 
went  back  to  minhig  the  following  year,  and  in  1809  returned  to  Miilillu 
Creek,  settling  fina'ly  near  Bozemau  in  1871.  He  married  Sarah  Anna  \\  il- 
son  in  1850.  Andrew  Cowan,  Hillsdale,  born  in  Ky  March  1834,  and  niistil 
on  a  farm.  Went  to  Salt  Lake  from  ^Ussouri  by  stage  in  1803,  and  from  tin  ru 
to  Virginia  City.  Engage<l  in  freighting  for  one  year,  after  whicli  took  a 
farm  of  480  acres  in  the  Gallatin  Valley,  and  raised  cattle  and  liurscs. 
He  married  Rachel  C.  Tribble  in  1872.  Henry  Heebe,  Central  Park,  hdvn 
in  I'a  Nov.  17,  1840,  was  bred  a  farmer.  In  1850  went  to  Kansas,  where  he 
resided  until  1803,  when  he  proceeded  to  Montana.  In  1804,  together  with 
William  Coly,  William  Riley,  and  Clarke,  he  discovered  the  celebrated  I'uiiy 
mine,  and  tho  McDonald  and  Strawberry  mines.  Heebe  sold  his  inter- 
est in  the  Pony  for  a  trifle,  and  settled  on  a  farm  on  the  Gallatin  liivvr. 
C.  Etherington  was  born  in  England  Juno  25,  1831,  and  emigratil  t.j 
the  U.  S.  in  1854.  After  3  years  spent  in  Pennsylvania,  went  to  K-uisis, 
and  thence  to  Colorado  in  1859.  Returned  to  Kansas,  and  again  to  Coloiado 
in  1802,  whence  he  went  to  Virginia  City  and  Bannack  in  the  following  yiar, 
and  settled  in  1804  in  tho  Gallatin  Valley,  12  miles  south-west  of  Bozeiiian, 
being  the  oldest  resident  of  his  section  of  the  valley,  and  delighting  to  be 
called  Kit  Carson  by  his  neighbors. 

Settlers  in  Lewis  and  Clarke  county:  Nicholas  Kessler,  Helena,  born  in 
Germany,  May  20,  1833,  immigrated  to  the  U.  S.  in  1854,  going  lirst  to  (Jhiu 
and  then  to  111.,  where  he  was  in  tho  grain.  Hour,  and  general  produce  busi- 
ness. In  1800  he  went  to  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado,  where  he  mined  in  dilft  rent 
localities  until  1803,  when  he  went  to  Virginia  City,  where  he  kept  a  baUi  ry 
and  a  drinking-saloon  for  a  few  months.  In  1804  went  home  to  Germany,  re- 
turning to  Montana  in  1804  and  establishing  a  brewery  within  two  miU's  of 
Helena.  He  also  made  brick  at  tlie  rate  of  2,000,000  or  3,000,010  ye.nly, 
with  old-fashioned  hand-moulds,  employing  in  brewery  and  bri(  k-_y  ;'rd  45  mm, 
at  wages  varying  from  $40  to  §210  per  month,  with  board  anu  rooms.  Lm  d 
9,000  bushels  of  barley  in  1883,  most  of  it  raised  in  Montiina,  some  coming 
from  Cal.  Made  2,852  barrelsof  whiskey.  There  being  no  faci  ities  for  edu- 
cation, his  school  district  being  poor,  Kessler  erected  a  l>rick  se'iool-hoiisu  at 
a  cost  of  §700,  and  employed  a  teacher  at  §05  per  month.  Wi'liam  James 
English,  Prickly  Pear  Valley,  was  born  in  Ireland,  in  Angus';  1834,  uuJ 


FREIGHT  TRAINS  AND  IMMORALITY. 


637 


wagon,  leaving  Bannack  once  a  week  with  passengers.^ 
At  the  ferry  on  Snake  Kiver,  which  was  guarded  by 
soldiers  from  General  Connor's  arniy,'*^  he  found  150 
wagons  from  Denver  bound  to  the  mines  on  the  cast 
slope  of  the  Rocky  IMountains,  and  fartlier  on  400 
more  wagons,  all  with  the  same  destination. 

Almost  in  the  light  of  expeditions  must  be  consid- 
ered tlie  long  journeys  by  freight  trains.  Usually  a 
company  was  formed  of  several  teams;  but  considering 
the  small  number  of  men  who  must  guard  a  larixo 
amount  of  property  on  these  journeys  to  and  from 
Salt  Lake  and  the  Missouri  River,  the  service  was 
one  requiring  at  times  more  than  ordinar}'  nerve. 
]\vcnty-five  or  thirty  cents  per  pound  was  some- 
times added  to  the  river  freights  for  the  laud  trans- 
})ortation. 

The  condition  of  early  society  cast  of  the  moun- 
tains was  not  very  different  from  that  which  wo 
have  seen  in  Idaho.  If  vice  is  hardly  forced  by 
the  law's  awful  presence  to  conceal  itself  under  a 
cloaking  of  decency,  liow  free  is  it  to  flaunt  its  filth- 
iiu'ss  Avhere  there  is  no  law;  and  how  apt  are  men, 
who  under  other  circumstances  would  have  avoided 
the  exhibition  of  it,  to  indulge  a  prurient  liber- 
tinism here.     In  the  mines  even  the  most  reverend 


Ml 


:f    'i 


cinigrated  to  Canada  at  the  age  of  9  years,  removing  to  Nebraska  H  years 
attcrwanl.  Froni  Ncl)raska  he  went  to  Colorado  t)y  inule-tcam,  and  tlicnec 
to  Vii';4inia  City  in  ISOIJ.  Was  employed  mining  at  wages,  which  were  from 
8ii  to  SI  1  per  day,  according  to  the  work.  Ho  owned  the  first  cooking-stovi; 
lii'iiiglit  to  Alder  gulch.  In  180S  he  settled  on  a  farm  of  ICO  acres  near 
lltlciia.  He  married  Margaret  Niniman  in  1SG3.  I  lind  mention  of  I'lter 
]>;ily,  wife,  and  '2  step-daugliters  of  this  year's  immigration,  with  no  infor- 
iiiatldii  concerning  them. 

-' The  expresses  from  the  two  Bannack  cities,  both  in  Idalio,  in  1803,  came 
to'.'etlier  at  the  Snake  River  Ferry  and  made  great  confusion  in  distiilmting 
mail  matter,  the  letters  for  lianiiack  or  Idaho  City  often  going  to  Bannack  in 
bruvirliead  Valley,  and  vice  versa.  Jloise  AV/'-s  Sept.  '2'j,  1803. 

-'Colonel  !'.  Kdward  Connor  of  the  2d  U.  S.  cavalry  of  C'al.,  known  as 
thr  ligliting  second,  in  a  battle  on  Bear  River,  Jan.  '20,  1S03,  kiUcil  '278 
iii'Mans  on  the  field  and  25  in  escaping  across  the  river,  not  to  mention  3  Ind- 
ian wonien  and  2  children  butchered,  and  capturing  all  their  property.  Tliis 
'.ittle  t>ut  an  end  to  the  killing  of  immigrants  on  tliat  section  of  the  road  for 
.''ivrial  years.  Connor  was  brevetted  major-general.  He  lost  20  killeil,  49 
wouiuled,  and  09  who  sulfcrcd  amputation  of  lingers  and  toes  from  freczuig. 
V'l'jhiia  Montana  I'od,  Feb.  I),  1807. 


=■:  If 


'..:! 


it:* 


m 


lip 

',  It  ^' 

1 1I  - 


■jt-i 


I;  ill'; 


638 


TO^\TJ-BUILDING  AND  SOCIETY. 


may  study  social  problems  from  the  life.  Here,  too, 
crime  assumes  gigantic  proportions,  and  organizes  lor 
a  war  upon  industry  and  thrift. 

For  a  mu(,*h  more  complete  history  of  the  road- 
agents  and  vigilance  committees  of  Montana  than  I 
have  space  for,  I  refer  the  reader  to  my  Popular  Tri- 
hunaU,  this  series.  The  name  of  this  extensive  class, 
*  road-agents,'  which  sprang  up  so  quickly  and  disap- 
peared so  suddenly,  became  a  mocking  allusion  to  their 
agency  in  relieving  travellers  of  whatever  gold-dust 
or  other  valuables  they  might  be  carrying,  and  was 
preferred  by  these  gentry  to  the  more  literal  one  of 
highway  robbers.  It  is  said,  however,  that  the  origin 
of  the  word  came  from  the  practice  of  the  robbers  of 
visiting  overland  stage  stations,  and,  under  the  pre- 
tence of  being  ajjents  of  the  mail  line,  changing  their 
poor  horses  for  better  ones.  The  accoutrements  of  a 
road-agent  were  a  pair  of  revolvers,  a  double-barrelled 
shot-gun  of  large  bore,  with  the  barrels  cut  down  short, 
and  a  knife.  Mounted  on  a  fleet  and  well-trained  horse, 
disguised  with  mask  and  blankets,  he  lay  in  wait  for 
his  prey.  When  the  victim  approached  near  enough, 
out  he  sprang,  on  a  run,  with  levelled  gun,  and  the 
order,  "Halt!  throw  up  your  hands!"  Should  the 
command  be  obeyed,  the  victim  escaped  with  the  loss 
of  his  valuables,  the  robber  riding  away,  leaving  the 
discomfited  traveller  to  curse  at  his  leisure.  But  if 
the  traveller  hesitated,  or  tried  to  escape,  he  was  shot. 

Chief  among  this  class  and  head  of  a  large  crimi- 
nal association  w^as  Henry  Plummer,  gentleuian, 
baker,  legislator,  sheriff,  and  author  of  many  murders 
and  robberies.  Villany  was  organized  in  strict  ac- 
cordance with  law.  When  Plummer  was  sheriff  of 
Bannack  in  18G3  his  chief  associates  in  crime  were 
sworn  in  as  deputies. 

In  October  the  coach  of  Peabody  and  Caldwell 
which  ran  between  Virginia  City  and  Bannack  was 
halted  in  a  ravine  by  two  road-agents  and  the  pas- 
sengers robbed  of  $2,800.    In  November  Oliver's  Salt 


m^ 


tri 


THE  ROAD-AGENTS. 


C39 


Lake  coach  left  Virginia  City  and  was  robbed  before 
reaching  Bannack.  One  of  the  fraternity  named  Ives 
shot  a  man  who  threatened  to  give  information.  To 
rid  themselves  of  Dillingham,  first  deputy  sheriff  at 
Virginia  City — a  good  manwho  would  not  join  the  gang 
— tliree  of  them  shot  him.  They,  as  well  as  Ives,  were 
arrested.  In  the  matter  of  the  murderers  of  Dilling- 
liam,  some  were  in  favor  of  a  trial  by  a  jury  of  twelve 
men,  others  opposed  it  on  the  ground  that  Sheriff 
Plummer  would  pack  the  jury.  It  was  u,t  length 
agreed  to  put  the  matter  to  vote,  and  it  was  decided 
ill  mass-meeting  that  the  whole  body  of  the  people 
should  act  as  jurors.  Judge  G.  G.  Bissell  was  ap- 
pointed president  of  the  court,  with  Steel  and  Rutar 
as  associates.  E.  R.  Cutler,  a  blacksmith,  was  ap- 
pointed public  prosecutor,  and  James  Brown  assistant, 
while  H.  P.  A.  Smith  was  attorney  for  the  defence. 
Indictments  were  found  against  Stinson,  one  of  the 
deputy  sheriffs,  and  against  Haze  Lyons  and  Charles 
Forbes.  In  the  cases  of  Stinson  and  Lyons  a  verdict 
of  guilty  was  returned  by  the  people.  A  vote  being 
taken  on  the  method  of  punishment,  i.  chorus  of 
"Hang  them !"  was  returned,  and  men  were  set  to  erect 
a  scaffold  and  dig  graves.  While  these  preparations 
were  in  progress  Forbes  was  being  tried.  But  the 
popular  nerve  had  already  begun  to  weaken,  and  be- 
sides, this  murderer  was  a  handsome  fellow,  tall, 
straight,  agile,  brave,  and  young,  and  the  popular 
heart  softened  toward  him.  The  same  jury  that  con- 
demned the  others  acquitted  him  on  the  false  evidence 
of  an  accomplice  and  Forbes'  eloquent  speech  in  his  own 
behalf,  by  a  nearly  unanimous  vote.  His  attorney  even 
fell  upon  his  neck  and  wept  and  kissed  him.  How  could 
the  crowd  hanjj  the  other  wretches  after  this  turn  of  af- 
fairs?  The  prisoners  themselves  saw  their  advantage, 
and  pleaded  eloquently  for  their  lives,  and  some  women 
who  were  present  joined  their  prayers  to  those  of  the 
doomed  men.  The  farce  concluded  by  another  vote 
being  taken  on  a  commutation  of  sentence ;  they  were 


M:|i 


GIO 


TOWN-BUILDIXG  AND  SOCIETY. 


(V  ■> 


simph'  banislicd,  and  hurriedly  left  the  scene  of  popu- 
hir  justice.  All  this  while  poor  Dillingham  yet  lay 
unburied,  on  a  gambling-table  in  a  brush  wickiup.'-^ 
Thus  ended  the  first  murder  trial  at  Virginia  City. 

Ives,  like  Plummer  and  Forbes,  was  a  gentlemanly 
rascal,-''  and  many  persons  refused  to  believe  him  a 
common  murderer.  A  large  number  of  persons  col- 
lected from  the  mines  about  to  witness  his  trial.  The 
counsel  for  the  accused  were  H.  P.  A.  Smith,  L.  P. 
Richie,  Wood  J.  Thurmond,  and  Alexander  Davis. 
W.  F.  Sanders  conducted  the  prosecution,  assisted  by 
Charles  S.  Bagg.  Wilson  was  the  judge.  Sanders^*' 
mounted  a  wagon  and  made  a  motion  that  "George 
Ives  be  forthwith  hanged  by  the  neck  until  ho  is 
dead,"  which  resolution  was  at  once  adopted.  IIo 
was  hanged  a  few  feet  from  the  place  of  his  trial. 

Having  dared  to  execute  one  murderer,  the  people 
breathed  a  little  more  fi'eely.  But  it  was  plain  that 
the  whole  community  could  not  go  on  holding  court 
to  try  all  the  desperadoes  in  the  country,  hundreds 
of  whom  deserved  hanging.  It  was  out  of  this 
necessity,  to  protect  society  without  turning  it  into  a 
standing  army,  that  the  first  movement  arose  to  form 
a  vigilance  committee.  Soon  after  the  execution  of 
Ives,  five  citizens  ')f  Virginia  City  and  one  of  Ne- 
vada City  found  er  oh  other  taking  steps  in  the  direc- 
tion of  such  a  committee.  In  a  few  days  the  league 
extended  to  every  part  of  what  is  now  Montana,  and 
two  men  were  hanged  on  the  4th  of  January  in 
Stinking  water  Valley. 

'' A  wickiup  was  a  brush  or  willow  tent,  or  shanty.  They  were  iii.aili!  by 
laying  cross-poles  on  four  upright  posts  and  covering  tliem  witli  bushes.  .Some 
made  by  the  Indians  were  not  over  G  feet  square.  In  Montana  the  conical 
skin  tent  used  by  the  mountain  tribes  was  called  a  tepee. 

'■'* George  Ives  was  from  Ives  Grove,  Racine  county,  Wis.,  and  a  imiiibor 
of  a  highly  respectable  family.  He  caused  an  account  of  his  death  ;it  the 
hands  of  Indians  to  be  sent  to  his  mother,  to  conceal  from  her  his  actual  fate. 
Dinudale's  Vig.  of  Montana,  223. 

™  Sanders  was  a  nephew  of  Judge  Edgerton,  first  governor  of  Montana, 
and  solo  authorized  power  in  tho  territory  for  some  months.  The  viLiilants 
gave  Edgerton  their  support,  which  also  gave  moral  support  to  iSaiulers. 
The  legislature  subsequently  confirmed  some  of  the  governor's  acts,  aun  re- 
fused to  conlirm  others.  Undoubtedly  his  iniluence  and  tliat  of  his  uophew 
was  exerted  for  the  public  welfare. 


■JilMi 


PLUMMER  HANGED. 


C41 


Mcaiiwlillc  evidence  was  accumulating  acjainst  the 
rliief  of  tlio  road-agents  and  liis  principal  aids.  Feel- 
ing sure  of  this,  Pluinmer,  Stinson,  and  Hay  deter- 
mined to  lose  no  time  in  leaving  the  scene  of  their 
iiKUiy  crimes.  But  just  as  tlieir  preparations  were 
;ii)out  completed  they  were  quietly  arrested,  taken  to 
;i  ijallows  in  waiting,  and  hanjjfed.^^ 

JJuring  tlie  month  of  January  18G4  there  were 
twenty-two  executions  in  different  parts  of  Montana. 
Sii)ith  and  Thurmond,  who  defended  Ives,  were  ban- 
ished along  with  some  spurious  gold-dust  manufac- 
turers. 

"  X!im«7a?e's  Vig.  of  Montana,  128.  The  author  of  this  iiamphlet  waa 
horn  under  the  flng  of  Great  Britain,  and  was  very  Englisli  in  i-jntinipnt,  yet 
he  fully  justilic'S  tiic  lirst  committee  of  safety  in  their  executions.  Dimsdalo 
\vas  a  contrihutor  to  the  Virfiinia  and  Jfcfnm  /'os/,  i"d  bcramc  its  edit  . 
Ho  was  appointed  by  Gov.  Edgerton  superintendent  •  f  lublio  lustructi  u  of 
Montana,  \i  as  orator  of  the  grand  lodge  of  masons,  anu  possessed  a  1  ,1^0  fund 
of  general  hnowleilgi',  with  great  versatility  of  talent.  Ifo  prcp^ired  his  liook 
on  tii-^  vi'j  'ants  only  two  weeks  before  his  death,  which  ccciiii  eJ  Sept.  22, 
ISOIJ.  .1.  >  10  ago  (if  rS.j  years.  lie  was  pronounced  'gt;iial,  genero\is,  and 
U' od.'  Virijiiiiu  and  Ildena  Pod,  Sept.  29,  ISUG;  Salt  Lake  I'idedc,  Oct.  11, 
iMit!. 

Dimsdalo  says  that  the  Magruder  party  were  murdered  by  order  of  Plum- 
ii\(  r,  and  quotea  the  confession  of  Erastus  Yager  (who  was  nicknamed  l!ed). 
'\'ii^'(r  .stated  that  of  the  band  in  Bannack  and  Virginia  I'lummer  was  chief, 
Willliiiii  r.untou  !-econd  in  command  and  stool-pigeon,  Samuel  I'unton  road- 
ster (sent  away  I13'  the  band  for  being  a  drunkard),  Cyrus  Skinner  roadster, 
fence,  and  .'^py.  At  Virginia  City  (leorgo  Ives,  Steven  Marsiiland,  .John 
AVagnor,  Aleck  Carter,  William  Ciraves,  lUick  Stinson,  John  Cooper,  Mexi- 
liia  I'rank,  Bob  Zacliary,  Boone  Helm,  George  Lane,  G.  W.  Brown,  George 
l.nwry,  William  Page,  Doc.  Howard,  James  Eomaino  (tho  last  four  were 
the  iiiurderers  1  'f  the  jSlagruder  party),  William  Terwilliger,  and  G.  Moore  were 
roadsters.  Frank  I'arrish  and  George  Shears  were  roadsters  and  horse- 
tliievcs.  Ned  Kay  was  council  room  keeper.  The  password  '.las  'Innocent.' 
Tliey  wore  their  neckties  in  a  sailor-knot,  and  shaved  their  beard  down  to 
moustache  and  chin  whiskers.  All  the  above  were  hanged;  and  afterward 
Jack  (iallagher,  .Joseph  Bizanthia,  James  Daniels,  Jake  Silvio  (who  had 
killed  12  men),  John  Kcenc,  R.  C.  Rawley,  John  Dolan,  James  Kelly,  .Tames 
lirady,  and  W^illiam  Hunter.  For  a  multitude  of  other  murders  and  hang- 
ings in  Montana,  see  Popidar  Tribunals,  this  series. 
Hist.  Wash.— 41 


ii'  t  ■  i 


.■iJ 


I  ',■;' ;i  ; 


Wf. 


1.     1- 


itii 


i-lSl 


CHAPTER    III. 


POLITICAL  AND  JUDICLAU 

1864-1866. 

Organization  of  the  Territort— Boundaries  Established— Gotern-ok 
Edgerton — Judges  Appointed — First  Licgislatuee — Seat  of  <;ov- 
ernment — Seal — Map — Meagher,  Acting  Governor — Party  Issri;.s 
—Convention — Election — Early  Newspapers — Vigilance  Commit- 
tee Influence — Eastern  Solons — Difficulties  Encountered  r.v  tiu: 
Early  Judges  —  Eeidler — More  Legislation — Governor  Smith  — 
Education — Assay  Office — Surveyor-geh jsral — Kemoval  of  Cai'it.u,. 

tJp  to  this  time  the  territory  later  called  Montana 
was  still  within  the  limits  of  Idaho,  which  cmbractd 
the  mining  country  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
(3n  the  2Gth  of  May,  18G4,  congress  passed  an  act 
providing  a  temporary  government  for  a  new  territory 
to  be  called  Montana,  the  boundaries  of  which  em- 
braced 143, 77G  square  miles,  or  92,010,040  acres;' 
commencing  at  a  point  formed  by  the  intersection  of 
the  27th  de<T;ree  of  longitude  west  from  Waslun!jtoii 
with  latitude  45°,  thence  duo  west  to  longitude  oV, 
thence  to  latitude  44°  30',  thence  west  along  that  lino  to 
the  summit  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  along  tlioir 
crest  to  its  intersection  with  the  Bitterroot  JMoun- 
tains,  thence  along  the  summit  of  the  Bittenoot 
]Mountains  to  its  intersection  with  lonoitude  '.vy, 
thence  along  that  degree  to  latitude  49°,  thence  oasl, 
along  that  line  to  longitude  27°,  and  thence  southwaid 
on  that  degree  to  the  place  of  beginning.^     It  coiii- 

'  Zabri<kie'ii  Land  Laws,  8r>7. 

Vi/.,  S(iO-7l;  (T.  >S'.  Arls,  91-7,  3Stli  cong.  Istsess.;  Vamp's  Amer.  Year- 
Book,  1809,  497-500:  Como  HaUiiid.  Aug.  13,  1SG4. 

( 61J ) 


TERRITORIAL  ORGANIZATION. 


G43 


prised  the  north-east  part  of  Idaho,  the  south-east 
])art  being  reattached  to  Dakota,  from  which  it  was 
taken  when  Idaho  was  first  orcfanized. 

It  will  bo  remembered  that  in  18G3  Sidney  Edger- 
toii,  formerly  of  Ohio,  was  appointed  chief  justice  of 
Idaho,  but  that  Governor  Wallace  of  that  territory, 
ill  laying  out  the  judicial  districts,  assigned  him  to 
tlic  district  east  of  the  mountains,  in  order  to  exhibit 
his  dislike  of  imported  judges.  As  the  territory  was 
not  organized  until  September,  and  the  Idaho  legis- 
lature did  not  meet  to  lay  out  districts  until  Decem- 
ber, there  was  little  opportunity  for  the  exercise  of 
judicial  functions  in  Edofcrton's  district  before  Montana 
hocame  a  separate  territory,  and  the  former  chief 
justice  of  Idaho  was  appointed  governor  of  Montana. 
Jlo  was  conunissioned  June  22,  18G4,  and  the  teiri- 
toi'ial  secretary,  Thomas  Francis  Meagher,  on  the 
41  li  of  August,  1805.^  The  judges  appointed  wore 
llczekiah  L.  Hosmer  chief  justice,  and  Lorenzo  P. 

'  Two  other  mcii  had  boon  previously  appointed  who  tlcclincd:  Ilomy  P. 
Tur.jt'y,  Juno  '2'2,  JSG4,  and  ^ohn  Coburn,  March  .'{,  ISGo.  Kdi^urton  Mas 
witliout  fi  secretary  for  the  lirst  year  ho  was  jjovcriior.  Sidney  Edgcrtnn  was 
liniii  in  Cazentjvia,  Madison  eo.,  N.  Y.  Ilis  lather  was  Amos  Edu'crton,  who 
iiiiiniod  Zevirah  Graham,  botli  educated  iu  tlic  host  scliools  of  tlicir  times. 
Till!  father  dying,  tho  mother  was  left,  while  Sidney  was  but  0  years  <if  age, 
til  support  and  educate  tlie  family  of  G  children,  willi  whom  she  removed  to 
Ontario  CO.,  N.  Y.,  where  Sidney  grew  to  man's  estate,  alternately  follnwing 
the  avocation  of  a  bulkier  and  attending  the  higher  schools,  or  teaching 
villiit;e  sclioo's.  For  'J  years  he  was  principal  of  tho  Genesee  Weslcyan  seiai- 
iiary  at  l.ima,  Livingston  co.  In  liS4o  he  went  to  Akron,  Ohio,  to  I'ead  law 
Mith  tho  famous  Iliifua  P.  Spaulding.  In  1S4'2  ho  cntend  the  Cincinnati 
law  .school,  then  under  the  charge  of  Tim"t!;y  Walker,  author  oi  Aim  rlrnu 
l.ni'\  from  which  institution  1.  gradnated  ii>  lb44,  icturning  to  Akronio  prac- 
ti>i',  fornung  a  partnership  with  Van  I!.  Humphrey  and  William  II.  L'lison. 
10.1  :ertou  Mas  strongly  anti-slavery  in  his  convictions,  and  a  leader  of  that 
uii)inpular  party,  finding  no  national  organization  to  adhere  to  lief(jro  the  birtii 
ul'  the  repu!)lican  party  in  ISoo.  In  IS.jS  he  was  elected  umemljcr  of  congress, 
iiiid  again  in  ISGO.  His  ajipointment  to  the  chief  justiceship  of  Idaho,  in 
iMilt,  followed,  and  on  arriving  at  ]>ainiaek,  tiien  a  part  of  that  territory,  ami 
liiidhig  a  largo  population  there  without  law  or  ollicers,  ho  reported  to  (lov. 
\\  illacc  and  awaited  tho  designation  of  the  courts,  but  no  court  was  ,ip- 
jii'iiited  within  tho  district  to  which  he  was  assigned,  nor  was  there  any  olliccr 
thi'ic  to  adnduister  tho  oath  of  oilice.  Jle  was  selected  by  the  jieople  to  go 
to  Washingt  u  to  endeavor  to  have  the  territory  of  Montana  orgaiii/rij,  ju 
wliiili  business  he  was  successful,  and  was  appointed  go\enior.  At  llie  ex- 
I'iiation  of  his  term  ho  returned  to  Akron,  (Jhio,  where  he  continuiMl  the 
pr.irtii'oor  hi)  profession.  Owing  to  the  turbulence  of  the  times,  (lov.  ivlger- 
t 'U  did  not  roeeivo  the  just  meed  of  his  (pialilies  uud  aerviees  iu  Muutauai 
•"iaiakfi'  Xota,  MS.,  1-11. 


G44 


POLITICAL  AXD  JUDICIAL. 


nH  I 


.iir: 


Williston  and  Lyman  E.  IMunson  associates.*  Ed- 
ward B.  Neally  was  commissioned  United  States 
district  attorney,®  and  George  M.  Pinney  niarshal." 
Internal  revenue  officers  appointed  were  Natlianirl 
P.  Langford  collector,  and  Truman  E.  Evarts  asses- 
sor. None  of  the  district  judges  were  on  the  ground 
before  late  autumn.  The  first  election  was  held  on 
the  24th  day  of  October,  for  the  choice  of  a  legis- 
lature' and  a  delegate  to  congress.  Samuel  McLean 
was  chosen  delegate  by  a  majority  of  thirteen  hun- 
dred votes.^  The  legislature  met  December  12th  at 
Bannack,  was  sworn  in  by  Judge  Williston,  and  pro- 
ceeded harmoniously  to  business.'' 

The  condition  of  politics  in  Montana  was  a  repeti- 
tion, to  a  considerable  extent,  of  the  anti-administra- 
tion sentiment  of  Idaho,  and  for  the  same  reason,  tliat 
it  was  overrun  by  southern  men,  escaping  from  diuft 
into  the  confederate  army.  But  otherwise  there  was 
this  difference  between  Idaho  and  Montana,  that  tluj 
former  was  founded  by  western  men  from  Oregon, 

*  Amini  Giddings  was  tho  first  associate  judge  appointed,  but  declincil. 

*0.  F.  Stricklrtud  was  appointed  A.  A.  atty-gen.  in  18G5,  and  Williaiu  M. 
Stafford  in  18CG. 

"Cornelius  F.  Buck  \^as  the  first  appointed,  but  declined. 

'The  legislature  consisted  of  20  members,  7  in  the  council  and  13  in  the 
lower  bouse.  Tlic  council  was  composed  as  follows:  Beavcrliead  comiiy, 
Frank  AL  Thompson  and  Eljcnezer  J>.  Leavitt;  Madison  county,  Cluuk.s  s. 
Bagg,  Anson  S.  Potter,  and  Robert  Lawrence;  Jctlcrson  county,  Katiianicl 
Merrimnn;  Chotcau,  Deer  Lodge,  anil  Missoula,  Frank  L.  Wordcn.  Law- 
rence was  chosen  president.  Appointed  by  tlie  council:  George  llcviirg 
secretary;  Frank  11.  Angevino  assistant  secretary;  Robert  Hereford  cnj^ioss- 
ing  clerk;  John  C.  Ryan  enrolling  clerk;  Harrison  G.  Otis  sergoant-at-arms; 
Harris  Gilmandoordvcepcr;  W.  P.  I']<lgerton page.  Mont.  Jour.  Council,  l^iif, 
1 ,  (I.  Tlie  members  of  tho  house  of  represcntativea  were:  Beaverhead  county, 
J.  C.  Faul,  A.  J.  Smith;  Deer  Lodge,  James  Stuart;  Jefferson,  George  hit- 
wilier  speaker,  J.  N.  Buck,  Mile  Cartwright;  Madison,  Francis  Bell,  Wiley 
Hiiffakcr,  Alexander  E.  Mayhew;  Washington,  J.  McCormiek,  J.  H.  Rogers, 
Patrick  Ryan,  John  Owen  (elected  but  not  seated),  E.  B.  Johnson. 

"  \V.  F.  Sanders  was  put  forward  as  a  candidate  by  tho  loyal  populatinn. 
James  Tufts,  who  had  been  speaker  of  the  Idaho  legislature,  also  had  aspira- 
tions. Portland  Ori'ijonian,  Sept.  14,  1804. 

•According  to  J.  N.  Bond,  who  has  furnished  mo  with  a  manuscript 
narrative  of  tlio  early  I  list  orij  of  Colorado,  Idaho,  and  Montana,  in  each  of 
wjiicli  territories  he  has  Ijorno  a  pioneer's  part,  not  one  of  tlio  members  uf  the 
first  legislature  of  Montana  had  ever  served  before  in  tho  capacity  of  law- 
maker, and  the  governor  himself  was  ignorant  of  parliamentary  rules,  p.  (>1 
of  Bond's  MS.  It  would  seem,  however,  that  this  statement  should  betakiii 
with  aUowancc,  particularly  in  regard  to  tho  governor,  who  was  a  graduate 
of  a  law  school,  and  had  been  a  member  of  congress. 


NORTH  AND  SOUTH. 


645 


WasMngton,  and  northern  California,  who  were 
chiofly  descendants  of  men  bred  in  the  south-western 
and  southern  states,  while  Montana  had  a  large  per- 
niitage  of  her  first  population  from  the  northern 
states/"  That  portion  of  the  governor's  message 
which  related  to  the  existing  war,  being  referred  to  a 
committee  of  Bagg,  Thompson,  and  Leavitt  in  the 
roimcil,  Bagg  reported,  as  chairman,  in  language 
strongly  anti-administration,  while  refraining  from 
uttering  sentiments  openly  disloyal.  Leavitt,  not 
lieing  willing  to  indorse  such  a  report,  a  few  days 
iilterward  oll'ered  a  resolution  strongly  loyal,  whicli 
was  adopted  by  a  majority  of  the  council,  the  whole 


Skal. 

buing  done  without  any  discourteous  exhibition  of 
political  hostility.  According  to  the  requirements  of 
tlio  organic  act,  the  legislature  proci'eded  to  locate  the 
scat  of  government,  which  was  lixed  at  Virginia  City. 
A  seal  for  the  territory  was  adopted,  which  had  as  a 
(.cutral  group  a  plough  and  a  minor's  pick  and  shovel; 

'"'I'liorc  was  strong  political  feeling  in  the  first  canvass.  Tlic  lenders  of 
till!  (louiinaiit  Jiiirty  were  iSaiuplo  Oir,  W.  L.  J'^wing,  Warren  'roolc,  Alex- 
iiuili  r  l.)avis,  11.  Y.  I'cniberton  and  Tliomas  Tiioniugiiniau  of  Misnuuri,  W,  U. 
I'.nice  nf  Montana,  \V,  L.  McMatii,  N.  J.  Uond,  and  Sanniel  McLano  of  (  olo- 
i:iilo,  and  AnsuU  Briggs,  whilom  governor  of  Iowa,  who  was  presiilent  (jf  the 
liisi  democratic  convention  of  Montana  in  Iho  autunni  of  1SU4.  The  leader 
ul  the  repuhlican  element  waa  W.  I".  Sanders,  iioud'a  Hut,  Vol.,  Idaho,  and 
Muitiaiat,  MS.,  06. 


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048  POLITICAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 

on  the  right  the  falls  of  the  Missouri;  on  the  left 
mountains;  underneath  the  motto,  Oro  y  Plata. 
Upon  the  margin  surrounding  the  whole  were  the 
words,  The  Seal  of  Montana  Territory. 

There  being  no  map  of  the  territory  by  which  the 
legislature  could  define  the  district  boundaries,  W. 
W.  De  Lacy  was  employed  to  make  one  for  the  pur- 
pose, to  be  further  completed  when  the  districts  were 
laid  off.  Among  the  earliest  acts  was  one  incorpo- 
rating the  Historical  Society  of  Montana.  Acts  wore 
passed  repealing  the  statutes  of  Idaho,  adopting  com- 
mon law,  and  providing  for  the  codification  of  the  ter- 
ritorial laws."  A  common-school  system  was  adopted, 
and  an  act  passed  to  prevent  carrying  concealed  arnis.^- 
Acts  were  passed  incorporating  Virginia  City,  and 
the  towns  of  Montana  (the  name  being  changed  to 
Prickly  Pear),  Missoula,  Marysville,  Willow  Creek, 
Ophir,  North  Ophir,  Junction  City,  Jefferson,  Gal- 
latin, East  Gallatin,  Brandon,  Beaver,  and  Alki. 
Several  of  these  had  only  an  ephemeral  existence,  and 
were  soon  not  to  be  found  on  the  maps.  A  largo 
number  of  mining,  road,  bridge,  and  ferry  companies 
were  incorporated,  showing  the  activity  of  the  popu- 
lation in  seizing  upon  business  opportunities. 

But  an  error  was  committed  by  the  first  legislature, 
which  practically  disorganized  the  territory  for  two 
succeeding  3'ears.  According  to  the  organic  act,  tliu 
first  legislature  was  to  be  apportioned  by  the  gov- 
ernor; but  thereafter  the  time,  place,  and  manner  of 
holding  elections,  and  the  apportioning  of  the  repre- 
sentation in  the  several  counties,  were  to  be  prescribed 
by  law,  as  well  as  the  day  of  commencing  the  regular 
sessions  of  the  legislative  assembly.  The  law-makers, 
instead  of  keeping  within  their  privileges  as  granted 
by  the  organic  act,  of  gradually  increasing  their  num- 
bers to  thirteen  councihnen  and  twenty -six  represoiit- 

"  The  code  commissioners  woro  William  H.  Miller,  George  W.  Staplctoii, 
and  W.  F.  Sanders,   /fclena  Montnnn  Poxt,  Doc.  4,  1808. 

'■^  Where  the  majority  wore  openly  armed,  bucIi  a  law  could  efTect  little 
reform  iu  tlie  practice  of  shooting  a,  man  at  sight. 


THE  LEGISLATURE. 


647 


largo 

npanics 

popu- 

atur(\ 
or  two 
ict,  tlio 
gov- 
liner  ot 

repro- 
scribi'<l 
[•effuliir 


atives,  passed  a  bill  defining  the  districts  in  the  ter- 
ritory, apportioning  the  legislators  among  them,  and 
included  in  the  bill  the  substance  of  another,  to  in- 
crease the  number  of  counf^Umen  at  once  to  thirteen, 
and  the  assemblymen  to  twenty-six.  The  governor 
returned  the  bill  with  his  veto,  and  his  reasons  there- 
I'or.  But  the  temper  of  the  legislature  being  adverse 
to  correction,  it  adjourned  without  passing  any  ap- 
portionment bill.  The  effect  was  to  prevent  an  elec- 
t'uHi  of  representatives  in  1865.  In  the  latter  part  of 
s uminer  Edgerton  returned  to  the  east,  and  Meagher, 
(he  territorial  secretary,  arrived,  on  whom  devolved 
the  functions  of  executive.  There  was  a  strong  desire 
on  the  part  of  the  democratic  portion  of  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Montana  to  form  a  state  constitution,  which 
they  affected  to  believe,  from  the  population  flowing 
in  at  this  period,  they  would  be  justified  in  doing. 
In  their  extremity  of  doubt,  they  called  upon  Meagher 
to  settle  the  question  of  his  own  authority  to  order  a 
new  election  for  the  specific  purpose  of  organizing  a 
state  convention.^^ 

Meagher  replied  in  a  clear  and  logically  written 
letter,  that  only  an  enabling  act  of  congress  could  re- 
store to  the  territory  the  right  to  elect  a  legislative 
body,  and  advised  them  to  appeal  to  congress  for  such 
relief.  His  views,  however,  underwent  a  change  a 
i'vAV  weeks  later,  when  he  published  a  proclamation 
r(!calling  his  first  decision,  declaring  his  authority  to 
convene  the  legislature,  and  summoning  the  members 
of  the  council  elected  on  the  4th  of  October,  18G4,  and 
the  members  of  the  house  of  representatives  elected 
oil  the  4th  of  S^'ptember,  18G5,  to  meet  at  Virginia 
'  'ity  on  Monday  the  5th  of  March,  "for  the  transac- 
tion of  business,  as  well  as  to  give  legislative  sanction 
and  validity  to  the  convention,"  which  had  been  called 
by  another  proclamation  to  assemble  at  Helena  the 

"  Tlie  inquirers  wco  Tliomns  E.  Tutt,  11.  W.  Donnell,  Jiimos  T.  Ilodgo, 
Milk  A.  Moore,  Peter  H.  Kea,  J.  II.  Shober,  W.  K.  Roberts,  Aloxuudcr  VV. 
\\  uulfolk,  E,  C.  Moore,  11.  C.  Ewiug,  aud  otliers.  Montana  Hcmpd,  '20-1. 


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11 


C48 


POLITICAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


2Gth  of  March.  Mcaglier's  change  of  opinion  was  of 
so  radical  a  nature  that  he  declared  in  a  public  address 
his  intention  to  have  the  laws  so  framed  by  the  leo^is- 
lature  he  had  convoked  that  "no  judge,  whatever  his 
powers  or  consequence,  should  dispute  or  disolxy 
them;"  and  further,  that  he  would  enforce  those  laws 
"with  the  whole  power  of  the  county  of  Madison, 
and  if  need  be,  with  the  whole  power  of  the  territory." 
He  said  a  good  deal  also  about  glorying  in  his  de- 
mocracy, and  having  been  deceived  as  to  his  true  pre- 
rogatives by  republican  rascals.  In  short,  he  made  it 
plain  to  the  anti-administrationists  that  he  should  bu 
upon  their  side  in  any  political  contests.  He  set  at 
liberty  a  criminal  under  sentence  of  three  years  incar- 
ceration for  manslaughter.  Judge  Munson  requested 
him  to  aimul  the  pardon,  but  he  refused.  The  lib- 
erated desperado  made  use  of  his  freedom  by  going  to 
Helena  with  threats  to  take  the  lives  of  some  of  the 
witnesses  against  him,  and  while  there  was  taken  and 
hanged  by  vigilants.^*  In  these  various  ways  the  act- 
ing governor  gave  offence  to  the  best  sense  of  tlio 
community,  which  otherwise  would  cheerfully  have 
acknowledged  the  talents  and  bravery  of  'the  Irish 
patriot.' 

The  first  legislature,  recognizing  the  insuftieieiicv 
of  the  salaries  of  the  territorial  officers,  had  iucreasud 
the  })ay  of  the  governor  and  judges  from  $2,500  a 
year  to  $5,000,^°  the  deficiency  to  be  made  up  by  tin; 
territory,  and  at  the  same  time  increased  their  own 
per  diem  to  twelve  dollars. 

The  legislature  summoned  by  the  secretary  repealed 
the  law.  So  far  as  the  chief  justice  and  Williston 
were  concerned,  there  was  some  appearance  of  ])i()- 
priety  in  refusing  to  give  them  double  pay,  inasmuch 
as  they  had,  after  the  usual  manner  of  territorial 
judges,  absented  themselves  from  the  territory,  lea\  - 

'*T!ic  Virrjiuia  Montana  Post,  March  31,  1806,  upheld  the  vigiliints,  say- 
ing they  hail  hanged  Daniels  beeause  of  his  crimes,  and  not  because  he  liiiil 
been  panluncd,  aa  tlie  governor's  party  chose  to  construe  it. 

"il/o)t(.  Jour.  Council,  ISUi,  101. 


>i  ■  ■  I 


STATE  CONVENTION. 


ing  Judi^c  Munson  to  perform  the  duties  of  all  the 
three  districts.  A  resolution  was  passed  by  the 
Helena  bar,  tliat  in  their  opinion  justice  required  that 
Ju(I,i;-o  j\lunson  should  be  reimbursed  tlie  exj)enso 
incurred  by  him  in  discharging  the  duties  of  the 
absent  judi^es,  in  a  sum  at  least  equivalent  to  the  com- 
pensation repealed.^''  The  resolution  was  treated  with 
contempt,  and  the  war  upon  a  Connecticut  judge  by 
southern  democrats  continued  unabated,  resulting  in 
the  organization  of  the  union  party  of  jMontana,  at 
Virginia  City,  March  29,  18GG."  Meantime  the  legis- 
lature^* legalized  the  existence  of  a  state  convention, 
and  that  body  assembled  on  the  9th  of  April,  at 
Helena.  It  was  rather  a  meagre  affair,  Choteau  and 
Beaverhead  counties  being  unrepresented,  and  so  many 
deleo'ates  being  absent  that  a  quorum  could  not  be 
made  out,  and  the  convention  resorted  to  the  expedient 
of  voting  for  the  absent  members!  A  memorial  to 
congress  was  prepared,  avowing  the  loyalty  of  the 
jieople  of  ^lontana,  setting  forth  tl  e  resources  of  the 
territory,  and  asking  for  such  congressional  legislation 
as  would  be  for  the  best  interests  of  a  mining  com- 
nnmity,  and  also  would  prevent  a  reaimexation  to 
Idaho  of  that  portion  of  JMontana  lying  between  the 
])itterroot  and  Rocky  mountains,  which  the  former 
territory  was  then  endeavoring  to  recover,  in  order  to 

'"  Vinjinia  Montana  Pout,  Marcli  31,  1800. 

"  At  the  preliminary  nicetiiig,  T.  C.  Everts  was  called  to  tho  chair,  F. 
C.  DciinliiiL;  heiug  appoiiitnd  secretary.  The  coiuinitteo  appointed  to  report 
at  the  regular  nieeling  March  'Mat  was  composed  of  I'helps,  Strickland, 
Mcrriman,  atul  A.  J.  Davis.  The  eentivil  committee  was  composed  of,  Madi- 
son t;ounty,  F.  C.  Deimling,  A.  J.  Davis,  R.  H.  Robinson;  Edgerton  county,  R. 
1'.  Seely,  E.  W.  Carpenter;  Jctleison  county,  N.  Mcrriman,  Jacob  Wettlesonj 
Missoula  county,  F.  C.  Wordcn,  Tliouuis  Roop;  Deer  Lodge  county,  O.  CI. 
Darwin,  11  1'.  Johnson;  Choteau  county,  II.  D.  Uphani,  C.  E.  Ui)son;  Cal- 
iuUn  county,  R.  C  CUvrk,  R.  C.  Knox;  Beaveriiead  county,  E.  1>.  Leavitt, 
A.  J.  Smitii,  President  of  committee,  F.  C  Diimling;  vice-preaidcnt,  J.  S. 
Lutt;  secretaries,  O.  F.  StrieUlaiul,   W.  M.  Stallord;  treasurer,  J.  J.  Hull. 

"Tlio  nicmljcrs  of  tho  council  for  tiie  '2d  term  were  Anson  S.  Porter, 
Chai'les  S.  Ragg,  E.  D.  Leavitt,  W.  J.  McCormick,  Nathaniel  Mcrriman,  E. 
r.  Phelps,  J.  (jr.  Spratt.  Potter  president.  Olliccrs,  R.  J.  Mitchell  secretary, 
K.  S.  Calhoun  assist  secretary,  William  D.  Leech  and  A.  H.  liarrett  clerks, 
John  Bigler  sergeaut-at-arms,  Gcorgo  Rcid  door-keeper.  Members  of  tlie 
house,  A.  J.  Smith,  If.  D.  Herd,  A.  V.  Corry,  G.  II.  llanna,  L.  Daems,  J.  N. 
Kiee,  J.  S.  McCollough,  James  McElroy,  A.  E.  Maylicw,  J.  La  Foutaiue,  R. 
li.  Pariott,  A.  &i.  Maxwell,  li.  \V,  Miuima. 


!;; 


'til 


•  'il!' 


6S0 


POLITICAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


divide  southern  from  northern  Idaho,  as  I  have  else- 
where mentioned,  with  other  matters  of  general 
interest;  calling  the  attention  of  congress  to  the 
necessity  of  an  early  a])propriation  for  public  build- 
ings, to  the  desire  of  the  memorialists  for  a  branch 
mint,  and  to  the  discovery  only  just  being  made  that 
cereals  of  all  kinds,  as  well  as  gold  and  silver,  might 
be  reckoned  among  the  productions  of  the  country ;  but 
nothing  was  said  of  a  state  organization,^"  whicli  in- 
deed was  not  justified  by  the  condition  of  the  ter- 
ritory in  point  of  finance  or  population.'"'^ 

A  feeling  of  insecurity  prevailed  concerning  tlio 
legality  of  the  acts  of  the  legislature,  which  soon 
forced  that  question  into  court.  An  attachment  suit 
being  brought  in  the  third  judicial  district,  the  defend- 
ant s«  i;  up  in  his  defence  the  invalidity  of  tlio 
laws  pasrod  at  the  March  session,  and  was  sustained 
by  the  decision  of  Judge  Munson,  whose  opinion  was 
published  at  length  for  the  benefit  and  at  the  request 
of  the  bar  of  Helena."^  An  appeal  was  taken  to  the 
supreme  court;  but  before  that  convened  the  conqt- 
troUer  of  the  treasury  had  refused  to  honor  drafts  for 
money  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  legislature,  and  it 
became  understood  that  congress  would  not  recognize 
its  acts.  This  gave  the  anti-administration  party 
cause  for  indignant  protests  against  the  tyranny  of 
congress  and  the  administration.  Open-air  meetings 
to  denounce  Judge  Munson  and  the  government  bc- 

'*Thc  members  of  the  convention  which  failed  so  signally  in  its  purpose 
were:  From  Eilgorton  county,  1-i.  C.  Ewing,  J.  A.  Johnson,  W.  J.  rciulnv- 
ton,  O.  F.  Hiii-t,  \V.  L.  Stcul,  II.  B.  I'arrotl,  A.  S.  Maxwell,  E.  B.  Watorlmry, 
A.  M.  Woolfolk,  Thomas  E.  Tutt.  From  Madison  county,  Thomas  Thorimi:li- 
man,  W.  B.  Napton,  Geo.  W.  Hill,  William  N.  Couch,  J.  T.  Ruckcr,  Hcui^io 
Wilhclm,  P.  C.  Evans,  John  P.  liogers.  From  Jefl'crson  county,  'J'.  1'. 
Bolor,  W.  G.  Barclay,  J.  C.  GiUman,  J.  H.  Shober,  W.  F.  Evans.  From 
Gallatin  county,  A.  Mctcalf,  W.  B.  Morris,  J.  D.  Davidson,  A.  J.  lluntrr, 
II.  P.  Downs.  From  Missoula  county,  John  Pomcroy,  C.  E.  Irwin.  I'l'ia 
Deer  Lodge  county,  W.  B.  Irwin,  A.  K.  Mayhew,  James  Stuart,  MiulKu  1 
Holland,  D.  L.  Irvine,  W.  J.  McCormick,  T.  H.  Buir,  Reubcu  Borden, 
Blakoly. 

^"  There  had  really  been  no  census  taken  when  tho  first  apportionninit 
was  made;  only  an  estimate  by  the  United  States  marshal;  nor  had  any  yet 
been  taken. 

"'  I'iiyiiiia  Montana  Post,  Juno  9, 1803. 


IXDIGXANT  PROTESTS. 


C51 


came  the  fashion  with  the  democracy,  at  the  head 
f)t'  whom  was  Actinjir  Governor  Meaijher,  reiteratinsj^ 
his  determination  to  enforce  the  laws  enacted  by  the 
k'^islature  he  had  called  into  being.  Twenty-four 
hours  later,  in  the  same  place,  union  orators  denounced 
the  course  of  the  delegate  in  congress  as  a  "wanton 
disregard  of  the  intt^rests  of  the  territory,"  and  the 
conduct  of  the  executive  for  failing  to  file  his  official 
l)ond  for  a  long  period,  thereby  preventing  the  con- 
gressional appropriations  from  being  made  available ; 
lor  illegal  and  extravagant  use  of  the  public  money; 
for  neglect  to  settle  with  the  accounting  officers;  for 
impudent  denial  of  the  powers  and  rights  of  lawyers, 
courts,  and  citizens  to  call  in  question  the  legality  of 
his  leijislative  bantlingf;  "for  his  scandalous  disrcixard 
of  the  common  decencies  of  life;  and  above  all,  his  in- 
fidelity to  the  institutions  of  libert}^,  and  his  wanton 
abuse  of  the  American  people,  who  have  furnisliod 
hiui  an  asylum  from  the  officers  of  the  laws  of  his 
native  land." 

There  was  just  ground  for  this  outpouring  of  the 
viiils  of  wrath  and  sarcasm  on  the  heads  of  Montana's 
delegate  and  governor.  McLean,  in  a  speech  on  a 
hill  before  confjrcss  to  amend  the  organic  act  of  Mon- 
tana,  which  disallowed  the  powers  of  the  late  legis- 
lature, stupidly  threatened  that  body  with  taking 
Montana  over  the  line  into  British  Columbia.  "Do 
not,"  said  this  Solon,  "by  unwise  and  oppressive  legis- 
lation, drive  us  over  the  border,  while  our  love  of 
country  would  actuate  us  to  stand  upon  its  outer  edge, 
a  livinof  wall  of  strenu'th  in  the  defence  of  the  land." 
As  for  Meagher,  he  could  be  eloquent,  but  he  could 
not  be  honest. 

On  the  1st  of  August  he  issued  a  proclamation 
based  upon  the  election  act  of  the  legislature  of  18G4, 
which  called  for  a  general  election  on  the  first  Monday 
of  September  of  each  year,  and  also  upon  the  appor- 
tionment act  of  the  March  session  of  18GG,  notifying 
all  county  officers  whose  duty  it  was  to  appoint  officers 


i 


'di.  )''• 


■'■  1  Mil 


|!i 


;! 


'i.'  •  ! 


,4 


'';  -i 


6o2 


POLITICAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


of  election  and  to  give  notice  in  tlicir  several  counties 
that  a  jjfeneral  election  would  be  held  on  the  3d  of 
September,  18G6,  for  the  choice  of  thirteen  council- 
men  and  twenty-six  representatives.  Seeing  that 
Meaixht^r  and  his  adherents  were  determined  in  tlu  ir 
course,  the  union  party  put  forth  a  ticket  of  'anti- 
state  and  legislative'  candidates,  and  the  party  jour- 
nals" took  up  their  arms  for  a  campaign. 

^''  A  history  of  the  pioneer  newspapers  ■will  not  be  out  of  place  here.  The 
Montana  Post  was  tlie  first  journal  started  in  the  territory.  In  I8(i4  Jiiliii 
Biiclianan  l)r(.>ughta  press  and  material  from  St  Louis  to  Fort  Bontmi,  with  a 
view  to  lucatinj,'  at  some  point  in  the  new  commonwealth.  Ho  fixi-d  nii:iii 
Virginia  City,  wliere  the  lirst  numherof  tiie  Pout  was  issued  August  'J7.  lMi4. 
After  printing  two  numbers  Duehanun  sold  to  1).  W.  Tilton  and  IJeiijaiiiiu 
R.  Dittes.  Dittes  was  a  native  of  Leipsic,  Saxony,  born  in  is;!;),  iir  u,is 
for  .a  number  of  years  on  the  upper  .Missouri  at  the  various  trading  posts,  ainl 
in  Colorado  in  iSli.'J  when  Alder  guluh  was  iliscovcred,  to  which  lie  removed 
that  year,  building  one  of  the  tirst  houses  in  Virginia  City,  The  Hriu  (it  l>. 
W.  Tilton  it  Co,  continued  to  publish  the  Poit  ut  Virginia  City  until  the 
winti'r  of  lSt)7-8,  when  Dittes  purchased  Tilton's  interest,  and  in  coiijiuicticiu 
with  Mr  I'inney,  removed  it  to  Helena,  Tlie  change  was  not  favoiahlc.  iiinl 
Dittes  withdrew,  the  paper  being  suspended  in  the  spring  of  18U'J,  Dittt's 
died  Xov.  (i,  IST'J.   J/i/ciia  Herald,  Nov.  (i,  1871). 

Another  paper  published  by  Tilton  and  Dittes  was  the  Tri-  Wide/;/  /,''//'('/■ 
Ucnii,  w  liich  was  started  the  7th  of  July,  1S(J0,  at  Helena,  and  after  ]irintiii,; 
."^'J  numlieis  was  removed  to  \  irginia  City  and  published  there  as  tlie  /Vi- 
nVi/,///  /'(),s^  After  the  removal  of  tlie  ollice  of  tlie  Montana  Post  to  llcKim, 
a  daily  was  issued,  the  lirst  number  appearing  April  'JO,  ISGS. 

The  second  newspajjer  in  Montana  in  point  of  time  was  the  Montana  [inn- 
orral.  Kirk  Anderson,  a  reporter  and  correspondent  of  the  St  LonU  L'r/,iiti- 
lican,  about  lSr)7  established  a  'gentile'  newspaper  in  Salt  LaUe  City,  calkil 
T/if.  Vulhy  Tan,  which  ran  for  a  year  and  a  lialf,  or  thereabouts,  win  ii  An- 
derson returned  to  St  Louis,  and  going  south  on  the  breaking-out  of  the  war, 
died.  The  material  of  this  first  gentile  journal  in  Utah  was  purchasiil  in 
ISOo  by  John  I',  Uruce  to  start  the  Dcmorrut  in  Virginia  City.  It  susiaiiuil 
the  action  of  the  acting  governor  and  the  democratic  party  generally.  It  bo- 
came  a  daily  in  Marcii  1SG8. 

In  March  18G(j  T.  J.  Favorite  removed  the  press  and  material  of  the  H'ldi- 
ator  from  Lewiston,  Idaiio,  to  Helena,  Montana,  where  it  became  the  Mon- 
tana Radiator.  In  November  of  the  same  year  it  was  sold  to  Posnaiusky  and 
House,  who  changed  the  name  to  Jfelcna  Herald,  and  employed  i!.  iuiiim  t 
risk  to  edit  it.  The  Fisk  brothers  afterward  purchased  it.  It  was  rc[mlili- 
can  in  polit'.''s,  and  became  a  daily  in  1807. 

The  Hoc!:;/  Mountahi  Gazette,  a  deinoeratio  paper,  was  started  at  11^  Iriia 
about  the  hist  of  August  ISOl),  liy  Wilkinson,  ilaguire,  and  llonan.  It  \wis 
destroyed  in  the  great  lire  of  1S7-.  Tlie  Bcarerhead  News,  repid)lican,  \<'-im\ 
to  be  published  at  llannack  ahoiit  the  same  time,  by  J.  A.  Hosnier,  son  ni  iho 
chief  justice. 

The  next  newspaper  established  was  the  Independent,  at  Deer  Lodu'<' '  iy. 
by  Frank  Kenyon,  in  October  18()7.  A  half-intere.st  was  sold  to  Jolm  H. 
llogers  in  May  1808,  who  assumed  charge  of  the  editorial  departnuiil.  la 
January  1809  Rogers  purchased  the  entire  interest,  and,  notwithstandiu-C  tho 
name,  ran  it  in  the  interest  of  the  democratic  party.  In  1874  it  was  rciu'viil 
from  Deer  Lodge  to  Helena  by  L.  F.  La  (Jroix,  formerly  of  the  d'a'i'i'.  "Iio 
purchased  the  material  and  good-will  of  the  paper  in  company  with  McQiaiJ 


CHIEF  JUSTICE  HOSMER. 


053 


In  the  mean  time  Chief  Justice  Hosmer  returned  to 
]\r()ntana,  in  the  district  to  which  lie  was  assi<rned  by 
( Jovornor  Edgorton,  and  his  duties  were  resumed  in 
August.  In  his  charge  to  the  grand  jury  he  reviewed 
the  history  of  the  vigilance  connjiittce,  the  necessity 
in  which  it  originated,  and  the  good  which  had  re- 
sulted from  it,  but  warned  them  that  to  continue  their 
operations  in  the  presence  of  an  organized  judicial 
system  would  prove  detrimental  to  the  best  interests 
(•!'  society,  and  besought  them  to  convince  the  people, 
by  their  thoroughness  in  searching  out  and  punishing 
otl'enders,  that  the  laws  were  sufficient  for  the  pur- 
] loses  of  justice.'^  The  judge  soon  had  occasion  to 
ii'prove  the  citizens  of  Virginia  City  for  a  laxity  as 
'I'leat  as  the  sternness  of  the  vijjilants  had  been  stroni;. 
John  Gibson  having  been  indicted,  tried,  convicted, 
niid  sentenced  to  three  years'  imprisonment  and  a 
heavy  fine,  for  an  assault  with  attempt  to  kill,  thirty- 
three  names  were  appended  to  a  petition  to  have  his 
punish ment  reduced  to  a  mere  fine  for  assault,  coni- 
j)e]]ing  the  man  to  pay  fifty  dollars  for  the  privilege 
of  attack  in  g:  another  behind  his  back  and  strikinu'him 
senseless  to  the  ground,  from  which  injury  his  victim 
wns  a  long  time  in  recovering.  The  reason  given  by 
the  petitioners  for  their  request  was  that  it  would  be 
very  expensive  to  the  people  to  keep  Gibson  in  prison, 
and  the  inability  of  the  criminal  to  pay  a  heavy  fine. 
It  was  a  mere  matter  of  dollars  and  cents,  and  not  of 
justice  or  order,  for  which  the  chief  justice  very  prop- 
erly censured  the  petitioners,  while  refusing  to  com- 
mute Gibson's  sentence.^* 

and  Kcrley,  A  daily  was  issued  in  the  same  year.  J.  E.  Kcrlcy  was  born 
.■\\ig.  12,  1840,  and  came  to  Cal.  in  1S53  by  the  ocean  route.  Lcirucd  the 
nc  wspaper  business,  and  worked  in  tlic  offices  of  the  Trinity  Journal  and  the 
Mi'iinlaiii  Drmocrnt  5  years.  In  1SG5  he- went  to  Helena,  Montana,  and 
iiiiiicd  subsequently  at  Canon  ferry,  and  was  in  the  grocery  business.  I'iiially 
lii>  settled  in  Deer  Lodge,  became  proprietor  of  the  Independent,  as  above, 
niid  opposed  hanging  by  the  vigilants  without  trial.  He  served  several  terms 
ill  the  legislature. 

-'  Vir<jinia  Montana  Post,  Aug.  11,  1806. 

"Tiiereisa  pleasant  book,  written  by  A.  K.  McClure  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  published  in  1809,  entitled  7'hree  Thonmnd  Miles  throwih  tin-  llochj 
fountains,  iu  which  there  is  a  good  deal  said  about  the  administration  of  the 


'  I'l 


'  ia  K,i!in 


i   1 


ii 


e54 


POLITICAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


1  ?««itii^l 


!:, 


Indeed,  the  absence  of  a  penitentiary  had  been  nno, 
if  not  the  principal,  reason  for  the  prompt  executidiis 
of  the  vigilance  committee.  Now,  persons  convictt d 
of  offences  for  which  they  were  sentenced  to  a  period 
of  incarceration  not  exceeding  three  years  were  C(in- 
fined  in  the  county  jail,  those  sentenced  to  a  loiiLifr 
term  being  taken  to  Detroit  and  confined  in  the 
]\Iichigan  penitentiary  by  order  of  the  government. 
The  expense  attending  the  journey  of  the  Unitid 
States  marshal,  and  the  opportunities  for  escape  wliicU 
were  offered,  made  this  method  of  disposing  of  ciinii- 
nals  anything  but  economical  or  satisfactory.  These 
were  some  of  the  obstacles  in  the  way  of  the  smootli 
working  of  the  judicial  machinery.  No  capital  ofiliice 
was  tried  in  the  United  States  courts  until  in  Au- 
gust 18GG,  when  James  H.  Foster  was  tried  for  the 
murder  of  Philip  Mallory,  in  Judge  Munson's  couit 
at  Helena,  pronounced  guilty,  and  sentenced  to  he 
hanged  on  the  5th  of  October.  Foster's  attorneys, 
however,  managed  to  secure  for  him  a  new  trial,  en 
tlie  ground  of  a  defective  indictment,  but  the  gnuid 
jury  again  found  a  true  bill  for  murder. 

Montana  was  more  fortunate  than  many  other  of  the 
Pacific  territories,  in  having  for  her  early  judges  men 
of  ability  and  integrity.  Nor  was  it  the  fault  of  the 
people  that  crime  sometimes  assumed  such  magniiieeiit 
proportions,  but  rather  the   lack  of  law-compelling- 

vigilants  and  tlic  courts  in  INIontana.  Tlic  author  remarks  of  Hosnici',  tli;it:  lie 
'started  wrong  iri  the  outset — like  a  timid  driver  failing  to  wield  tliu  niiis 
with  vini  in  his  tirst  drive  of  a  vicious  team;  and  tiie  team  has  measuiaMy 
driven  the  driver  ever  since.  Stern  in  his  integrity,  and  well  versed  in  tliu 
law,  ho  iloes  his  part  creditably  in  all  things,  save  in  exercising  with  a  liini 
purpos'  the  high  prerogatives  of  a  court  of  justice.'  I  have  not  found  the 
timidit  imputed  to  Judge  Hosnier  by  McClure — at  least  not  in  any  iiiiimr- 
tant  m;  ters.  The  same  author  linds  Judge  JIuuson  too  lax  in  his  juiidilii.- 
lion — /  Munson,  single-handed,  steered  the  judicial  craft  throu;;'h  tiic 
breake,  'f  southern-democratic  disorganization  for  a  year,  without  losinu'liis 
position  the  respect  of  the  people,  who  presented  him  with  a  gold  v.atcli 
as  a  testi  .uiial  in  October  ISGG.  Williston,  ^IcClure  describes  as  a  mart  iiiot, 
'  who  lea  ;d  the  duties  and  prerogatives  of  courts  from  his  father,  vnc  "f 
I'cnnsylv,  ia's  best  judges  in  tlio  best  days  of  her  legal  tribunals;'  and  lalLs 
him  'fast'  ions,  foppish,  and  genial.'  This  species  of  criticism,  in  wliicli  tlio 
wise  men  ^f  the  cast  love  to  indulge,  howsoever  it  may  satisfy  a  certain  tiass 
of  readers,  only  tends  to  reuder  the  writers  contemptible  iii  the  eyes  of  thusu 
who  know  soniethiug  of  what  they  arc  talking  about. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  JUSTICE. 


C55 


I  >ii 


nincliinery;  for  when  the  good  men  of  Montana  saw 
that  the  courts  were  unable  to  cope  witli  criino,  they 
arose  as  one  man  and  cleansed  the  community  of  its 
wickedness. 

Montana  judges  had  to  deal  with  many  difficulties — ■ 
with  a  large  amount  of  perplexing  business  involving 
novel  questions  for  which  tliere  was  no  law  and  no 
precedent,  yet  which  made  or  unmade  the  fortunes  of 
the  litigants.*^^  They  had  to  deal  with  crime  much  in 
excess  of  the  usual  average  in  organized  communities, 
and  to  endeavor  to  suppress  lawless  hanging  by  the 
ailiiiinistration  of  legal  justice,  when  they  were  per- 
I'cctly  aware  that  the  rule  of  law,  on  account  of  the 
embarrassments"^  unJer  which  they  labored,  was  not 

'■'■'Chief  Justice  Hosmer  in  his  last  charge  to  the  grand  jury  gives  a  liu- 
moi^uu.s  picture  of  his  court,  ■whieli  as  a  bit  of  history  is  valuuljlo  also.  Jlo 
ti.iys  that  ho  lirst  organized  a  court  in  his  district  in  December  lS(il.  '.M(]st 
of  thf  suits  had  been  coinmcnced  wlien  Montana  formed  a  part  of  Idaho,  and 
a  nearly  worn-out  copy  of  an  original  house  bill  of  the  civil  practice  act  of 
lilaho,  with  written  interlineations  and  corrections,  was  the  sole  guide  to  the 
attornrys  in  making  up  a  calendar  of  80  cases.  Tliis  worn  and  dilapidated 
pamphlet,  dirty  from  constant  use,  and  covered  witii  paper  so  seribljled  over 
that  its  original  color  was  hardly  discernible,  was  the  vade  niecum  of  bench 
and  bar  in  all  the  early  practice  of  the  territoi'y.'  It  was  always  l)eing  bor- 
ruwed  and  getting  lost.  'Anxious  clients  and  eager  lawyers  attributed  the 
l.w'.s  delays  more  frefjuently  to  the  absence  of  tliis  peripatetic  nionitin-  than  to 
any  other  cause... Tlic  question  arose  concerning  the  integrity  of  tlii.s  old 
linol;.  Montana  of  herself  had  no  laws.  Siiould  the  laws  of  Idaho  prevail  ? 
or  should  we  fall  back  upon  tlie  connnon  law  ?  The  evenings  of  a  week  were 
s|ient  in  tlie  various  arguments  of  tlu!  lawyers,  and  the  question  was  at  length 
ileciiled.  Close  upon  the  heels  of  this  discus.'sion  followed  aiu)ilier  of  e(|Ual 
duration  on  the  gold  and  greenback  ([uestion  ;  then  another  as  to  the  legality 
of  instruments  in  action  which  had  not  lieen  stamped  simply  because  tliero 
were  no  stamps  in  the  territory.  .  .Our  lirst  court-room,  the  dining-liall  of  the 
riunters'  House,  was  a  model  of  rustiu  judicial  architecture.  Upon  a  long 
talile,  whose  tottering  legs  threatened  any  one  having  the  termerity  to  clirni> 
upon  it  with  instant  ilemolition,  behind  auollier  table  of  smaller  dimensions, 
. .  .on  one  of  the  stools  which  had  served  apprenticcsliip  at  tlie  dinner-table, 
sat  l!ie  judge,  in  the  language  of  Milton,  "he  above  the  rest  proudly  eminent." 
. .  .In  the  arena  below,  tlie  jurors,  tlie  bar,  the  suitors,  spectators,  prisoners, 
even  tlie  dogs,  mingled  togetiier  in  incongruous  contusion.  Under  all  the.so 
sfeming  embarrassments,  the  course  of  justicj  was  slowly  onward. .  .An  im- 
portation of  Idaho  laws  superseded  tiie  worn-out  liouso  bill,  and  i'l  a  week's 
time  a  hall  of  ampler  dimensions,  suitably  arranged,  was  i^rovided  for  tho 
court.'   Vir'jhiii.  Mo.itaua  Dcwovrut,  A^n-W  11,  1SU8. 

"'■  Wilbur  F.  Sanders,  in  a  chapter  on  the  early  judiciary  of  Montana,  con- 
tained in  his  Kotrx,  MS.,  says;  'Justice  luis  not  been  done  to  the  courage 
wliiili  eiud)lcd  these  early  judicial  pioneers  to  step  into  such  a  cniumunity 
and  so  act  as  to  practically  drive  the  vigilance  committee  out  of  existence  in 
a  slicii-t  period  of  time.'  I  would  here  make  my  acknowledgments  for  many 
fiivnrs  received  from  time  to  time  from  tho  very  able  and  public-spirited 
autlKji-  ot  tlie,u  manuscript  Motes,  who  also  contributes  lu  eiioci  the  loliowaijj 
remarks  on  Montana  tribunals. 


■'''  I 


I 


^'■;  -il: 


Cj6 


POLITICAL  AND  JUDICIAL, 


l'[ 


so  effectual  in  preserving  the  lives  and  proport}*  of 
the  public  as  the  action  of  the  vigilance  conunittcc 

From  the  time  of  tlic  first  settlement  in  Montana  to  ^lay  ISCit  tlicro  wiih 
not  n\\  iillioiT  autliorizeil  to  iuhninister  oatlis  or  tlu;  law.s  in  tlio  territory,  ami 
no  oriiani/ation,  if  we  exoc.'iit  a  partial  orjianizatioii  of  tiie  eouiity  of  Mi:- 
sonla  l)y  tiie  legislature  of  Wasliington,  wliere  tiiere  wan  a  sinL:le  justice  of 
tlie  j)eaee.  Yet  for  two  year.s  there  liatl  lieen  a  niiinher  of  eonsiih'ralile  sct- 
tlenuiits  in  the  territory,  anil  property,  real  aiul  personal,  of  great  vahio, 
owiK'il,  titles  ereateil  ami  eonveyeil,  I'riniea  punislieil,  and  other  fornis  of 
redress  resorted  to  known  to  tlie  judieial  trihunals.  Ami  this  was  a  neces- 
sity. Tiirifty  and  active  eoninninities  were  engaged  in  Miining  anil  eoiuiiHr- 
cial  transaetions  of  largt;  nioinentand  amounts;  eargoes  of  gnods  were  arri\  iii;^ 
and  heingsold  and  transported,  calling  into  heing  all  tlie  [iroeesses  liy  which 
civili/eil  eoninninities  assume  to  regulate  all'airs  hetwccn  men  and  cntiHcc 
justice.  The  story  of  those  days  furnishes  a  remark.ihle  exaiiiph;  of  tiic 
force  of  hahit  in  such  matters  whicli  characterizes  the  .American  people,  and 
<lemonstrates  that  they  readily  follow  the  forms  of  law,  and  ahide  hy  the 
consei|iu;nces  when  their  acts  lack  legal  sanction. 

The  primary  tribunal,  constituting  what  I  would  call  the  first  prriml  nf 
judicial  proceedings  in  Montana,  was  known  as  the  miners"  court,  and  rcgii- 
lateil  all  rights,  legal,  C(iuital)le,  and  admiralty.  I'rior  to  Marcii  liSiil!,  whcu 
the  territory  of  Idaho  was  created,  eoniprehending  wliat  is  now  .Montana  ;niil 
a  part  of  Wyoming,  within  tlu:  limits  of  these  latter  there  was  not  a  vnhniic 
of  the  statutes  of  Washington,  out  of  which  Idaho  had  liecn  carved,  nor  had 
tht^  legislature  of  Idaho  met  or  enacted  any  laws.  No  man  was  authoriz  d  tn 
administer  an  oath,  acknowledge  a  deed,  certify  a  contract,  or  determine  any 
controversy.  Hence  the  necessity  of  some  regulations  to  wliicii  the  ]ieiiplo 
consented.  The  occupied  mineral  regions  were  divided  into  districts  of  con- 
venient size.  I'uhlic  meetings  were  called,  usually  ujion  .Sundays,  when  the 
people  had  leisure,  anil  some  citizens  were  elected  presi'Icnt  of  the  di^ti  let, 
ndners'  judge,  sherill',  and  coroner,  their  duties  heing  umlelined  except,  liy 
n.iine,  and  the  admonition  that  they  .shcmld  discharge  the  functions  whicii 
usually  devolved  u^ion  such  oHiei'rs.  la  a  coimiumity  \vhi're  tiie  crimiiiil 
class  possesscil  great  strength,  a  prosecuting  attorney  was  added  to  tlic  list 
of  otlicers.  The  entire  strength  of  these  districts  was  wielded  hy  tiiese  ulli- 
eials  in  re[iressing  and  punishing  crime,  and  for  the  vindication  of  peiiini.iiy 
rights  or  the  redress  of  financial  wrongs.  Tiiese  courts  without  hesitiiiinii 
granted  divorces,  and  the  judges  performed  marriage  ser\ices  without  i|ucs- 
tnm.  They  siimmoneil  any  party  complained  of  into  their  eoiiits,  hrnu-ht 
in  juries  of  six  citizens  whenever  demanded,  listened  to  lawyers  with  Ih"  cus- 
tomary iiniiatienee,  declared  the  law  dogmatically  without  ipiestinn,  in- 
structed juries  as  to  their  duties,  received  their  verdicts  and  eiitcr.il 
judgment  upon  them,  or  set  them  aside  with  the  same  degree  of  regularity 
and  sohiicty  which  characterizes  similiar  trihunals  now.  If  the  couiis  did 
not  iiold  (jiiite  so  strong  tiie  princi[)les  of  law  over  the  juries,  or  dinel  and 
control  them  as  is  customary  in  more  stahle  communities,  tlui  fault  was  nut 
confined  to  miners'  courts.  J'roliahly  there  were  more  disigri'eing  jiu'ie>  Micii 
than  now,  although  this  is  still  a  chronic  disorder  in  Montana.  Not  infie- 
(jnently  eases  were  tried  half  a  dozen  times  before  a  jury  agreed.  Tiieir 
Ihictnations  were  remarkahle,  there  iieing  generally  fivi;  ohstinate  men  on  .me 
side,  and  at  the  next  as  many  on  the  other  side.  It  was  a  U\  ,nent  occur- 
rence that  the  jmlge  arrested  proceedings,  and  ordered  the  sherill'  to  oht am 
for  the  court  and  jury  and  memhers  of  the  har  refreshments  from  the  iiencst 
saloon.  Tlie  costs  of  a  suit  were  fixed  somewhat  arbitrarily  liy  the  juiL'c.  '.'cn- 
erally  niion  a  sca,le  of  prices  arranged  by  him;  but  if  the  trial  was  impni  lant 
and  exciting,  and  the  partii^s  making  money  fast  in  the  mines,  he  disciiini- 
iiated  against  we.ilth.  The  lawyers  got  paid  very  well.  The  sherill  wis  an 
inniortaiit  figure  iu  the  laines.     He  usually  aeleeted  the  juries  upou  an  oi'cii 


ADOPTION  OF  CODES. 


657 


liatl  boon.  The  first  Icofislaturc  adopted  codes,  civil 
and  criniiiial,  but  owing  to  the  delay  in  printinj^  them, 
the  courts  were  thrown  back  upon  manuscript  bills  of 
that  session  for  guidance.  Under  tiiis  practice,  in  the 
tirst  three  years,  in  the  first  district  alone,  six  hundred 


venire,  anil  if  he  bail  particular  friends  engaged  in  litigation,  would  take  caro 
(il  tlieni  in  tiie  selection.  Cliange.s  of  venue  and  nonsuits  tvere  ]iraitically 
iiiikniiwa.  There  was  generally  provided  by  the  rules  and  rc'^ulations  nf  the 
(li.-trict  an  oinpoi-tuaity  for  tlie  defeated  party  to  ai>peal  to  a  'miners'  nieet- 
mu.'  wiiicli  h"  was  ]»'rinitted  to  do  without  gi^'ing  bonds,  and  simply  upon 
.srrving  a  notiiu;  on  the  party  antl  judge  of  liis  appeal  to  tlie  j)rcsideiit  of  the 
ilisliiet;  the  miners,  I's  jurors,  being  sui)renie  over  tlie  judge  and  tile  ipaities 
to  tiie  contention.  Tiiese  miners'  meetings  were  most  often  held  in  the  open 
air,  and  if  tiie  weather  was  cold,  or  some  incident  of  the  saloons  attracted 
them,  they  absented  themselves  until  one  of  tiie  parties  to  tlie  suit  rallied 
them  by  signifying  that  a  (piestiou  of  supreme  importance  was  about  to  be 
ilicided,  wlieii  tiiey  returned  and  voted  for  their  favorite.  At  these  minens' 
meetings  the  ap[iellate  juilge  usually  occu[)ieil  a  wagon,  and  the  lawyers  and 
\\  itiicsses  spoUe  and  testified  from  the  same  eminence.  The  witnesses  might 
i  .  niterro^'ated  liy  any  one  who  wished  to  know  further  about  the  case,  ex- 
hihit  his  learning,  or  make  a  display  of  his  feigned  impartiality.  These 
tnliiinals  were  sometimes  swayed  by  the  politics  of  their  clients  o  ■  their 
eoiiiisi'l,  and  somotimes  iiiliiieiiced  by  tlie  liipiid  refreshments  fiiriiislicl  by 
line  side,  or  occasionally  by  a  .sordid  motive;  but  whatever  coiisidt'iation  de- 
termined the  result,  it  was  manifested  by  a  viva  voce  vote  of  all  present, 
exeeiit  the  litigants  and  their  counsel,  and  was  final.  If  there  was  any  doubt 
aliiiut  the  vote,  tiiere  was  a  division  and  a  count,  the  opiM-  ing  voters  stand- 
ing on  eitliei  side  of  a  line,  while  the  .slierifl'  or  president  aseortaiiud  the 
exact  niiiiiber  of  each.  Once  ilelinitely  settled,  there  was  no  further  a|ipeal. 
I'lnlierty  worth  many  thousands  of  dollars  was  involved  in  these  suits,  and 
tides  were  passed  which  stand  to  tliis  day  as  firmly  as  any  establi>iied  by 
any  courts.  There  was  a  lofty  scorn  of  teclinicalities  alioiit  tliese  eoiirts, 
wliieh  treated  with  conteiiipt  a  lawyer's  suggestion  of  the  ilh'gality  <if  a 
written  contract  wliieli  had  less  than  the  rcipiired  nunilicr  of  United  States 
revenue  stamps  upon  it. 

Thuiiglitfiil  men  were  troubled  as  to  what  was  to  follow,  and  many  be- 
lieved tiiat  tiiese  determinations  were  of  such  consequence  that  they  would 
he  eoiilir.iied  b>  ail  act  of  tlie  legislature  when  it  should  convene,  as  pmh  ibly 
wmihl  JKive  biH'ii  tlie  case  but  for  the  restrictive  laws  of  congress.  As  it  was, 
tiny  remained  jiia  :tically  the  deti'rniiiiation  of  all  controversies.  'I'liese 
tiilninals  contiiiiied  to  exercise  some  jurisdiction  until  the  arrival  in  the  ter- 
iltiiiy  of  the  justices  of  tlio  suiii'enie  court  in  October  ISIi4;  but  in  the  spring 
lit  that  year  eoinmissiciiis  had  urriveil  from  licwiston  for  justices  of  the  peace 
ami  [iroliati,  judges,  and  tiie  statutes  of  '.he  first  si'ssion  of  tlie  ten  itury  of 
bl.iclii  Were  also  reiiivi'd.  It  was  found  that  certain  juri-idietioii  bad  been 
iiinleired  upon  these  oliieeis,  limited  indeed,  and  compreheiidiim  but  ,i  small 
liiirtiiiii  of  the  jurisdiction  iieei'ssary  to  lie  exercised  liy  judicial  tribunals, 
ami  tlierelore  the  miners'  courts  were  (•ontiiiued,  jiresenting  the  sinctaele  of 
tlio  courts  auiliori/ed  by  law  exercisiiii;  a  limited  authority,  while  the  larger 
eunteiitioii  1  were  deUrmiiied  by  an  unauthorized  and  volunteer  tiilmiial. 
Tlie  two,  however,  never  o!imo  in  collision,  but  worked  together  haiiiioni- 
iiii-l\  until  the  sniireme  court  was  organized,  'i'his  coiistiluled  the  second 
[iiiinil  (if  judicial  history.  During  the  last  ten  months  of  the  latter  period, 
tile  vinilance  committee  divided  jurisdiction  with  the  courts,  but  took  cog- 
in/anee  only  of  the  more  llagraut  utl'uusus.  The  third  period  has  been  treated 
of  above. 

UiHT.  Wash.— 42 


.'  ^  i  i;il 


■jt'.i;- 


658 


POLITICAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


,?,! 


and  fifty  cases  were  disposed  of,  six  beini^  criminal 
trials,  Few  cases  were  ever  appealed  to  the  supreme 
court,  and  but  one  of  those  few  was  reversed.  At  tlio 
session  of  the  legislature  of  December  18G7,  the  civil 
code  of  California  was  adopted,  because  it  originated 
in  a  state  whose  interests  were,  at  the  time  when  it 
was  framed,  similar  to  those  of  Montana  at  this  time, 
and  which  had  dealt  with  the  knotty  questions  of 
quartz-mining,  water  rights,  placer  claims,  and  tlieir 
congeners.  This  greatly  simplified  the  business  of  tlio 
courts.  But  the  criminal  code  remained  unimproved. 
Under  it  nearly  half  of  all  the  complaints  tried  re- 
sulted in  acquittal,  owing  greatly  to  the  ambiguity  of 
the  language  in  which  a  crime  was  defined  by  the 
legislators.  Of  the  four  capital  cases  tried  in  Judge 
Hosmer's  court  all  failed  of  conviction,  not  because 
the  indictment  was  faulty  or  the  jury  were  not  prop- 
erly charged,  but  because  they  disagreed  on  tlic 
interpretation  of  the  law  and  the  charge  of  the  judge. 
More  than  twenty  persons  tried  for  murder  during 
the  term  of  the  first  set  of  district  judges  were  ae- 
quitted,  the  juries  being  drawn  from  the  same  pco[»l(' 
who  had  sustained  the  viyilance  committee.  It  can- 
not  much  be  wondered  at  that  there  existed  dis^at- 
isfaction  with  the  courts,  though  they  were  not 
responsible  for  defective  statutes,  or  that  lynch-law 
so  often  hastened  to  remove  criminals  from  their  juris- 
diction. The  cause  lay  even  deeper  than  I  have 
intimated,  in  the  great  infusion  of  a  reckless  olcnieiit, 
which  was  strengthened  by  still  larger  imml)ers  of 
careless  and  tolerant  persons,  whoso  experience  of  the 
freedom  of  the  fro!\tier  had  matle  them  callous  to  tlie 
horrors  of  violated  law,  even  when  it  brought  tin m 
face  to  face  with  sudden  death. -^  A  shooting  s(  rapi' 
was  a  connnon  occurrence,  and  had  so  many  sides  to 
it — besides  the  danger  that  any  man  might  want  to 
shoot  another  some  time,  and  to  establish  a  precedent 

"  Dimsilalo,  Via.  Montana,  aaya  that  the  shooting  of  a  man  iu  a  bai  Ln.r  8 
Baloou  did  uut  iiituiTU^>t  tho  buiiiuubb  uf  ahaving. 


THE  CURRENCY  QUESTION. 


659 


iiiitjlit  be  troublesome — that  it  was  difficult  to  arouse 
a  sense  of  outrage  in  the  minds  of  the  majority, 
except  where  the  murder  had  been  perpetrated  for 
robbery  in  a  treacherous  and  brutal  manner.  Even 
this,  as  we  have  seen,  they  failed  to  punish.  Such 
was  the  condition  of  society  in  Montana  in  its  earlier 
period,  and  such  to  a  great  degree  it  remained  for  a 
score  of  years,  although  on  the  statute-books  there 
existed  a  law  aixainst  drawini;  a  wear)on  in  anijer."' 
All  this  tends  to  prove  the  absurdity  anil  futility 
of  the  jury  system,  a  relic  of  past  ages  which  has 
(tutlivcd  its  usefulness. 

A  question  discussed  at  this  period  was  one  which 
deeply  touched  the  foundations  of  society  and  its 
H'ood  order,  and  which  disturbed  particularly  the  first 
judicial  district.  Montana  having  been  organized  out 
of  the  territories  of  Idaho  and  IJakota,  for  the  fir.<t 
six  months  every  conmiercial  transaction  had  been 
conducted  in  tacit,  if  not  expressed,  recognition  of  the 
fact  that  placer  gold  was  the  exclusive  currency  of 

'^'^In  tlie  (;;irli(!r  poriod  John  X.  BeiiUor  was  deimtyU.  S.  iiiarslial.  as  well 
as  cdlkctor  (if  customs  tor  tliu  distiict  of  Montana  and  Idalio,  and  I'olonil  in 
till'  territorial  militia,  lie  was  from  Cluiniliersliiirg,  wlicrc  lie  was  known  as 
Ml  'ixcclk'Ht  maker  of  brooms,  cocktails,  and  juk'iis,  and  a  fellow  fif  inliiiite 
jest.'  ]n  Montana  he  wore  a  white  slouclieil  hat  with  an  immense  lirim,  loose 
tiock-coat  with  ponderous  pockets,  pants  and  vest  of  the  same  elotli,  loosely 
cut,  lii>;li-topped  hoots,  the  inevitable  woolen  shirt,  a  brace  of  faitiifiil  i)is- 
tols  in  his  lielt,  and  a  hujje  '  Arkan.sas  toothpick,'  or  liowie-knife,  in  a  leather 
sh(Mth.  This  was  ids  travelling  costume.  At  other  times  lie  could  be  iiuite  fnp. 
]iis|i;  and  at  all  times  he  was  a  general  favorite,  e.vcept  with  the  law-itreakers. 
Like  most  favorites,  lie  iiad  a  pet  name,  which  was  simply  X.  The  local  news- 
iri|u"i-s  noticed  his  movements  as  X,  and  so  friMpU'ntly  in  connection  with  the 
arrest  of  some  criminal  that  the  jou.-nals  of  other  localities  took  it  for  gr.iiitcd 
that  X  was  a  cabalistic  sign  for  vigilance  committee.  Hut  altiioiigh  he  was 
uiidoubteilly  oil  that  committee's  service  at  times,  he  was  an  olhcer  of  the 
regular  courts,  whose  activity,  emluranci!,  sagacity,  and  readiness  in  drawing 
and  tiring  madi^  him  the  terror  of  evil-doers,  and  which  procured  him  the 
tliiuiks  of  the  legislature  in  I.S!S.'{.  Met 'lure  says:  'When  he  goes  for  a  chs- 
lic'iado  lie  generally  takes  him  without  papers,  as  he  terms  it;  and  when  he 
iniiiMiands,  no  one  lias  yet  been  reckless  ('noUHh  to  i|iiestiiin  his  authority  or 
ili>liiite  his  iiower.  He  has  liuiig  some  ;{((  of  tin'  most  lawless  men  the  conti- 
lit  lit  "oiild  produce,  and  has  arrested  hnndreils,  often  in  distant  regions  and 
^^ltllout  assistance,  and  has  never  been  reiuilsed.  .Many  have  tried  to  gi't 
tlir  drop  (ui  him,  but  in  vain.'   Tliri'i'  '/'/(oimiik/  Milin,  :{7tl  S. 

'The  first  U.  S.  marshal  conimissiom.'d  was  Cornel  ins  1'".  Buck,  .Iiiiie 'J'J,  I. Silt, 
^vllll  declined.  The  second,  commissioned  Feb.  'J,  |!S()."),  was  <!corHe  M. 
I'iiiiiey.  The  third,  commissioned  March  18,  IStiT,  was  Ni'il  Howie,  'i'lu^ 
I'luitli,  commissioned  May  15,  IMi".*,  was  William  K.  ^^■heeh■r,  who  was 
itu'iamiasiuucd  iu  1673,     J,  J,  Hall  wa^i  deputy  laurHlial  after  JSuidlur. 


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6G0 


rOLITICAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


the  country,  and  tliat  United  States  treasury  notos 
Vere  worth  fif'tv  cents  on  the  dollar  of  the  former 
currency.  The  custom  of  conductinjTf  business  on  this 
basis  was  so  well  established  that  it  had  never  been 
thouc^ht  necessary  to  specify  in  writing  in  what  cur- 
rency given  sums  of  money  should  be  paid.  Two 
questions  which  presented  themselves  were  therefore 
of  the  greatest  significance.  First,  was  Montana  with- 
out statutory  enactments,  or  were  all  those  laws  of 
a  general  nature  passed  by  the  legislature  of  Wasli- 
ington,  not  inap[)licable  in  their  form  and  nature  to 
the  western  counties  of  IVIontana,  in  force  in  that  poi- 
tion  of  Montana  west  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  and 
such  general  laws  passed  by  the  legislature  of  Dakota 
in  force  east  of  the  Rocky  mountains ;  and  were  tlio 
laws  of  Idaho  passed  at  its  first  legislative  session,  in 
the  winter  of  1803-4,  of  like  nature  and  force  after 
their  passage  throughout  the  territory,  or  did  the  or- 
ganization of  a  new  territory  out  of  Idaho  itself  oper- 
ate to  repeal  all  the  statute  law  then  in  force?  Second, 
what  should  be  the  measure  of  damages  upon  con- 
tracts made  in  the  territory  to  pay  a  given  number 
of  dollars,  not  expressed  to  be  in  gold-dust,  but  un- 
questionably so  intended  by  the  contracting  parties^ 
Judge  Hosmer,  when  he  opened  his  court,  nuule 
first  his  impressive  charge  to  the  grand  jury,  as  before 
mentioned  and  then,  deferring  all  other  business,  in- 
vited tlie  opinions  and  arguments  of  the  bar  on  these 
vexed  questions.  As  we  know  already,  a  majority  of 
the  population  of  the  territories  of  Idaho  and  Mon- 
tana at  this  period  were  in  sympathy  with  disunion, 
and  a  political  bias  was  likely  to  be  given  even  to 
questions  of  abstract  law.  A  majority  of  the  Imr 
therefore  argued  that  the  organic  act  of  the  teriitoiv 
wrested  all  its  geographical  area  from  the  force  and 
operation  of  the  statutes  of  the  other  territories  w  hii  li 
had  once  had  jurisdiction.  In  the  absence  of  au- 
thorities or  precedents,  a  single  letter  of  secretary 
Buchanan  to  General  Kearney  in  California,  in  which 


■I'  i'  ■ 


li 


RESIGNATION  OF  JUDGES. 


CGI 


it  was  stated  that  the  Mexican  laws  not  inconsistent 
with  the  haws  of  the  United  States,  and  ap[)licahki  to 
the  existing  state  of  affairs,  would  remain  in  force, 
was  the  only  authority  for  the  opposite  side  of  the 
arsj^unieiit.  It  was  Judge  Hosmer's  opinion  that  the 
t'diiner  laws  remained  in  force  until  a  Montana  leixis- 
Inture  enacted  others,  which  should  also  l)e  consistent 
with  the  constitution  of  the  United  States. 

On  the  question  of  contracts,  a  large  majority  were 
of  the  opinion  that  contracts  made  while  gold-dust 
was  currency,  for  ti\e  payment  of  a  given  number  of 
dollars,  could  only  be  liquidated  by  dollars  of  market 
value  as  measured  by  gold-dust.  A  few  members  of 
tlic  bar,  however,  maintained  that  a  ])romise  within 
the  United  States  to  pay  any  number  of  dollars  could 
aKvays.be  liquidated  by  whatever  the  United  States 
had  declared  to  be  the  legal  tender  for  the  payincnt 
of  debts.  It  does  not  a[)pear  that  Judge  Hosmcr  de- 
cided this  question,  but  wisely  left  it  to  the  legisla- 
ture, which  lield  its  first  session  before  his  court 
adjourned;  and  it  soon  ceased  to  be  a  disturbing 
question,  popular  sentiment  in  the  mines  being  a  unit 
in  favor  of  gold. 

Notwithstanding  no  ground  of  complaint  could  be 
found  against  the  United  States  judges,  except  that 
thcv  exercised  their  riijht  to  hold  opinions  in  conso- 
nance  with  their  convictions,  shortly  before  the  expi- 
ration of  their  terms  judges  Hosmcr  and  ^lunson 
were  warned  by  the  anti-administration  journals,  and 
requested  by  the  legislature,  which  had  assigned  them 
to  the  uninhabited  counties  of  J^ighorn  t^i.d  ("auu'au, 
to  resign,  and  did  resign,  their  places  being  filled  by 
the  appointment  of  Henry  L.  Wan-en,  chief  justice, 
and  Hiram  Knowles*'  associate.     Williston  remained 

*'"  Kiiowlea  was  threatened  because  in  a  case  which  concerned  the  adiiiiiii.s- 
tintiiiii  of  the  estate  of  (iuorgo  V'arliart,  killed  l)y  I'liinmier'.s  hand  at  I'him- 
Hill's  liidiliiig,  I'luinnicr  pretemlinK  to  take  out  administration  papers  in  a 
iiiiiii  rs"  court  anil  selling'  Carhart's  interest  in  tlie  Itakota  mine  to  the  Moii- 
tiiiiii  Mineral  Land  ami  Mining  conipany,  the  judge  decided  against  tlie  cnnj- 
liauy,  and  in  favor  of  the  proper  heir.s.  Diir  /jUi/i/r  Xiir  \oii/iinsf,  May  '-!.">, 
b70.  Knowles  was  from  Keokuk,  Iowa,  and  had  resided  in  Nevada.  Ho 
wi^  appointed  from  Oeer  Lodge  county,  Montana,  at  the  re(iue»t  of  tin;  bar. 
Virjiuia  Montana  I'oxt,  July  20,  ItiGS. 


»     t 


m 


POLITICAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


If. I 


i'i'!i: 


until   1869,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  George  G. 
Symes.*' 

To  return  to  che  proceedings  of  the  governor  and 
legislature.  Meagher  was  fond  of  proclamations,  and 
considering  tliat  he  was  only,  at  the  most,  acting  gov- 
ernor, drew  upon  himself  the  ridicule  of  the  opposite 
party,  who  dubbed  him,  in  a  kind  of  merry  contempt, 
the  Acting  One.  He  had  called  a  third  session  of 
the  legislature  before  the  governor  appointed  to  suc- 
ceed Edgerton  arrived,  October  3,  1806.  This  was 
Green  Clay  Smith  of  Kentucky,  whose  coming  was 
without  noise,  and  who  assumed  the  executive  office 
quietly  and  gracefully.  The  legislature  which  had  been 
elected  under  the  apportionment  of  the  previous  one, 
consisting  of  the  maximum  allowed  by  the  organic 
act,  namely,  thirteen  in  the  council  and  twenty-six  in 
the  lower  house,''^  met  November  5th,  and  proceeded 
to  enact  laws.  Governor  Smith,  in  his  message,  rec- 
ommended some  lejjfislation  looking  to  the  establish- 
ment  of  a  permanent  and  healthy  system  of  education, 
and  made  some  sut>s2festions  concernino;  such  a  svstein. 
He  called  attention  to  the  debt  of  the  territory, 
already  amounting  to  $54,000,  and  to  the  manner  in 
which  the  assessments  and  collections  were  made. 
While  the  assessment  roll  showed  $4,957,274.53  of 

••  Dccius  S.  Wade  was  commissioneil  chief  justice  after  Warren  in  1871, 
and  .again  in  1875.  Knowles  was  retained  two  terms.  John  L,  Murpliy, 
commissioned  Jan.  27,  1871,  Francis  (x.  Servis  Sept.  21,  1872,  and  Henry  N. 
Hlake  July  30,  1875,  were  the  associate  justices  down  to  a  comparatively 
recent  period.  Con.  H'lxt.  Soc.  Montana,  3'2(i-7. 

^'  In  the  council,  diaries  S.  Hagg,  A.  A.  Brown,  William  H.  Chiles,  J.  E. 
Galloway,  T.  J.  Lowry,  Mark  A.  Aloore,  Sample  Orr,  K.  F.  Phelps,  .1.  <r. 
Spratt,  David  Tuttle,  E.  B.  Waturhury,  E.  S.  Wilkinson,  ii.  G.  Wilson.  15  lyg 
president.  'William  Y.  Lovell,  F.  VV.  A.  Cunningham,  C.  V.  D.  Lovijuy, 
C.  C  Menaugh,  clerks.  J.  B.  Caven  sergeant-at-arms;  Henry  Catlett  (li»ir- 
keeper.  Mont.  Jour.  Cnundl,  3d  sess.,  4.  In  the  house,  A.  E.  Mayhew,  U:iy 
W.  Andrews,  C.  P.  Blakely,  I.  N.  Buck,  M.  Carroll,  T.  D.  Clanton,  .Inli.i 
Dtmegan,  A.  M.  Esler,  J.  (tallaher,  T.  L.  (iorham,  H.  Jordan,  W.  VV.  .lulm- 
son,  A.  S.  Maxwell,  J.  L.  McCuUough,  Peter  MoSlannus,  Louis  Mc.Miiitry, 
K.  W.  Mimms,  John  Owen,  J.  W.  Rhodes,  M.  Roach,  J.  H.  Roger.s,  A.  J. 
Smith,  H.  F.  Snelling,  J.  B.  Van  Hagan,  J.  W.  Welch,  J.  B.  Wyle.  May- 
hew  speaker.  A.  H.  Barrett,  James  K.  Duke,  Hedges,  McCaU.1),  cli  iks. 
(>.  P.  Thomas  sergeant-at-arms.  William  Deascey  door-keeper.  Mnut.  .In'ir. 
Howe,  3d  sess.,  4.  Mc.dannus  killed  a  man  iu  1807,  and  was  soon  luiii.M^lf 
killed.  lioUi  Utalcsman,  Aug.  3  and  17,  1SU7. 


^ge  G. 

or  and 
ns,  and 
ig  gov- 
pposite 
iteni[)t, 
3sion  of 
to  sue- 
bis  was 
nff  was 
re  office 
ad  been 
)us  one, 
organic 
,y-six  ill 
oceeded 
ige,  rec- 
taUlish- 
lucation, 
sv^teni. 
rritoiy, 
uner  in 
made. 
4.53  of 

on  in  1871, 

Munii'y, 

Henry  N. 
Iparativcly 

liilcs,  .1.  K- 
}ll).s,  .1.  <i. 
|iOU.  iJigg 
Lovi'jiiy, 
Itlett  (lour- 
L-hew,  U:iy 
liton,  .loliti 
\V.  .I.iliii- 
IIitMuitry, 
rers,  A.  •'. 
Tie.  Mi'y 
It),  cli'iks. 
foul.  ./"'"'•. 


LEGISLATIVE  TROUBLE. 


663 


taxable  property,  the  treasurer's  report  showed  only 
§20,316.95  paid  in  taxes  from  eight  counties.  The 
county  of  Choteau  paid  no  tax,  and  refused  to  organ- 
ize or  conform  to  the  laws.  The  governor  recom- 
mended the  repeal  of  the  law  creating  the  county, 
thereby  throwing  it  back  into  Edgerton  county,  whose, 
officers  would  do  their  duty.  But  the  treasurer  of 
Edgerton  county  had'^  neglected  to  collect  taxes,  and 
left  it  in  debt,  when  it  was  amply  able  to  appear 
solvent.  Two  other  counties,  Meagher  and  Beaver- 
head, also  failed  to  make  any  returns,  for  which 
evil  the  legislature  was  directed  to  find  a  remedy. 
Indeed,  with  all  the  legislating  that  had  been  done, 
the  affairs  of  the  young  commonwealth  were  in  a  sad 
way,  and  not  likely  soon  to  be  amended,  under  the 
existing  practices  of  the  legislature,  which,  while  it 
affected  economy  in  cutting  down  the  salaries  of  federal 
officers,  doubled  the  number  of  territorial  officers,  and 
paid  them  well  for  doing  their  duty  ill."  Indeed,  they 
did  not  think  twelve  dollars  a  day  high  pay  for  mak- 
ing laws  wliich  congress  might  repudiate,  but  for 
which  the  territory  had  to  pay.^*  In  addition  to  the 
debt,  apparent  and  acknowledged,  there  was  a  large 
amount  of  scrip  outstanding,  of  which  there  was  no 
official  record.  The  governor  recotnmended  the  legis- 
lature to  inquire  into  this  matter,  and  the  request 
was  complied  with,  the  inquiry  resulting  in  findmg 
the  debt  of  the  young  commonwealth  to  be  over 
$80,000.  The  $20,000  in  the  treasury  was  supposed 
to  be  applied  to  liquidation,  as  far  as  it  went,  and  the 
remaining  $00,000  was  funded  at  a  high  rate  of  in- 

'-  This  was  P.  H.  Read.  His  excuse  was  that  he  had  no  time  to  attend 
to  his  otHeial  duties,  being  employed  in  a  mercantile  house  !  Viiyinia  and 
Jli-leiia  Post,  Sept.  29,  18GG. 

"  The  sheriff  of  Madison  county,  A.  J.  Snyder,  was  indicted  for  forgery. 
According  to  the  Helena  Reyuhlican  of  Sept.  20,  ISiiO,  he  was  able  to  escape 
till!  couHequences  of  his  crime  by  a  free  use  of  money  among  lawyers.  The 
same  paper  says,  '  VVe  have  a  police  magistrate,  McCuUougli,  saiil  to  have 
bi'liiiiged  to  a  baud  of  guerillas.'  The  'left  wing  of  Price's  army  was  not  all 
in  Idaho,  although  Montana  early  olficials  were  not  so  notoriously  corrupt  as 
in  the  sister  territory. 

'^*  The  pay  of  a  legislator,  under  the  organic  act,  was  $4  per  day.  Zabmkie'a 
Lund  Laws,  808. 


\ 


i^ 
- 


■'   1 1 


;  iJ'^S' 


''i!F 


it 


06i 


POLITICAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


i:  H'-'i 


teresfc  for  the  tax-payers  of  the  future  to  pay.  Even 
this  was  not  all,  there  being  over  $28,000  due  the 
members  of  the  second  and  third  legislatures,  which 
they  had  voted  themselves. 

Governor  Smith  recommended  that  instead  of  ask- 
ing for  a  mint,  as  was  talked  of,  congress  should  be 
petitioned  for  an  assay  office.  A  surveyor-general 
was  very  much  more  needed  ^^  than  a  mint,  if  county 
boundaries  and  private  land  claims  were  to  be  cor- 
rectly established.  Another  good  suggestion  of 
Smith's  was  the  adoption  of  the  civil  code  of  Califor- 
nia, by  which  the  bar  and  courts  of  Montana  would 
have  the  experience  of  many  years  of  legislation 
under  similar  circumstances,  and  the  opinions  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States  on  questions 
likely  to  arise.  As  I  have  before  said,  this  sugges- 
tion was  carried  out,  although  not  by  this  legislature. 
Public  buildings  being  still  wanting,  he  recommended 
that  conofress  be  asked  for  means  to  erect  those  abso- 
lutely  necessary  for  the  preservation  of  the  public 
archives,  and  auditor's  and  treasurer's  books,  and  the 
safe-keeping  of  convicted  felons.^  They  were  also 
advised  to  labor  in  behalf  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
railroaa,  to  convince  the  national  legislature  of  the 
great  benefit  of  such  a  highway  to  the  whole  north- 
west territory,  and  especially  to  Montana. 

**  Solomon  Meredith  was  commissioned  surveyor-general  of  Montana 
April  18,  18G7.  He  was  instructed  to  make  the  initial  point  of  tlie  surveys 
at  Beaverhead  rock,  named  by  Lewis  and  Clarke.  Lewis  and  Clarice's  Juurwd, 
257.  But  this  not  being  convenient,  the  starting-point  was  fixed  at  a  liine- 
stone  hill  800  feet  high,  near  the  mouth  of  Willow  creek,  between  that 
stream  and  JeflFerson  river,  12  miles  from  the  three  forks  of  the  Missouri. 
The  base  line  was  run  30  miles  east  and  34  miles  west  from  this  point,  iuid 
the  standard  meridian  42  south  and  60  miles  north  from  it  in  1867.  Ue  I'aey, 
being  draughtsman  in  the  office  of  the  sur.-gen.,  corrected  his  map  by  tlie 
survey.  Tri-  Weekly  Mont.  Post,  Nov.  16,  1867.  Orville  B.  O'Bannon  was 
appointed  register,  and  George  McLean  receiver,  of  the  land-office.  Mu RMlith 
was  succeeded  in  1861)  by  Henry  D.  Waaiiburn,  who  was  followed  in  1871  by 
John  E.  Blaine,  who  gave  place  in  1874  to  Andrew  J.  Smith.  The  regis- 
ters following  O'Baunon  were  Lorenzo  B.  Lyman,  Addison  H.  Sanders,  Wil- 
liam C.  Child,  and  James  H,  Moe.  The  receivers  after  McLean  were  Uichard 
F.  May,  Solomon  Star,  and  H.  M.  Keyser,  down  to  1875. 

•*  Congress  appropriated  in  1866,  for  a  penitentiary,  $40,000  out  of  the 
internal  revenue,  to  be  collected  annually  for  three  years;  this  beint;  the  tirst 
appropriation  for  territorial  buildings  in  Montana.  Cong.  Ohbe,  1866-7,  aiiy. 
180;   Viryinia  Moniana  Post,  Feb.  23,  1867. 


SEAT  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


665 


The  scat  of  government,  located  at  Virginia  City 
wlien  that  was  the  centre  of  the  mining  population, 
was  already  coveted  by  other  towns,  centres  of  other 
rich  mineral  districts,  and  by  the  inhabitants  of 
counties  centrally  located  with  reference  to  the  whole 
territory.  The  legislature  of  November  18G6  settled 
the  question,  so  far  as  they  were  concerned,  by  re- 
moving the  capital  to  Helena.^^  The  organic  act 
required  a  vote  of  the  people  upon  the  final  location 
of  the  seat  of  government,  and  other  events  were  to 
occur  which  would  nullify  their  action. 

"  Montana  Jovr.  House,  3d  sesa.,  165,  176,  271,  319. 


i     1  ';  fi?" 


f 

Ji 

^i  -  HI 

4rl 

1 

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k       - 

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"^  '  i  (■ 

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t       1 

til 

I 

CHAPTER  IV. 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 

1866-1886. 

Special  Legislation — All  Made  Null  by  Conobess — Useful  Laws— The 
Capital  Question — Party  Issues — The  Several  Legislatures— 
Governor  Ashley — Governor  Potts — Newspapers — Railway  Legis- 
lation— The  Right-of-way  Question — Territorial  Extravagance 
— Northern  Pacific  Railway — Local  Issues — Retrenchment  a.nd 
Reform. 

Having  discharged  the  onerous  duties  of  his  office 
for  a  few  months,  Governor  Smith  returned  to  the 
states,  and  Meagher  again  came  to  the  front.  Once 
more  he  proclaimed  a  special  session  of  the  legislature, 
the  motive  of  which  was  that  a  law  had  just  been 
passed  by  congress  and  approved  by  the  president 
convening  the  40th  congress  on  the  4th  of  March, 
whereas  the  election  law  of  Montana,  which  fixed  the 
day  of  general  election  on  the  first  Monday  of  Sep- 
tember, would  leave  the  territory  without  a  delegate 
from  March  until  September.  Not  that  a  delegate 
had  ever  been  of  much  service  to  the  country,  but  that 
it  was  imperative  the  office  should  be  filled.  The  proc- 
lamation therefore  called  upon  the  legislature  to  con- 
vene at  Virginia  City  on  the  25th  of  February,  18G7, 
for  the  purpose  of  altering  the  election  law  so  as  to 
provide  for  the  election  of  a  delegate  without  loss  of 
time,  "as  well  as  for  the  adoption  of  such  other  alter- 
ations and  amendments  as,  under  the  present  circum- 
stances of  the  territory  and  the  nation  at  large,  it  may 
appear  expedient  to  enact."* 

•  Virginia  Montana  Post,  Feb.  23,  1867.  (666 ) 


INVALID  LEGISLATION. 


667 


There  was  another  motive  for  a  special  session, 
which  was  the  passage  of  a  number  of  toll-road  char- 
ters, a  favorite  method  of  taxing  immigration  and  the 
travelling  public  generally.  It  was  the  same  greed 
that  had  cursed  eastern  Oregon  and  Idaho.  A  few 
hundred  dollars  expended  in  grading  odd  bits  of  a 
natural  roadway,  and  an  exorbitant  toll  exacted  for 
every  man  and  animal  that  passed  over  it;  or  a  few 
loGfs  thrown  across  a  stream,  and  another  toll  to  be 
paid  for  that;  after  which,  there  was  the  ferry  just 
beyond,  for  which  a  higher  charge  than  either  had  to 
bo  paid.  And  these  latter  were  also  monopolies,  their 
charters  prohibiting  any  other  bridge  or  ferry  within 
a  certain  number  of  miles.  Fifty-eight  charters, 
chiefly  of  this  sort,  were  granted  at  the  November 
session,  and  a  new  batch  was  now  to  be  allowed,  if 
the  legislature  came  together  once  more.''  In  vain 
the  press,  which  had  the  interest  of  the  country  at 
heart,  opposed  itself  to  these  abuses;  they  had  taliave 
their  day. 

The  legislature  met  on  the  25th,  and  continued  in 
session  until  the  6th  of  March.  A  number  of  local 
laws  were  enacted,  and  an  attempt  was  made  to  amend 
the  election  law  so  as  to  hold  an  election  for  delegate 
and  county  officers  in  April,  and  secure  these  places 
to  their  own  party.  But  the  measure  failed,  the  legis- 
lature foreseeing  that  to  tamper  with  so  important 
a  law,  in  the  absence,  too,  of  a  number  of  the  legisla- 
tors, would  be  to  invoke  the  displeasure  of  congress. 
Scarcely  had  they  adjourned  finally  when  the  tele- 
graph announced  that  all  their  law-making,  from  the 
time  when  the  first  legislative  body  had  failed  to  carry 
out  the  provisions  of  the  organic  act  by  passing  an 
apportionment  bill,  had  been  declared  invalid  by  con- 
gress, together  with  their  numerous  oppressive  char- 
ters,** except  such  as  could  be  sustained  in  the  courts. 

'  It  cost  $37.50  for  each  wagon  from  Salt  Lake  to  Helena,  and  as  much 
from  Helena  to  Bighorn  River. 

'  'The  legislative  assemblies  of  the  several  territories  of  the  United  States 
ehall  uot,  alter  the  passage  of  this  act,  grant  private  charters  or  special  priv- 


lis 


i  ii 


m 


V  -f 


668 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


|.  Sii 


The  power  they  had  abused  was  taken  away  from 
them.  The  salaries  of  the  chief  and  associate  justio(3g 
were  raised  to  $3,500  annually,  and  the  pay  of  lei^'is- 
lators  loft  where  it  had  been  first  fixed.  The  jud^^es 
were  authorized  to  define  the  judicial  districts,  assi<^'n 
themselves  by  agreement,  and  fix  the  times  and  places 
of  holding  court,  not  less  than  two  terms  yearly  at 
each  place.  The  governor  was  authorized  to  divide 
the  territory  into  election  districts,  the  election  to 
be  held  at  the  time  and  place  prescribed  by  the  legis- 
latures of  1864  and  1865,  and  the  qualification  of 
voters  to  be  ine  same  as  in  the  original  act,  save  re- 
strictions by  reason  of  race  or  color.*  There  were  two 
years  and  a  half  of  legislative  existence  blotted  out, 
and  everything  had  to  be  begun  over  at  the  point 
where  the  first  legislature  left  off  in  a  fit  of  peevish- 
ness because  the  governor  endeavored  to  check  their 
extravagance  and  love  of  power.  Nevertheless  the 
legislative  assembly  was  authorized  to  reenact,  one 
by  one,  such  acts  of  the  bogus  legislatures  as  they 
deemed  beneficent." 

The  situation  was  unique  for  a  territory  which  had 
contributed,  in  its  brief  existence  of  three  years,  thirty 
millions  in  gold  to  the  world's  treasure.  But  it  was 
this  prodigality  of  wealth  which  drew  to  it  the  cor- 
morants of  avarice  and  crime.  The  republicans  nomi- 
nated for  delegate  W.  F.  Sanders,  who  received,  out 
of  10,901  votes  cast,  4,896.  Cavanaugh  was  returned 
by  a  majority  of  1,108.°     As  to  the  legislature,  Madi- 

ileges,  but  they  may,  by  general  iocorporation  acts,  permit  persons  to  associ- 
ate themselves  together  aa  bodies  corporate  for  mining,  manufacturing,  and 
other  industrial  pursuits. '  Zt  '.imkie's  Laiul  Laws,  871. 

*  The  organic  act  of  Monfcina,  in  respect  of  qualification  of  voters,  was  the 
same  as  in  the  organic  I'J,  of  Idaho,  which  permitted  'every  free  white  male 
inhabitant  above  the  a;;e  f/f  21  years,'  an  actual  resident,  etc.,  to  vote  at  the 
first  election.  The  amendment  to  the  organic  act  of  Montana  above  (juotcd, 
'saving  the  distinction  therein  made  on  account  of  rs  -e  or  color,'  was  an  in- 
troduction of  the  15th  amendment  to  the  U.  S.  constitution  before  that 
amendment  had  been  adopted  by  congress. 

'The  telegram  from  Washington  read  as  follows:  'Congress  has  amiihi- 
lated  the  bogus  legislature  of  Montana  and  annulled  its  laws.  The  tleitiou 
is  fixed  for  September.  U.  S.  judges'  salaries  fixed  at  $3,500.  Moutaiiians 
celebrate  here  to-night.' 

•  Helena  Herald,  Dec.  7, 1876;  Virginia-Montana  Post,  Oct.  5, 18C7.    Cava- 


CHOICE  OF  CAPITAL. 


CG9 


son  county  elected  one  republican,  the  only  one 
elected  in  the  territory,  and  he  was  ruled  out,  not  be- 
cause he  was  not  elected  by  a  majority,  but  because 
lit  was  not  wanted  in  that  body,  where,  indeed,  ho 
would  have  been  of  little  use.'' 

Many  useful  statutes  were  now  placed  upon  record. 
One,  an  act  to  amend  an  act  to  locate  the  scot  of 
government,  which  removed  the  capital  to  Helena, 
subject  to  the  vote  of  the  people,  failed.  The  gov- 
ernor, who  had  once  approved  the  measure,  now 
thought  fit  to  veto  it,  for  the  bill  called  for  votes  on 
two  places  only,  he  said;  there  might  be  another 
luore  suitable.  The  surveyor-general's  report  showed 
that  wdien  the  county  lines  came  to  be  adjusted, 
Helena  might  fall  in  Jefferson  county,  and  Virginia 
City  in  Beaverhead.  The  Northern  Pacific  rail- 
road, which  rtll  expected  to  be  built  in  a  few  years, 
would  naturally  be  an  important  factor  in  the  loca- 
tion of  the  seat  of  government.  For  these  and  other 
reasons  he  advised  them  to  let  this  matter  rest  for  a 
i'ow  sessions,  or  until  the  affairs  of  the  territory  should 
shape  themselves  more  definitely.®  Not  satisfied,  the 
lei^islature  passed  another  bill  naming  three  localities 
to  bo  presented  to  the  vote  of  the  people,  which  re- 
ceived the  governor's  veto  for  the  same  reasons,  and 
other  technical  objections.  It  was  reconsidered  and 
lost,  yet  it  continued  to  crop  up  at  succeeding  Icgis- 

naiigh  is  described  as  a  man  of  good  abilities,  but  he  did  not  seem  to  have 
used  tlicin  for  ^lontana.  Ho  was  a  lawyer  by  profession,  and  was  the  lirst 
delegate  from  Minnesota.  In  18G0  he  came  to  Colorado,  residing  at  Central 
City  until  he  went  to  Montana.  After  his  dclegatcship  he  resided  in  New 
York  City.  In  1879  he  returned  to  Colorado,  settling  in  Leadville,  but  died 
60011  after  arriving.  Denccr  Tribune,  Oct.  31,  1879. 

'  The  council  consisted  of  Charles  S.  Bags,  president,  John  W.  Corum, 
W".  E.  Cullen,  Alexander  Davis,  Sample  Orr,  Jasper  Rand,  Thomas  Watson; 
sec,  Tliomas  B.  Wade;  asstscc,  C.  C.  Mcnaugh;  clerks,.  H.  H.  Showers,  D.  B. 
Jenkins;  sergeant-at-arms,  Stephen  R.  Elwell;  doordceeper,  John  Thompson. 
Till'  members  of  the  lower  house  were  Wellington  Stewart,  speaker,  J.  TJ.  An- 
derson, N.  C.  Boswell,  H.  li.  Comly,  W.  H.  Edwards,  James  Gall.ihcr,  H.  A. 
Keiiiierly,  F.  E.  W.  Patton,  J.  W.  Rhodes,  John  A.  Simms,  \\ .  Tcnnant, 
J.  R.  Weston,  Samuel  Word;  clerks,  H.  A.  Barrett,  F.  A.  Shields,  J.  G. 
McLain,  William  Butts;  sergcant-at-arms,  O.  P.  Thomas;  door-keeper,  H. 
J.  Hill.  Mont.  Jour.  Council,  4th  sess.,  4. 

"  MonA,  Jour.  House,  4th  sess.,  84-88;  Deer  Lodge  Independent,  Nov.  30, 


K>.U 


670 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


V  \i: 


■-  I 


I  fs 


latures  until  1874,  when  the  capital  was  permanently 
located  at  Helena."  The  penitentiary,  however,  was 
located  at  Deer  Lodj^o  City,  by  act  of  this  lei^i>lu- 
ture,  and  without  active  opposition.^'* 

"An  act  was  before  the  legislature  in  1SG8  to  remove  the  capital  to  licor 
Loi1l,'c  City.  Tlic  umjority  nf  tiio  committee  to  which  it  was  referred— I  [.  W. 
Kn^^lish,  T.  B.  Edwards,  and  Sample  Orr — reported  against  it;  and  tlm 
minority — Jasper  Hand  and  Thomaa  \Vatson — in  its  favor.  Mont.  ( 'ouiiril 
Juiir.,  5th  sesa.,  99.  The  minority  rejtort  prevailed,  and  tlio  hill  was  linnlly 
approved,  on  being  amended  to  read  Helena  in.stead  of  Deer  Lodgo.  'I'lie 
majority  of  votes  was  claimed  for  Virginia  City,  Madison  county,  in  urdi  i-  in 
maUo  sure  of  the  result,  casting  between  J, 800  and  1,000  votes,  instiinl  oi 
hur  usual  1,'JOO  or  1,.')00.  Choteau  county  was  tlirown  out  altogetlicr,  on  ac- 
count of  alleged  irregularities.  Owing  to  a  iliange  in  the  periotlsof  tiie  K;is- 
laturo,  which  became  biennial  by  act  of  congress  in  1S09,  the  capital  (|Ue<tinii 
was  not  voted  upon  again  until  187-,  when  Helena,  Deer  Lodge,  and  (iallutiii 
<;ontended  for  the  boon,  and  Virginia  City  still  numaged  to  hold  it.  In  I>71 
a  vote  was  again  taken  for  the  removal  to  Helena.  The  iiistory  of  the  >siiii;'. 
gle  of  Virgiui.i  City  to  retain  the  capital  is  one  of  disiionor.  Forged  ekvtiim 
returns  from  Meagher  county  were  substitnteil  for  the  actual  abstract.  Tlu' 
canvass  was  made  in  the  presence  of  the  governor,  I'otts,  the  secretai y.  (':il- 
loway,  and  the  U.  iS.  marshal,  Wheeler.  It  was  said  that  the  governur  km  w 
the  returns  to  be  fraudulent.  However  inconsistent  that  may  be  \\h\i  hi-i 
usi'.al  fair  course,  he  made  no  eflbrt  to  secure  a  fair  recount  when  it  was  iniiilt! 
appaient  that  there  liad  been  a  forgery  committed.  The  secretary  is  said  tn 
have  planned  the  fraud,  or  to  have  been  a  party  to  it.  lie  issued  a  circular 
reipiesting  the  returns  to  l)e  sent  tiirough  the  express  othce,  andallowi'd  tiicin 
to  remain  llicre  IS  days,  during  which  time  the  false  abstract  was  made.  'I'lie 
goveinor  refused  to  oiler  a  leward  for  the  discovery  of  the  criminal.  A  larac 
jcwanl  was  oU'ci'cd  by  others,  but  failed  of  its  object.  Thcic  was  an  eliuit 
made  liy  I'ottsand  Calloway  to  unseat  Knowlcs,  by  whose  judgment  in  tho 
courts  the  electoral  count  was  declared  a  fraud.  1'he  case  was  taken  licforc  tlic 
supreme  court,  and  ;i  lecanvass  ortlcrcd,  which  resulted  in  a  majority  <>f  -I'lT 
for  lleli'ua.  This  eiKhd  a  long  struggle,  in  which  all  the  dishonest  priKiiits 
of  unscrupulous  politirians  were  e.\hausted  to  defeat  tlu!  choice  of  the  pci'- 
pic.  Jhcr  JahI'/c  1ii(Ii}ii  liiU'iif,  Sc|)t.  'Jl  and  Oct.  'J,  KsTl,  .Ian.  b")  anil  '^1. 
bSTo;  l/<'lriia  Jhrahl,  Feb.  10,  1874;  Dver  Ludjc  New  ^'ol■thwext,  'S\n\  \\  -.mA 
Aug.  K,  1874. 

'"The  corner-stone  of  the  penitentiary  was  laid  June  2,  1870,  .\.  II. 
Mitchell  being  commissioner.  The  plan  of  the  building  was  a  central  main 
Strnctui'e  "lO  by  ;>0  feet,  with  two  wings  70  by  41  feet.  It  was  built  of  I'lirl;, 
nnd  one  wing  computed  in  October.  Cov.  I'otts  appointed  Conrad  K'lirs, 
(iranville  Stuart,  and  .lohn  Kinna  jirison  connuissioiicrs,  and  .lanus  (iiiiluist 
warden.  The  penitentiary  cost,  when  occupied,  in  1871,  fe<l!),H00.  It  was 
l)hu'ed  by  law  under  thi;  c  liarge  of  the  U.  S.  marshal,  William  K.  Wlii  ■  ler, 
and  opened  for  tho  reception  of  \'l  i)ri.soners  on  the  'Jd  of  July  of  that  \i  ,ir. 
The  expenses  of  the  prison,  including  salaries  of  i!nicers,  were  paid  \<\  tho 
gcneial  government,  until  May  b">,  187^',  when  the  territory  assumed  tin-  ex- 
penses, and  the  govermncnt  jiaiil  §1  per  day  for  kcei)ing  its  convicts,  hi  An 
f'ust  1874  this  lule  was  reversed,  the  government  again  assuming  cliai-;.',  and 
the  territory  paying  SI  per  day  for  its  convicts.  The  actual  cost  of  keeping 
jirisonera  was  from  SI. SO  to  S'J.O."!  per  day,  in  the  tirst  few  years.  It  has  •nul- 
ually  been  rcdMced  to  §l.;t(i.  Tliese  statements  are  taken  from  a  v,  iittiii 
nccount  of  the  penitentiary  by  Marslial  Wheeler,  except  the  jilan  of  the  1  mill- 
ing, which  ia  copied  from  the  printed  documents  of  the  period.  The  iirisouors 
hail  no  regular  employment,  although  they  had  made  many  improveMnnts  In 
tiio  prison,  and  manufactured  their  clothing,  or  performed  any  labor  rer'uicil. 


MONEY  WANTED. 


671 


mently 
vv,  was 
lo'j'i^-la- 


a\  to  IVcr 

uii— ir.w. 

:;    and  tlin 
lit.   Connnl 
was  liiiiilly 
)llgi\      'I'lic 
ill  iiiilir  to 
iiistfinl  of 
tlicr,  on  ;io- 
)f  till'  l.-:;i.s- 
tal  i|Ucsti('ii 
Iiil  ( lal'atin 
,t.      Ill  l\l 
if  the  slni:^- 
i^cil  ck'ctiiiii 
traot.     Til.' 
rotary,  Cal- 
iiTuor  kiii'W 
1k'  with  lii< 
it  was  iiiaile 
ry  is  said  to 
I  a  oifi'tilar 
illowril  tiii'lii 
lado.    TIh! 
A  lav-c 
an  I'liort 
lilt  in  tl.o 
iiifore  tiu' 
lity  ft'  A''i 
st  iii-;H'tii>f.s 
if  tiu-  lit'"- 
in.l  'JJ, 
May  '.I  aiul 

sTO.   A.  11. 

■nti-at  main 
ilt  of  liiuk, 
:-ail  Im 'Ill's, 
■•s  (jii^lnist 
X).  It  was 
'.  \V1imUm-, 
tiiut  vrar. 
iii.l  U   tlio 

mil  111''  ix- 

111  All- 
■liar;>',  aii<l 
lit'  k.-'l'iiiS 
It  liiH  ;i'a''- 
II  \Mitton 
tlii'laiU- 
Icprisi'iiovs 

ycilKi!!"'  >'> 

|v  iTiiuircd. 


That  part  of  the  aracndinont  to  the  organic  act 
wliieh  required  the  election  law  to  contoriu  to  the  new 
comlition  of  the  country  with  regard  to  race  and  color 
failed  to  receive  that  attention  demanded  by  the  man- 
date of  congress,  and  while  the  Montana  legislators 
amended  the  election  act  of  18G4-5,  they  left  upon  the 
statute  the  interdicted  phrase,  "white  male  citizen," 
which  contempt,  when  it  came  to  the  ears  of  the  gov- 
(.Tinnent,  can^-e  near  causing  the  annulment  of  all  the 
laws  of  this  session,  a  repeal  (jf  the  organic  act  of  Mon- 
tana being  threatened,^^  whereupon  the  discriminating 
])Iirase  was  expunged.  Another  way  of  emphasizing 
tliiMr  anti-union  tendencies  was  shown  in  the  apportion- 
ment act,  which  was  still  made  to  call  for  the  maxi- 
miun  number  of  legislators,  less  two  in  the  house  ot'rep- 
rrscntatives,^'-'  leaving  nothing  for  the  future  expansion 
(if  the  population  to  build  upon.  They  meniorialized 
congress  for  permission  to  form  a  state  constitution 
while  the  territory  was  still  deeply  in  debt,'^  and  at 
the  same  time,  for  more  than  a  millit)n  dollars  to  pay 
the  Indian-war  debt.  A  good  deal  of  this  money 
wo'.ilil  come  into  the  itching  palms  of  the  politicians 
and  all  the  state  officers,  if  they  succeeded  in  getting 
an  enabling  act  passed.  To  give  increased  llavor  to 
the  proceetiings,  the  chief  justice  of  the  territory  and 
tUulge  ^lunson  were  asked,  by  resolution,  to  resign, 
as  I  have  before  mentioned.  By  this  time  the  legal 
lortv  days'  term  was  exhausted,  but  an  extra  sessit)n 
was  called,  which  met  on  the  14th  of  ]3ecember  and 
i>at    for    ten    days.       Then    congress    enacted     that 

III  1S77  tlic'i'o  wore  8.'1  pHsoiiors  in  the  penitentiary.    Whickr's  Montana  I'ciii- 
tuit;<ir!/s  .MS.,  I-IO. 

"  I'irijinia  Tri-  U'cekh/  Pout,  Dec.  7,  18(57;  Virii'tula  Montana  Poet,  IVli.  'J!), 
LSllS. 

'-'I'lio  niinibor  at  the  (]th  so«-iiim  was  11  coiinoilnion  (unl  'JO  ro]irosonta- 
tivi's.  Tiio  cuuiioil  was  incroasod  to  1!!  tit  tlio  7tli  session,  anil  the  assoinlily- 
iiunto'JO  at  tiie  8tli,  At  tlio  iHli  sission  there  wore  II  nioniliois  of  tlio 
I'oiiiuil.  No  two  loijislatmea  for  a  series  of  years  were  oonst.tiitod  of  (A.utly 
the  same  nniiilior  of  nioinbers,  the  reason  lying  prohahly  in  the  oleotionor 
uoii-rloclion  of  eertaiu  districts. 

Tlieie  was  a  hill  introduced  in  the  senate,  by  Morton  of  Indi.'ina,  early 
1'^  INtilt,  to  enable  the  jiooplo  of  Montana  to  form  a  eonstilulion  und  blatc 
Kovtrunicut,  wliioli  failed. 


'>■ 


:,!< 


l\ 


m 


Wi 


672 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


the  territories  should  hold  their  legislative  sessicing 
biennially  after  July  1,  18G9.  This  change,  as  usual, 
gave  rise  to  fresh  opportunities.  The  legislature  of 
18G8  enacted  that  ^he  next  session  should  convcno 
on  the  first  Monday  in  November  1870,  under  the 
impression  that  the  law  was  in  conformity  with  the 
act  of  congress,  which  decreed  that  the  representa- 
tives of  Montana  should  be  elected  for  two  yet  rs,  and 
that  the  legislature  at  its  first  session  after  the  pas- 
sage of  the  act  should  provide  for  carrying  into  eUtct 
the  provisions  of  the  statute.  But  the  Montana  law 
was  passed  on  the  15th  of  January,  in  anticipation  of 
the  act  of  congress,  which  was  approved  in  JMaich 
following,  and  made  no  change  in  the  term  of  the 
election  of  legislators.  A  legal  question  was  in\  olvxl, 
but  they  would  hold  the  session,  and  settl,^  [Ik 
tion  at  law  afterward.  To  the  legislature  cf  j ,  j8 
was  elected  one  republican,  from  Gallatin  couiitv, 
namely  L.  S.  Wilson."  In  18G9  the  democracv  in 
Deer  Lodge  county  bolted,  and  the  best  men  of  the 
party  inviting  the  best  men  of  the  republican  party 
to  join  them,  formed  a  people's  party,  to  correct 
abuses,  and  succeeded  in  sending  three  members  to 
the  legislature.^"     A  few  republicans  were  elected  to 

*'Thc  mcinl)crs  of  the  5th  legislature  were,  in  tlic  council,  S.  Itupsell, 
president,  Cliarlcs  S.  Lagg,  J.  \X.  C'onini,  \V.  E.  Cullen,  W.  li.  Dance, 
Alexander  Davis,  Thomas  B.  Edwards,  11.  W.  pjiiglish,  A.  (!.  1'.  (ieori^o,  A. 
H.  Mitchell,  Siunplo  Orr,  Ja.sper  Kand,  Thomas  Watson;  sec,  C.  ('.  Mo- 
naugh;  assst  sec,  W.  F.  Kirkwoud;  clerks,  11.  U.  Showers,  K.  1'.  Vivi:iii;  sir- 
gcaiit-at-!irms,  Stephen  R.  Elwell;  door-keeper,  John  Thoin]ison.  1  louse  (if 
representatives,  A.  E.  Mayhew,  speaker,  1{,  1).  Alexander,  J.  I'.  ]';-..iies,  A. 
\\.  Brison,  II.  11.  Coinly.  Andrew  Cooper,  John  Donnegan,  J.  M.  I'^li's 
Simeon  Eslis,  K.  K.  Kiiullay,  J.  H.  Hicks,  C.  W.  lligley,  J.  ('.  Kcil  \,  }.i. 
r.  Lowrv,  John  McLaughlin,  W.  F.  Towers,  John  \V.  Jthodes,  1).  L.  >!iafeiv 
<;.  \\.  Stajilcton,  W.  Stewart,  Otis  Strickland,  J.  M.  Sweeney,  Vx.  \\ .  W  lit- 
vorth,  L.  S.  W'ilson;  clerks,  11.  E.  Arick,  A.  H.  liarrctt,"  T.  E.  KouikU, 
AViiliain  IJiitz;  eergeant-at-arms,  O.  P.  Thomas;  door-keeper,  L.  O.  Jlult, 
Mont.  Join:  lloiisi',  Sth  sess.,  4, 

"The  Mdiitaiia  Democrat  (it  Juno  12,  18G9,  civca  tho  people's  platform, 
in  which  it  is  said:  'Tho  continual  increase  of  tho  county  indciitciliiess, 
hurdensonie  taxation  for  worthless  services,  a  reign  of  violence  and  ilismilir 
resulting  from  the  non-enforcement  of  the  criminul  laws  and  the  non]  iniisli- 
meutof  convicted  oU'enilers,  anil  tho  bnilding-up  of  a  faction  daiiu'i  i""'*  tij 
tho  welfare  of  tho  country,  and  vvhic!'  aims  at  control  of  all  county  allliiis,' 
are  reasons  for  uniting  to  overt iirow  this  power.  It  declared  that  ;ni  tiner- 
gency  had  arisen  in  wliich  it  was  tho  duty  of  ail  good  citizcua  to  lay  osiik 


GOVERNOR  ASHLEY. 


673 


|]!\!PS0ll, 

jv-c.  A. 

|i;ur,  scr- 
llousu  of 
ill;-  A. 
I.  Klis 

ll  v,  M. 
1  >!iiifi.'r, 
\V"Ut- 

l;it[orm, 

\\om  to 
iiirs,' 

[y  asu'i- 


county  offices  in  different  parts  of  the  territory, 
enough  to  show  a  growing  sense  of  the  evils  of  a  one- 
sided administration. 

In  the  mean  time  a  new  governor  had  been  ap- 
pointed, James  M.  Ashley  of  Ohio.  His  course  in 
politics  had  been  that  of  a  republican  radical,  which 
made  him  repugnant  to  the  reigning  party  in  Mon- 
tana. While  endeavoring  to  conciliate  this  party, 
hoping,  it  was  said,  to  become  delegate  to  congress,  ho 
sul)jccted  himself  to  its  scorn,  and  failed  in  his  ad- 
ministration, while  he  was  declared  to  be,  in  many 
respects,  the  best  executive  that  Montana  had  had. 
The  legislature  of  18G9,  in  an  effort  to  deprive  him  of 
the  appointing  power  vested  in  him  by  the  organic 
act,  passed  a  law  relating  to  the  tenure  of  office,  which 
was  vetoed  by  the  governor,  and  passed  over  his  head, 
the  intent  of  which  was  to  keep  in  place  certain  terri- 
torial officers,  at  a  severe  cost  to  the  tax-payers.'"  In 
consequence,  there  was  a  suit  in  the  courts,  whereby 
it  was  decided  that  neither  the  legislature  nor  the 
governor,  the  one  without  the  other,  had  power  to 
appoint,  and  a  bill  was  before  congress  in  1870 
which  proposed  to  deprive  the  Montana  legislature  of 
uU  appointing  power,  and  to  bestow  it  upon  the  gov- 

party  ]ireililections,  to  vote  for  local  oflicers  without  regard  to  party.     Adhirs 

iuul  iiulocd  camo  to  a  sad  pass  when  the  democratic  journals  advoeatod  a, 

nipturc  iu  their  own  well-drilled  ranks.     The  />e('r  Loilije  Xcw  Aorl/iiirst, 

(lA,  S,   18G9,  gives  somo  particulars.     It  estimates   the  valuation  of  tliia 

r^u  .  y  at  §1,100,000.     On  a  basis  of  '23  mills  to  tliu  dollar,  the  tax  for  county 

'••rpdsi.'.s  would  amount  to  $11,000;   the  territorial  $4,000;   the  si'liool  tax 

^  iK'O;  the  poor  tax  §'J,000;  for  completing  county  building  §(,-100;   total 

"^'tj'.'OO.     County  scrip  was  \vorth   'JO  cents  on  the  dollar.     Tiie   slieriU's 

'.  -c  ;;!o  10  had  been  costing  the  county  $'J'_',000  jier  annum.     How  was  $1 1,- 

1*10  tj  !•"  made  ■     meet  tucli  cxpenst's,  and  pay  10  to  1.")  jicr  cent  interest,  on 

w      'iidcbtcduess?     It  was  this  problem  which  extortcil  a  cry  for  riforni. 

'■  Mc'iDlicrs  of  council   in    ISO'.t,  Walter  15.   Dance,  i)resident,   John    !'. 

lianifs,  L.  Dacms,  Thomas  1*.  I'klwards,  11.  W.  JMij^lish,  C  \V.  llii^Icy,  .loliu 

Junes,  A.  H.  Mitchell,  Sanmel  Word,  Thomas  Watson,   A.  U.   1'.  i.Jeorgc; 

Ecc,  U.  S.  Leveridge;  asstsec,  A.  M.  Cariientcr;  clerks,  (jleorgo  W.  Hill,  A.  .1. 

Irliii;   .sorgcant-at-arms,    .lohn   Thompson;  door-keeper,  Jolin  S.    IJartiull'. 

lIous(M)f  representatives,  J.  R.  Hoyco,  speaker,  A.  II.  Barrett,  11.  ().  IJ.iihy, 

X.C.  lioawcll,  J.  A.  Browne,  tJ.  F.  (.'ope,  R  K.  Collins,  V.  A.  CrjkrcU.  S.  11. 

Klwdl,  J.  F.  Forbis,  J,  Cibbs,  ]{.  O.  Hickman,  II.  Jordan,  H.  Liimmc,  J. 

Miiipliy,  T.  E.  Rounds,  P.  Scott,  A.  J.  Smith,  W.  1).  Wann,  I'.  T.  Williams; 

dtiks,  tieorgo  W.  Rockfejlow,  Benjamin  Ezekiel,  Philip  Evans,  R.  Hedge; 

k  rgeaiit-at-arms,  William  Dcasccy;  door-keeper,  O.  P.  Thomua.  ^lont,  Jour, 

t'ou'iCfV,  (jtli  sess.,  4. 

Hist.  Wasu.— 43 


i 


1       ■ 

1 

■0 

i 

:>'|{^U 

'     "■■   'Hi 

h: 

■1-  J..!      \ 

iiiil^^ 

4  i 


674 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


i  \ 


■y  '  I. 


n 


M  t. 


M 


ernor,  as  well  as  to  irakc  the  secretary  ex-officlo 
superintendent  of  the  public  buildings  in  progress  of 
erection,  or  thereafter  to  be  erected,  and  preseribiii!;,' 
sucli  an  oath  of  office  as  few  leading  democrats  in 
Montana  could  take  without  perjuring  themselves. 
The  bill  failed,  to  the  chagrin  of  Ashley,  who  insti- 
gated it. 

In  1870  Benjamin  F.  Potts  of  Ohio  was  appointed 
governor.  He  had  been  a  major  and  a  major-general 
in  the  civil  war,  and  was  a  republican  in  principle; 
but  the  democrats  of  ]\Iontana  made  a  distinction 
between  republicanism  in  a  mild  or  a  radical  form. 
Even  the  republicans  had  become  disgusted  by  Ash- 
!  overtures  to  the  enemy;  so  that  in  consequence 
o  ose  complications  Potts  was  welcomed  by  both 
parties.  The  democrats  pronounced  him  not  a  brilliant 
man,  but  honest,  and  affected  a  good-natured  tolera- 
tion of  him.  But  when  'n  1872  congress  amended 
the  organic  acts  of  all  the  territories,  by  giving 
the  governor  power  to  fill  vacancies  during  the 
recess  of  the  council,  in  the  offices  of  treasurer, 
auditor,  and  superintendent  of  public  instruction, 
great  indignation  prevailed  in  certain  quarters,  and 
the  fjovernor's  head  was  threatened.  It  mio'ht  liavo 
been  supposed  that  such  an  amendment  would  have 
been  welcomed  at  thatti;  .o,  the  result  of  the  previous 
course  of  the  letyislature  in  enactiniif  once  that  those 
officers  should  be  elected  by  the  people,  which  was 
contrary  to  the  organic  act,  and  again  that  thev 
should  be  elected  by  the  legislature,  while  the  oiLraiii'; 
act  said  they  should  be  appointed  or  nominated  hy 
the  governor  and  confirmed  by  the  council,  having 
been  that  the  territt)rial  treasurer  had  been  unuhle  to 
settle  his  accounts,  and  the  bonds  of  ]\Iontana  had 
gone  to  protest,  that  there  had  been  no  superintend- 
ent of  public  instruction,  and  that  tlie  auditor  had 
illegally  retained  his  office  for  four  years.*''     ^  ct  it 

"  William  G.  Bfirkloy  was  treaaurcr  and  William  II.  Rnclgcrs  au'litmat 
this  yeiicMl.    Ashley  appointed  James  L.  Fiak,  and  llodgein  rclusud  io  yalJ. 


GOVERNOR  POTTS. 


675 


was  said  by  doraocratic  journals  tliat  Governor  Potts 
liad  urged  the  amendment  out  of  spleen,  because  the 
legislature  had  not  confirmed  his  appointments,  while 
others  contented  themselves  with  lavin<;  the  blame  of 
territorial  subordination  to  cono-ress  at  the  door  of 
tlie  constitution  of  the  United  States.^^ 

Changes  in  the  executive  office  could  have  little 
effect  against  the  power  of  a  united  legislature.  At 
the  seventh  session  an  act  was  passed  prohibiting  a 
f( (reign-born  person  who  had  declared  his  intention  of 
becoming  a  citizen  from  voting  in  the  territory,'"  in 
defiance  of  the  organic  law,  which  act  congress  was 
certain  to  disapprove,  and  which  had,  like  other 
obnoxious  nd  idle  statutes,  to  be  expunged  by  tlie 
following  legislature.  The  election  law  was  the 
weapon  with  which  those  having  control  of  it  could 
punish  non-sympathizers.  According  to  the  act  of 
cono'ress  makin<i|;  '  he  sessions  of  the  leiJi'islature  bien- 

Suit  was  brought  in  the  district  court  of  Virginia  City,  ami  appoalod  to  tlic 
Bujirenio  nourt,  and  again  apiiealud  to  the  U.  S.  supreme  court,  whicli  rctLisud 
tu  consider  jt,  and  it  came  back  to  tlie  supremo  court  C)f  Montana.  Mtan- 
wliilo  Itodgcra  held  the  ollice  from  ISG7  to  rdiriuiry  IST'l,  four  years  of  tlie 
time  illegally.  The  territorial  treasurers  appcjiiited  from  Ksii4  to  IXTo  were 
J.  J.  Hull,  2  years;  Jolin  S.  lloekfellow,  lA  years;  \V.  (}.  Barkley,  ne;irly  4 
jiars,  during  which  time  Leander  W.  t'rary  was  appointed,  in  ISlj'.i,  but 
fiiikd  to  obtain  possession  of  theolliee;  llicluird  O.  Hickman,  4  year^;  iJaiiicl 
11.  Weston.  The  territorial  auditors  were  John  8.  Lott,  'iyeiiis;  John  II. 
Ming,  I  year;  William  H.  Rodgers,  over  7  years,  or  from  Dec.  IfiVil  to  Feb, 
1S74;  James  L.  Fisk,  appointed  in  1SG9,  but  unable  to  obtain  possession  of 
tlie  office;  George  Calloway,  who  resigned  in  Dee.  1S74;  Stilonion  Star,  wiio 
liuld  until  Jan.  1870,  and  resigned;  David  H.  Cuthbert.  Tlie  superintendents 
of  public  instruction  were,  Thomas  J.  Dimsdale,  'J  years;  IVler  liowen  and 
Alexander  Barrett,  both  of  whom  iinmcdiately  resigned;  A.  M.  S.  Carpenter, 
ISGti  t.  1S67;  Thomas  F.  Campbell,  2  years;  James  H.  Mills,  resigned;  S.  (J. 
Lallirop,  ISGO;  Cornelius  Hedges,  1872.  Con.  lli^l.  Soc.  Mont.,  :t;i2-.'5. 

^^  Helena  Independent,  J  una  8,  1872;  Deer  Lodne  New  Aortliwcst,  Juno  15, 
1872. 

''••Tho  council  elect  was  cotuposed  of  A.  H.  Mitchell,  president,  S.  .T.  Beck, 
Scth  Bullock,  T.  E.  Collins,  Robert  Fisher,  J.  M.  Howe,  C.  J.  Kinney,  U. 
Laurence,  John  Owen,  A.  T.  Slioup,  G.  W.  Stajiletou,  (Jranville  Stuart,  W. 
L.  Warren;  clerks,  R.  E.  Arick,  A.  M.  8.  Carpenter,  \.  Dickinson,  H.  C, 
Wilkinson;  sergeant-at-arnis,  James  Cadigan;  door-kei^pcr,  John  Tlionipson. 
Iluiise  of  representatives  'ih.'ct,  Harry  R.  (Jomlcy,  speaker,  A.  1).  Aiken,  \V. 
K.  Bass,  John  Billings,  Israel  Clem,  W.  \V.  Dixon,  Janioa  Garoutte,  H.  .lor- 
ilaii,  N.  D.  Johnson,  T.  J.  Lowry,  V.  ^M.  Lowrey.  C.  A.  McCabe,  J.  C.  Metliii, 
1'.  H.  I'oindextcr,  C.  I'uctt,  8.  F.  Ralston,  Daniel  Searhs,  11.  D.  Snii;li,8.  iM. 
Tri|ip,  C.  McTate,  R.  V.  Vivian.  O.  C.  Whitney,  John  Williams,  Wright,  who 
(lid  n(jt  appear  and  qualify;  clerks,  Benjamin  Kzekicl,  ISenjumin  S.  Word,  J. 
B.  Alport,  W.  Freeman;  sergeant-at  arms,  1'.  H.  Maloney;  door-keeper,  L.  B. 
Bell.  Mont.  Jour.  House,  7tli  sess.,  3. 


LI' 


' .  "J II 


676 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


h  'i '-' ' 


i  f 


UA 


lie 
I 


nial,  the  seventh  session  was  hold  in  December  and 
January  1871-2.  During  tbiis  interregnum  of  legis- 
lative power  much  uneasiness  was  manifested,  and  an 
eftbrt  was  made  to  bring  about  an  extra  session  l)y 
importuning  the  then  delegate,  William  H.  Claggctt, 
to  procure  the  passage  of  an  act  postponing  tlie 
election  for  delegate  in  1872  to  October,  and  grant- 
ing an  appropriation  for  an  extra  session.  Claggett 
refused  to  ask  congress  to  interfere  with  territorial 
legislation  by  introducing  such  a  bill,  and  when  a 
member  of  congress  was  found  who  would  do  so,  ob- 
jected to  its  passage,  in  consequence  of  which  it  failed, 
and  there  was  no  extra  session  in  1872,  nor  was  that 
delegate  returned  to  co':^^ress  at  the  August  election. 
Indeed,  that  Claggett,  who  was  a  republican,  should 
have  been  in  congress  at  all  was  an  anomaly  in  early 
Montana  politics,  and  was  only  to  be  accounted  for  on 
the  gi^ound  that  he  was  not  a  political  aspirant,  Imt 
was  an  able  man,  and  belonged  to  the  'west  sitlo,' 
where  a  majority  in  some  instances  had  been  obtained 
against  the  regular  democratic  ticket.  He  was  noni- 
inated  in  a  convention  of  the  representatives  elect, 
and  ran  against  E.  W.  Toole,  beating  him  by  a  majoi- 
ity  of  over  five  hundred.  He  proved  to  be  a  uselii! 
and  influential  delegate,  doing  more  for  Montana  in 
the  first  eight  months  of  his  term  than  the  two 
preceding  delegates  had  done  in  seven  years.^° 

*"  W.  TI.  Claggett  waa  grandson  of  Thomas  Claggett,  of  Marlborough,  Miiiy- 
land,  a  wealthy  uiid  respected  citizen,  who  died  in  August  1873.  William  11. 
Claggett  .seems  to  have  derived  some  sterling  qualities  by  descent,  and  u't  tn 
liavc  stood  in  any  fear  of  wire-pulling  politicians.  He  won  great  praise,  ivi  ii 
from  the  opposite  party,  for  hi.s  energy  and  ability  in  the  delegateship.  I  dvo 
herewith  a  summary  of  his  services.  "Within  a  week  after  arriving  in  \\  a?h- 
ingtou  he  secured  a  bill  to  open  the  IJittcrroot  Valley  to  settlement,  hy  hav- 
ing the  Indians  removed  to  tho  reservation  on  the  Jocko  River,  and  sei  uriiiL' 
the  immediate  survey  of  the  lands.  He  also  procured  the  exchange  if  the 
Yellowstone  Valley  with  the  Crows,  who  rcmove<l  to  the  Judith  basin.  Ho 
arranged  with  Gen.  Sheridan,  and  iuflneuced  congress,  since  not  cnou^'li 
soldiers  could  bo  Bent  to  Montana  to  protect  tho  frontier,  to  keep  the  .'^i mx 
temporarily  quiet  by  feeding  and  clothing  them  to  the  amount  of  .^T'llMHKt; 
getting  an  order  from  Coneral  Sherman  that  tho  troops  on  the  line  of  the  N. 
1'.  R.  11.  should  patrol  the  frontier,  and  securing  the  passage  of  a  bill  ]ir  •\  i'l- 
ing  1,000  brocch-loading  needle-guns  and  200,000  rounds  of  ammnniti 'U  Iit 
the  settlers  in  remote  situations.  He  found  the  only  law  giving  iiuli'iiinity  tn 
losers  by  the  predatory  acts  of  tho  ludiuua  had  been  I'cpeuled,  and  he  had  it 


lie  If  11 


ELECTION  AND  EXTRA  SESSION. 


677 


But  that  did  not  prevent  the  legislature  fn)m  pass- 
ing a  bill  at  the  session  of  1871-2  chansjjing  the  time 
of  the  election  of  his  successor  to  1872,  thereby  short- 
ening his  term  to  one  year,  Congrorfs,  as  it  happened, 
passed  a  bill  changing  the  time  of  election  of  repre- 
sentatives and  delegates  to  the  43d  congress  to  the 
first  Monday  after  the  first  Tuesday  in  November 
1872,  so  that  the  Montana  act  was  partly  shorn  of  its 
force.  In  opposition  to  his  better  judgment,  those 
who  desired  his  reelection  persuaded  him  to  run  a 
second  time  in  1872,  when  he  was  defeated  bv  the 
well-organized  democratic  party,  and  ]\Iartin  Magin- 
nis-^  elected  by  a  majority  of  about  three  hundred. 

The  extra  pay  of  the  legislature  had  been  abol- 
isliod  and  forbidden  by  congress,  which  paid  all  the 
lenislative  expenses.  An  obstacle  was  thus  removed, 
and  in  March  1873  Governor  Potts  issued  a  proc- 
lamation calling  an  extra  session  for  the  14th  of 
April,  the  nominal  excuse  for  which  was  the  im- 
j)eit"ections  in  the  laws  passed  at  the  late  regular 
session,  but  the  real  reason  for  which  was  that  there 
existed  in  Montana  a  numerous  faction,  or  ring,  who 
were  determined  in  their  efforts  to  inveigle  the  tax- 
|)aycrs  of  Montana,  already  overburdened  with  debt, 
into  pledging  the  faith  of  the  territory  to  build  a  rail- 
restored.  He  secured  6  new  post-routes  and  20  post-offices.  He  drew  up  and 
had  jiiissed  the  nutional-park  bill,  settiui^  apurt  "jO  miles  sijuarc  to  the  use  of  the 
iiatiiiii  forever.  N.  G.  Liingford  was  made  superintendent,  and  put  to  laying 
out  roads.  Ho  secured  ;i  national  banks,  1  at  Helena,  capital  §100,000;  1  at 
Deer  Lodge,  capital  .S")0,000;  and  1  at  Bozcman,  capital  S-')0,000.  He  secured 
iiii  assay  otlico  for  Helena  with  an  appropriation  of  §50,000;  and  another 
appropriation  of  §5,000  to  pay  for  the  printing  of  the  laws  of  the  7th  session 
01  t  lie  .Montana  legislature;  half  that  amount  to  pay  a  deficiency  in  settling 
witli  the  printer  of  the  laws  of  the  iJth  session;  and  an  additional  appropri- 
atiou  fur  the  survey  of  the  public  lands.  Ho  procured  the  amendment  giving 
tliu  ijovernor  power  to  appoint  in  receis.  He  assisted  in  amending  the  quartz 
law  of  the  territory,  giving  those  who  performed  a  certain  amount  of  labor 
upon  their  claims  a  patent  to  the  same.  He  procured  an  amendment  to  the 
organic  act  empowering  the  IcgislatiU'o  to  incorporate  railroads.  He  secnreJ 
till)  privilege  of  having  all  territorial  offices  lillcd  by  ))crsons  domioileil  in  the 
territory,  excepting  U.  S.  judges,  Indian  agents,  and  superintendents.  Ho 
hail  the  courage  to  refuse  to  do  something  which  he  was  rciiucstcd  to  perform, 
but  never  lost  a  single  advantage  to  Montana  through  neglect  or  incapacity. 
t'laf;;,'('tt  was  formerly  of  Nevada. 

^'  Maginnis  was  a  wt  rtliy  successor  to  Claggott,  and  secured  many  bene- 
fits to  the  territory.    Ho  was  iu  congress  continuously  for  ten  years. 


fe*    I 


.ii>«5-  Ir 


m 


\  1 1 


lif 


t?   II 


11 


l,u 


I*-,'   I 


C78 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


road  which  was  to  enrich  them  if  it  ruined  the  com- 
monwealth. There  had  been  much  discussion  of  tlie 
question  of  the  legality  of  a  tax  levied  for  such  a  pur- 
pose, some  of  the  journals  taking  strong  ground 
against  it,^  on  the  side  of  the  people. 

The  governor  in  his  message  gave  a  statement  of 
finances,  showing  an  increase  of  debt  in  sixteen 
months  of  over  ^29,000,  which  he  did  not  hesitate  to 
say  was  due  to  the  "  extravagant  expenditures  of  the 
last  legislative  assembly,  which  reached  nearly  the 
sum  of  $45,000;"  or  to  tell  them  that  the  finances 
of  the  territory  had  been  so  managed  by  the  law- 
making power  as  to  give  little  hope  for  its  future. 

'■'The  Deer  Lodfje  Neio  Northwest,  republican,  edited  and  owned  by  Jaiiiea 
H.  Mills,  was  uuruuiittiiig  in  defence  of  the  people's  interests.  Tlio  Xno 
Nortliwest  was  cstablislied  July  9,  18C0,  at  Deer  Lodge.  It  was  an  8-cohiiim 
journal,  find  ably  conducted,  without  being  radical.  The  journalism  of  .Muii- 
taua  was  for  the  most  part  conducted  with  dignity,  ability,  and  consick  riiij; 
their  remoteness  from  the  great  world,  with  success.  Tlie  Montaiiiuu,  liist 
puhlislicd  at  Virginia  City  by  Joseph  Wright  and  L.  M.  Black,  July  \'l,  IbTO, 
was  a  democratic  journal.  Wright  left  in  August  1871,  when  U.  F.  (.'';pe 
conducted  it  for  two  years.  Copo  sold  it  to  a  joint-stock  company,  II.  N, 
Dlalce  being  editor,  who  resigned  on  being  appointed  district  judge,  and  was 
succeeded  by  H.  T.  Brown.  It  was  at  last  sold  to  the  Madiionian  in  l^TfJ- 
The  Bozeman  Avant-Courier,  democratic,  was  founded  Dec.  15,  1871,  by 
Joseph  Wriglit  and  L.  M.  Black,  with  J.  W.  Allen  associate  cilitor.  In  1S74 
Black,  desiring  to  clumge  tlie  policy  of  the  paper,  and  Wriglit's  lease  having' 
expired,  made  a  new  lease  to  J.  V.  Bogert  without  giving  Wright  ndtiiu. 
This  caused  the  seizure  and  suspension  of  the  Courier,  from  September  .."jtli 
to  November  13th,  when  Wright,  having  secured  other  material,  rcsumiil  its 
publication.  It  was  published  semi-weekly  in  1870,  but  only  for  a  t^limt 
time.  In  February  1877,  the  paper  passed  into  the  hands  of  \V.  W.  Alikr- 
son,  J.  V,  Bogert,  republican,  associate  editor.  The  Courier  was  the  piuiieur 
journal  of  eastern  Montana,  to  whose  development  it  was  devoted.  Tlio 
Helena  News  Letter  was  started  in  Feb.  18C9.  The  Missoida  Piontcr,  (kino- 
cratic,  was  established  in  18/1  by  the  Pioneer  Publishing  Company,  at 
Missoula  City,  in  Missoula  county,  and  was  devoted  to  the  development  of 
western  Montana,  Leouidas  Boyle  and  W.  J.  McCormick,  editors.  Fnink  M 
Woody  and  T.  M.  Chisholm  purchased  the  paper  in  1873,  and  changnl  its 
name  to  MmouUan.  Chisholm  sold  his  interest  the  same  year  to  W.  U.  'I'ark. 
The  Mculisoniau,  published  at  Virginia  City  in  Sept.  1873,  was  a  political 
democratic  journal,  edited  by  Thomas  Ueyarman,  sheriff  of  Madison  county. 
When  the  Montauian  discontinued,  it  purchased  its  material  and  goodwill. 
Tlio  Rocky  Mountain  Husband  man,  devoted  to  the  agricultural  dcvelo|iiiuiit 
of  the  country,  was  started  in  Nov.  1875,  by  E.  N.  Sutherlin,  at  Diuiuonil 
City,  in  Meagher  county.  The  Tri-  Weekly  Capitid  Times,  established  in  Sept. 
ISO!)  by  Joseph  Magrce,  S.  P.  Basset,  and  I.  H.  Morrison,  at  Virginia  City, 
was  a  democratic  journal,  G-column  sheet.  On  Juno  1,  1870,  it  was  trans- 
ferred to  tlio  charge  of  William  T.  LovcU  and  Joseph  Wright,  who  K.bse- 
quently  published  the  Motdanian,  The  Bozeman  Times,  another  dcmoiiatio 
newspaper,  was  established  in  1875  by  Henry  C.  Raleigh  and  F,  \Viikiiison, 
edited  by  E.  S.  Wilkinson.    It  was  a  7-column  paper,  devoted  to  democracy. 


FINANCE  AND  RAILROAD. 


G79 


The  public  debt  was  in  excess  of  half  a  million  of 
dollars,  which  the  territory,  being  possessed  of  great 
rc.st)urces,  might  pay,  but  which  should  not  be  in- 
creased. This  advice  came  after  congress  had  ap- 
j)liod  the  remedy,  by  prohibiting  extra  compensation 
fVom  the  territorial  treasury,  and  advancing  the  pay 
of  the  legislators  to  a  compromise  between  penury 
iind  extravagance.  The  governor  recommended  legis- 
lation which  should  prevent  the  sheriff  of  Madison 
county  charging  $222  for  taking  a  convict  to  the  peni- 
tentiary at  Deer  Lodge,  a  distance  of  120  miles,  and 
.similar  unnecessary  wastefulness  of  the  public  money ,^ 
^\  ithout  taking  into  account  that  to  hold  offices  and 
spend  the  people's  money  freely  were  prerogatives  of 
tlio  partydominant  in  Montana  at  that  time,  with  which 
they  could  never  be  persuaded  to  part  voluntarily. 

On  the  proposition  to  vote  county  bonds  to  aid  in 
constructing  a  railway  from  the  Central  Pacific  to 
Helena,  the  governor  had  an  opinion  decidedly  un- 
favorable to  the  project,  which  he  pronounced  suicidal. 
As  to  the  legality  of  imposing  a  tax  for  such  a  pur- 
j)ose,  he  held  that  taxes  must  be  imposed  for  a  public 
and  not  for  a  private  purpose;  and  that  when  taxation 
was  prostituted  to  objects  not  connected  with  the 
})ublic  interests,  it  became  plunder.  Some  of  the  gov- 
ernor's suggestions  with  regard  to  retrenchment  were 
carried  out;  but  the  railroad  bill,  the  main  object  for 
which  an  extra  session  had  been  brought  about,  was 
l)assed  and  approved  by  the  governor,  namely,  "A  bill 
for  an  act  enabling  and  authorizing  any  county  or 
counties  within  the  territory  of  Montana  to  aid  in 
the  construction  of  a  railroad,  and  to  subscribe  to  the 
capital  stock  of  the  same."-* 

-^  The  county  of  Deer  Lodge  paid  the  sheriff  during  the  previous  year 
§7,355  out  of  its  treasury,  iu  addition  to  the  fees  of  the  slioriff  paid  by  litigants 
ill  civil  causes.  The  sheriff  of  Gallatin  eouuty  received  §'2,C7l  in  the  same 
\vay;  the  county  assessor  $3,8-13;  the  clerk  and  recorder  §1,947  each — all  of 
which  was  in  addition  to  their  proper  fees.  The  aggregate  debt  of  tliosc  coun- 
ties was  §97,000.  The  amount  paid  for  salaries  in  Galliitin  in  1872  was 
S3-',7;5l).C2.  Message  of  Gov.  Potts,  in  New  Northwetit,  April  If),  1S73. 

^*  The  council  of  the  extraordinary  session  was  composed  of  G.  W.  Staple- 


w 


111! 


■  ttUKI 


680 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


By  this  act  it  became  lawful  for  the  county  com- 
iTiissioners  of  any  county  to  submit  to  any  incorpo- 
rated company  a  proposition  to  subscribe  to  the  luilrj- 
ing  of  a  railroad  from  the  Union  Pacific,  the  Centrcal 
Pacific,  or  the  Utah  Northern  into  or  through  the  ter- 
ritory  of  Montana,  not  exceeding  twenty  per  cent  of 
the  taxable  property  of  the  county ;  but  upon  condi- 
tion that  Madison,  Jefferson,  and  Gallatin  counties 
should  subscribe  fifteen  per  cent,  two  per  cent  to  be 
paid  as  soon  as  the  road  reached  those  counties,  and 
thirteen  per  cent  when  it  should  be  completed.  A 
similar  proposition  should  be  presented  to  the  other 
counties,  with  the  diflference  that  the  amount  to  bo 
subscribed  was  ten  per  cent  in  Meagher  and  twenty 
per  cent  in  Lewis  and  Clarke  counties,  with  other 
provisions,  the  chief  of  which  was  that  an  election 
was  to  be  held,  at  which  the  people  should  vote  upon 
the  question  of  subsidy,  yes  or  no.^' 

ton,  president,  E.  T.  Yager,  John  Owen,  W.  B.  Dance,  W.  E.  Bass,  D.  P. 
Newcoiiiur,  llobcrt  Lawrence,  Robert  Fisher,  Setii  Bullock,  J.  C.  Stuart,  S. 
J.  Ik'u'k,  and  Owen  Garrigan,  with  one  vacancy;  clerks,  A.  M.  S.  Carpenter, 
R.  W.  Ilill,  A.  J.  Davidson,  W.  G.  Barklcy;  sergcant-at-arms,  James  Cad- 
igaii;  doordiecper,  H.  J.  Johnson.  House  of  representatives,  John  II. 
Rodger.s,  speaker,  E.  D.  Aiken,  James  M.  Alger,  Joseph  A.  Brown,  Ale.vander 
Caruuoliael,  W.  A.  Chessman,  George  8.  Coleman,  Otho  Curtis,  Isaac  Dean, 
A.  Dusold,  Benjamin  Ezekiel,  R.  K.  Emerson,  Joseph  W.  Hartwcll,  Ciiiti^ 
L.  Harrington,  V.  George  Ucldt,  James  Kennedy,  J.  C.  Kerley,  Samuel 
Mallory,  Christian  Mead,  George  W.  McCauley,  C.  C.  O'Keefe,  Isaac  S. 
Staflord,  Wilbur  F.  Sanders,  C.  W.  Sutton,  Carey  M.  Tate;  clerks,  W. 
W.  Chapman,  E.  H.  Hurley,  L.  Hawkins;  sergcant-at-arms,  W.  T.  Shirley; 
door-keeper,  L.  B.  Bell.  Mont.  Jour.  House,  extra  session,  April  14  to  May 
8,  1873. 

'^'^  MiKsonlian,  May  16,  1873.  A  bill  introduced  by  W.  F.  Sanders  called 
for  a  subscription  by  counties  to  the  amount  of  62,300,000,  they  giving  bcnuls 
payable  in  30  years,  with  7  per  cent  interest,  to  bo  paid  semi-aimually,  wliicli 
failed  to  pass.  The  one  which  passed  was  a  substitute.  When  Claggett  uns 
ill  congress  he  was  importuned  to  secure  a  right  of  way  across  the  puliiio 
lands  for  any  railroad  companies,  and  to  secure  money  to  pay  for  the  extraor- 
tlinary  session.  He  managed  the  matter  adroitly.  He  would  not  ask  for  tlio 
money  until  a  bill  he  had  introduced  granting  right  of  way,  and  requiriiij;  a 
two-tliirda  vote  of  the  tax-payers  to  authorize  a  county  or  municipal  subsiily, 
should  have  passed.  Should  congress  pass  the  bill,  Montana  would  be  .«afo, 
and  he  would  do  his  best  to  get  an  appropriation  for  the  extra  session.  This 
diplomatic  course  was  the  origin  of  the  substitute  bill.  But  the  U.  S.  seiiato 
did  not  favor  aiding  railroads  in  the  territories,  and  the  right-of-way  bill  \va^ 
not  passed.  Claggett  did,  however,  secure  an  amendment  to  tho  organic  act 
empowering  the  legislature  to  incorporate  railroads,  which  could  do  no  liairn 
under  the  restriction  of  the  right-of-way  bill.  The  bill  finally  passed,  ia 
March  ISV'),  ami  his  successor  secured  §20,000  appropriation  to  pay  the  ex- 
penses of  the  extra  session. 


REFORMS  NEEDED. 


G81 


The  failure  to  secure  a  grant  from  conjjress  of  a 
right  of  ivay  for  railroads  across  the  jiublic  lands,  and 
the  disinclination  of  the  people  to  be  any  more  heavily 
taxed  than  they  were,  kept  the  question  from  being 
put  to  a  vote  before  the  eijjhth  session  of  the  leijis- 
lature,  occurring  in  January  and  February  1874.''' 
From  the  message  of  Governor  Potts,  it  is  evident 
the  Montana  law-makers  had  not  much  amended  their 
habits  of  extravagance.''^  The  reforms  recommended 
by  the  executive  had  not  yet  reached  county  commis- 
sioners, whose  per  diem  was  ten  dollars;  nor  sheriffs, 
who  received  three  dollars  a  day  for  subsisting  pris- 
oners in  jail;  nor  prosecuting  attorneys,  who  received 
tliree  tliousand  dollars  per  annum.  Under  the  existing 
law  the  cost  of  collecting  taxes  was  four  times  greater 
than  in  the  states  east  of  the  Missouri.  Only  two 
counties  had  paid  any  of  their  indebtedness  the  last 
year,  Deer  Lodge  and  Beaverhead.  All  the  otlier 
counties  had  increased  their  debt,  Lewis  and  Clarke 
owing  $148,550.39;  and  in  Meagher  county  the  com- 
missioners had  refused  to  levy  a  school  tax  of  three 
mills,  their  economy  beginning  by  closing  the  public 

'^^The  new  members  of  the  council  were  R.  E.  Arick,  0.  B.  Barber,  A.  11. 
TiCiittic,  Charles  Cooper,  J.  J.  Davis,  and  L.  R.  Maillct.  The  lower  house 
v;ii  the  same  us  in  iS73,  exceptanew  member,  J.  M.  Arnoux.  Clerks  of  the 
c  luucil,  A.  M.  S.  Carpenter,  Rol)ert  W.  Hill,  T.  K.  Collins,  W.  B.  Morrison; 
strgcant-at-arms,  J.  E.  Allen;  door-keeper,  J.  M.  Castner.  Clerks  of  the 
hniise,  A.  II.  Barrett,  W.  W.  Cliapman,  E.  P.  Owens,  S.  Hughes;  sergeant- 
at-anns,  George  Broffy;  door-keeper,  George  Linder.  Mont.  Council  Jour., 
bth  sess.,  ,3. 

-'  In  his  message  to  the  8th  legislature,  the  governor  made  the  plain  state- 
ment that  iu  his  first  message  lie  had  reconunended  the  repeal  of  the  law 
granting  extra  compensation  to  U.  S.  olficers  and  legislators  out  of  the  terri- 
turial  treasury,  but  that  his  advice  had  been  disregarded,  except  as  to  the 
U.  S.  judges,  and  that  the  sum  of  §32,014.80  was  drawn  from  the  treasury  of 
Montana  and  paid  to  that  legislature;  and  at  the  close  of  that  session,  1871-'2, 
i^-0';,000  had  been  paid  by  the  territory,  under  the  law  granting  extrr  .  - 
pL'iisation,  since  the  assembling  of  tlie  first  legislature.  Tliis  fact,  r  ;  to 
rapid  increase  of  the  debt  by  the  law-making  power,  had  caused  Jiim  lo  ask 
the  interposition  of  congress  to  annul  the  extra-compensation  laws;  and  he 
had  accompanied  liis  request  with  an  abstract  of  the  financial  condition  of 
Montana,  which  produced  the  desired  result  iu  the  passage  of  a  law  of  congress 
pioliibiting  the  passage  or  enforcement  of  any  law  by  a  territorial  legislature 
Ijy  which  officers  or  legislators  should  bo  paid  any  compensation  other  than 
that  pi-ovided  by  the  laws  of  the  United  States.  U.  S.  Slatnles  at  Lar<ic,  vol. 
xvii.  416.  Under  this  law  Montana  had  expended  §41,330.21  less  in  1873  than 
iu  1872,  and  warrants  had  advanced  10  cents  on  a  dollar  iu  consequence. 


682 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


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It':: 


schools.''  These  revelations  did  not  prepare  the  .o- 
plo  to  regard  favorably  any  scheme  which  should  in- 
crease their  burdens,  and  tor  the  time  railroad  legis- 
lation was  interrupted. 

Meantime  a  lively  interest  was  felt  in  the  subject 
of  transportation,  and  much  discussion  was  being  luid 
in  the  public  prints  as  to  which  route  should  luivu 
the  prel'erence.  The  Northern  Pacific,  dear  to  the 
jieople  of  Montana  from  a  sentiment  dating  back  to 
the  da^'s  when  the  United  States  senate  debated  a 
route  to  China  via  the  mouth  of  "the  Oregon  Rivci," 
and  now  plainly  a  necessity  of  this  commonwealth  to 
open  up  a  vast  jxtent  of  rich  mineral  and  agricultural 
lands,  was  the  first  choice  of  the  whole  of  eastern 
jMontana;  while  tlie  counties  along  the  line  of  the  ])ro- 
jected  extension  of  the  Utah  Northern  to  Htluiia 
would  have  liked,  could  they  have  afforded  it,  to  sec 
that  road  constructed. 

After  the  passage  of  the  right-of-way  act  of  congress 
in  March  1875,  a  railroad  convention  was  '  I  at 
Helena  April  21st,  at  which,  among  other  decl  'Us, 

it  was  resolved  that  a  committee  of  one  from  each 
county  should  bo  appointed  to  solicit  propositions 
from  the  Northern  Pacific,  Utah  Northern,  Porthmd, 
Dalles,  and  Salt  Lake,  Union  Pacific,  and  Central 
Pacific  railroad  companies,  and  to  gather  information 
bearing  upon  the  subject  of  railroads.  The  only  com- 
pany whicli  availed  itself  of  the  invitation  extended 
by  tlie  convention  to  send  commissioners  to  the  legis- 
lature, which  convened  January  1870,  was  the  North- 
ern Pacific.  This  company  appointed  its  vicc-|)resi- 
dent,  George  Stark,  and  its  chief  engineer,  W.  ]\lihior 
Roberts,  a  committee  to  confer  with  the  legislature 
relative  to  a  plan  by  which  their  road  could  he 
extended  from  the  Missouri,  at  Bismarck,  to  the 
Yellowstone  River,  and  up  the  Yellowstone  Valley 
two  hundred  or  more  miles,  during  1876-7. 

The  result  of  this  conference  was  that  the  North- 

'"  Governor's  message,  iu  Bozemaii  Avant'Courkr,  Jan.  9,  1874. 


m. 


RAILROAD  SUBSIDY. 


G83 


crn  Pacific  accepted  the  loan  of  the  credit  of  the  ter- 
ritory in  the  sum  of  three  minion  dolhirs,  at  eight  per 
cent  interest,  secured  by  a  Hen  upon  the  traffic  of  the 
road  to  and  from  Montana.  An  argument  in  favor  of 
such  a  loan  was  that  Montana  expended  aimually  in 
freights  by  the  way  of  the  Union  Pacific,  and  by 
wagons  from  Corinne,  a  million  of  money,  to  which 
was  added  another  half  million  on  freights  by  the  way 
of  the  Missouri  River,  and  wagons  from  Benton. 
Tlie  reduction  on  the  cost  of  freights  would  soon 
iunount  to  three  millions,  if  the  people  could  be 
brought  to  deprive  themselves  temporarily  of  that 
amount.  A  similar  proposition  concerning  the  Utah 
Northern  was  also  to  be  entertained  if  that  coinpany 
accepted,  which  it  did  not,  saying  that  Montana  was 
not  able  to  help  build  two  railroads,  and  they  would 
wait  the  action  of  the  people  on  the  Northern  Pacific 
proposition.  The  election  for  or  against  the  subsidy 
was  held  in  April  187G,  and  there  proved  to  bo  a 
majority  of  only  248  against  it. 

For  such  an  outcome  the  legislature-"  was  prepared, 
and  passed  an  act,  vetoed  by  the  governor  and  passed 
over  his  head,  convening  the  next  legislative  body  in 
Jaimary  1877.  The  ostensible  reason  for  changing 
the  time  of  meeting  was  to  brinij  it  nearer  the  time 
of  election,  as  if  to  amend  the  election  law  were 
not  a  cheaper  method  of  arranging  this  matter.  Dele- 
gate Maginnis  was  notified  to  secure  an  appropriation 
from  congress,  and  did  so.^" 

-'  Members  of  the  council  at  the  9th  session  were  Asa  Brown,  presiilcnt, 
J.  Abnscal,  J.  Allenbangh,  W.  E.  Bass,  Ed.  (Janhvell,  I'liilip  Constans,  W. 
E,  (Jullcn,  William  Graham,  W.  O.  P.  Hays,  Jaint^s  llornbucklc,  I.  I.  Lewis, 
r>.  \i.  Tatcm,  Thomas  Watson;  clerks,  Harry  K.  Comley,  G.  E.  Watson, 
I'utiick  Talent,  H.  C.  Wilkinson;  scrgeant-at  arms,  Otis  Strickland;  ilour- 
ki'cpcr,  P.  H.  Maloney.  Members  of  the  lower  house  were  S.  W.  Lang- 
liiinic,  s[ieakcr,  G.  W.  Beal,  E.  G.  Brooke,  J.  C.  Burkett,  Alfred  Cave,  A. 
Canniehacl,  W.  A.  Chessman,  T.  H.  Clewoll,  Otho  Curtis,  11.  S.  Ford,  ]). 
Kiimciilly,  C.  Mead,  A.  B.  Moore,  J.  C.  Moore,  W.  J.  McOjrmick,  .F.  H. 
JhKnight,  L.  B.  Olds,  Brigham  Heed,  Louis  Rotwitt,  W.  V.  Sunders,  (Jran- 
villu  Stuart,  John  M.  Sweeney,  William  E.  Tierncv,  1'.  Woodlock,  Samuel 
Word,  F.  L.  Wordon;  clerks,  A.  II.  Barrett,  J.  N.'  Heldt,  N.  II.  ComicUy, 
J.  E.  C.  Kanousc;  scrgcant-at-arms,  11.  K.  Emerson;  door-keeper,  J.  N. 
Tlidinpson.  Mont.  Jour.  Council,  9th  session. 

""  The  council  of  the  lOtli  session  was  composed  of  W.  E.  Bass,  president, 


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CSi 


POLITICAL  HISTORY, 


im9 


11  I 


The  Northern  Pacific  having  been  disposed  of,  tlic 
Utah  Northern  now  came  forward  with  a  proposition 
to  the  legislature  in  session  in  1877,  and  oftcred  to 
build  300  miles  of  narrow-gauge  railroad  within  tliito 
years,  100  hundred  miles  a  year,  starting  at  Franklin, 
in  Idaho,  to  a  point  as  far  north  as  the  Bighole  Rivir, 
and  to  be  called  the  Utah  Northern  Extension,  for  a 
subsidy  of  $5,000  per  mile  in  bonds  of  the  territoiy, 
to  be  placed  in  escrow  in  New  York,  to  be  deli  vend 
at  stipulated  times,  and  to  draw  interest  at  eight  per 
cent  per  annum  from  time  of  delivery,  that  is,  at  tlio 
completion  of  every  twent}?^  miles. 

The  proposition  to  build  to  the  Bighorn  was  made 
to  carry  the  road  near  or  to  the  national  park,  l^iit 
it  would  in  that  case  pass  through  a  rough  and  ele- 
vated region,  not  likely  to  be  soon  settled  if  ever,  and 
chiellv  outside  of  Montana,  and  the  legislature  In 
framing  a  bill  changed  the  route  to  Fort  Hall,  Idulio, 
thence  to  Pipeston,  Jefterson  county,  Montana,  to 
terminate  at  or  to  come  to  Helena.  But  no  survey 
of  any  route  had  boen  made,  and  the  bill  also  was 
very  loosely  drawn,  leaving  it  to  the  railroad  compiuiy 
to  stop  ax  any  point  by  forfeiting  fifteen  per  cent  of 
the  proposed  subsidy.  If  the  company  acceptcil  I  ho 
terms  proposed  in  the  bill  as  passed  by  tJie  Icgislatmc, 
it  was  to  signify  its  acceptance  on  or  before  the  'JJth 
of  March,  and  their  acceptance  or  non-acceptance  was 
to  be  announced  by  a  proclamation  from  the  executive 
office.     Whether  it  was  the  change  in  the  route,  or 

John  11.  Allenbaugh,  Asa  A.  Brown,  Philip  Constnns,  W.  E.  Cullen,  IJoht it 
Ford,  W.  ().  P.  liays,  I.  I.  Lewis,  P.  W.  iMoAil-.w,  Ariinatcad  H.  Mitilull, 
lienjiimiu  II.  Tatein,  Kilwin  15.  Watcrbury,  Thomas  Watson;  clerks,  ll:iriy 
li.  Comly,  Horace  C.  Lewis,  David  Marks,  Henrjy  C.  Wilkinson;  sii'lti  nut- 
at-arnis,  Otis  Strickland;  door-kcoper,  Tiionias  Daly.  Mcnd)er3  of  tlic  hmise 
were  Alexander  K.  Mayhew,  speaker,  Edwin  M.  Itateheldcr,  Henry  li.  llniiM- 
ard,  Walter  F.  (.'iiadwick,  Josepli  Davis,  Jam :8  A.  Dixon,  Hugii  F.  (i.iliii, 
Kicliard  O.  Hickman,  Horatio  S.  Howell,  Joseph  A.  Hyde,  Frank  C  I  vis, 
Nicholas  Kossler,  Washington  J.  McCormick,  James  McKlroy,  liiiuy  11. 
Mood,  IJcnjaniin  T.  Porter,  l>aniel  I',  liohbiiis,  ,Iohn  C.  llohinson,  Lmii-'  K"t- 
witt,  Jiiniu-s  (r.  Sanders,  Wilbur  F.  Sanders,  (Jeorgc  StcU,  Wiliiaiii  .\. 
Tliouipson,  Ilobert  P.  Vivian,  Aaron  C.  \\itter,  Saniiul  Wonl;  clerks,  An- 
thony IL  ]ki:ett,  Henry  A.  Lambert,  Albert  J.  McKiernan,  Clariiui-  0, 
Ewing;  sergeant-at-arma,  Stephen  Byuumj  door-keeper,  Daniul  Farry.  Jhnt. 
Jour.  Council,  10th  sessiou. 


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THE  NORTHERN  PACIFIC.  686 

^vhether  the  tone  of  the  most  influential  newspapers 
ill  Montana  foreshadowed  to  the  company  the  failure 
of  tlie  measure  at  the  election  which  would  follow 
their  acceptance,  they  made  no  sign  on  or  before  the 
'ifjth  of  March,  and  the  proclamation  of  the  governor 
immediately  after  announced  the  conclusion  of  all  tliis 
scheming  and  legislation,  which  obviated  the  necessity 
of  a  subsidy  election  on  the  10th  of  April. 

The  same  year,  however,  the  Utah  yorthern  ex- 
tended its  line  northward,  changing  its  route  to  Snake 
Kivcr,  through  ]Marsh  Valley  and  Port  Neuf  Canon. 
Ill  April  1879  the  president  of  that  company,  Sidney 
Dillon,  made  a  proposition  to  the  governor  of  ^Ton- 
tiina  to  extend  the  road  to  the  Montana  line  within 
the  current  year,  and  130  miles  into  Montana  within 
the  year  1880,  provided  only  that  the  legislature 
would,  by  act,  exempt  the  road  from  taxation  for  a 
jtoriod  of  fifteen  years.  To  be  able  to  accept  or  reject 
this  proposition,  tlie  governor  issued  a  proclamation 
calling  an  extraordinary  session,  to  convene  on  the  1st 
of  July,  and  in  his  message  strongly  advocated  the 
acceptance  of  the  proposition,^'  the  message  being  re- 

^^  Mont.  Jour.  Gonncil and  ITovse,  1870,  12-14.  The  reasons  given  liy  tlic 
povornor  for  calling  an  extra  session  wore,  us  stated  in  his  prochiination,  th;it 
till'  eleventh  legislature  iiml  adjourneil  without  making  an  apporlionuieiit 
of  tlic  territory  for  legislative  purposes,  as  retiuired  by  a  recint  actnf  conu'tess, 
and  iis  the  safety  of  the  inhabitants  retpiired  such  legislation  as  would  enable 
tliiiii  by  armed  organizations  to  protect  themselves  from  Indian  depredations, 
anil  (13  the  late  legislative  assembly  had  failed  to  enact  a  law  providing  fur  the 
fuiiiliug  of  the  debt  of  the  territory  at  a  lower  rate  of  interest  than  that  lieiiig 
(laiil,  and  aa  serious  errors  appeared  in  some  of  the  laws  passed  at  the  eleventii 
srvj-ion,  and  many  legitimate  subjects  of  legislation  failed  of  maturity  at  that 
srs^iou,  therefore  he  reassembled  them  to  do  what  should  havetieen  dime  at  the 
n  LTular  session.  Nothing  was  said  about  railroads,  but  the  anti-railroad  ji  luruals 
tirated  the  governor's  real  design  as  if  it  had  been  proclaimed,  and  a  resulutiuii 
was  introduced  in  the  house  censuring,  or  at  least  criticising,  the  cxeeiitive  inv 
assrndiling  them  for  rcHpi)orti(inment  before  a  census  had  been  taken,  at  a 
season  of  the  year  inrou\enient  for  most  of  them,  and  in  violation  of  a  law  uf 
coM^'recs  that  no  territorial  legislature  should  be  I'onvened  without  an  appro- 
priation lirst  having  been  made  t.<  defray  the  expenses.  The  resohitinn  was 
rotened  to  the  judiciary  conmiittce,  of  which  W.  F.  Sandirs  wa»  i'. airman. 
His  report  is  a  lino  piece  of  diidoma'ic  writing — he  being  the  hiad  and  front 
lif  railroad  agitation  —  declaring  tiiat  the  legislative  assembly  was  not  a 
JK'I It ical  convention,  nor  was  it  clecvnd  to  criticise  the  nianugeiiient  of  the 
fxeiutivc  department  of  the  government.  It  might  memorialize,  but  it  should 
nut  scold.  If  necessary,  it  might  impeacli  oHicrs  created  by  it;  but  the  res- 
blutiuu  did  uot  pi'ouccd  to  that  length.     It  wus  inappropriate  to  bo  cousidvreil 


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CS6 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


ferrcd  to  a  committee  composed  of  J.  A.  Hyde,  W. 
C.  Gillette,  and  W,  O.  P.  Hays,  the  two  former,  co.  - 
stituting  a  majority,  reported  in  favor  of  the  governor's 
suggestions,  and  the  latter  against  them,  upon  the 
ground  that  the  laws  of  the  United  States  did  not 
j)ermit  them  to  grant  a  special  privilege  to  one  com- 
pany, which  in  tliis  case  they  could  not  afford  to  ex- 
tend to  other  roads,  notably  to  the  Northern  Pacific, 
with  its  30,400  square  miles  of  land  within  the  terri- 
tory, besides  its  movable  property  when  completed. 
Two  bills  were  introduced,  one  to  comply  with  the 
proposition  of  the  Utah  Northern,  and  another  to 
empower  the  county  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  to  subscribe 
$300,000  in  bonds  to  that  road.  In  the  former  case, 
the  law  was  absolute  without  being  referred  to  the 
people;  in  the  latter,  it  was  subject  to  an  election. 
Both  met  with  nmch  adverse  argument,  and  both  were 
finally  defeated.  The  legislature  adjourned  on  tlie 
23d,  having  passed  nineteen  acts,  among  which  were 
several  tending  toward  a  more  economical  use  of  the 
people's  money  than  had  heretofore  been  the  practice 
of  the  legislators  of  Montana.^^ 

or  passed  by  the  nssetnbly,  and  it  was  recommended  that  it  should  not  pass. 
1'his  ri'port  filciiced  tlie  mnrimir  against  tiio  governor  for  doing  for  mui',  nf 
his  own  volition,  or  .it  the  instance  of  the  railroad  party,  what  they  li.i'l  al- 
ways heun  r.'ady  to  do  when  tiieir  pay  was  $12  a  day  for  enacting  laws  «  hicli 
filled  the  pocketa  of  their  favorites.  There  being  no  money  approjiriiitcii, 
nor  any  in  the  treasury,  made  all  the  tli (Terence,  had  not  conirrfss  In  sides 
already  lieen  driven  to  reduce  their  iwy  to  four  dollars  per  diem,  and  forhiililta 
them  to  take  any  jiay  from  the  territory. 

"■''J'hc  coiiiicil  of  the  11th  and  extraordinary  sessions  of  1870  consist"!  of 
Armstead  H.  Mitchell,  president,  Martin  Ilarrett,  William  (J.  Conrad,  \\';ir- 
ren  C.  Oillettc,  Jtichard  ().  Hickman,  Anton  M.  lloltcr,  W.  U.  I'.  Hivs 
Joseph  A.  Hyde,  Frank  C.  Ives,  J{ich.ard  T.  Kcnnon,  WiUiam  Parberry.  .Iniiiin 
O.  Sanders,  Oscar  A.  Sedman;  clerks,  Harry  11.  Comly,  llayden  K.  ItiiMIc! 
Bcrgcant-at-anns  and  door-keeper,  Dennis  C  Klieehy;  chaplain,  Kcv.  .Idliii 
Armstrong.  The  lower  house  was  contposed  of  Samuel  \Vord,  spea'ii'i-.  Sum- 
ucl  Ijarbour,  Klizur  IJeach,  William  T.  Hoardman,  Joseph  J.  lioycr,  Ivlwaiil 
(J.  IJrooke,  Samuel  11.  Cornick,  Caldwell  E<hvards,  James  Fergus,  .lului  i'. 
Forbis,  Alfred  ]).  Hamilton,  C.  L.  Harrington,  Joseph  K.  Marion,  Wn^liini!- 
ton  J.  McCormick,  James  Mcl'ilroy,  Henry  H.  Mood,  John  Noyes,  Willi.iin  L. 
Perkins,  John  C.  liobin.son,  Wilbur  F.  Sanders,  George  Stell,  <iiaiivilie 
Stuart,  John  M.  Sweeney,  James  T.  Thcipc,  Enoch  Wilson:  clerks,  .laiin'a 
K.  Kanousc,  James  ^V.  Kemper;  sergeantat-arms  and  door-kee|H!i-.  I>;iiiitl 
Searles;  chaplain,  Mahlon  N.  (jill)ert.  The  bill  reapportioning  the  dii  !i"i; 
for  legislative  purposes  was  vetoed  by  the  governor  because  it  viohiti  d  tliu 
law  of  congress  inquiring  the  apportiounient  to  be  inodo  according  to  pupula- 


NEW  PROSPERITY. 


C87 


The  failure  of  the  railroad  bills  did  not  have 
tlio  cffGct  to  prevent  railroad-building.  The  Union 
Pacific  company  could  not  longer  defer  competing 
with  the  Northern  Pacific,  which  was  now  approach- 
ing the  Montana  territory  with  rajiid  strides.  It 
therefore  constructed  ten  miles  of  the  Utah  Northern 
within  the  limits  of  Montana  before  cold  weather 
interrupted  grading.  In  the  following  year  it  con- 
structed 110  miles,  and  in  1881  reached  Helena. 
With  the  opening  of  railroad  communication  a  new 
era  of  prosperity,  which  had  been  slowly  dawning  since 
about  187G,  greatly  assisted  the  territory  in  recover- 
ing from  its  embarrased  financial  condition.  Tiiis, 
together  with  the  restrictions  placed  upon  reckless 
expenditure  by  congress,  and  the  faithful  admonitions 
of  Potts,  who  still  held  the  executive  oflice  to  the 
satisfaction  of  both  ]K)litical  parties,  finally  accom- 
jilished  the  redemption  of  the  territory.  When  the 
governor  found  that  at  the  meeting  of  the  twelfth 
legislature  the  several  counties  still  owed  an  aggnsgate 
debt  of  $G1 9,81)0.80,  he  ])ointed  out  over  again  that 
this  exhibit  did  not  sustain  their  boasted  ability  for 
local  self-government,^^  and  that  it  nuist  oeter  immi- 
gration, and  retard  the  admission  of  ^lontana  as  a 
state,  recommending  certain  impiovenients  in  the 
laws  regulating  county  aflfairs. 

On  the  contrary,  the  improvement  in  territoritvl 
finances  was  encouracfinij,  there  beinc;  a  net  indebted- 
iiess  remaining  of  only  a  little  more  than  !?20,0()0. 
Few  reforms  in  county  administrations  were  accom- 
jilished  at  this   session,^*  and  at  the  meeting  of  the 

tiin,  and  was  made  'to  answer  tho  demands  of  locality  alone.'  Tlic  house 
nliised  to  reconsider  tho  bill,  ami  it  was  lost. 

^^This  reproach  of  the  governor  was  aimed  at  a  continual  liarpin;^  liy  cer- 
tain i)apcr8  on  the  tyranny  of  cunijress,  and  tiie  greater  prosperity  of  a  terri- 
tdiy  which  couM  he  allowed  tooliouso  its  ollicers,  and  niaiias^f  its  own  allaii's. 

•"'J'he  council  of  tho  l'2th  li'gislutui'e  was  composed  of  1'-'  nicmlicrs,  accMi-d- 
iii,'  to  an  act  of  congress  of  1.S7.S,  wliich  ordcrcil  at  the  same  time  the  rcihie- 
lii  II  of  the  assembly  to '24  members,  and  a  new  apportionment  aceordim,'  to 
piipidation.  The  members  were  Joseph  K.  Toole,  president,  10.  1>.  Aiiiin, 
.las.'ph  A.  Browne,  Kdwanl  CardwcU,  R.  S.  Ford,  W.  O.  1'.  Hays,  J.  \l. 
llul.l)ell,  Wdliam  H.  Hundley,.!.  ('.  Kerlcy,  Armistead  H.  Miteiull,  William 
\\ .  Morris,  Frank  L.  Wordcii;  clerks,  Harry  E.  Comley,  Haduu  E.  Uiddloj 


l>'.  I 


!-  r 


688 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


¥'r 


ill 
I 


,'1 


^f 


i^H-*'- 


r| 


•111 

Is 


thirteenth  legislature,  in  January  1883,  the  county 
indebtedness  had  reached  the  sum  of  $658, 974.. "rj, 
and  this,  while  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  territory 
reached  the  sum  of  $33,211,319,12.^^  The  revenuo 
for  territorial  purposes  amounted  to  $90,863.47,  and 
the  treasury  of  Montana  had  a  surplus  of  over  $14.- 
000  in  its  coffers. 

Hero,  at  last,  the  territorial  craft  found  clear  sail- 
ing. With  regard  to  the  public  institutions  necessary 
to  tiie  peace,  the  penitentiary  contained  sixty-seven 
convicts,  whose  maintenance  cost  seventy-five  cents,  a 
day,  ten  of  whom  earned  fifty  cents  daily  at  contract 
labor.  During  the  year  1884  the  central  portion  of 
the  penitentiary  building  was  in  process  of  erection. 
Fifty-six  insane  persons  were  provided  for  and  treated 
at  the  public  expense,  by  the  contract  system.  The 
school  system  of  Montana  had  reached  a  condition  of 
much  excellence,  the  schools  being  graded,  and  none 
but  competent  teachers  employed.  The  population 
had  increased  to  40,000,  and  there  was  a  rono\\(Ml 
movement  toward  a  state  constitution.  Just  at  tliis 
period,  after  more  than  twelve  years  of  wise  utlinin- 
istration.  Governor  Pctts  was  removed,  and  John 
Schuyler  Crosby  appointed  to  succeed  him,  who  as- 
sumed office  on  the  15th  of  January,  1883,  four  days 
after  the  meeting  of  the  legislative  assembly.**   Crosliy 

Bcrgcant-at-arms,  T.  B.  Harper;  J.  T.  Mason  chaplain.  The  house  of  i(|i- 
ivscntativos  was  coiiiposcil  of  John  J.  Dounoll.y,  speaker,  Elizur  Ueacli,.l'>lm 
M.  IJell,  Henry  N.  JM;iUe,  Henry  Chambers,  Israel  Clem,  A.  L.  (.'"rMy, 
William  E.  CuUcn,  W.  D.  Davis,  .Stephen  Do  Wolfe,  Anioa  Eastniiin.  .huncs 
H.  (Jarloek,  Michael  Haiiley,  Curtis  L.  Harrington,  Cliristian  li.  llmisir, 
KobertO.  Iliimber,  Henry  A.  Kenncrly,  Henry  M.  Parclicn,  James  K.  \\v:tW, 
Jacob  M.  Powers,  J.  C.  Rotjers,  Oscar  A.  Sednian,  Joh.i  SLedinaii,  lAwih 
Wilson;  clerks,  James  E.  Kanousc,  James  N.  Kemper;  siTgcant-atanii.^,  I>. 
H.  Lineubargcr;  chaplain,  W.  Scott  Stitcs.  Mont.  Jour.  Coitnril,  \'2th  kiss..  .'!. 

^■■Tho  governor's  message  sliows  that  the  county  of  Lewis  and  t'laiUo  i':uil 
by  its  commissioners  §.3,GG4.40  for  about  4  montlis'  work  in  assessing  the  |  i  'p- 
erty  holders  at  tho  rate  of  .'<  per  cent  per  annum.  Tho  aherill'  reciivcl  si.-"" 
per  day  each  for  the  board  of  prisoners;  more  than  boardiiig-houso  lirc|i.  rs 
re<iuircd  of  their  patrons  for  iirst-class  fare;  and  other  abuses  are  iiicnliiuii  .1. 
Yet  tho  people  go  on  to-day  electing  legislatures  from  the  same  party  «hi  li 
for  twenty  years  has  persisted  in  these  spoliations. 

'"The  council  of  tho  ISlh  legislature  was  composed  of  tho  fnllouini^ 
members:  (iranvillo  Stuart,  president,  H<'nry  S.  IVuk,  W.  E.  P.ass,  i:iu  ;:■( 
CardwcU,  Willii  ui  A.  Chessman,  Charles  C  Cox,  Warruu  C.  Gillette,  Aimu- 


':!![■  ftlil 


SAMUEL  T.   HAUSER. 


689 


was  soon  succeeded  in  the  executive  office  by  B. 
riatt  Carpenter,  who  also  served  but  a  brief  term, 
(luriiifj  which  tlie  fourteenth  reguhir  session  of  the 
Ir^isUitive  assembly  was  held.^'  In  1885  the  earnest 
desire  of  the  people  was  ^ratified  by  the  appointment 
of  one  of  their  own  number,  S.  T.  Hauser,''"*  governor 
of  ^Montana.  At  this  favorable  period  let  us  turn  to 
the  material  history  of  the  territory. 

tciil  H.  Mitcliell,  Willium  W.  Morris,  George  D.  Thomas,  Boiijainin  F. 
WliitL',  Aaidii  ('.  Witter,  Alfred  li.  Haiiiiltoii  (foutostaiit);  dorks,  .latiu's  H. 
Wells,  \V.  I.  I,i|)i)iiic()tt;  sergeant-at-anns,  Samuel  Alcxamler;  eliaiilain, 
L.  I,.  Wdoil.  lliiiise  of  Itejireseiitativus,  AloxainUr  E.  Mayiiew,  sjiiaker, 
,liiM|>li  S.  Allen,  J.  1).  Armstrong,  Josej)]!  A.  Haker,  Orlaiulo  IJ.  Batten, 
liciiiy  S.  Hlake,  .John  E.  Clutter,  Harry  R.  C'omly,  Frank  1).  Coojier, 
Tho'iias  Dean,  C'alihvell  Eilwanls,  Siiliiey  Erwin,  John  F.  Forhin,  Uiehard  O. 
liicUman,  William  T.  Jaeohs,  James  E.  Kanouse,  John  F.  Maloney,  Leo 
Mantle.  I'erry  W.  McAdow,  Peter  H.  Mills,  William  H.  Settle,  Daniel 
Oiirady,  Roliert  C.  Wallaeo,  Henry  J.  Wright;  clerks,  David  Marks,  J.  W. 
Kiiiii)er;  serueant-at-arms,  N.  Diekenson;  cliaplain,  Freileriek  T.  Welih. 
Mniil.  Jour.  I'diiiicil,  .'J.  The  territorial  seeretary  iluring  L'rosliy's  adniinis- 
tiatnm  was  Isaac  D.  MeCutcheon;  ehief  justiee,  !)eeius  S.  Waile;  associate 
justiie  in  'Jd  district,  Deer  Lodge,  William  .1.  (ialhraith;  1st  ilistriet  teinpo- 
luily  vacant;  attoriiey-),'eneral,  John  A.  Joliiiston;  U.  S.  district  attorney, 
Williiiiii  II.  De  Witt;  U.  S.  marshal,  Alexander  C  IJotkin;  surveyorgeii- 
tial.  John  S.  Harris.    Mont.  Join:  i'ouiiril,  \SS',i. 

Tills  a.xseiiiiily  consisted  of  the  foUowiiii.;  mcmhcr.s:  Council,  F.  K. 
Aiiiistidiii<.  |iresident,  -Martin  Barrett,  II.  U.  liiick,  Ed.  CardwcU,  William  \. 
I  111  ^-luaii,  W.  H.  ( 'otaiit,  Ste[)hen  De  Wolfe,  James  Fergus,  F.  L.  (ireene. 
Will  K.une.ly,  A.  II.  Mitchell,  William  W.  Morris;  eh  rks,  David  Marks, 
S.  \V.  Liiighornc;  clia|ilain,  L.  L.  Wooil;  sergeant-atarms,  Ainos  Calvin. 
Ill  the  house,  James  E.  Callaway,  siieaker,  J.  T.    Baldwin,   S.  V.  U.  Hiddic, 

I  1>I  •  Ivistniaii,  Martin  L.  Eniigli,  Van  II.  Fiske,  John  V.  Foiliis,  (icor^^c  .\l. 

II  It'll,  J.  M.  Holt,  J.  II.  Jurgiiis,  Conrad  Kohrs,  I*.  J.  Moore,  (leorge  H. 
Nhliols,  W.  II.  Norton,  J.  M.  Page,  F.  L.  IVrkins,  H.  F.  I'otts,  John  M. 
llnlimson,  A.  .1.  .Seli:,'maii,  H.  M.  Sloan,  W.  ().  Siieer,  Ji^sse  F.  Taylor,  ( Jeorge 
U  Tingle,  ami  J.  Wells;  clerks,  Harry  H.  Davis,  Frecl.  11.  Foster;  chaiilain, 
Fii'ili  lick  T.  Weill);  sergeant-at-arms,  Tlnuiias  15.  Warren.  John  S.  'looker 
Wis  M.ietary  oi  the  territory;  the  judges,  tlie  same  as  in  I8SH,  exccjit  that 
•IhIiu  ('iil)urii  was  in  charge  of  the  1st  liistriut;  attoriiey-geiieral,  William  H. 
Hunt.    Mont.  Jdiir.  CouiK'il,   IS.S,"). 

■'". "Samuel  'T.  Ilauser  was  horn  at  Falmouth,  T'einlleton  co.,  Ky,  Jan.  10, 
IVill,  and  was  reared  and  edui'ated  in  his  native  state.  In  IS.')4  \\i\  removed 
t"  \'.u.  and  engageil  in  civil  engineering,  serving  mi  the  .Missouri  I'acilie  and 
•N.  T.  K.  U.  In  I.Slil'  he  came  u|i  the  Missouri  to  Fort  Heiiton,  and  |iros- 
I'M'ti'il  over  onto  the  niijier  Coliimliia  waters,  returning  in  tln^  autumn  to  the 
liiMii  irk  mines,  and  exiiloriiig  the  Lewis  and  Clarke  ri'iite  down  the  ^■ellow• 
^tiiiii'.  in  |!S(i;{.  Ill  liStit"),  in  eom|iany  witli  W.  F.  Sanders,  he  ojieiied  a  hank 
It  \'iiLinia  City,  ami  erci:ted  the  llrst  Inrnaees  in  the  territory.  In  iSiiii 
Mr  ll.ui.ser  organized  the  1st  National  hank  of  lli'leiia;  also,  the  St  Louis 
Miiiiiu  I'o.,  at  I'hillipsliurg,  now  known  as  the  Hojie  Mining  I'o.,  mIiicIi 
iiiitril  the  first  silver  mill  in  Moiit.  The  1st  National  hanks  of  Missoula, 
Itiitti',  and  lleuton  Were  each  orgaiii/eil  hy  Mr  Ilauser.  He  is  largely  in- 
!'iiM"(l  in  stock  and  mining,  organi/ed  the  Utah  vt  Northern  railroad  in 
Moiii  ,  and  is  (iresident  of  a  bruucU  of  the  N.  i*.  R.  R.,  bcsidus  being  engaged 
Ui  iiKuiy  other  miterprisoii. 
Uiau  Wasu.— 11 


I  i1 
1  i"i 


CHAPTER  V. 


INDIAN  WARS. 

1855-1882. 

The  Blackfoot  Nation — Crows  and  Sioux — Their  Lands  ami  tjiiiu 
Characters — The  Old,  Old  Issue — Treaty-making,  Treatv-huiak- 
INO,  Fkjhtino,  and  Fisishino — Movements  of  Troops — Mumwa 
Militia  Companies— Establishing  Forts — Expeditions  vok  I'lins- 
PECTiNQ  and  Discovery — Heservations — Long-continued  Hostui- 
ties — Decisive  Measures. 

With  the  resident  Indian  tribes  of  Montana  the 
government  had  treaties  of  amity  previous  to  tlie  jxridd 
of  gold  discovery  and  settlement.  The  Blackfoot 
nation,  consisting  of  four  divisions — the  Gros  \'oii- 
tre/  Piegan,  Blood,  and  Blackfoot  proper — occupied 
the  country  beginning  in  the  British  possession^, 
bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Rocky  Mountains,  on  tlu; 
south  by  a  line  drawn  from  Hellgate  pass  in  an  east- 
erly direction  to  the  sources  of  the  Musselshell  lii\  i  r, 
and  down  that  stream  and  the  Missouri  to  the  iiioiitli 
of  Milk  River,  where  it  was  bounded  on  the  ctist  ly 
that  stream.  To  this  country,  although  chiiuKMl  ;b 
their  home,  they  by  no  means  restricted  tliom- 
selves,  but  wandered,  as  far  as  their  prowess  could 
defend  them,  into  the  territory  of  the  neiglilioiiii:: 
nations,  with  which,  before  the  treaty  made  with  1. 1. 

'  This  tribe  claim  to  have  come  from  the  far  north,  and  to  havf  traviHcl 
over  a  large  body  of  ice,  which  broke  up  and  prevented  tiicir  return,  'liny 
then  journeyed  in  a  soutli-east  course  as  far  as  the  Arapahoe  couiitiy,  ninl 
remained  witii  tliat  people  one  year,  after  which  they  travelled  I'listwaid  to 
the  Sioux  country,  met  and  fought  the  Sioux,  who  ilrove  them  I'.'li  ii"' 
they  fell  in  with  the  Piegans,  and  joined  them  in  a  war  on  the  lilm"!-,  ;iito' 
whicli  they  remained  in  the  country  between  the  Milk  and  Mi.-isouii  ri\ti> 
£.  A.  C.  Hatch,  mind.  Aff.  liepl,  1850,  75;  JJuiin'a  Hist.  Or.,  I'd.  ^-•--•''• 

(6yui 


THE  FOUR  NATIONS. 


691 


H' 


a  the 

[•kl'oot 
\'vn- 
lied 

Hill>, 

11  tlu' 
r;l>t- 
[iviT. 
KiUtll 
.>t  I'V 

lldil- 
(•(lUlil 

idriii'i 
l.l. 

Tilr\ 

irv,  iiii'l 
L'anl  t'> 

>.  att'i' 
iivi'r>. 


Stevens  in  1855,  they  were  always  at  war.  Between 
themselves  they  preserve*!  no  impassable  lines,  al- 
though the  Gros  Ventres  lived  farthest  east,  and  tlic 
riegans  along  the  Missouri  liiver,  while  the  Black- 
l(n>t  tribe  and  Bloods  domiciled  farther  north. 

Of  the  four  tribes,  the  Gros  Ventres,  hitherto  the 
most  predatory  in  their  habits,  at  first  appeared  the 
most  faithful  to  their  agreement  with  the  United 
States.  Likewise  the  Piejjfans,  thouq:h  of  the  most 
wurlike  character,  seemed  to  feel  bound  b}'  their 
treaty  obligations  to  refrain  from  war;  while  the 
IMackfoot  still  occasionally  stole  the  horses  of  the 
Fhithead;  and  the  Bloods,  within  ten  days  after  sign- 
ing the  treaty  at  the  mouth  of  Judith  River,  set  out 
on  a  war  expedition  against  the  Crows.  This  nation, 
which  occupied  the  Gallatin  and  Yellowstone  vallevs, 
^vith  the  tributaries  of  the  latter  and  a  portion  of  the 
^lissouri,  was  known  among  (»ther  tribes  and  among 
t'ur-liunters  and  traders  as  the  most  mendacious  of 
thum  all.  To  outlie  a  Crow,  and  theri'by  gain  an  ad- 
vantage over  him,  was  the  serious  study  of  the  moun- 
tain men.  He  was  not  so  good  a  fighter  as  the 
lilackfoot — if  he  had  been,  probably  he  wouhl  have 
had  a  straighter  tongue — but  the  nation  being  larne, 
iiiul  able  to  conquer  by  force  of  numbers  as  well  as 
strategy,  made  him  a  foe  to  be  dreaded.  Of  the 
])hickfoot  nation  there  were  10,000  in  1858,  and  of 
tlio  Crows  nearly  4,000.  The  latter,  divided  into 
two  bands  of  river  and  mountain  ,Crows,  had  enterud 
into  obligations  at  the  treaty  of  Laramie  of  1851,  to- 
gether with  other  tril)es  of  the  plains,  to  ])reserve 
triciidly  relations  with  the  people  of  the  United  States, 
and  were  promised  annuities  from  the  government  in 
ivturn.  These  annuities  were  distributed  by  Alfred  .1 . 
A'an^ifhn  in  the  summer  of  1854,  who  made  a  iournev  of 
thico  hundred  miles  from  Fort  Union  on  the  Missouri 
iij*  the  Yellowstone  to  Fort  Sarpy,  the  trading  jmst  of 
r.  Choteau  Jr  &  Co.,  with  the  goods  stored  in  a  keel- 
boat  along  with  the  goods  of  the  trading  firm.     The 


f; 


.,   '     :    \ 


692 


INDIAN  WARS. 


party  was  attacked  by  seventy-five  Blackfoot  war- 
riors, who  killed  two  out  of  six  Crows  accompanying 
the  expedition,  and  from  whom  the  party  cscajKcl 
only  Ly  great  exertions.  At  this  distribution  Die 
Crows  professed  adherence  to  the  terms  of  the  Lara- 
mie treaty.  Vaughn  was  continued  in  the  office  of 
agent  to  the  Crows  for  several  years. 

In  185G,  the  year  following  the  Stevens  treaty 
with  the  Blackfoot  nation,  E.  A.  C.  Hatch  was  ap- 
])(nntcd  agent  to  these  tribes,  but  was  succeeded  hv 
Vaughn  in  18G7,  who,  in  distributing  goods  to  the 
Crows  the  previous  year,  seemed  to  have  dissemi- 
nated small-pox;  for  the  disease  broke  out  at  tliis 
time  and  carried  off  2,000  of  them,  1,200  of  the 
Assinaboines,  and  many  of  the  Arickarecs,  (Jros 
Ventres,  and  Mandans.^  A.  H.  Redfiold  was  ap- 
j)ointed  agent  for  the  Crows  in  1857,  but  the  inouii- 
tain  Crows  avoided  assemblino*  at  Fort  William,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone,  as  directed,  and  their 
goods  were  stored  at  the  fort,  which  they  made  a 
cause  of  complaint,  saying  their  goods  should  ho 
delivered  to  them  in  their  own  country,  on  the  south- 
ern tributaries  of  the  Yellowstone.  As  they  rct'iisiMl 
the  following  year  to  come  to  Fort  William,  thiir 
agent  was  compelled  to  transport  two  years'  aiiiiu- 
ities  to  Fort  Sarpy  in  1858,  as  the  only  a[)pareiit 
means  of  preserving  amicable  relations.  In  the  saiue 
manner  the  Bloods  refused  to  come  to  Fort  Jleii- 
ton  ibr  their  annuities  in  1857,  and  their  chief"  was 
fain  to  confess  that  his  younir  men  had  been  at  wai' 
with  the  neighboring  tribes  and  with  parties  nt 
white  men. 

Although  the  territory  of  Montana  was  divided 
between  the  Blackfoot  and  Crow  nations,  it  was  sub- 
ject to  invasion  from  the  west  by  the  Shoshones,  uov 
no  longer  dreaded  as  an  enmiy,  and  from  the  oa<t  hy 
the  Sioux,  those  Arabs  of  the  plains,  who  roanieil  Iroui 

'  The  Indians,  like  all  tlic  tlark-skinned  races,  have  a  great  susccptil'ility 
to  contagion.  In  1838  small-pox  cariied  off  10,000  of  tlio  Crow,  UhicLfout, 
Maudan,  and  Minatarcu  nations.  De  Hmel's  WesCern  Minsioiis,  1<J7. 


HOSTILITIES  OF  THE  SIOUX. 


G93 


tlie  British  possessions  to  New  Mexico,  and  from 
^Minnesota  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Beh)ngin<jf  to 
the  same  agency  with  the  Crows  were  tiic  Assina- 
bdines,  of  whom  there  were  several  bands,  in  their 
character  resembling  the  Sioux,  yet  inferior  to  them 
ill  strength.  But  of  all  the  tribes,  the  Sioux  were 
most  dreaded  and  formidable,  alike  from  their  num- 
bers, being  13,000  strong,  and  their  warlike  character. 
Their  hand  was  against  every  man. 

No  threatening  attitude  was  assumed  by  the  Iiul- 
iiuis  of  Montana  until  the  gold  discoveries  in  north- 
ern Idaho  began  to  attract  immigration  by  the  Mis- 
R)uri  liiver  route.  Dissatisfaction  was  first  shown  by 
the  Sioux,  of  whom  there  were  seven  different  tribes,^ 
who  attacked  Fort  Union,  in  1850,  400  strong,  burn- 
ing the  out-buildings,  killing  and  wounding  seven  men 
who  were  cutting  hay,  destroying  thirty  head  of  cat- 
tle and  horses,  and  tiring  the  fort,  I'rom  which  they 
were  with  difficult}'  driven.  In  18G1  they  attempted 
to  burn  their  agency,  but  were  interrupted  by  the 
arrival  of  troops  from  Fort  Ilandall,  and  retired. 

Ill  18G4  General  Sully  pursued  the  Sioux  as  far  as 
Montana,  and  fought  them  on  the  Yellowstone,  but 
without  the  force  to  achieve  an  important  victory,  or 
oven  to  impress  the  Indians  with  awe  of  his  govern- 
ment. In  18G5  General  Connor  met  them  on  Pow- 
der River,  and  punished  them  more  severely  for 
killing  immigrants  on  the  Bozeman  route  just  o^^eued. 
The  Blackfoot  tribes,  agitated  by  the  breath  of  war, 
wwi]  unsettled  and  sullen,  wisliing  to  fight  on  one 
side  or  the  other;  and  to  add  to  the  danger  of  an 
oiitbi-euk,  the  Indian  country  was  being  filled,  not  only 
with  licensed  traders,  but  unlicensed  whiskev-sellers, 
whoso  intercourse  with  the  savages  brutalized  them, 
ami  led  to  quarrels  resulting  in  murders.  Such  was 
the  condition  of  the  Indian  affairs  of  Montana  when 
it  was  organized  under  a  territorial  government. 


1     •' 


I'il 


"'•    i| 


'Till  riruli^s,  Blackfoot  Sioux,  Sans  Arc,  Minnocoii, 
kittU.-,  auil  Vuuctonuia. 


ss,  Uncpapus,  Two* 


m 


INDIAN  WARS. 


It  happened  that  the  Stevens  treaty  expired  in 
1805,  and  it  was  thought  a  fortunate  opportunity  to 
renew  it,  in  a  different  form,  and  to  purchase  that 
part  of  their  country  lying  south  of  the  Missouri  and 
Teton  rivers.  In  the  mean  time,  sucli  was  the  tomiu  r 
of  these  Indians  that  Governor  Edgerton  issued  a 
proclamation  calling  for  five  hundred  volunteers  to 
chastise  them,  and  protect  the  innnigration  after  its 
airival  at  Fort  Benton  by  steamer,  and  while  en  ruuto 
to  the  mines. 

On  November  17th  a  treaty  was  made  with  tlio 
Blackfoot  tribes,  b}'^  which  they  relinquished  to  tlio 
United  States  all  their  lands  exce])t  those  lying  nortli 
of  latitude  48"  and  the   Teton,   Maria,  and  Missouri 
rivers.      But   the   treaty   was   hardly  concluded  he- 
fore    these    bands,   who    were    not   sincere   in    tlicir 
promises,  resumed  depredations,  roaming  about  tlio 
country  and  killing  men,  horses,  and  cattle.     On  the 
arrival  of  Secretary  Meagher,  and  upon  assuming  the 
executive  office  in  the  autunm  of  18G5,  he  a[)plii(l  to 
Major-general  Wheaton,  connnanding  at  Fort  J.aia- 
mie,  for  such  cavalry  as  he  could  spare;    but  it  was 
pronounced  impracticable  to  march  troops  into  Mon- 
tana in  the  winter,  and  they  were  promised   Wn-  Iho 
spring.     Considerable  alarm  existing,  the  acting  l;  iv- 
ernor  issued  a  proclamation  February   10th,  calliii!,^ 
for  500  mounted  volunteers;  but   not  being  ahlc  to 
arm,  equip,  or  .support  in  the  field  such  a  force,  noth- 
ing was  done  beyond  pursuing  the  predatory  partiis 
with  such  means  and  men  as  were  within  reach.     An 
engagement  took  place  March   1st   between  a  hainl 
of  Bloods  and  a  party  of  road-viewers  at  Sun  l»ivn' 
Bridjjfe,  in  which  James  Malone  was  severelv  wound'  il, 
one    Indian    killed,    and    three    were    capture* I    and 
hanged.     About  the  middle  of  the  summer  (olouil 
Reeves,  connnandant  of  the  upper  Missouri,  an  i\td 
from    Fort    Bice    with    800    well-equipped    .s(ddi  is, 
under  Major  William  Clinton,  and  established  Camp 
Cook  at  the  mouth  of  Judith  River. 


i'*:y 


A  NEW  TREATY. 


On  the  30th  of  June,  18G5,  anotlicr  treaty  was  ar- 
raiifjod.  Two  thousand  Brules  and  Oj^alallahs  were 
ill  attendance  when  the  council  opened,  and  alter  two 
weeks  of  sending  despatches  by  couriers,  the  majority 
of  these  two  tribes  came  in  and  signed  a  treaty,  giving 
their  consent  to  the  opening  of  roads  through  the 
territory  claimed  by  them,  and  were  presented  with  the 
usual  gifts  of  food,  clotliing,  and  amnmnition.     Red 


!     II 


l|i< 


BozEMAN  Rocn. 


Cloud,  however,  with  bovcral  others,  held  aloof,  and 
the  treaty  was  nothing  more  than  a  parley  for  the 
]>urp(jse  of  obtaining  these  same  presents  and  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  intentions  of  the  United  States. 

IMilitary  companies  had  been  stationed  on  the  Pow- 
der River  division  of  the  Bozernan  route  in  18G5  to  keep 
the  Indians  away;  and  in  May  18GG  Colonel  II.  B. 
Carrington,  who  had  been  made  commander  of  the 
district  of  the  Mountains,  left  Fort  Kearny  with  the 
18th  United  States  infantry  to  erect  forts  on  the  line 


m$  INDIAN  WARS. 

of  the  road,  beginning  with  the  abandonment  of  Fort 
Keno,  erected  by  General  Connor  the  previous  year, 
and  the  substitution  of  a  new  Fort  Reno  forty  miles 
i'arther  north-west.  The  force  amounted  to  700  men, 
(►nly  220  of  whom  were  trained  soldiers.* 

On  the  12th  of  July  Carrington  arrived  at  Crazy 
Woman's  fork  of  Powder  River,  where  the  now 
Fort  Reno  was  to  be  located,  and  where  he  selected 
u,  site,  })roceeding  on  his  march  the  next  day  with  two 
campanios,  leaving  Major  Haymond  in  the  rear  with 
the  other  four.  Not  far  beyond  was  the  proposed 
site  of  a  fort  to  be  called  Philip  Kearny,  on  Pinty 
fork  of  Clear  fork  of  Powder  River,  at  the  eastern 
base  of  Bighorn  Mountains,  where  headquart*  rs 
arrived  on  the  evening  of  July  13,  18GG.  On  the 
following  day  three  notable  events  occurred — tlio 
selection  of  a  site  for  the  fort,  the  desertion  of  a  ]iait  y 
of  soldiers  who  had  started  for  the  mines,  and  tiio 
arrival  of  a  messenger  from  the  chief  Red  Cloud  de- 
daring  war  should  the  conmumder  of  the  expedition 
persist  in  his  intention  of  greeting  a  fort  in  the  coun- 
try. Nevertheless,  on  the  15th  the  work  was  begun 
of  constructing  the  finest  military  post  in  the  moun- 
tains, upon  a  plan  directed  by  General  Crook,  whirh 
would  cnabie  a  few  men  to  guard  it,  leaving  tin 
greater  [)art  of  the  garrison  to  occupy  themselves 
with  the  protection  of  the  roads,  telegraphs,  and 
mails." 

On  the  IGth  of  July  Major  Haymond  arrived  and 
went  into  camp  near  headquarters.  It  was  a  con- 
tinued struggle  with  the  command  to  keep  possession 

*  Ah^'araka  is  the  title  of  a  narrative  by  the  wife  of  one  of  the  oflicLf.s  of 
the  (Harrington  expedition. 

*  Fort  i'hilip  Keainy  occupied  a  natin-al  plateau  COO  or  800  foct  high,  v  ,!li 
slopiiit;  sides  or  glacis.  The  stockade  m  as  of  pine,  hewn  to  a  touching;  Miili  ''. 
pointed,  and  loop-holed.  At  diagonally  o]jpositc  corners  wore  block-lioii.  i  ^  nf 
liSincli  pine  logs.  Tiie  parado-giound  was  40*)  feetequare.  witii  a  street  'J  i  In  t 
wide  lK)id('ring  it.  East  of  the  furt,  taking  in  Little  Pinoy,  was  a  cmral  t "f 
stock,  liay,  woo<l,  etc.,  witli  ajxilisade  10  feet  Iiigh,and(|iiarteis  *'or  teani-tin 
antl  citizen  employe's — J'J  double  cabins,  wagon-shop,  i)lacksniith-sh<ip,  .nul 
stables.  Room  was  allowed  for  4  companies  of  infantry.  Artni/ ami  A'^'y 
Journal,  Nov.  24,  1 806. 


FORTS  nilLir  KRARNY  AND  C.  F.  SMITH. 


697 


of  the  horses,  iniilos,  and  cattle,  and  one  in  wliich  tlicy 
were  very  often  beaten.  In  sorties  to  recover  stock, 
a  nnniber  of  tlic  men  were  killed,  and  nearly  all  the 
.stock  was  thus  lost. 

About  tlic  last  of  Auji^ust  Inspector-general  Hazcn 
visited  Fort  IMiili[)  Kearny,  and  inspired  fresh  cour- 
nLje  1)}'  assurances  that  two  coni[)anies  of  regular 
cavahy  had  been  ordered  to  reijnforce  this  post. 

The  Yclhnvstone  ])Ost  having  been  given  up,  Ken- 
iK  y  and  Burrows  with  the  two  companies  intended  lor 


■■^^I,,- ■••'■•■"  "■■■■--"• If 


SUMMIT/vt  \\  ^,  FORT  JUDOL'    '•«  I  '.         ^ 


PISEV  SUMMIT  i 


Fort  Puilip  Keakny  ani>  Vicisitt. 

tlint  ser\'icc  were  ordered  to  construct  Fort  C.  F.  Smith, 
a  hundred  miles  from  Fort  Philip  Kearny,  on  the  1  Jig- 
luirn.  In  November  a  part  of  one  of  the  cavahy 
companies  promised  arrived,  under  Lieutenant  ]>ing- 
liam,  who  proceeded  to  Fort  C.  F.  Smith,  and  rc- 
tuiDcd  about  the  1st  of  December  to  Fort  Philip 
KLurny. 


i  h, 


m 


II 


:i 


m 


I.    I 


INDIAN  WARS. 


'i% 


Communication  had  now  entirely  ccaaed  with  C.  F. 
Smith  post,  for  it  was  no  longer  safe  to  travel  witli 
an  escort  of  less  than  fifty  men,  who  could  not  bo 
spared.  Snow  was  on  the  ground.  A  few  more  trains 
of  logs  from  the  woods  were  needed  to  complrto 
quarters  which  were  heing  built  for  a  fifth  com});uiy 
at  Fort  Philip  Kearny.  The  train,  when  it  set  out, 
with  its  teamsters,  choppers,  and  escort,  all  aniied, 
numbered  about  ninety  men.  When  two  miles  IVom 
the  fort,  it  was  attacked,  and  signalled  for  relief  Si- 
nmltaneously  a  small  party  of  Indians  appcaivd  in 
sight  at  the  crossing  of  Big  Piney  Creek,  but  were 
dispersed  by  shells  from  the  fort.  A  de  ail  was  niiide 
at  once  of  fifty  men  and  two  officers  from  the  in- 
fantry companies,  and  twenty-six  men  under  Lieuten- 
ant Grummond  from  the  2d  cavalry.  Colonel  Fetter- 
man,  at  liis  own  request,  was  given  the  command  of 
the  party,  ant!  witli  him  went  Captain  Brown,  also  at 
his  own  desire,  and  three  citizens  experienced  in 
Indian  fighting.  The  orders  given  by  Colonel  (  ui- 
riiigton  were  to  relieve  the  wood  train,  but  on  no 
account  to  pursue  the  Indians  over  Lodge  Trail 
Ridge. 

llad  Fetterman  obeyed  instructions,  the  history  of 
Fort  Philip  Kearny  and  the  Powder  Iliver  Kniiv.  to 
^lontana  would  have  been  vastly  diflerent,  in  all  pr  >!)- 
abihty.  But  with  a  contempt  of  the  danger  whieli  tlio 
summer's  experience  did  not  justify,  he  took  u\>nn 
himself  a  responsibility  which  cost  him  iiis  life  ami 
the  lives  of  every  man  and  (>flicer  who  marched  with 
him  out  of  the  fort  that  morning.  In  less  than  Iwn 
hours  not  a  person  t)f  the  whole  eighty-one  soldiers 
and  citizens  was  alive.  No  re|»ort  of  the  engagement 
was  ever  made  by  the  living  lips  of  white  nu  ii,  and 
only  the  terrible  story  of  the  field  of  death  gave  any 
inibrmation  A'  what  befel  the  victinjs. 

In  January  there  arrived  General  IE.  W.  Wessels 
with  two  cavalry  and  four  infantry  companies,  and 
orders  to  Carrington  to  remove  headquarters  to  I'urfc 


PREPARATIONS  FOR  DEFENCE. 


699 


Casper  on  the  North  Platte,  and  the  18th  infantry 
regiment  took  its  leave  of*  Fort  Philip  Kearny  on 
the  23cl,  its  connection  with  the  Bozenian  route  ceas- 
iug  i'roni  that  time. 

Meanwhile  Fort  C.  F.  Smith  was  invested  by  hos- 
tile Indians  to  nearly  the  same  extent  that  its  sister 
I'ort  had  been,  and  even  with  less  opportunities  of 
ivliof.  The  oiily  troops  in  Montana,  excc[»t  the  be- 
leiguered  on(  s  at  that  post,  being  the  regiment  under 
j\lajor  Clint  in  at  Caujp  Cook,  Governor  IMtagher 
addressed  thfit  officer,  recjuesting  troops  to  be  sent  to 
the  Gallatin  Valley,  to  which  Clintt)n  replied  that  ho 
had  not  the  j)ower  to  assign  vroops  to  any  station 
beyond  his  immediate  control.  The  citizens  of  Vir- 
ginia  City,  however,  had  not  waited  for  this  de- 
cision. Mass-meetings  were  lield,  and  the  governor 
visited  Gallatin  Valley  to  pncure  information." 

On  the  24th  of  April  l;j  issued  a  proclamation 
c.illing  for  GOO  mounted  men  for  three  montlis'  ser- 
vice, during  which  time  it  was  hoped  the  govciiiment 
would  come  to  the  relief  of  the  territory.  Thomas 
Thoroughman,  Williani  I)easce\',  John  S.  Slater, 
John  A.  Nelson,  L.  W.  Jackson,  George  \V.  Hynson, 
Jsajic  Evans,  and  Cornelius  Cami>be]l  were  commis- 
sioned to  organize  comiJanies  to  serve  as  ^loiitaiia 
iiiiliiia.  Martin  Jucm"  was  appointed  adjuttint  and 
inspector-general,  with  the  raidv  of  colonel,  Hamilton 
('unnnings^  (piartermaster  and  commissary-general, 
with  the  same  rank,  and  Walter  W.  J)e  L^acy  engi- 
iieei -ill-chief,  with   the  same   rank.      On   the  com[>le- 

"Tlic  call  fell'  tin;  llrst  iimss-inoi'tini!  wiia  niv,'iiiil  l)y  -hiUn  I',  llnico,  \V.  h. 
M.Matii,  K.  T.  Va-i'f,  (JliailoM  Olilc,  I'.  A.  I.argv,  ".M.irx  iV  llciiN  iiliciiiur. 
r.  I!.  Muik.  Williuni  ]Kas.vy.  1[.  I.,  lliisdili.  I'.l,  .lulu.  M.  Cl:i;ks.,n,  .1. 
i'lMlicrj:,  l».  <\  I'aiwcil,  V,ruvj,o,  (.'olui,  I[li  ry  N.  IMakc,  A.  LitcIi,  [•'.  »'. 
I  >iiiiliii;,',  '1".  { '.  Kvfi  U,  llcz.  L.  Ilosiiur,  .la'iU'S  (lilismi,  A.  -M.  S.  ('ai|K'ijtc'r, 
.1.  .1.  I|i:li,  William  V.  Lovcll,  Iv  S.  (  alliuim,  Jolni  S.  llocUiillnw,  William 
II.CliilcH,  S.  K.  Vawtcr,  Alpliiiiist)  Lunilirot.lit,  l*.  .s.  rioiits,  O.  (jow,  L. 
I'.iini.s,  II.  W.  Stall'oril,  Martin  IJwin,  N.  J.  Davis. 

'  lirriii  «a.s  from  Alton,  iliiuoi^.  llo  cutoivil  tl»o  orniy  aa  a,  ju-ivatr,  ami 
vas  |inimotuil  to  captain. 

•.loliii  A.  L'rciglitoii  snccci'dcd  him,  hut  n'si;,'Mc(l.  anil.',  -f.  Hull  was  Jij)- 
li'intiil,  who  \\i\A  succcuilcJ  liy  lli'ury  N.  IJluko.  Joi.u  Kinghy  wati  luujyr 
of  the  rcyiiiicut. 


700 


INDIAN  W.IRS. 


tion  of  each  company,  it  Mas  required  to  march 
iiiiiDcdiatcly  to  Bozoinan,  wliich  had  been  selected  as 
tlie  rendezvous.  The  people  of  Gallatin  Valley  pludn'i d 
the  suhsi.stenoe  of  the  troops  in  the  field,  and  tin; 
armiiii^  and  equipping  of  the  companies  was  also  de- 
pendent upon  private  contribution. 

On  the  organization  of  companies,  Meagher  np 
pointed  Thomas  Thoroughman  brigadier-general,  with 
the  command  of  all  the  troops  in  the  held.  X(  il 
]  [o\vie°  was  directed  to  take,  with  the  rank  of  eolont  i, 
the  general  direction  of  the  troops  raised  in  Lewis 
and  Clarke  county.  F.  X.  Beidler,^'^  John  Fetiur- 
gtun,  James  L.  Fisk,  and  Charles  Curtis  were  jip- 
])ointe(!  recruiting  otHcers  in  tlie  same  county,  with 
the  »aidv  of  captain;  and  Granville  Stuart,  Walter  !>. 
j)ance,  and  William  L.  Irwin,  reciiiiting  officers,  with 
the  rank  of  caj)tain,  iu  ]3eer  Lodge  count3\  Isaac 
Lvans  was  appointed  captain  and  assistant  quart ii- 
master,  Francis  C.  Dciniling  was  appointed  chiel'  ol' 
stall',  and  John  1).  Ilearn  1st  aide-de-camp." 

It  was  not  easy  to  put  GOO  tro()[)s  in  the  (Icld 
without  a  treasury  to  draw  on,  but  the  merchaiiis 
of  iJannack,  Helena,  and  Virginia  contributed  lieiier- 
ously.  Wild  Indian  horsi's  were  broken  with  iiiudi 
labor,  and  too  slowly  for  the  demands  of  the  ser\  icr, 
the  Helena  comi)anies,  though  first  organized,  lailiiig 
to  be  first  in  the  field  for  lack  of  mounts.  Captain 
Hynson's  company  left  Camp  Cunnnings,  at  Viigiiiia 
Citv,  for  the  Gallatin  A'alley,'"  about  tlie  1st  of  Mav, 
followed  by  Captain  Jjewis  and  Captain  lieubi-n  l''n>- 
ter's  conqjany  of  scouts,  and  on  the  4th  by  General 
Tloroughman.  Tiiey  found  the  town  of  Jjozemaii, 
which  was  situated  near  the  entrance  of  ]h"diror'saihl 


.1 


icons   i)assi>s 


at  tlu!  eastern  end  of  the  valiey,  bein 


nu'losi'd    with    a   stockade.      These    ptisses,    and  oin' 
K'ading  out  of  the  valley  toward  the  IJlackfoot  couii- 

•Ildwio  was  iilviiiK'cd  tci  llic  niiilv  of  l)ri;,'ailii'r-gi'iicrnl, 
'"I'l'iillcr  was  C()miiiis.>i(iiii(l  licutciiaiit-culoiR'l. 
"  Ir^i'ik  I)avi:<  \va:*  iit',t'r\v:u<t  a|)|ii)iiit<'(i  aiilo-ili'-ciimp. 
'■^  Jlynsoii  was  iiroiiioti'il  ti>  bo  ooloiitl  of  tlio  lat  icgimcnt. 


scout 
On 
niand 
abou 
nian( 
into  t 
miles 
where 
]\[ea'j! 
Jhidi 


MILITARY  ARRANGEMENTS. 


m 


try,  called  the  Flutiioad  pass,  it  became  the  duty  of 
■scouts  to  guard. 

On  the  7th  of  ^lay  Thorousjfhinan  assumed  com- 
mand of  the  militia,  and  with  Colonel  13o  Lacy  set 
about  selectinij:  a  suitable  site  for  a  fort,  with  the  com- 
niand  of  the  pass  over  tlie  Belt  or  Yellowstone  ranije 
into  the  Crow  country.  The  spot  selected  was  eiLrht 
miles  from  Bo/eman,  at  the  mouth  of  Bock  Canon, 
where  was  bei;un  a  fortification  named  Fort  Elizabeth 
^[eagher.'^  A  picket  fort  was  also  established  at  the 
]]rid«^er  pass.  But  with  the  exce[)tion  of  two  or  throo 
companies,  none  others  a[)peared  ui)on  the  ground,  the 
Helena  troops  disbandimjf  about  the  last  of  May  l)e- 
cause  horses  could  not  be  })rocured  to  mount  tiieui. 

Just  when  I'ailure  seemed  imminent,  the  cneruy  aiul 
a<'(|uaintance  of  Governor  jNleagher  with  mihtary 
iiilUirs  prevailed.  General  Sherman,  to  whom  i'w- 
(|\iciit  communications  had  been  sent,  at  liiin'th 
(irdcMvd  CVtloncl  William  Jl.  Jjcwis,  lati;  commamler 
of  Camp  Douglas  at  Salt  Ijake,  to  ^[oiitana  to  iiKpiire 
into  the  Indian  situation,  and  to  ascertain  the  measure 
t^['  defence  required.  The  result  of  the  in(juiry  was 
that  Sherman  provided  the  means  of  ecpiipping  tlu^ 
niihlia  bv  sen<lin<jf  forwai'd  the  terrilorv's  (luola  of 
L',,')00  stand  of  arms,  and  a  twelve-pound  battery, 
with  annnunition,  and  also  by  telegraphing  authority 
1i>  raise  aniU;(]uip  800troo])s  to  drive  out  the  Indians, 
until  regulai'  soldiers  could  l)e  si-nt  to  take  their  places*. 

Shortly  afterward  ther»>  arrivetl  at  Bozeman,  by 
unfrequented  j)aths,  live  i-efugees,  members  of  an  ex- 
I  litiing  cwpedition  which  had  wintered  at  Fort  ( '.  F. 
Smith,  who  brouglit  intelligence  ()f  the  deploral)le 
rundition  of  the  garrison,  which  news  was  coiilirmed 
ly  thri'c  deserters  who  followed.  .).  ^I.  Bo/e-man 
;ui(l  Thomas  Cover  started  out  to  learn  the  true  state 
el  allairs,  but  were  attacked,  and  the  Ibrnuu"  killed.'* 

'■' 'I'liisiipponi-i  to  have  liouii  only  a  teinporary  stuckudo,  tliough  digniticd 
I'V  till'  iiilllU'  of  foit. 

"  I'lo/ciniiii  is  (U'HorilK'd  iw  'ii  tall,  (toutluaturod,  good-looking  (ieorgiau, 
With  I'iisy  liii))itd  and  u  bt.'nign  countoiiiiuco.' 


i  I 


702 


INDIAN  WARS. 


A  second  attempt  was  made  by  forty  men  uiidor 
J)e  Lacy,  which  met  with  better  success.  In  oidcr 
to  kc^cj)  watch  upon  the  movements  of  tlie  Crows  and 
Sioux,  the  militia  was  moved  forward  to  the  ftitilicd 
cam[>,  Ida  Thoroughman,"^  on  Shields  Iliver,  thiitv- 
five  miles  beyond  Fort  Meagher,  whence  reconnoi- 
tring parties  were  kept  pretty  constantly  in  motion. '" 
Tlie  now  j)0st  was  made  large  enough  to  hold  a  rv<j;\- 
mont  of  cavalry  with  their  horses,  and  strong  enough 
to  resist  a  siege,  with  a  well,  citadel,  and  every  con- 
venience for  withstanding  one.  Thus  passed  thi;  sum- 
mer, with  no  more  serious  encounters  than  occasional 
skirmishes,  in  which  two  of  the  Blackfoot  tribe  wcn; 
killed  and  one  Crow  hanged. 

In  the  midst  of  these  preparations  for  didrnce 
against  a  powerful  foe,  the  arrow  oi'  death  struck 
down  the  governing  nund,  which  in  shaping  aiul  car- 
rying forward  military  enterprises  under  great  dillicul- 
ties  had  won  the  respect  evi!n  of  his  political  cunnit  >. 
On  the  night  of  the  1st  of  July,  while  en  route  to 
Camp  Cook  on  the  business  of  the  regiment,  Gciiiial 
Meagher  fell  overboard  from  the  steamer  G.  A.  Thomih 
suji,  then  lying  at  Fort  Benton,  and   was  drowned.'' 

"Named  after  a  fliuij^litor  of  fJcncral  Tlioroiighnian, 

"Till;  coiiiinnnd  consisted  at  thi.')  time  of  tlio  following  companies  of  Men- 
tanii  cavalry:  A,  Cant,  and  brevet  col  IJeor^'o  W.  llvnaon;  ]{,  ( 'apt.  Ki'  t 
llii-lus;  {',  ('apt.  I.  II.  Evans;  1),  Capt.  C'harlea  F.  D.  Curtis;  K,  (:;>!. 
Coini'liiis  ('anipl)ell;  ami  F,  Capt.  .lolin  A.  Nelson.  I'irninid  Moni'iitu  P'l-t, 
.lniiif-!t,  lS(i!).  A  company  was  (>rj.'iinizcd  at  Salmon  lliver,  in  Miilio,  aiiil 
Joined  tile  Montana  niilitiaalxint  the  last  of  June,  '.uKler  A.  F.  Weston  ciipt, 
i'lionias  ISmiis  1st  li(Uit,  and  Cliarles  II.  Hasted  'id  lient.  Id.,  .Inne  '.'-'.  l^iiT. 
.Innu's  |)unleavy  was  Hiirgeon.  I  rei,'ret  not  having  a  complete  report  "i  tho 
ailjiitnnt-f.niicrals,  from  wliicli  to  ),'ive  a  more  perfect  list  of  ollieers.  I  liuvo 
Ijccn  coin|>c!lcd  to  rely  \\liolly  on  newspaper  tiles. 

"Tlionias  Francis  Meaylicr  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  was  a  nutur.-il 
OH  well  as  trained  orator.  He  hec.ime  a  jiatriot  iindcr  (^'Connell,  uii'l  ";o 
arrc^sted  and  transporled  for  Hfe.  He  renounced  his  parole  an<l  esciipcil  fi"iii 
Van  Dieman's  I^nil,  arriving  in  New  York  in  18.V_',  where  lie  started  tlio 
Irhh  X<  ii-M.  Ho  afterward  went  to  Ontral  Anieiica,  and  from  there  wriito 
articloi  for  //(tr/ier'a  J/injuziiic.  llctnrniug  to  the  U.  S.,  he  onli-stcd  in  sup- 
poi't  of  tiie  union,  and  in  command  of  his  Irish  hrigudc  won  laurel.-^,  and  thu 
title  of  gi'neral.  In  Montana  he  provoked  much  criticism  hy  certain  rci  klcsa 
habits,  and  hy  an  imperi'ius  and  often  wrong-headed  political  course;  Imt 
when  i^  came  to  military  matters  ho  was  in  his  element,  anil  won  the  (grati- 
tude of  all.  Esorj  respect  was  jiuid  to  his  memory,  though  the  hoily  w.w  uut 
rucovorcd. 


Govt 
Montai 
the  ex) 
to  assui 
call  for 
the  rcg 
licgiini 
tluitTl. 
the  Cal 
time  to 
niaraiu 
was  on 
with  on 
s.dshell 
would  ( 
and  sett 

After 
further 
<anK!  th 
so  tar  a 
I  to  loft  ii 
it  had  b 
mont  hai 
of  the  f< 
for  asset 
Septeml 
Kansas, 
invite  a 
which  t 

'"Thoma 
Ccrgo  W. 
('"Uipauy  c( 
(■.i|)t.  Ciiarl 
l"li;  F,  (.'a 
Hereford;  I 
tlian  tho:;c 
>'i-titl  of  M 
.1.1.  Huilc 

'»N.  (I. 
iiMii  of  the  I 
S.  F.  Tappii 
Kist  friend  I, 
Hiunild  fail, 


GENERAL  SMITH. 


703 


t. 

i 

t, 

A 

r;il 
:n 
ilii 
h.' 
.to 

P- 

lie 

Ult 

ti- 
lot 


Governor  Green  Clay  Sniitli,  havinj^  returned  to 
i^rontana  al)Out  the  tinje  of  Meafijher's  doinist^  and 
the  expiration  of  the  term  of  enlistment,  was  ready 
to  assume  the  command,  which  he  did  by  makinjjf  a 
r;dl  for  800  men,  and  reorganizinj^  the  troops  under 
the  reijulations  of  the  army,  with  the  title  of  First 
lici^iment  of  Montana  Volunteers."^  Ho  directed 
Ihut  Thoroui^hman  shoukl  retain  his  head<]uarters  in 
the  Gallatin  Valley,  whence  he  would  send  out  from 
time  to  time  such  forces  as  were  necessary  to  chastisu 
iiiarauditii*'  bands,  to  exj>e(lite  which  Major  lEowie 
was  ordered  to  take  Captain  Hereford's  company, 
with  one  section  of  artillery,  and  move  down  the  Mus- 
selshell River  about  one  hundred  miles,  where  he 
would  establish  a  camp  for  the  protection  of  miners 
and  settlers. 

After  some  fighting,  with  lo.<?ses  on  both  sides,  and 
further  manipulation  of  troops,  regular  and  volunteer, 
tamo  the  intelligence  that  the  Indian  question,  except 
so  tar  as  guarding  the  roads  was  concerned,  was  to 
ho  left  in  the  hands  of  the  interior  department,  where 
it  had  been  placed  by  congress,  and  that  this  depart- 
ment had  appointed  a  ])eace  connnission  similar  to  that 
oi"  the  foregoing  sununcr.*"  Two  points  were  named 
ior  assembling  the  Indians,  the  first  at  J^'ort  Laramie, 
September  \bi\\,  and  the  second  at  F(>rt  learned, 
Kansas,  October  IStli.  Runners  were  sent  out  to 
invite  all  the  tiibes  of  the  military  departments  in 
which  these  posts   were   situated,    and   all    military 

'"Tliomai;  Thorntif^lininn  rclalncd  the  command,  with  tlio  rank  of  col; 
(Jcorgi!  W.  llyiisou  liout-i'ol;  Neil  llowit^  Ixt  niiij.;  J.  11.  Kiimliy  "Jil  iiiiij. 
(''iiniKiiiy  coinmaiulci's:  A,  Ciipt.  L.  M.  Ly<Ia;  15,  ('apt.  lt(ii)ctt  11h,l;1icm;  ( ', 
('.i|il.  ( 'iiark'8  J.  n.  Curti.i;  l>,  ('ajit.  I.  H,  ICvaiis;  K,  Caiit.  ('oi'iiclius  ('aiui>- 
l»ll;  V,  (Jajtt.  .Iiiiin  A.  \fl.-*oii;  (!,  (/ai)t.  A.  F.  Wcstoii;  I,  Caiit.  Iloln'it 
llircfonl;  K,  ('apt.  William  Dcasccy.  ('ommisnions  i.sHUcd  i.y  Mcaglu  rotiicr 
than  these  ".>iili  'liicd  by  him  wti'c  iiiadc  coinpliniciilarv.  Siiiilirn  hI.iH'  con- 
Fitted  of  Martin  IWiii  adj.  ami  insp.-gcu.,  Hamilton  (Jummings  i|iiiii't.-;.'('ii., 
J.. I.  Hull  oom.-j,'L«,  each  with  the  ranii  of  colonel. 

'•N.  (t.  Taylor,  conunissioiaruf  Indian  airairs,  .John  11.  Henderson,  <'liair- 
iMiin  of  tliu  comniiltce  on  Indian  atlairs  in  tiio  Hcnatc,  .lohn  I!.  .S.udiorn.  and 
S.  F.  Tappan,  conntituted  the  comuuttue;  .?.'M)0,(X)0  wasappropriatecl  to  Niih- 
n-'t  friendly  IndianH,  and  Sl,'iO,(K)()  for  other  eNpcnscs.  If  the  eonnni.sMiou 
Kliould  fail,  tho  U.  S.  would  accup)   4,(XX)  voluutoera  iutu  tliu  regular  ecrvioo. 


!      *. 


it' 


704 


DfDIAN  WARS. 


operations  were  suspended  while  the  negotiations 
were  in  progress.  In  accordance  with  these  regulu- 
tions,  General  Terry  ordered  the  ninstering-out  of 
the  volunteers,  and  they  were  disbanded  ahout  tlio 
last  of  tiie  month,  when  two  companies  of  regulars 
were  stationed  at  Bozeman  for  the  protection  of  the 
(Jallatin  Valley,  whose  commander.  Captain  R.  S.  La 
Motto,  founded  Fort  Ellis,  a  three-company  post, 
beautifully  situated,  about  two  miles  and  a  half  IVoiii 
])ozeman.  The  cost  of  the  volunteer  organization  was 
no  less  tlian  $1,100,000,  which  charges  were  referred 
to  congress  for  payment;  and  the  'necessai-y  ex- 
penses' were  ordered  paid  in  1870;  but  on  investiga- 
tion of  charges,  the  amount  was  cut  down  $51o,000 
in  1873,  and  that  amount  paid. 

When  the  l(»gislaturc  met  in  November,  GovcniDr 
Smith  urged  the  enactment  of  an  efficient  militia  law, 
wiiieh  that  body  failing  to  do,  the  governor,  in  Janu- 
ary, issued  a  general  order  for  the  orixanization  of  two 
military  districts  within  the  territory,  numbered  I. 
and  II.,  with  Brigadier-general  Neil  Howie  in  ooiii- 
mand  of  the  first,  and  Bri<;adier-ueneral  Andrew  J. 
Snyder  in  command  of  the  second.''^  The  governor's 
action  was  precautionary  merely,  at  this  time,  yet  he 
had  business  for  the  nnlitia  before  the  winter  was 
over,   the    citizens  of  Prickly   Pear  Valley,  among 

'"Howie's  district  rompi'iscd  the  counties  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  riiotcin, 
Deer  Lodge,  Misaoiila,  iiiid  Measlier,  with  headmiarters  at  Helena;  ami  Sny- 
der's distiiet  the  counliea  of  Madison,  iieaverhead,  <lallatin,  JJii^'liiirn,  iind 
Jeirer.soii,  with  headiiuartcrs  at  Virginia  City.  The  }.;eiieial!i  were  onKnil  to 
organize  their  di.-itricts  into  not  more  than  four  regiments  of  eight  coiiiiLinirs 
each;  the  eijmpanies  to  consist  of  forty  enrolled  men,  who  should  elect  (Ik  li' 
captain  and  two  lieutenants.  The  regimental  officers  were  ordered  toei'ii-;i>t 
of  a  colonel,  lieutenant-colonel,  and  major,  the  colonel  to  he  appointed  \<y  (lio 
distiict  commander,  anil  the  lieutenant-colonel  and  major  elected  l>y  the  line- 
ollieers;  the  colonid  to  appoint  an  adjutant  from  the  line  with  t!ie  rank  "<  1st 
lieutenant;  stad'-ollicers  to  he  appointed,  the  adjutant  with  the  rank  of  ni.iior, 
the  quarterniaster  and  commissary-general  M'ith  the  rank  of  captain,  '_'  anlis- 
de-canip  with  the  rank  of  captain,  and  1  surgeon  with  the  rank  of  iiiiijor. 
The  stair  of  tho  commander-in-chief  consisted  of  Moses  Veale,  adjutanl-:-;en- 
cral,  with  tlie  rank  of  hrigadier;  llamiltun  ( 'ummings,  (piarterniaster-;;eu'r;il, 
with  the  rank  of  colonel;  IJeorgc  \\ .  Hill,  commissary -general,  with  the  v.ink 
of  colonel;  F<.  Dacms,  M.  1).,  medical  director,  with  tho  rank  of  colnml; 
Jiiincs  H.  Mills,  J.  W.  Urown,  and  W.  F.  Scribner,  aidcs-dc-cainp,  with  tlie 
rank  of  colonel. 


TREATIES  WITH  THE  TRIBES. 


705 


others,  appealing  for  arms  in  February  18G8  to  pro- 
tect themselves  against  the  Blackfoot  and  Blood 
tribes,  who,  as  territorial  critics  pithily  remarked,  had 
been  supplied  with  murderous  weapons  by  the  officers 
of  the  government  at  Benton  to  make  attacks  upon 
white  people,  whom  the  peace  commissioners  recom- 
mended should  be  prohibited  from  defending  them- 
selves. Arms  and  amnmnition  were  sent  to  Prickly 
l*ear  Valley  by  order  of  the  executive,  and  in  defiance 
of  the  peace  commissioners.^ 

A  treaty  was  concluded  with  the  mountain  Crows 
^[ay  7th  at  Fort  Laramie,  and  ratified  July  Uth,**  by 
which  they  relinquished  all  claim  to  any  territory  ex- 
oe[)t  that  included  between  longitude  107^  on  the  east, 
tlie  Missouri  River  on  the  west,  latitude  45  on  the 
south,  and  the  Yellowstone  River  on  the  north.  The 
]V[issouri  River  Crows,  Gros  Ventres,  and  Blackfoot 
tribes  were  also  treated  with  in  July,  and  the  latter 
coded,  as  in  18Gj,  all  that  portion  of  their  territory 
lying  south  of  the  Missouri  and  Teton  rivers,  reserv- 
ing all  of  Montana  north  of  those  rivers.  Immediate 
steps  were  taken  by  their  special  agent  to  establish 
agencies  and  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  treaties. 
]3ut  congress  failed,  as  it  so  often  did,  to  ratify  at  the 
jiroper  time  the  contracts  it  had  empowered  commis- 
sioners to  make,  and  to  which  the  Indians  had  con- 
sented, which  delay  furnished  a  sufficient  provocation, 
in  their  minds,  to  a  renewal  of  hostilities. 

All  through  the  spring  and  summer  of  18G9  these 
outrages  continued,  culminating  August  18th  in  the 

"  I  represent  here  the  Bcntimcnt  of  the  peojile  of  the  territories.  It  was 
saiil,  no  uoubt  with  much  tratii,  that  the  persons  interested  in  peace  coniinis- 
f*ii)ii8  made  fortunes  out  of  these  negotiations;  tliut  traders  ilockctl  to  tiio 
ciiiiucil-crouuds,  who  sold  nuiuiunition  and  nnns  to  the  Indians.  Two  tonsof 
lead  nnd  powder  were  sohl  at  the  council  of  1800  at  Laramie.  Tiio  Imliuns 
expended  ft  year's  collection  of  furs  and  rohea  in  war  supplies,  took  uU  tlie 
K'lvcmmcnt  offered  them  in  presents,  and  departed  to  renew  their  outrages. 
TlioRc  occasions  were  fairs  or  markets  at  wiiicli  the  savages  laid  in  supplies. 

''A  treaty  was  made  with  the  Crows  in  1806,  at  Fort  Union,  by  Oov.  Ed- 
munds, Gen.  Curtis,  and  others,  by  which  tticy  yielded  to  the  government 
tliu  right  of  a  public  road  through  the  Yellowstone  Valley,  and  ceded  a  tract 
lU  miles  squaro  at  each  station  necessary  oa  the  route,  but  th»  treaty  waa 
never  ratified.  Ind.  Aff.  Kept,  18G8,  223. 
UlliT.  Wasu.-IO 


i  n: 


3   ^  :  i 


m 


INDIAN  WAllS. 


killing  of  one  of  Montana's  oldest  and  most  esteemed 
citizens,  Malcolm  Clark.  His  residence  was  in  tlio 
Prickly  Pear  Valley,  and  from  his  long  association 
with  the  Indian  tribes  no  harm  to  him  was  a])- 
prehended.  Still,  a  young  Piegan,  whom  he  liad 
brought  up  in  his  own  house,  under  a  pretence  <il'  de- 
livering horses  stolen  by  his  people,  enti(;ed  Clark'.s 
eon  Horace  i'rom  their  dwelling,  and  shot  and  wounded 
him;  and  on  the  father  going  out  to  speak  to  a  chitl", 
he  was  shot  and  killed.  Twenty  other  Piegans  were  in 
company  with  the  treacherous lilackfoot, and  theli\ is 
of  Clark's  wife  and  daughter  were  saved  only  by  tlio 
intervention  of  an  Indian  woman. 

It  was  impossible  that  a  mere  handful  of  troops 
shouhl  protect  so  extensive  a  frontier  as  Montana 
]>ossessed.  On  the  Idaho  side  the  Sheepeaters,  ini<ler 
the  hostile  chief  Tendoy,  disturbed  the  peace  of  the 
inhabitants.  In  the  Flathead  country  signs  of  war 
were  accumulating,  throuujh  the  reservation  trouble.s.-^ 

"  In  Jnni  i  'vV>  I.  I,  Stevens  made  a  treaty  with  tho  Flathead,  Koottiiai, 
and  IVnJ  trOreillo  triljos,  \vli('rcl)y  they  were  .-iUowed  a  general  rcscrvaiiim  of 
ri.OOO  squiU'c  milc'3  r  .1  the  .Jocko  L'ivcr,  To  this  they  all  ac;rccd  in  couikiI; 
hut  before  si;.'ninL;  the  treaty  tlie  Fhithcads  demanded  au  additional  nsLiva- 
tion  in  the  Bitterroot  Valley,  enihracinj^  r>00  or  tiOO  square  miles.  To  tlii^ 
doinaud  Stevens  yielded  in  the  11th  article  of  the  treaty,  which  w;is  r.iliiiiil 
in  ls.">[),  so  far  as  to  say  if  in  the  judgment  of  tho  president  it  should  he  luttor 
adai>ted  to  the  wants  of  tho  tribe  than  the  general  reservation,  then  sui  li  imr- 
tions  as  might  bo  necessary  should  be  set  apu;  t  to  them,  White  settli  is  vvtru 
cncourai;ed  by  tho  Indians  to  settle  on  this  tract,  embracing  all  of  tho  v  ulU y 
above  Lolo  foi'k,  a  beautiful  and  productive  region.  The  discovery  of  uuKl 
accelerated  settlement,  to  which  tho  Indians  made  no  objection  until  lS(i7,  Jit 
which  time  the  disturbances  oast  of  the  mountains  and  in  Idaho  and  eastern 
Oregon  undoubtedly  excited  thoir  wild  natures.  That  year  the  citizens  nf 
Missoula  county  petitioned  the  govornor  for  arms  ami  ammunition,  npre- 
Bontiiig  that  tho  Flatheads  wore  making  threats  of  driving  out  all  tlio  wiiitc 
i)Co])l(',  and  had  already  murdered  4  prospectors  between  Flathead  \.:ikr  iiiiil 
Thompson  Kiver,  had  stolen  stock,  broken  into  houses,  and  burned  oil'  tho 
pr.'iss,  the  fires  consuming  tho  farmers'  haj'-staeka.  Virtfinia  Moiilann  /W, 
Oct.  Ti,  1SG7.  War,  however,  did  not  follow.  The  majority  of  the  tiilniwiro 
on  tho  .Jocko  reservation,  and  of  those  in  the  Ditterroot  Valley  some  liiul 
farms  and  wore  on  good  terms  with  thoir  white  neighbors.  More,  however, 
were  roving  in  their  habits.  1'he'se  latter,  more  than  the  former,  won;  ilis- 
satisliod  with  tho  occupimey  of  the  white  farmers,  and  tiilked  about  claiiniii;; 
a  reservation  in  the  valley,  to  which  tho  neglect  of  the  governmoiit  to  siiivey 
and  examine  tho  country  gave  color.  In  18(il>  (Jen.  Alfred  Sully  «:ih  ap- 
pointed to  tho  superiiitondcncy  of  .Montana,  and  alarmed  tho  settlors  by  pio- 
Eosing  a  new  treaty,  which  would  do])rivi>  over  2(M)  settlers  of  tiieir  lariiii", 
ut  of  this  ho  thought  bettor,  w  hen  the  citizens  menuH-ialized  the  somite  nf 
tho  United  States  not  to  coutirm  tho  treaty,  and  gave  their  reasons.  Jxtl.  .\lf. 


ARMIES  AND  RESERVATIONS. 


707 


Tlio  Blackfoot  nation  was  openly  at  war;  the  Crows, 
while  professedly  friemlly,  took  horses  antl  scal})S 
when  convenient;  and  lied  Cloud  with  several  thou- 
sand Sioux  was  encamped  on  the  Bighorn;  while  the 
United  States  troops  under  General  Sheridan  were 
driving  the  hostile  tribes  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska 
n<jrthward  to  swell  the  forces  that  at  any  time  could 
bo  precipitated  upon  the  territory. 

At  length  a  change  seemed  about  to  occur.  General 
Dc  Trobriand,  in  command  of  the  district  of  Montana, 
inade  such  representations  at  Washington  as  procured 
more  troops  in  Montana.  General  Sherman  author- 
iz(;(l  General  Sheridan  to  ])unish  the  Piegans,  and 
Sheridan  sent  his  inspector — General  James  A.  Har- 
dit' — to  Montana  to  satisfy  himself  of  their  guilt. 

About  the  middle  of  ]3ecember  an  expedition  was 
nr^nmized,  consisting  of  detachments  from  the  cavalry 

A;  ^  1SG9,  20.  The  citizens  did  not  ask  that  those  Imlians  who  cultivatcil, 
and  were  permanent,  shouUl  ho  removed,  but  suggested  tiiat  they  he  allowed 
to  vctain  a  certain  amount  which  the  govurnnient  should  patent  to  them,  niid 
( ii'iiiTul  Sully  made  such  a  recouimondatiou,  coupled  with  a  snggestifni  to  pay 
the  Indians  something  for  removal;  and  in  1871  the  president  ordered  thrm 
to  ;;o  upon  the  Jocko  reservation,  congress  having  appropriated  S")0,000  to 
ri>ni|ionBatC!  them  for  any  loss.  At  length  a  special  commissioner,  James  A. 
(iarlicM,  was  appointed  in  1872  to  visit  and  accomplish  the  adjustment  of 
llio  claims  of  the  Flathcads.  Investigation  showed  them  to  bo  linn  in  their 
iinincssion  that  the  treaty  of  1855  gave  them  tho  Bitterroot  Valley.  The 
catliolic  fathers  were  called  on  to  aid  in  persuading  them  to  remove,  except 
siicli  as  were  willing  to  abandon  tribal  relations,  and  to  become  owners  iu 
sevi  r;dty  of  their  farms.  An  agreement  was  iinally  entered  into  between  tho 
I'Miuniissioner  and  tho  chiefs  of  tho  Flathead  tribe,  that  tho  government  siiouhl 
iivrf  (U)  iiouses  12  by  10  feet,  .3  of  them,  for  the  chiefs,  being  double  the  size, 
mill  ])laccd  wherever  on  tho  Jocko  reservation  they  should  select,  provided 
the  same  was  not  already  occupied;  they  were  to  bo  supplied  with  flour, 
liiitatdcs,  and  vegetables  tho  first  year;  land  was  to  bo  enclosed  and  broken 
up  Inr  their  use;  $55,000  was  to  be  paid  to  them  in  instalments.  Any  who 
(liosc;  couhl  take  land  in  Bitterroot  Valley  under  tiio  land  laws.  On  the 
liart  of  tho  Flathcads,  theyai,'rced  to  remove  all  who  did  not  lakeland  in  thi^ 
manner  to  tho  Jocko  reservation.  Tlic  following  year,  however,  they  refused 
to  remove,  basing  their  refusal  on  the  nou-fullilment  of  tho  government's  part 
"t  lieaty  stipulations.  A  few  were  prevailed  upon  to  go  to  tho  reservation 
in  1^71,  moi  ■  f(dlowed,  and  by  degrees  the  condition  of  these  Indii^ison  their 
reservation  ha  1  improved.  A  boarding-school  for  girls  ami  day-school  for 
lieys  was  established  by  tho  catholics  of  St  Ignatius  mission,  in  1S(;,'{,  discon- 
tinned  after  \',i  months  becauso  results  did  not  warrant  the  ex]ieuse.  It  waa 
nsiiMied  by  the  government,  which  paid  §1,800  for  teachers  until  1S7'2,  and 
$■-.101)  until  IS74,  when  tho  schools  were  again  closed,  and  again  reopened. 
Il'l'iialinlriteiulfiit,  May  15,  1871;  Meaglier,  iu  Uar/xr's  j'^fagazine,  Oct.  1807, 
li-O-;!;  Winder's  N.  I'ac,  It.  li.  Guide,  I'JO-T;  ^maltey'a  Jlist.  X.  Pac.  li.  A, 
o4H, 


III 


708 


INDIAN  WARS. 


and  a  company  of  numntotl  inftintry,  in  all  between  300 
and  400  troops,  to  invade  the  Blackfoot  country.  On 
the  23d  of  January,  1870,  they  surprised  the  J^ii'iLfaii 
camp  on  Maria  River,  killing  173  men,  wom<  n,  ami 
childreii,  and  capturing  100.  Three  hundred  liorsos 
were  captured,  and  all  the  winter  supplies  of  forty- 
four  lodges,  driving  the  Blackfoot  tribe  into  the 
British  possessions.''* 

On  the  1st  of  March,  1872,  congress  set  apart  a 
tract  of  land  in  Montana  and  Wyoming,  fifty-li\u  by 
sixty-five  miles  square,  about  the  head  of  the  Yellow- 
stone River,  to  be  called  the  Yellowstone  Natioiuil 
Park,  an<l  the  survey  begun  in  1871  by  Haydeii  was 
riontinued  this  year  in  the  Gallatin  and  upper  Yel- 
lowstone valleys — from  the  east  fork  of  the  Y(  llow- 
stone  to  the  mining  district  on  Clarke  fork;  in  the 
Geyser  basins,  and  on  Madison  River. ^^  This  siii  vey 
was  not  in  the  route  of  the  raiding  Sioux,  and  es- 
caped any  conflict  with  the  common  enemy.  IJiit  a 
railroad  surveying  expedition  of  300  men  under  Colo- 
nel E.  Baker  was  attacked  near  the  mouth  of  I^yor 
fork  by  a  larger  number  of  Sioux  and  Cheyeiiiies. 
losing  one  man  killed,  and  having  five  wounded.  The 
fighting  lasted  for  several  hours,  and  the  Indians, 
though  armed  with  repeating  rifles,  lost  heavily  in 
men  and  horses.**  More  fortunate  was  a  pkasiuv 
excursion  projected  by  Durfee  and  Peck  of  the  North- 
western Transportation  Company,  which  thuM  early 
invited  travel  over  the  route  pursued  by  tiicni  IVoin 
Chicago  westward.      The    excursionists   took  boats, 

" This  expedition  was  ofBccred  by  Col  E.  M.  Baker,  commandii- :  ^!!lj. 
Lewis  Tlioinpsoii,  Capt.  S.  H.  Norton,  Ist  lieutsJ.  G.  McAdanis,  (f.  •'.  I»"ai]i', 
S.  T.  Hamilidii,  and  S.  M.  Swi^'ort,  and  '2d  licut  J.  E.  IkitclieKKr,  'Jd  c!i\:iliy. 
Tiio  infantry  was  commanded  hy  Lieut-col  George  H.  Higbce,  witli  (':ipt.  1!.  A. 
Surry  and  Ist  lieut  W.  M.  Waterbury.  jNVio  Northwed,  Feb.  4,  IXTu. 

"Hayden's  report  for  1872  is  interesting  reading.  It  ninkcs,  with  tiu.' 
Bcientitiu  and  technical  descriptions,  a  volume  of  over  800  pa^t^s,  jiuil  is_a 
survey  not  only  of  Montana,  but  of  Idaho,  Wyoming,  and  Utah.  In  iSn 
Huyden  made  an  exiuiustivo  survey  of  Idaho  and  Wyoming. 

""It  is  said  that  the  camp  was  saved  by  the  promptness  and  f,^allaiiti-y  »t 
Licut  W.  J.  Itced  of  the  7tn  infantry,  who  was  a  Califoruian  bcfort;  lie  eu- 
tered  the  army.  S.  F.  Alia,  Oct.  5,  1872. 


YELLOWSTONE  PARK. 


709 


liuilt  for  the  occasion,  at  Sioux  City,  and  proceeded  up 
the  Missouri  and  the  Yellowstone  as  far  as  Powder 
]{ivor,  where  a  wagon-train  was  fitted  up,  and  escorted 
In-  a  strong  military  guard  and  reliable  guides  to  Yel- 
lowstone [>ark.  General  Sheridan  detailed  (juneral 
Gibbon  to  accompany  thih.  notable  excursion — thu  first 
I m rely  pleasure-seeking  company  to  visit  the  nation's 
ivsorve.*^ 

In  the  spring  of  1873  the  Blackfoot  tribo,  having 
jiartially  recovered  from  the  lunniliation  iinlicted  by 
Uaker's  command,  became  once  more  troublesome, 
when  the  irrepressible  conflict  was  resumed,  being 
tarried  over  the  boundary  into  the  British  posses- 
sions, and  returning  to  the  territory  of  the  United 
States.  These  raids  antl  skirmishes  seldom  gave  oc- 
casion for  the  employment  of  the  few  troops  stationed 
ill  the  territory,  but  were  met  and  fought  by  citizens.-^ 

''On  the  27tli  of  September  flen.  PiihlMjn  lectured  at  Helena  upon  the 
woiuliTa  and  attractions  of  this  region.  Uile.ita  liocky  Mountain  i!<netlv, 
Sept.  30,  1872. 

^"•Thc  advance  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  survey  divertc<l  for  a  time 
till'  hostilities  of  the  Sioux  from  the  people  of  the  territory  to  the  'xplorinjj 
expedition.  IJed  Cloud  had  said  that  the  railroad  should  not  lie  1  ud  .icrosa 
liis  country,  and  he  meant  to  mnintain  Ida  word.  AccordiuLdy,  when  the  sur- 
v(viiig  partj',  with  a  force  of  1.500  menand  an  ahundunccot  ainmunitinu  ami 
-upplies,  appeared  on  the  Yellowstone  al)Out  the  middle  of  .July,  he  was  there 
tn  resist  their  progress.  The  expedition  was  commanded  at  this  time  hy 
Kill.  1).  S.  Stanley,  the  7th  cavalry  companies  being  under  <ieneral  t'nster. 
Tlii-y  were  met  at  the  mouth  of  (ilendivc  Creek  by  steamers  loaded  with  sub- 
!ii>t(iice  and  the  material  of  war.  A  strong  stockade  was  erected  lifteeu 
miles  above  this  point,  and  garrisoned  by  one  company  of  the  17th  infantry 
iiii'l  two  of  cavalry  under  the  commantl  of  (Japtnin  K.  P.  Pearson.  The  rc- 
miiiider  of  the  force  proceeded  up  the  river,  Custer  generally  in  advance 
witli  a  portion  of  the  cavalry,  looking  out  a  practicable  road  for  tiie  supply 
tiaiiis  and  artillery.  The  expedition  h.id  proceeded  as  far  as  Tongue  Kiver 
without  encountering  the  Sioux.  an<l  had  begun  to  feel  that  relaxation  from 
aiijirehcnsion  which  the  Indian  knows  so  well  how  to  inspire.  'Where  there 
aiii'l  no  Injuns  you'll  find  'em  thickest,'  was  the  caution  of  IJridger  the 
)iioiiiitjiineer  to  the  military  ill  ISfiO.  Almxraka,  IS.*}. 

On  the  4th  of  Aug.  Custer,  with  two  companies  of  the  cavalry,  numbering 
niiiety-tivo  men,  guided  !>}•  a  young  Ariekuree  warrior,  left  camp  at  live 
"clnek  in  the  morning.  At  noiin,  while  taking  a  siesta,  they  were  attiieked, 
a  111  an  attempt  made  to  draw  them  into  an  aniliush,  which  failecl,  (jiister  be- 
in;:  rescued  from  a  i)erilons  position  by  the  main  body.  After  that  the  Iiid- 
iiins  moved  on  up  the  Yellowstone,  Custer  following  with  4.")0  cavalry  to 
I'aiii.sh  them.  On  the  9th  he  found  where  they  had  crossed  the  river  on  rafts, 
iiiit  the  stream  being  too  wide  and  too  swift  for  swimming  the  horses,  the 
pursuit  wasabandoned  on  the  lOth.  That  night  his  eamp  was  discovered,  and 
tlie  next  morning  attacked  by  800  Indians,  who  fired  across  the  river.  After 
several  hours  of  exchanging  shots,  300  warriors  efFccted  a  crossing,  and  en- 


lr«. 


* 


ii  I 


710 


INDIAN  WARS. 


(leavoroil  to  gain  the  LlufTs  in  tlie  roar  of  Custer's  command.  The  caviilry 
MiTC  <li.sinciiiiil(,Ml  anil  received  tlieni  ln'uvely.  After  they  liml  Imtii  .  riL'a.'ed 
for  some  time  u  eliar>^e  was  ordered,  tiie  trooi>s  drivini,'  them  for  ei  jht  imlis. 
In  the-  nil  an  time  tlio  main  eolunwi  eanie  up,  and  tlio  artillery  o|>i'niiJL.'  i>ii  tliu 
Indians  acriiss  tliu  river  disperHi'd  tin  in.  'I'liis  liattle  took  |il:i>'i,' wiiliin  tw  > 
miles  of  tlio  lii^diorn  Jiiver.  (ieneral  t'lister  and  Adjutant  Keteliaid  Ili.I 
tlieir  horses  shot  under  them.  Lieuti'nant  llro^eu  was  sevcnly  winincl,  .|. 
and  private  Tuttle,  Custer's  orderly,  killed.  The  los.i  on  the  jiait  i.f  ihu 
Sioux  \\n>i  alioiit  forty  killed  and  wounded.  After  t!iis  second  iniillis^ 
attempt  to  intercept  the  movements  of  the  expedition,  the  Indians  il.d  u.i 
more  than  to  liaiij.;  upon  the  tniil  of  the  troops  to  annoy  them.  Afti  r  ii.i.ji. 
in;^  I'ompey's  I'illar,  on  the  '.">th  of  Septemli'-r,  the  expedition  tuiiieil  iiiirtli- 
ward  to  Flirt  I'eck,  whence  it  retuiiied  home. 

Dtlier  expeditions  traversed  the  Yellowstone  country  in  IST.T,  one  of  whi.ji 
was  composed  of  \VJ  mountaineers,  seventeen  wiiLjons,  and  a  tiioroii;.'li  mit. 
lit,  under  Colonel  IJrown,  the  object  of  which  seems  to  liavi^  licen  to  pi(iis|i(it 
for  mineralsaml  ti;;ht  theSioux.  The  history  of  this  expedition  was  nivei-piih- 
lished,  and  tho  few  facts  1  have  are  },'athered  trom  a  letter  i>rinted  in  tiie  A'ov- 
vxtii  Aidiit-Ciiiirii-r,  (M.  IS,  ISTT-  It  is  caliid  in  that  I'ommiiniraticui  tlic 
'liest  mana;.'i'd  Indian  expedition  of  the  west.'  It  descended  the  Viiluwstoiirm 
far  as  the  lliiihorn  liiver,  havini,' a  skirmish  wiih  the  Sioux  a  short  di-tanLO 
lielow,  and  cros.-in;;  the  country  to  the  Itoselmd  lii\er,  'had  several  i|,iy»' 
and  niudits'  terrilic  lij^htini!  with  many  liundr'd  Sioux  and  (  lieyiiUK  s,  ami 
thoroUL^hly  defeated  them.'  A  gun  accompanied  the  expeditinn  wLIlIi 
iiad  liceii  iiseil  on  a  march  from  the  Xorth  I'latte  to  I'lo/.eui.in  in  IsT'. 
]t  was  loaded  with  horse-shoes  cut  in  fiagments  for  the  jvurposi'.  ;iii.l 
lierformed  deadly  work  amoiiL;  the  Indians,  w  ho  followed  and  foii;,'lit  tlic 
expedition  from  the  J^ittleliorn,  later  called  (  lister,  Ui\er,  hack  liy  Foil  Sinitli 
and  the  ISo/eman  mad  to  the  Yellowstone,  losim,'  hut  one  man.  This  pii.Tif 
ordnance,  k:;Mwn  as  the  liii^liorn  }.'iin,  'all  the;  mountaineers  nearly  ilili/r,' 
says  the  letter  referred  to.  It  was  tho  only  f,'un  in  I'oit  I'enso,  helnu- tin' 
mouth  of  the  llighfjru.  and  was  Imrned  in  it  liy  the  Iiulians,  after  a  \rar  nf 
guerrilla  liuhtiuj.'.  in  IST(i.  It  was  afterward  mounted  on  a  rough  carriage  nt 
Cottonwood,  i  lid  placed  at  l»iack'.s  lauding',  helow  the  jjiu'lioin. 

'J'he  Cnioii  I'acilic  railroad  had  also  an  expedition  in  the  held  innlrr  Cap- 
tain \V.  A.  .Jones  of  till'  engineer  corps,  to  look  out  a  route  to  the  \'.  i!o,,  ■ 
stone  park  and  lake,  in  order  to  secuio  the  travid  of  tourists  to  this  \\iiiiilri- 
land,  hesides  making  a  more  direct  road  to  the  already  developed  minis  ut 
^lontana,  and  competing  with  the  Northern  I'acilic  railroad.  'i"l:e  stirviy 
beganat  Fort  I'liidger,  on  ;i  branch  of  tireen  Itiver,  in  \Vyoiiiing,  and  tiavcllid 
north-east  to  (.'.imp  Stainhaugh,  a  two-company  post  on  mii'  of  tlu;  sourois 
of  the  Sweetwater;  thence  north  to  Fort  llrow  u  on  Little  Wind  liiver.  tin; 
agency  for  the  Shoshones!  thence  to  the  main  Wind  J;iver,  in  a  course  !i  littlr 
West  of  north,  crossing  which,  and  pas.sing  mountains  and  streams  in  tiir  suw 
course,  to  the  south  fork  of  the  Stinkingwater;  theme  up  the  iioitli  f-nk 
and  over  till!  divide  to  Mud  J.,ake  and  (lardiner  IJiver;  thence  to  Fort  KUis 
for  supplies,  returning  by  the  Finliole  basin  and  Yillo^stone  l„ake,  vIriui; 
it  crossed  the  Siiaki!  liivcr  divide,  tin;  Yellowstone  and  Wind  Itivcr  iliviilr, 
and  jiassed  down  Wind  liiver  to  Fort  lirown  and  home.  'J'his  expeilitim 
re]>o;lcil  that  nothing  worthy  "f  noijce  in  the  way  of  mineraUs  was  fmni  Inii 
the  whole  route,  and  advised  >niners  not  to  w.iste  tiieir  t.nie  prospic'iiig  ia 
these  regions,  but  the  route  for  a  road  was  decland  to  be  prai'ticahle.  Int'.in 
JtocJii/  Moinil'iiii  (I'lizeftf,  (K-t.  PJ  and  Xo\  'M,  \S~'.i.  Tlie  lirst  pidilic  ceiniv- 
ancc  of  any  kind  to  enter  the  Y'ellowstoi.e  jiark  was  the  .stage-coaiii  of  (i. 
^V'.  Marshall's  lino  of  Virginia  City,  oa  the  1st  of  Ootoljer,  ItsSO.  Sli-'!i"r.i'i 
Montana  and  YMowslunv  I'ark,  \oS, 

It  was  found  in  the  course  of  cxjilorations  that  tho  Crow  roscr^-.atiou  ■  ■  ii- 
pieil  some  of  the  moat  ilesirublo  agricultural  and  mineral  lands  in  M' i  -'i  'i 
and  that  lyiu;;  in  the  truck  of  greut  thoroughfares  it  was  un  ob8hi>;li'  i<>  tiio 


VARIOUS  EXPLORATIONS. 


(11 


development  of  the  country,  l)osi(lo9  snrrounili'ii;  the  Indians  with  ti'inpt.v 
ti^ii.  AccMrilinL,'ly,  wlii'U  the  cnuuniKsiDn  a|i|>uiiitL'cl  tn  «'xatiiini'  iiitK  tliu  I'dn- 
(liijon  cif  tin;  Inihanw,  eoiisistinj,' of  I'Vlix  liniUDt,  Jaiiiua  Wright,  (ii'iicral  K. 
\Viiiith'i<!V  ami  Thomas  K.(JriH",  visitcil  tiic  country,  an  agrccinint  wascnti-'rod 
iiiio  with  thi!  ( 'rows  to  runiove  to  a  rt'servatinn  in  the  Juditii  UiviT  liasin,  one 
tjjinl  the  Hiy.i)  of  tiiat  on  the  Yellowstone,  which  containeil  over  thi'ec  sipi  iro 
liiilfS  to  every  individual  ''\  tiie  tribe.  For  tlie  cxeiiangc,  a  fair  compensation 
w.is  promised.  'I'lieir  removal  was  not  i-il'ected;  hut  in  1?>8'J  the  ;.'oveninii>iit 
]i  ircliastsd  a  tract  on  the  western  eiiil,  forty  mdes  iti  extent  along  the  Vil- 
li, ustonc,  and  sixty  in  hreadtli,  enihraeing  tlic  mineral  region  of  (;iarke  fmk. 
The  Huccesn  of  un  etl'ort  made  to  ascend  the  Vellowstone  with  straridioats 
ill  lS7.'ldi!tcrniined  the  citizt.'na  of  lio/eirian,  early  in  is"  I,  to  send  an  ixpcdi- 
tiiu  ilown  the  river  for  the  purpose  <if  oi)ening  a  wa'.'onroad  to  the  hcid  of 
li.ivigation,  and  making  connection  with  the  advancing  line  of  the  .N'ortiurn  I'a- 
cilic  l>y  means  of  this  road  and  a  lilii.-  of  steamers  on  the  Vellowstoiii',  and 
iilsoto  prosjiect  for  tlu.  precious  metals.  The  expedition  failed  of  its  purpose, 
liring  Larusscd  hy  Indians  after  getting  into  the  IJigiioni  country,  and  was 
nhortof  supplies,  though  its  reports  were  of  some  use  to  tlie  country.  It  had 
fiiur  eugageuunts  with  the  Sioux,  lost  one  man  and  seventeen  horses  killed, 
iiml  had  twenty  horses  wounded.  They  found  the  Indians  to  he  armi.'d  with 
Ijiieihdoadiu.;;  rillcs,a3  well  as  every  other  lire-arm,  hows  and  arrows;  they  were 
V'll  sui>plicit  with  ammunition,  and  mounted.  Ihit  in  a  hattle  they  aimed 
too  high,  and  the  white  men,  heiughetter  marl^smcn  and  courageous  lighters, 
killed  fifty  for  their  one.  IJ.  K.  <!roiinds  was  captain;  William  Wriglii,  lieu- 
tmant;  K.  15.  Way,  adjutiint;  Hugh  O'Uonovan.  signal-otiicer;  l>.  1'.  Wiikers- 
li:nu,  secretary;  eouncilmeii,  I''.  H.  Wilson,  T.  C  ISui'Us,  William  Langston.  Ad- 
(liMiu  N.  Qnivey,  l>.  A.  Vatis  (killed  in  hatth-),  (iiorge  Miller,  .\.  II.  I'onl, 
Jiuiies  Hancock,  .loseph  IJrown,  and  l.'J.'t  others.  There  were '_'"2  wagons,  "JS 
yiiki!  of  o\in,  over  "Jno  hoi-ses  and  mules,  'J  [lieees  of  artillery,  arms  ol  t  lu^  hest 
(I  MM-iption.  and  provisions  for  months.  A  large;  jiortion  of  these  pi-ovisions 
ucie  furnished  hy  the  citizens  of  the  (hiUatin  Valley,  who  nnieh  clesind  to 
G|i'  \  the  proposed  road,  and  we  j  greatly  vext^l  hy  the  return  of  the  expedl- 
ti'iu  without  having aeconiplisl  ed  its  pur|)Ose.  l)i'le;.'ate  .Mii;.;innis  hiid  asked 
c'liMgre.ss  h)r  an  ui)proprialiot'  .or  the  removal  of  ohstructions  to  navigation 
in  the  Yellows'one. 

Vear  after  year  the  troubles  continued.  In  187r>  a  government  expedition 
was  set  on  foi.t  to  further  exploi'e  the  WUowstone  Kiver  with  reference  to 
its  navigability,  ami  also  the  selection  of  .sites  for  forts  in  eastern  Mont. ma. 
It  was  eomm.inded  by  (Jen.  Kors^yth,  and  left  Ihsmaivk,  I'akota,  with  oni' com- 
I'lay  of  infjintry,  May  'J-'td,  in  the  steamer  i/(«(';i/ii/(i',  arriving  at  the  ^'ellow- 
,'■;  lie  Kiver  two  days  later,  and  taking  on  two  addition.al  companies  at  Foit 
huoid.  The  mouth  of  the  liighorn  was  retiched  June  "Jd.  Above  this  point, 
ii;i\  igation  to  within  twenty  miles  of  (  laike  fork  was  accomplished  w  ith  moi-e 
iliiliiidty,  though  proving  the  feasibility  of  steamlioat  naviL'ation  for  a  dis- 
taiiie  of  -lOU  miles  up  the  Vellowstone.  No  Indians  were  eneo\intered  on  tin! 
(•\l>i'ilitionexeei)ta  largo  party  of  (,'rows,  going  on  their  sunnuei'liiuit,  wlioli.nl 
:i  iiiiie  days'  light  with  tlie  Sioux  in  the  liigiiorn  country  in  .Inly.  Sites  fur 
iii'liiary  posts  were  selected  at  tin?  months  of  Ton:,'U(!  and  |lighoi-n  rivers. 

Another  o.xpedition,  a  government  geological  .survey,  consisting  only  of 
I'll  iMi  1  W  illiam  Ludlow  of  tin.' engineer  corps  of  the  army,  fourotlier  persons, 
ill  hiding  (irinnell  ami  Dana  of  Vale  college,  and  half  a  doziii  raw  recruits, 
wi' !ioiit  arms,  from  Camp  Lewis,  on  .liulith  l;iver,  garrisoned  by  two  com- 
liiiiii's  of  the  7th  infantry,  under  ( 'a|)taiii  ISrowning,  left  Carroll  on  the  .Mis- 
>-'''.v\,  which  at  that  time  was  a  town  of  twenty-live  log  houses,  and  madt; 
111'  journey  to  Fort  Kllis,  just  avoiiling  a  meeting  with  tlie  Sioux  after  their 
till.  .■  ihiys'  battle  with  the  Crows,  the  former  having  gone  north  through  the 
'hi'Uiligap  two  days  before  the  geolo'jists  reached  it  going  south.  They 
t'li'id  at  ("amp  liuker,  on  l)eep  Creek,  later  Fort  Logan,  two  companies  of 
'  !■  7th  infantry.  Major  Freeman  commanding;  and  at  Fort  Kllis,  Ceii. 
hwntzer  in  cummand,  oidy  two  of  its  live  eompaniea  unemployed,  one  being 


■rJi 


ki  I 


712 


INDIAN  WARS. 


I 


iit 


i 


„ 


r-i' 


!   '■ 


^l: 


t;  t; 


at  tliiit  moment  escorting  Secretary  of  Wur  lielkimp  tlirougli  tlie  Yellnw  st.ino 
))ar'k,  to  wiiicli  tliu  cxneditiuii  waH  liouiiil.  I.udlow'a  Iticun.  (n  )'< /A 'ir.< '.,/,« 
I'tirk;  I-I7.  This  bouk  contniiiH  n  /oolngicul  reiMjrt  hy  U,  li.  (iiiniull,  it 
geological  report  l)y  K.  fS.  Uuiia  and  O.  It.  Urinnell.  and  the  itinerary  ot  tlio 
loute  hy  Luillow,  with  map!*  and  ilUiHtratiuna. 

The  aecuiinfs  iiroiight  liai'k  of  tiic  reHources  of  the  Bigiioni  country,  liy 
the  citizenii'  exploring  exiMjdition  of  the  previoua  year,  <letcrniini'il  a  miM- 
]iiiiiy,  led  hy  V.  ]).  I'l'iiae,  late  agent  of  tiie  mountain  Crows,  to  ('st;il<ll>li 
themselves  in  tiuit  country,  an<l  to  lend  tiieir  aid  to  all  persons  IoIIunmii^' 
their  example.  Four  n tack inaw  boats  were  built,  and  loaded  with  iirlillery, 
arms,  tooU,  and  supnliea  for  tiiu  founding  and  maintaining  of  a  mttli  luiiic 
in  a  new  country.  Nliafortunea  attended  tlie  expedition.  Two  lioats  wen; 
Rw;iMipc<l  by  ovi'rlo.uling,  in  the  rapid  stream,  and  a  largo  (lortion  <•!  tlie  -iiiii- 
plies,  tools,  and  ammunition  lost.  Tlie  new  settlement  was  loeiited  in  a 
piece  of  line  bottom-land  on  the  cast  Hiile  of  the  Bighorn,  near  its  jnn'tiHH 
with  the  Yellowstone,  where  another  party  in  ISU.'t  ha<l  laid  out  Hi.'huru 
City.  Here  a  rmle  but  strong  fort  was  erected,  the  famous  Ui;4liiiiu  l'iui 
mounteil,  and  for  a  short  time  alFairs  progresscil  favorably.  Hut  tlm  iN  i,i  it- 
ful  ealui  Was  not  of  long  tluration.  l)n  the  night  of  the  lUth  of  .liily  tlic 
place  was  attacked,  aiul  the  savages  Were  with  ililUculty  kept  ut  hay  until 
relief  came  front  lio/emuu. 

The  time  liml  now  arrived  when  tho  government,  having  exliauntiil 
its  resources  of  treaty,  determined  to  Uiko  active  nuiasures  to  olitaiii  hy 
force  what  could  not  be  purchased  with  fiiendship  and  money.  'I'ln'  xrdiT 
had  gone  forth  that  all  Indians  should  be  at  then*  agencies  by  tin-  :il>t  <>f 
January,  1870,  or  take  tho  alternative  of  war.  From  tho  forts  all  kmy  tlio 
Kooky  .Mountain  country  troops  were  marehed  into  tho  lield.     .Mont.uiii  fur- 


shed 


in|)an 


ies 'id  cav.,  I  of  7th  inf.,  and   I   citi/on  ei 


iM.rl.  I■:lli.^ 


under  Mbj.  lirisbin;  .')  cos  of  "th  inf.  from  Fort  Shaw,  commandetl  by  (iipt, 
Kawn;  and  I  eo.  of  thu  same  reg.  from  Camp  llukcr;  the  wlmlu  to  be  iniii- 
niaiiiled  by  (ieii.  .lohn  <  iibbon,  ineommandof  the  district  of  Montana.     \Vy 


fii 


d  10  I 


of  the  ill  and  Hd  cav,,  under  (Jen.  llcnolds,  en!  uf  the 


.'{(I.     I''niiii  foits  Iiiinimie  and  Fetternian  •'>  cos  of  the  4th  inf.  wereih' 


iiid    Cell.    Crook   commanded   tht^  who] 


Uakotu   furnished    tho   7tli  lav. 


uncler  Cen.  tieor^e  A.  (-"lister.   Ilih  wt  l/intld,  March  Ml  and  'J.'l,  JsTli 


Till 


le  cailitiaiun  openei 


d  by  (len.  Crook  leav 


"»« 


Fort  Fetternian  Mai.li  1st 


with  aforeeof  7 ''0  ollicers,  soldiers,  and  guides,  ('rook's  experience  iiit'rr.'Dii 
had  eunlirmed  him  in  his  estimation  of  tin;  importance  of  winter  liL^litiiu  in 
Imlian  war.-i.  North  of  Fetternian  l.'iO  miles  the  wagon  transport. ilinii  w.n 
dis|icnMed  wiMi,  and  the  infantry  sent  Ixuk  with  it  to  Fort  Keno.  Willi  ilio 
ea\ airy  only,  and  lifteeii  days'  rations,  he  proceeded  to  Tongue  lti\<i-,  tlio 
eatlier  lieing  intensely  cold.     Scouting  commenced  under  Col  Strattnii,  «lio 


di 


ill 


(lisrovereil  the  village  ol  <  razy  lloise,  one  o! 


fC 


lb 


f  the  bravest  of  the  Simix  .  Imfs, 


inisling  of  »)ver  l(K»  lodges,  on  the   ''owder  River,  ten  miles 


aoove  U 


lliienee  ol  the  l^ittle  I'owdei';  anl  also  that  silting  Hull,  the  most  ii'>i<  <1  <if 
all  the  Sioux  since  lied  ('loud,  wa    emaniped  on  the  Kosebud  Uiver. 

Sitting  l!iill  lirst  bi'iann;  famuli  in  .  Iiite  rireles,  in  \he  Sully  ami  >iM>'y 
expeditiuiis  of  |S(;;»  and  IS(l»,  IC;  loufht  Silly  north  of  the  \lla.k  Hills 
dii\  iiig  liiiii  tliroii;.'h  the  ItacI  barn's  In  voiid  i'owiler  Uiver.  lie  tlu'ii  III  until 
to  till'  l!i>;liorn  and  drove  out  ti.e  CroiVs,  In  |stl."i  he  warred  on  steau  i "iiln, 
ami  ciiptnrecj  ami  killed  the  crews  of  ni.ickiuawi-  lie  attacked  one  ,i.  iiipr 
with  troops  on  board  and  was  repulsed.  At  the  peace  council  o|ipoMli  I  nit 
I  iilon  he  whei'dled  the  eomniissioliers  out  of  '20  kegs  of  ])oW'd)'r  and  I 
then  went  for  their  scalps.     Tliey  escaped  to  the  steamer,  an  " 


I  timh' 


)f  their  own  bullets,  took  refiiue  in  F'TI  I'nion.  He  kept  Fort  I'.  I'nl 
in  a  state  of  siege  that  winter.  He  refused  to  attend  the  treaty  in  I'''  ".  I'H 
was  present  to  witness  the  dismantling  of  the  forts  Kearny  and  SiiuiN  Ht) 
niarcheil  ;i(M)  miles  to  strike  the  settlement  on  the  Musselshell;  butt'  "t- 
tiers  lay  in  wait  und  killed  'M  uf  liis  warriors.     In  bSUl)  lie  fought  p<  -t    'I'^l* 


pi 


CROOK,  TERUY,  GIBBOX,  AND  CUSTER. 


713 


SiM.-y 

llilU, 

.  1 

IllllH'll 

1 
1., 

.  iilll'T 
.■  folt 

1,  mA 

\^ 

l,.,\UT 

'  ■  1  i 

I 

III 

1. 

tiibes  because  they  were  peaccalilc,  and  iMJsicgcd  Fort  Buford  again  that 
viiitcr.  Th»!  lujxt  wint«!r  couj,'rt'88  uppropriiitcil  STjO.OOO  to  piirchaso  peace 
\vitli  him;  aixl  Htill  ho  was  in  the  liold.  Epitome  oj'  a  Speech  of  JJdeijale 
M iiijiiiutiMA  oil  JJej'cncrH  for  Molilalia, 

(Ji'odk  tliviilcd  his  command,  rctiiining  hut  two  companies,  and  sent  Bey- 
ii'liU  with  tliu  main  force  to  attuck  Cra/yhorsc,  wliile  lie  pursued  the  trail 
tn  >itiiii;{  BuU'n  camp.     Reynolds  surrounded  and  surpridcd  the  village  of 

<  ia/viiorse.     ('aptuiu  Kagan  of  the  'id  cavalry  obeyed  hi:!  orders  and  charged 

I  lie  Sioux.  But  Captain  Webb  of  the  Ud  cavalry,  wiio  was  to  have  ciiarged 
MiiiultjineouHly  from  tiie  other  side,  failed  to  meet  him  half-way,  and  instead 
I'!  a  victory  tliere  was  a  defeat.  Crtxjk,  on  learning  the  manner  in  wiiicii  his 
nnh'isliail  bi'cu  disoJH'yed,  ordered  a  retreat,  and  returned  to  I'ort  Fetter- 
iiiaii,  and  tlunci'  to  Omaha,  preferring  not  to  encounter  the  now  exasperated 
>-ii)UX  witii  u  conimand  which  could  not  be  de|)endcd  upon. 

There  seems  to  have  been  an  elTort  made  to  cover  up  the  conduct  of  the 
i;iiilty  ollicers,  and  there  were  directly  opponito  reports  pubiislied  in  the  news 
J 'uiiials  concerning  tiie  allair;  but  the  ev;  rnie  is  against  tliem.  The  ind- 
i.iiis  lost  tiieir  lodges  and  the  contents,  aii:(>'  >;  which  was  a  large  amount  of 
'(iiiinunition,  l>ut  otherwiau  their  losses  were  Cnlling.  Reynolds'  h>ss  was  ttMi 
Killed  and  woiiiu'ed. 

Toward  tiie  last  of  May  Crook  once  more  marched  against  the  Sioux  with 
ili'iut  l,(HK)men.  At  the  same  time  (.iibi>on,  wiio  had  been  since  the  1st  of 
Maivli  in  the  Held  watching  the  eiieniy,  and  making  roads  and  bridges,  was 
•  !i  ampi'il  opposite  the  mouth  of  Rosebud  River,  and  (Jeneral  Terry  with  Cus- 
ti  I  siaviiliy  was  mareiiing  from  Fort  Lincoln,  in  I)akotn,  tocoojierate  with  tiio 
'  'liiT  divisions.     On  the  l.'itli  and  ITtli  of  June  Crook  came  upon  the  enemy 

II  large  iiuml>ers  on  the  upper  Rosebud,  and  in  n  hanl  buttle  lasting  for  scv- 

<  lal  hours  put  them  to  rout,  losing  nine  iiicii  killed  ami  twenty  wound^'d. 

(lencraj  Terry,  who  had  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  I'owder  River  on  the  7th, 
ili^oovered  the  location  of  (iibbon's  conimand,  and  held  aoonfi  rence  with  him 
"11  tlii>  <Jth,  when  it  was  decided  to  establish  a  supply  camp  at  I'owder  JNvcr, 
viliere  the  ."tupply  steainer  Fur  U'lsf  was  lying,  and  to  operate  from  this  initial 
|.  'int.  Six  triHtpsof  cavalry  under  Major  Reno  wen-  sent  to  scout  up  I'owder 
l.iver,  wliicli  reached  the  forks  ami  crossed  to  tiie  iiosebuil,  follouiiig  it  down 
t  '  its  month  without  eiuounteriig  liiiliaiis.  On  the  'Jlst  (ieiieial  Terry  held 
with  (iiliboii  and  Custer  a  llnal  eoiit'erence,  w  hen  a  ]ilan  of  i'aiii])ai;4ii  was 
•elippted.  Oihbon  was  to  cross  his  eoinmand  near  the  mouth  of  tiie  l>i;.'lioru, 
I'loceecliiig  lip  th(!  stream  to  the  junction  of  the  l.ittlehorii,  and  tlieiue  up 
I  lie  latter;  but  to  bir  at  the  jiinetioii  on  the  'JOth.  (."lister  was  to  [uoeeed  up 
till'  Roselxid  to  ascertain  tin;  direction  of  an  Indian  trail  discovered  by  Major 
Kiiio,  and  if  it  le<l  toward  the  Rittle  Bighorn,  it  was  not  to  lii^  followed,  but 

<  lister  was  to  ki'ep  south  for  Home  ilistanet;  Is'fore  turning  toward  the  sti-eam, 

III  nrder  to  iiiterei  pi  '  he  Jn<lians  hIioiiIiI  they  bt;  coming  that  May,  lis  well  as 
I  I  liive  (iiliboii  l;;(U!  ti  eouie  up.  Crook  was  supposed  to  be  advancing  from 
til'  south,  and  With  so  large  an  aniiy,  eoinnwiiided  by  e\|H'rieiu'ed  generals, 
i<  illlill'.;  bill  tile  complete  liuilliliatioli  of  tlie  SiiiUX  was  antieipated. 

( 'lister  ..  ^"t  the  mouth  of  the  Kosebiid  on  tin- '_''_'■  I,  with  twelve  eolnpnilies 
I  the  7tli  cavalry,  striking  the  trail  n  ported  by  Itelio.  On  the  '.'tth  liis 
"iitM  discovered  Ivesh  trails  twenty  miles  up  the  J.ittle  Bighorn.  'I  be  tol- 
ling morning  a  deserted  village  was  diseovi  red,  ami  the  scouts  reliorled  a 
I '.'e  village  two  Hides  or  more  ilowti  the  stream,  and  that  the  Imliaiis  were 
ling.  'I'liis  last  inforniatioii  deteiniined  Custer  to  risk  an  attack  wiilioiit 
iitiiig  for  (iililK)n.  At  this  time  lleiio  was  mi  the  >\est  sidi'  of  the  liver 
nil  a  battalion  of  seven  companies  of  the  eavali  v,  and  Custer's  adjiiliint  was 
III  to  bring  him  over  to  the  east  side  when  the  jitt.irk  was  plaiiiieil.  laim 
i-i  orderi'il,  lit  half-past  twidve  o'clock,  to  i(>eross  to  the  west  side  and  attack 
III  the  upper  cud  of  the  camp,  while  Custer  would  striki^  the  lower  end  ami 
I '  t  him  hilf-way. 

The  village  was  located  in  ft  valley,  on  a  narrow  sfri[>  of  buttnni  land, 

I  keil  by  Woods  which  extended  up  the  bluH'.      ll  was  urian„'ei|  in  lour  rows 

lodges,  and  extended  with  unu  narrow  street  in  the  iiiiddiu  lor  three  or 


m 


l;t 


714 


INDIAN  WARS. 


four  miles.  Pcno,  at  the  time  appointed,  loaviiiRa  rcsen'c  of  four  compnuies 
under  Cupt.  ISeiitoii  as  directed  liy  Cutter,  entered  tiie  valley  and  rodo  iii|iiillv 
after  the  Indians,  wiio  made  no  resistance  until  tlie  troops  had  almost,  y:iuii  i| 
the  village,  thus  decoying  llicin  into  u  trap  set  for  them  there.  As  they  cidm- 
near  the  lodges,  warriors  seemed  to  start  up  out  of  the  t-arth  in  HwariiM 
oil  every  side,  and  lleno  saw  that  instead  of  attacking  he  nui«t  defend  liiiij- 
Kflf.  liis  men  were  dismonnted  and  fought  their  way  on  foot  to  and  thLiiii;.'li 
tile  wofuls  to  tiic  summit  of  a  high  blulF,  whence  he  sent  Captain  Weir  with  Iih 
ci)ni])any  to  open  coniniunieation  with  (Jeneral  Custer.     lUit  lindiu','  it  im- 

J  possible  to  reach  Custer,  being  surrounded  immediately,  Weir  retreated,  and 
ieno,  dismounting  his  whole  force,  liurried  the  pack  animals  and  cavalry 
iiorses  intoahollow  between  heights  and  prepiircil  to  bo  assaulted  in  ^msitiun. 

It  was  not  too  soon.  A  furious  attack  took  place,  in  which  lie  lll^t 
eighteen  men  killed  and  forty-six  wounded.  'I'hc  battle  la<fted  until  It  r.  M., 
wheal  the  Indians  retired  to  hold  a  war-dance,  ancl  IJeno  devoted  the  ni^'lit 
to  digging  rille-pits,  liaving  abandoned  the  hope  that  ('uster  would  Im^  able  tn 
get  through  the  Indians  to  his  assistance.  No  suspicion  seems  to  have 
occurred  to  any  one  that  the  general  hail  met  with  any  disaster  wor.ve  tlmii 

their  own,  and  knowing  that  Ciibbon  would  soon  arrive,  the  troops  keiit  up  l' I 

courage,  though  much  sull'ering  was  experienced  fir  v»'ant  of  water,  a  want 
which  was  not  relieved  for  thirty-six  hours,  or  until  evening  of  the  'Jiitii.  A 
few  canteens  full  were  obtained,  which  cost  one  man  killed  and  seven  « nuinlril, 
1'ho  thirst  of  the  lighting  men  was  terrible,  their  swollen  tongues  prl)t^udlll^; 
from  their  mouths. 

At  half-past  two  on  the  morning  of  that  day  the  attack  on  Reno's  ponitinn 
was  renewed  with  great  fury.  The  noise  of  th>^  tiring  was  comiiare.l  by  ,i 
('rowseout  to  the  siui  Imping  of  threads  when  a  blanket  is  being  torn,  so  rapid  and 
continuous  wasit.  Al  least  'J,,'»(M)  warrio'-s  surrounded  |{>'no',s  7'H>,  who  ti  h.i;IjI 
from  rille-pits  barricailecl  with  ilead  hoi-ses  and  nudi's,  and  boxes  of  I  ' 
bread,  and  being  picked  off  by  skilled  marksmen,  whom  that  othcer  bcli' 
to  bo  white  outlaws. 

At  'J  I".  M.  the  grass  was  fired  in  the  bottom,  causing  a  dense  snioUo  to  oii. 
senre  the  movements  of  the  Indians,  an<l  it  was  not  discovered  until  sunset 
that  they  were  removing  fioiii  their  village.  At  that  hour  they  tiled  a«ii\  in 
th(^  direction  of  the  Jhghorn  Mountains,  moving  in  almost  ndlitaiy  order,  an.! 
t.'iking  as  huig  to  p;iss  as  the  cavalry  corjis  of  a  great  aiiiiy.  'I'lin  miMniii.'  "I 
tliis  luiivement  was  explaiiu'd  when  news  was  broU'^^ht  that  (evening  that  (-ili 
boll's  eoinmanil  was  only  six  miles  away,  and  would  come  up  in  the  moniiii','. 

Reno  w;is  still  lookiilu'  for  Custer  to  make  his  appearance,  when  a  liiiili  n- 
niitof  ( lililion's  scouts  d.'e-hed  into  cain|)  with  tiie  astnunding  intorniatinii  tliat 
( 'uster  and  every  ollicer  ami  man  who  went  with  hini  into  the  valley  on  tliu 
'-'."itli  was  lying  linki  i|  and  lifeless  upon  the  lield  w  heri!  they  bail  fought.  (  lis- 
ter's body  esiiijiecl  mutilation  or  even  scalping,  probably  thioiigh  the  liuii\  of 
the  Indians,  t  lie  absence  of  the  Nioux  women  w  ho  were  busy  with  lieno's  di  nl, 
and  the  circumsfanec  that  Custer's  rank  was  concealed  by  a  huntiiii -^':il 
of  buckskin.  About  half  of  Ciiiter's  ilead  were  jcalped.  Ue)M.rt  ot  Li-ut 
llradley,  in  llilriia  1 1 1'ritli  I,  A  n\y '21,  ISTl".  Ihiidley  .iiscoveri'd  tie'  liatile 
lield,  lind  his  iiiroiiiit,  althouuh  it  does  not  agiee  with  newspaper  stmirs 
of  im:til;ition,  I  take  to  lie  correct.  IJeno's  deail,  says  the  same  millioii;\. 
were  friglitliilly  cut  in  |iieri  s  Custer  was  aeeoinp.anii'd  by  his  In  iiliir 
Captain   ('uster,   a  eiti/en    brother    lioston   Custer,  a   biother-iii  law   li'iit 

(Jaihoun,    two   nephews   Capt.    Nates  and    Mr   1! I,    besides   ('apt.    Keoie.'li 

and  lieutenants  Cook,  Smith.  llarriHon.  I'orter,  Stuiv'is,  and  lliley  nf 
the  7th  cavalry,  and  Crittindeu  of  the  -JOth  inf.,  I>r  l.oi.l,  Maik  KcIIml'l, 
a  eorres|ioiident  of  the  A',  >'.  //(/•■(/(/.  and '.'(17  men,  all  of  w  liom  were  kiilnl- 
Heiio  lost  lieiits  Hodgson  and  .Mcintosh,  and  surgeon  !)e  Wolf;  ('apt.  Hiiiti'ii 
and  i.icut  .Midntosh  weie  wounded,  Charles  Iveuiolds,  aciti/en,  wa-^  kiil'l 
About  ."lO  enlisted  iiieii  Were  killed,  and  as  m;iiiy  more  wounded,  Moni>  of 
whom  died.  In  July  Ih77  the  bodies  of  Custer  and  his  brot'iers  wii-e  le- 
moved  ea-it.  by  ( 'o|  .'^lieridiin  of  the  7lh  cavalry  and  buried  at  l''ort  l,e:ivrli- 
Wurlh,      The  graven  had  been  disturbed,  most  of  the  bodies  U-illg  Ulieultli'd. 


f>  ritt- 

llisrt. 

IS  III 

,  ini.l 

hill'.'. 

nil  II 

tl'.il 

11  till 

(   r<- 

■|\   -I 
1.    ,,1 

tl(    IM, 

l.l-Ut 

!il:li- 

tdi  1'  ^ 

1 11 1 ',  > , 

'  iili'.r 

1   !'  lit 

.■\  -t 


ill.. I. 


DEFEAT  AND  DEATH  OF  CUSTER. 


715 


The  remains  of  Ri-ynoUla  were  'bron^jlit  awny  in  n  handkerchief.'  Bozrman 
Arriiit-<,'uitii<-i;  ,]u\y  1!(,  I.S77. 

Wiieii  Custer  Hi'iiaratcd  from  Reno  he  jiroceeded  witli  his  five  conipaiiirs 
,i-,(iiiiid  tiu!  liase  of  ii  liigli  iiill  (ivtrldnkiiij,'  tlio  valhy  tlironuli  a  ravine  only 
u  idi!  i-niiiii,'li  to  ailniit  a  coluniii  of  fours.     No  Indiaim  wtri' in  sif,'lit  anioim 


Idiill'^ 


that  side  of  the  rivci 


I  nothii)"'  iniiicdcil  tlic  iho'tcss  of  tliii 


ir.Mi|iti  until  tilt  V  iiad  passed  aroiincj  the  hill  and  cunie  in  Ki^ht  of  the  villaj.'e. 
'Iiii;l»ughs  sounded  a  ehar^e,  ami  Custer  waved  his  hal  to  iiis  null  to  iii- 
.  'iina;;u  them.  As  they  eame  to  tiie  ford  h'adiiii;  ai'ross  to  the  villa>;e,  a  sliarp 
i;ii'  was  opened  on  them  hy  the  enemy  eonci'aleil  in  a  thieket  on  the  opposile 
Side  of  the  stream,  wliieh  eiieeked  the  advjiiiee.      A  portion   of  tlie  cciiiiln.ind 


were  dismount 


ted  and  thrown   forwanl   to  return  the  lite  <if  tlie  Indians,  l.iit 


.^  tliey  now  l)e;^an  to  jjoiir  out  of  the  villa;:e  in  hordes,  ami  to  ileploy  aeross 
lis  front  and  t'>  Ids  ii;.dit  a.s  if  with  the  intention  of  surrounding  him,  ('iisler 
wtlidrow  towaril  tli(!  hills  on  hi.s  ri..4ht,  the  Indians  f..ll<iwin.,',  and  his  men 
.^iiluii,'  disniDimted   and  hadin;,'  their  horsi  s.      I5y   marehim,'  in  a   eii.h'. 


the  I 


lor.ses  in  tlie  rear,  a 


lit! 


Ki 


t  ikiii^  advanta'^e  of  the  ground,  and  kiie|iiii'. 
Iiiiiii  was  L'aiiied,  hut  it  was  iiiipossihle  to  avert  the  end.  The  Indians  al.--i) 
.ii.-<mouiite.l,  and  eom)>h  tely  surrounded  ('lister's  eoniinaml,  whieii  foiiL'ht 
l.ia\ely  hilt  hopehssly  as  lonj;  as  their  ammunition  held  out.  The  seeiie 
wiiieh  followed  h.id  no  witm  sses  on  the  side  of  the  troops,  for  within  two 
li'piirs  every  one  (f  the  eominand  had  met  a  hloiidy  death.  Iteiios  oliicers 
:.ii\eyin..;  the  eountry  from  hi;.'h  points  toward  the  chl^e  of  the  alternooii 
I  iRounteied  only  illiinitahle  ^ilem^t.. 

'i  he  little  that  is  known  of  (^ister'.s  fatal  fi<.rlit  was  relateil  to  (!eii.  Terry 
after  ills  lirst  report  was  inacle  up,  hy  a  lialfdireed  Crow  seoiit.  e.ilied  Ciirley, 
w  ho  aeeompanied  CiLster.  and  v  ho  ese.iped  liy  drawing;  a  hlanket  around  liiiii 
..iirrtho  manner  of  a  Sioux.  Ihitheiii;^'  hidden  in  ji  ravine,  heeuuM  not  lia\e 
\\  itnessed  the  elosini;  seei-e.  As  he  did  not  see  Custer  fall,  it  is  pmliahle  lie 
uas  not  killed  until  near  the  end.    /I'  'i  ii>i  Ih'mhl,  .luly  "Ji),  |s7('>. 

Tliermpon  the  troops  retre.itecl  to  the  Yellowstone,  where  a  fort  was 
1.1  11114  ereeteil  at  the  'tioutli  of  'i'ontrne  Iliver,  whieli  was  named  after  Capt. 
Mihs  \V.  Keoii^h,  one  of  the  slain  ollieers  of  the  Ttli  eavalry.  A  fort  ere.ti  d 
111  the  lliyhorn  eiaintry  in  1n77  was  ealh'd  Fort  Custer,  ami  the  Montana 
1.  ^islature  ehan.;ed  the  name  of  l'>i..,'horn  eoiinly,  eallinn  it  after  the  lameiiti.l 
..  iieial  who  had  yiveii  his  life  in  the  service  of  the  territory;  and  the  l.iltlo 
l.iu'horn  Itiveralso  wasealhd  theneefnrth  Custer  liiver. 

Ti'iry's  division,  umhrCen.  Cihhoii,  remaini'd  at  the  imaitli  of  the  Ih;,'- 
li.irn,  to  whieh  several  steameis  jiseeiided  diiiini^  the  siiniiiier,  liLihtiiii,'  their 
\\[\.y  with  the  I  ml  i. I  lis  on  the  hank*.  'I'ow.ird  the  last  of  .Inly,  ( 'rook's  toree,  eii- 
.  imped  on  ( loose  Creek,  near  l''oi  I  Philip  Kearny,  vv.is  reetiforeed  hy  eavalry, 
.iiid  iiKi eased  to  1,171  men,  ami  T.  iiy's  to  l,S7;t;  hiil  althou^'h  .'^lieiidan  h.id 

-tripped  every  post  from  Maniloh.i  to  Texas,' there  were  still  not  ti ps 

«  imiul;!!  to  give  hattle  to  the  Sioii\  in  a  liody  ill  their  ehoseii  position.  Ihit  a 
I  lir  li;.dit  was  not  w  hat  Sittiii','  llnll  ih  siri'il,  and  the  delay  in  eomeiilratin^ 
I  ;..ops  fiii'iiished  him  the  opiiortiinily  of  divi.liii.^  his  foice  into  several  v\ar 
1  irties,  j.'oiii!,'  in  ditlereiit  direetioiis,  and  liiakili.i,'  war  in  detail. 

Marly  in  .\u>»iist,  tleii.  Tiiry,  lia\  \nj.  heeii  joined  hy  the  ."ith  infantry  re.'i- 
i."  lit  under  (ieii.  .Mihs,  and  six  eompanii's  of  the  'Jlst  infantry  umhr  Ci.l. 
1  Mis,  niov  id  up  the  Uosehiid  River  to  lorm  a  j  11  net  ion  with  Crook,  hut  only 
I  i  mareh  down  iiL,'ain.  .Sittiii;.;  liiill  evadin'.'a  meitiii'.',  an. I  K">t>>-'  north  of  the 
N  1  llovvstoiie,  whilher  he  was  followed  hy  Terry.  All  throiiu'li  the  remainder 
.'t  the  summer  tin-  Cnited  Mates  fmues  marehed  up  iind  down,  from  the 
Missouri  to  till'  lUaek  IliUs,  h.iviii','  iiunierous  xkirnii  ~lie<,  aii.l  oeeasionally 
d.iiiij^  iiiiiteiial  harm  to  the  enemy,  as  when  Miles  Willi  I. ill  nun  surpii-eil  ,i 
villa^'e  of  loity  lodjes,  on  the  road  to  the  I'llaek  Mills,  and  eaplnred  their 
v\  inter  stores  and  a  lar;.;e  niinilierof  horses, 

I'l'rsistent  warfare,  in  their  own  la-»hion,  lie.,'aii  to  tire  tin'  .'^i.nix  in  .'^ep- 
l.|nlni,  who  sent  hej,'i;iim  parties  to  tin-  au'eileies,  while  tiny  received  iiotli- 
iM_'.  and  soon  a  few  made  propositions  of  surrender.  Sitiiii'.'  I'lnll,  liowevi  1, 
rull  liuUl  uut,  iiiui  after  tlie  troops,  e.\ee))tiii(,'  the  fjurrison  on  the  \  elluw- 


t 


111 


m 


INDIAN  WARS. 


1 

m 

1 

lt| 

!«■! 

1     ^ 

;;|: 

r'" 

f,r 

'■■■ 

lif!.; 

i^'' 

w 

w 

! 

ii 

1 

ak 

.-istam 
;.ncl  el 
.ulty, 
I  lay  fo 
.^lioulil 

tici!   Wi 

Hindi 


CAMPAIGN  OF  MILES  AND  BRISBIN. 


717 


atone,  under  Gen.  Miles,  hail  returned  to  tlieir  posts  for  tho  wiater,  kept  up 
a  hIiow  uf  being  muster  of  tint  niumtion.  Ou  tliu  lOth  of  Oci.  iie  intercepted 
a  iiii|iply  train  uf  ninuly-fuur  wugons  on  tliu  way  from  (ilendive  Oecic  to  tiio 
laiitonuiuut  ut  tiio  nioutli  of  'I't^ngiiu  liivcr,  and  forueil  it  to  tnrn  i>nek  for  uh- 
histuncc.  CIn  returning,  live  duyii  later,  with  an  escort  uf  nearly  '.'(H)  men 
and  eleven  (jtli^ers,  the  train  watt  again  attacked,  and  uilvuneed  with  ilitli- 
I  idty,  tiglitin^;  tliu  Indiunx,  who  had  set  tire  to  tho  ^raas  nroiwiil  it.  On  tho 
day  fcjliowin^',  .Sitting'  liull  m-nt  a  deKimtch  to  Col.  Utix,  demaniliiig  that  ho 
t-hould  leave  tiie  train  in  his  hant'.s,  and  retreat  to  (ilendive.  ]Sut  n.s  no  no- 
tire  wuK  taken  of  this  eonimand,  tiie  chief  pretended  to  re[K-nt  of  hi.i  ano- 
pmcu,  and  ttintu  tla^;  of  tnice,  with  a  reipie.Mt  for  a  euuncil.  TIiIh  alsn  ua.s 
declined,  unletts  ho  would  coniu  within  the  lines,  which  ho  rcfuxeil  to  dii, 
sending  three  suhorilinutes  inHtoa<l.  To  these  amliaMMiili.>r.<;  Otis  tuiid  tlrtt 
they  must  conic  to  Tongue  Jtiver,  to  (Jen.  Milos,  if  they  wished  to  open  peace 
ne;jotiutions;  and  giving  them  some  f<HMl,  diMniisseil  them. 

In  tho  mean  time  .Miles  had  iH-como  alarmed  at  the  nnaecountalile  delay  in 
the  arrival  of  tho  train,  and  had  come  out  with  his  wimlc  regiment  to  do 
wliatevcr  lighting  might  Ik-  neeiltul.  Pursuing  Sitting  Ihdl,  he  niitu'  up  with 
liiiii  on  (Jedur  (/'reek  and  opened  a  parley;  liut  as  the  Nioiix  luitocrat  \v>'iil  I 
oidy  havu  peace  on  his  own  terms,  and  showeil  a  dis))osition  to  iciuw  the 
tl.'lit.  Miles  engaged  him,  driving  him  more  than  forty  miles,  and  <'a|<turin,,- 
a  large  amount  of  provisions  and  other  property,  Ix'Miilcs  killing  a  few  wai- 
riors.  'I'his  Mow  crushed  tlie  war  .spirit  in  t»'o  thousand  Siou.x,  nun,  women, 
and  children,  who  surrendered  to  Miles  on  tho  'J'th.  Sitting  Itull  himself 
I. scaped  with  u  small  f<dlowing  to  the  I'optli  side  of  the  .MiNHoiiri.  Itut  ho.stil- 
itus  were  hy  no  means  ended.  I'rosiiecting  ))a>'ties  continued  to  lie  ent  oil', 
aMdtra\('l  to  ho  imsnte.  ]n  |)eceiMlier  a  portion  of  .Miles' eonnnand  under 
Lieutenant  Italdwin,  found  Sitting  liull,  and  pursued  hnn  across  th<'  Mi.-toini. 
.\  fortnight  later  tho  same  detachment  again  «liscovcr' il  liim  i.ii  the  l;e<l- 
water,  a  snrull  creek  on  the  south  Hide  ot  tho  Missouri,  and  destroyed  liis 
e.imp,  thu  Indians  fleeing  Noutli.  Mdes,  rueantime,  was  lighting  theSioii\ 
iii:d  ('heyennes  under  ( 'la/yhoise,  who  had  escaped  lioin  Ciiiok,  in  tlie 
'loiiguo  i;ivcr  Valley,  having  a  niimlier  of  eiiuagements  with  tliem  Utwe':! 
llu)  lut  an>l  the  8th  of  .lanuary,  Is77,  in  wliiidi  heoxercaine  them  and  sent 
llieiii  to  their  ageiiejes.  Finding  that  he  could  expt'ct  no  mi  lor  from  ( 'ra/y- 
h  ixe,  Sitting  liull  returned  northward,  (rroNsing  the  lioundary  into  thu 
Hiiti-h  posscs.sioiis. 

Alioul  the  Iht  of  March  (Jen.  llrisliin  wns  ordered  to  take  tin-  eavalry  from 
I'ort  Shaw  ami  l''ort  KIlis  and  join  .Miles.  'I'lu^  coudiiueil  comniand  hit  the 
<  intoiimi  nt  on  the  iNtof  -May,  nuirclied  up  Tongue  iJiver,  and  striieU  a  \il- 
LiL-c  of  lilty  seven  lodgison  til.'  KoMclillil,  ca|>tuiing  it,  with  the  herd  of  horses 
.  lid  all  tliii  Indian  .supplies.  '1  lit!  Indians  lied  to  the  hills,  were  pui.sueil,  ai.d 
alter  II  hard  light,  in  which  they  lout  liea\:ly,  Minendereil,  Toward  the 
l.i^t  of  the  month  ( 'rii./^  horsti  made  a  formal  surrender  at  the  lied  I  loiiil 
a.eiicy,  Camp  Kohinson,  Nehiaska,  and  the  Mmix  war  seemed  fiixiut  to  Ih- 
I  tided,  jlui,  this  mischievous  chief,  eoiifinuing  to  make  tnuih'e  hy  drawing 
ilie  Inilijiiis  away  from  their  icHcrvationH,  wasarrcHted  lor  t'ns  otrenee  and 
liM  tollowers  ilisarnieil.  Ileesca|ied,  was  i. 'arrested,  ami  refilling  to  t.'n  e  up 
lii.s  .inns,  WHS  woiindeil  so  MVeiely  in  the  Htnmiilc  that  In-  clied  .ScpleniU  i  (Itli. 

While  the  .Sioux  war  w.is  in  progress,  llii-  Montuii.i  trihes.  aWed  hy  the 
ili->playof  tho  military  jiowerof  the  rnilecl  Str.les.  and,  ho  tar  as  the  Crow  s 
Well!  eoncenieil,  alraid  of  In  iiig  eaptiiicil  li\  their  lieieditary  enemies,  le- 
III  lined  at  peace,  except  the  llathead  and  other  Indians  \M>st  of  th"  ll'cky 
^i'liintains,  who  had  tor  some  time  liceii  uneasy  to  xi.cli  nn  extent  tli.ii  .i  iml' 
i  oy  post  had  at  leii'.;th  liceii  ordered  to  he  'stahlished  in  the  Ihtter  -'t 
^  .illey,  called  l''ort  Missoula,  which  was  jarrisoncl  liy  n  single  .oniprfoy 
inider  Captain  llawn.  .\.id,  as  if  Montana  hinl  not  enough  of  hostile  {ndi.ins 
"itliin  its  hoi'deiM,  an  '.'uiition  of  warring  N'e/.  I'eries  was  forc.-<l  uixmi  it 
I  ■III  the  neiuhlHiiiii;;  teiiitorv  of  Id.ilio,  in  the  month  ot  .Inly,  at  which  tinio 
I  legiiliir  troo|'s  Were  ill  the  tii'lil  eiiileuxoiing  to  overtake  the  Sioux  still  at 
l-o^eund  tommilting  depledallons. 


It.i 


I 


1  ^' 

j!    -I 


ri8 


IXDIAN  WARS. 


T>ccon»in^  much  alarmed  by  tlie  advance  of  the  Ncz  Fcrcds  along  tlio  T.nlo 
trail  toward  tlio  JJitterroot  Valley,  the  iiihabituiits  of  that  rcjjioii  iictitioiicil 
(Juvenior  ^'(^tt8  for  more  troojm;  and  not  knowing  what  else  to  do  lu  the  iilt- 
H'ncc  of  an  organizer}  militia,  the  governor  telegraphed  the  president  for  an. 
thority  to  raifo  >tCO  volnntecra.  The  secretary  of  war,  on  being  consulti'd, 
nfeiicd  tlio  matter  to  Guneral  Sheridan.  General  Sherman,  however,  wiio 
liiipjicncd  opportunely  to  bo  upon  a  visit  to  Mmtana,  encouraged  the  goverimr 
to  furniah  volunteers,  and  it  was  determined  to  place  300  men  in  the  litld, 
and  -40  were  really  laised.  Missoula  raided  (J4  men,  Stcvensvillo  3S,  West 
Side  .'i.',  Corvallia  H."),  Skalkaho  H7,  Frenchtown  '24,  in  all  240;  100  guns  wcro 
issued.  Jiozemun  Avavt-C'onrirr,  Aug.  9,  1877.  The  narrative  of  tlio  Ncz 
I'ercti  war  iu  Idaho  and  Montana  has  been  given,  and  need  not  bo  reiieatod 
here.  A  large  number  of  persons  were  nuinlered,  a  great  amount  of  pr<i|jcrty 
destroyed,  and  several  severe  battles  fought  during  tins  raid.  In  the  buttlis 
with  the  Nez  l'erei5s,  generals  Gibbon  and  Miles  won  the  eommendations  of 
Montauiaiis  and  of  their  brother  ollicera.  The  people  of  Idaho  named,  or  re- 
named, the  town  of  Daldonega,  on  tlic  north  fork  of  Salmon  River,  Gilihon- 
villc.  Miles*  popularity  was  alreatly  attesterl  by  the  founders  of  a  town  nt 
the  mouth  <if  'i'onguo  River,  to  which  ami  to  theor^'anization  of  Custer  eoiinty 
he  had  given  eneouragemeiit,  the  lu'w  metropolis  of  an  excellent  grazing 
region  being  named  Miles  City  in  his  honor. 

The  jiressurc  brought  to  bear  upon  the  government  by  the  a<lvocatea  of 
peace  led  to  the  appointment  of  another  couimis»sion,  whose  duty  it  was  to 
vi.nt  Sitting  lUill  in  tlii^  ISritish  dondnions,  and  jirevail  upon  him  to  accept  lii'u 
annuities  and  the  friendship  of  tiu^  United  States,  with  a  home  at  on<'  of  tlio 
a;i(  iicies.  The  commit-sioners  were  'I'erry,  Lawrence,  Snuth,  and  (/'orbin.  «  ho, 
lato  in  S(;ptember,  left  l''ort  Shaw  on  this  errand.  They  were  met  with  iinirli 
ceicniony  at  the  bouudaiy  line,  and  escorted  by  McLeod,  of  thcf  dnininidu 
police,  to  Fort  Welch.  On  the  day  following  their  arrival  an  iriterviiw  \\.\a 
had  with  Sitting  JiuU  and  liis  suite,  in  which  the  utmost  unconcern  was  ills- 

Iilayed  for  the  comirdssioners  and  their  proposals.  Nothing  was  left  for  tin  in 
>ut  to  retiiin  aiul  report  their  defeat. 

Not  long  afterward  depreilations  were  resumed  on  the  IJighorn  and  \'<llo«- 
Flone  anil  iu  the  region  of  the  IJlack  Hills,  causing  Terry  ti>  or.ler  anotlur 
\\  inter  campaign.  ]!ut  Sittinj,'  Hull  cautiously  remained  in  the  Uiitisli  pos- 
se-sions,  and  about  the  Istof  May,  I.S7H,  sent  a  courier  to(ieneral  Miles  tn 
Irani  on  what  terms  tln^  I'nitcd  States  would  mako  peai'e,  intimating  that  lio 
di  1  not  exjieet  to  be  reonired  to  give  up  his  horse  and  gun.  These  overtures 
V  >  re  simply  toying  with  a  powei'  ho  both  dreaded  and  desjiised.  In  .liily 
Montana  again  bbcanu!  the  prey  of  hostile  bands,  adventurers  from  theSioiix, 
Kez  l'erci''s,  Ulaektoot,  and  (!ros  Ventres,  who,  making  suilden  descents  iip"ii 
Wood  cutters,  cattle  herdtirs,  tcamsti-rs,  or  other  isolaii  il  camps,  munlend 
the  men  and  ilrove  oil  the  sto'k.  At  the  same  tinio  thi'  Hannaek  war  was  in 
jirogress  iu  Idaln^  and  not  a  few  outrages  were  duo  to  this  outbreak,  find  to 
the  return  of  Wine  llird's  bund  of  \ez  I'erct^s  through  tho  Missoula  Valhy 
to  Idaho.  These  Indiiins  were  imrwied  by  a  detachment  from  Fort  Misxjiila 
umler  liientenant  Wallace,  .'Id  intantm-.  wWi  killed  six  and  wounded  three, 
e.'ipturing  and  killing  a  large  niindier  "t  hontus;  but  the  principal  portion  of 
the  band  i  scajietl  anil  j'lilied  the  Sti.tkes. 

Scouting  was  iintiiiiied  all  snmii'  r  by  Miles'  eomman  1.  which  di'l  not, 
however,  jirevcnt  the  setting  on  foot  .f  the  geologi  al  snrvi  ying  jiarty  in  the 
national  park,  and  other  enteri>rises,  Muei',  dillii'i  Ity  had  been  e\]ieririii'iil 
ever  since  the  iiisrovcr>'  ot  the  mineral  re-'ion  oi  Claiki-  fork,  in  jiursiiiiig 
nduiiig  in  that  locality,  on  accriunt  of  Indian  attieks  on  the  workiuen,  aiiu 
llie  Ni ,'  I'cnes  had  quite-  driven  them  away  in  |S77,  causing  a  largo  lo-s  of 
jKjjMrly.  In  ).S7S  the  I'-duction-works  wire  once  n»ore  put  in  opcralii'n, 
vhen  it  Uvame  m'CeHsary  to  give  them  military  prntfi'tiim  from  the  Han- 
Hacks,  lliirt<-<ti  of  whom  wr'fe  Killed  mid  thirty  i  von  ■  aptured  by  a  ditai  li- 
rieiil  under  Miles,  in  w  hieh  ciil'   -emcnt  (':ipt    I'M'tinett  wa.H  killed. 

In  Si  plember  a  jiarty  of  si  »-ioii\  nvrived  ai  I'ort  K<' iigh  from  S"iii^ 
Bull,,  wbo  represented  tliut  the  iudiuun  wUu  haU  uUusu  rwiuge  iu  tlit:  iintitih 


END  OF  HOSTILITIES. 


71!) 


iLiniinions  were  desiroua  of  rctuiuing  to  the  United  States,  and  asking  upon 
what  ti.nnit  tlicy  would  bo  received,  (ieneral  8iicrid:iu,  Ijtaiig  teU-graplied  to 
on  tiio  subject,  replied  that  iio  was  not  anxious  to  have  tlio  ijioux  ctune  Imck 
fiuin  Canada,  l)ut  if  they  shouhl,  it  would  only  lie  u]M)n  terms  of  unconditional 
surrender.     'J'ho  visit  waa  t(M)ked  u]ion  as  a  -tpyinj;  expedition. 

Tiio  winter  of  1878-9  was  noted  for  trouble  with  tlio  Siou.x  and  Cheyennea 
nt  their  agencies,  from  which,  time  and  again,  they  luul  escaped  after  surrender- 
in.',  to  return  to  war.     ]5j»d  management  Vy  the  interior  denartment  coinpli- 
>';iieil  these  diliiculties,  which,  however,  ull'ccted   Montana  less  at  this  time 
than  the  territo'ies  adjacent  on  the  east  and  south,     lu  the  spring  <if  1S7!(  a 
III  w  post  wasestal'liiihcd  in  the  Milk  lliver  country,  seventy  miles  from  Iten- 
t"ii,  called  Fort  .Assinaboine,  to  which  point  the  1 8th  infantry  were  ordered, 
\uth  six  eom)>ani<'s  cf  the  '2il  cavalry,  this  post  being  for  the  protection  of  tho 
fnnitier  against  .Sitting  liull.     Congress  also  appiopriated  i?."l,'>,()()0  fora  mili- 
l.ii y  telegraph  between  the  several  posts  now  in  Montana.     All  these  evl- 
ilriiccs  v)f  his  power  llaUereil  the  vanity  of  the  ;,'reat  .Sioux  leader,  wlio,  while 
lie  remained  safely  outside  of  Ciiited  States  territory,  ]>lotted  and  directed 
lis  lie  fore.     Tiu^  Canadian  government,  however,  on  being  iufornietl  that  tho 
rliicf  would  be  regarded,  after  sul'iiiitting  hiniself  to  I>rif.ish  authority,  as  u 
Canadian  Indian,  and  held  re^pon.sible  for  Id::  acts,  notitied  him  that  he  would 
Ir  lurested  sliouhl  he  commit  hostilities  over  the  bolder.     At  the  same  time 
british   Indians   crosseil  tho  boundary  to   hunt  bnll'alo   in   the  territory  of 
the  Cros  Ventres,  who  fought  tlitn*  on  that  acronnt;  and  seeing  that  tho 
s. Mil  or  eight  thoii.sand  United  .States   Imliansat  tlie  I'tiplar  (,'reeU  agency, 
fi'i' V  horn  an  iusidliiient  apjir<i|iriation  liad  beiii  made  ly  congress,  ncedid 
tlii' l>iltl'alo  on  their  ranges,  Ceiuijd  Miles  attack' il   vhe  intruders,  v  ho  wero 
dri\  iiig  the  agency  Indians,  and  sent  them  back  in  iiaste  to  their  own  country. 
'J'lic  winter  <jf   I STU  was  notable  for  u  sirioiis  outbreak  iiiiKnii.'  tiio  Utes, 
wliirli  called  away  a  portion  of  the  ti'oojis  in  Montana;  but  enoiiL'h  were  left 
f  T  the  jiresention  of  general  wars,  although  attacks  on  lite  ami  inoperty  eon- 
tiiiued  to  be  made  in  isolated  localitii  s,  ami  wei'e  punished  in  detail.     Alter 
SIN  years  of  voluntary  exile,  during  which  his  adlierents  (^rew  jieor  and  feu, 
>iltiiig  lUdl  returned  to  the  United  States  and  was  domiciled  at  the  Staiiiliug 
llutk  iigency  in  Daiiota,  since  wliicli  tiinc   Indian  waist  in   .Nbmtanti  luivo 
iiascd.     As  a  reward  to  tho  soldiers  ser\iiii;  in  the  arduous  and  dangerous 
rampaigns  of  the  north-west,  the  secretaiy  ■  f  w;ir  declarcil  them  entitled  to 
M'ar  distinctive  stiipes.     He  sehitid  the  iiiuiiaigns  of  lsti,'i-8in  Oregon, 
1  h  lio,  California,  and  Nevada:  of   bS(;N-!l  m  Kansas.  Colorado,  and   Indian 
I'  iiitory;  of  lS7--;i  in  tin-  .Nbidis  country;  of  I.s7:i  in  Arizoui,;  of  |s7*-.')  in 
K:  iisas,  Cohu'udo,  I'exas,   Indian    Ten itury,  and    New  .Mexico;  of   lS7(i-7  in 
M     uina  and  Wyoming;  of   1877  and   l>78  in  lilaho  and   Montana;  ami  of 
1^^  !>  against  the  northern  Clieycnins.    IliUua  Inih  in  uti,  i,l,  ,\\\\w  1!»,  187!I. 
'  ■' u.  (iiblion  recoiiinu  iided  that  the  viiluntcers  who  fought  with  him  in  tho 
liaitlu  of  Itii'hoh;  bliould  be  conipensnu  li.  and  pensions  granted  to  tiie  fumilitts 
't  ilic  slain.    Ilthiin  HirnliK  iVc.  (I,  |s7!l. 

'I'lie  legislature  of  Montana  m.ki'd  eiuijrcss  to  make  Montana  a  separuto 
I!  ilii.iry  department,  with  tliinral  Milts  in  coinmand;  but  it  was  mailo  ik 
^' I  aiatc  district  instead.  Of  tlic  fats  within  lliis  district,  I'ort  Kcough, 
1  -tahhslud  by  Ocnenil  Mdes  in  bs77,  is  tiie  priiK'ipal  It  has  bnriaiks  for  iv 
1. 11  .'c  garrison,  sixteen  hoUHes  for  \\\-  tnmiiics  of  ollircis,  a  cimpil,  school, 
I  I'ital,  and  other  biiililin.us,  with  .i  'aiio.onie  parade  ground,  in  the  centro 
^Olich  a  fountain  throws  up  water  t.'oiii  tlie  \'ell.>wstoiic  Itiver.  l''ort  Cub 
ter,  establislied  by  Col  Hrackett,  'Jd  cav.,  in  the  Hatnevnr,  is  on  the  ( 'ri)\/ 
liitlian  resi-rvation,  whert)  it  preserves onler.  Fort  .Xssiniibi.iNe,  on  the  iSlaek' 
fuiit  reservtition,  protects  and  keeps  in  subjection  the  tribes  on  tliat  largo 
reserve;  while  forts  Shawand,  Kllis  and  at  the  passes  whereby  hostile  UimU 
'  .i  1  most  readily  enter  th(i  settlements.  'I'lu-  jH'ace  and  seilii  ity  ntlbrded 
ly  ;^'iverninent  jiroteition  has  imparled  new  liie,  and  iimiigiirntcd  a  thousand 
eiitiipriscs  iM.'foro  iuijiossible.  'Ihe  Indians  became  more  settled,  and  began 
t'  ilwiMce,  though  souieuiiat  slowly,  in  the  industrial  habits  leading  to 
'i'  II  uUiiiiate  good. 


:i  1 


CHAPTER  VI. 

MINING  AND  CATTLE-RAISINO. 

18G4-1885. 

IwTLtTC  OF  Prospectors — Continued  Mineral  DiacovERiES— ALnrn  wn 
Last  Chanck  (jclches— Mining  Akventukf.s — Some  Noiaiii.e  I»iv(iv- 

ERIK8— HYIlUArLIC   MaCHINEKY —  QUAUTZ-MININO— TUANSPdliTAiluN  — 

IloL  rE.s  ANij  FuEioHTs — TiiE  BrsiNEs.s  or  Cattle-growinu— IIamiKS— 
Brands— R(>i;Ni)-rp — Piioixict  and  I'RoriT— Fuutueu  Mini.nu  l»KvtL- 
OPMENT8 — Condition  of  Aguicdltdre. 

Thk  two  primary  elements  of  Montana's  <rri\uA  <lr- 
velopiiH'iit  were  j^old  and  j^rassos.  In  a  roii^h  country 
of  a|)[)arL'ntly  fow  resources,  the  discovery  of  Alder 
gulch,  iL'sultint^  in  $00,000,000  of  precious  nirlal, 
which  that  ten  miles  of  auriferous  ground  prodmcd 
in  twenty  years,*  was  like  the  ruhhing  of  an  Aladdin 
lamp.  It  drew  eager  i)rospectors  from  Colorado,  I  tali, 
and  Idaho,  who  overran  the  country  on  both  sidt  s  dt" 
the  upper  Missouri,  and  east  and  west  of  the  Kotky 
Mountains,  many  of  whom  realized,  to  a  greatn  or 
less  extent,  their  dreams  of  wealth.''     The  most  im- 

'  Sliuhorn'i  Montnntt,  8;  Ihirrnwn'  Tiirlve  yi,jhl»,  239. 

''  Among  the  iliHcovoriosof  1SG4  was  tlio  Silver  Bow,  or  Summit  Mniiiilniii 
•listrict,  (HI  tlio  iicad  wutrrH  u(  iK-er  I^>ilgu  River.  It  was  fouucl  iii  .luly  ly 
Bud.  Biirker,  Fiiiiik  Rull',  .losepii  Kater,  and  Jniiies  Kstcr.  The  iiuiik.'  uf 
Silver  Bow  wu»  given  liy  tiu'HO  iliRcoverurs,  from  tlio  shining  uml  litaiitiiul 
anpeanince  of  tlie  eifck,  wiiich  lure  RweeiiM  in  a  croseent  umoni;;  tln'  liill''. 
'llie  ilistrii't  wiiH  I'iniiieHin  li.'iigtii,  ami  hesiiles  the  discovery  iluiin  orjjulili, 
there  were 'J I  diseovcred  nnd  worked  in  tho  following  5  years,  mid  al«i'.itai> 
many  more  that  were  worked  after  the  iiitrodiietion  uf  water  ditehes  in  l*<li!l. 
Tiu-  men  who  iineovered  tho  riehes  of  .Silver  Bow  district  were,  attei  tlio 
original  discoverers,  W.  U.  t'o;,'geswel!,  I'eter  Mluter,  Vera  >n  k  Co.,  I'  ^"l-'- 
inon,  M.  Johnson,  IVunis  I>riHcull,  .1.  Baker,  Kofiert  MeMiiin,  'li.omas  IIikuI, 
W.  R.  Crawford,  Sherman  &  Co..  Henry  Rust,  M.  i'rett\min,  Lesler  I'tl'li', 
\V.  K.  Harris,.!.  l^»CUiir,  L.Thayer,  (Jeorgo  I'opple,"  A.  M.  Smitli,  < '■  >!• 
Warren,  .lames  Boattie,  (ieorgo  McCausland,  Wolf  i^  Cownn.  I'm  i'  I'lO 
gulches  opened  by  these  men  was  tuken,  liotweeii  lSt)4  uod  iM'ilt,  .Sl.b'^Jr'OO 


■■%i 


m 
ill 


LAST  CHANCE. 


721 


portant  discovery  after  Aider  gulch  was  made  by 
John  Cowan,  a  tall,  dark-eyed,  gray-haired  man  from 
Ackworth,  Georgia,  who  had  explored  for  a  long  time 
in  vain,  and  staked  his  remaining  hopes  and  efforts  on 
a  prospect  about  half-way  between  Mullan's  pass  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Missouri  River,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Little  Prickly  Pear  River,  and  called  his 
stake  the  Last  Chance  gulch.^  From  near  the  ground 
whore  Helena  was  located,  in  tiro  autunm  of  1 804, 
John  Cowan  took  the  first  few  thousands  of  the 
^ I  ('), 000,000  which  it  has  yielded,  and  returned  to  his 
Diitive  state,  where  he  built  liimsolf  a  saw-mill  and 
was  wisely  content,*  Hundreds  of  miners  swarmed  to 
Last  Chance,  and  by  the  first  of  October  the  town  of 

II  ;lena  was  founded  and  named,  and  a  connnittcc 
a|»pc>inted  by  citizens  to  lay  it  oiF  in  lots  and  draw 
u|)  a  set  of  municipal  regulations  suited  to  the  condi- 
tions of  a  mining  comnmnity.^     From  its  favorable 

Of  tlio  gulches,  which  lay  too  high  to  bo  worked  beforo  the  compli'tion  of 
tliL'  rioiicer  ami  KocUcr  ditch  in  1870,  the  discoverers  were:  W.  Iv  ViTiion, 
luliii  W.  IJaker,  Nelson  Kvercst,  ('iiurles  S.  Warren,  Michiud  Mnran,  .luliii 
llaiilliii,  lienjiunin  \'eniT,  Kugeno  ISoiteaiix,  William  IJarry,  'I'lioiiias  Sinitli, 
il.  11.  Alstreadt,  lOarl  (iower,  John  Ilanick,  Levi  IiUhscII,  John  Sliepiiai-.l, 
1..  W.  Ihirnett,  John  M.  Killo^i,  'Arkansaw,'  II.  H.  rort(  r,  L.  (Iri.swold, 
Cliaiics  Rure.s,  Sidney  Diunon,  Vernon  &  Co.,  Thomas  Ihirden,  II.  J.  Malti- 
snii,  (Ihnrles  Noye.s,  (iower  &  Co.,  (Jrane  &  Lynch.  Total  number  of  cl.iimii 
ill  the  di.stri('t  in  ISG!)  was  1,0()7.  There  were  at  this  time  7  ilitnluM  in  tliu 
'Ii4iut  from  1  to '20  nnlea  in  length,  ai^grogating  o.'l  miles,  with  a  total  ca- 
(aritv  of  ;t,100  inches  of  water,  constructed  atacostof  ^UHJ.OOO.  Da'r  /.oil  /c 
.V, .  '.Vo)7/(»r.s<,  Nov.  12,  18G1). 

■'  1!.  Stiiidey  ot  Attlcborough,  Nuneaton,  Km^land,  was  one  of  the  dis- 
'lively  party,  iohn  Crab  and  !>.  J.  Miller  were  also  of  the  party.  Tiny  had 
nunc  from  Alder  gulch,  where  no  claimn  were  hit  for  them.    They  eiH"uii|ii'd 

III  a  i^idch  where  llelenu  was  latiu'  placed,  but  nit  linclini,'  tiie  prospect  rirh, 
Mtiiiittogo  to  Kootenai.  On  llellgatc  Kiver  tiny  met  a  paity  reliiniiii'^ 
tiiiiicc,  who  warned  them  not  to  wa.xte  their  time.  So  they  tuiiied  Icn  U,  ai.d 
pii^pe(;tcd  on  lllackfoot  lliver,  and  east  of  tiic  mountains  on  the  Dearbuni 
iiiiil  .\hiria  rivi^'s,  iintil  they  found  thtinselvis  once  more  in  the  j,'uKh  on  tho 
I'likly  I'ear,  which  tiiey  siud  was  '  tlieir  last  eh.ince. '  It  proved  on  further 
'nil  to  iju  all  thu  ohuuuo  they  desired.  Stuidey,  in  llilfiiu  Citt/  JJiri'ulun/, 
l^Nl  1.47-8. 

'Inlm  Sloas,  killed  by  Indian.^  in  l.S(i(i,  on  tho  Dry  fork  of  Cheycnno 
I'ivi  I',  is  also  called  ono  uf  tho  discoverers  of  Last  Chance  gulch, 

Ceorgo  I'.  Wood,  fcaya  tho  lldeua  Jii/iiililirnii,  Sept.  'JO,  IS(i(l,  was  tho 
"lily  line  of  tho  connnittco  who  ever  attempted  to  disciiarge  tho  duties  of  hi;* 
"lliiv-  an  unpaiil  and  thankless  Bcrv ice.  If  Helena  shows  defects  of  grado 
>'itl  narrowness  of  streets  in  tho  original  plan,  it  could  not  be  othcrwisn  in  a 
'"«ii  hastily  settled,  without  surveys,  uml  neccssiirily  contorming  to  tlio 
i^^huructur  uf  tho  grouud.  And,  as  h'bS  frequently  been  thu  case,  a  spriujj  uf 
Uiei,  Wami.— Iti 


■111 
i:;.H 


*)«;:;?! 


nt 


MINIXO  AND  CATTLE-RAISIN'O. 


situation  with  regard  to  routes  of  travel,  and  ntlicr 
Jidvaiitagea,  Helena  became  a  rival  of  the  inetr()|i(ili.s 
of  Alder  gulch — Virginia  City. 

Following  rapidly  upon  the  discovery  of  Ti.ist 
Chanco  gulch  were  others  of  great  richness,  as  tlu^ 
Opliir  and  McClellan,*  thirty  miles  from  Helena,"  dii 
the  west  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  Coiilcil- 
crato,  east  of  the  Missouri  River  and  south-east  of 
Helena,  and  others.' 

M'atcr  determined  the  question  of  the  first  settlement.  After  the  llilma 
Water  C'oninaiiy  liail  cf>n.stnict(!(l  a  syHtciii  of  water-pipes  leading  tn  tlic  iiimo 
level  groiinu,  wliiuli  it  did  in  IS(i5-(i,  tlie  town  ra|)i(ily  followfd  in  thiit  ilir.,. 
tion.  A  ditch  lea4liii<{  from  Ten  MiU)  ('recii  to  tiiu  mines  h('h)W  town  i.iu^c.l 
a  Hpreadingoiit  in  that  direction.  Henuo  the  irregidaritics  in  tlie  plmi  uf 
Montana's  ca|)ital. 

•Named  after  .Tolm  L.  iMc'(,'h'llan,  the  discoverer.  Blackfoot  City  win 
located  on  Ophirj^ulch,  diML'overed  liy  ISratton,  I'cndx^rton,  andotliei's,  in  .M;iy 
18().">.      In  IST-  it  liad  ticen  altaiiduiicd  to  the  ('hintw. 

'  Helena  was  located  on  Dry  K"''''''i  ^^I'ich  coidd  not  bo  workcci  mitil 
ditches  were  constrnctcd.  Oro  Fino  and  ( Iri/zly  Ljulches  were  joincil  luilf  a 
mile  al)ovu  tiie  town,  formin;,' the  cch'l)rated  Lust  (.'hanee.  Nciton's  luIl'Ii 
headed  in  the  mountains,  and  ran  into  Ten  .Mile  Creek.  Sonth  from  tlu'su 
were  a  imndier  of  rich  j^ulches  ninning  into  I'rickly  I'ear  Kiver.  Ihl'-mi 
J{r/)iil)/ir(iii,  Sept.   I.">,   IS()(>. 

"  For  l.")(t  miles  north  anil  south  of  Helena,  and  lf>0  east  and  west  uf  tlic 
same  point,  minis  of  t'xeeedlng  liciiness  were  discovtMrd  in  |.S('it">  and  l-illl. 
First  Chanco  j,'ulch,  a  frilmtary  of  I5c;ir  j,'iilih,  in  1)cer  Loilj,'(M'ounty.  yicMcil 
nearly  .SI, (KM)  a  day  witli  one  sluice  and  one  Hi't  of  hands.  N'cw  N'ork  j.'iilili 
and  .Montana  liar,  in  .Mi'a^jher  eonnty,  wiic;  f.nhidonsly  jiroductive.  (ilil 
Helen.-i  residents  still  love  tc^  lelate  that  on  the  niondii;,'  of  the  Istli  of  .\ii- 
mist,  Isdij,  two  waL;on,'(  loadcil  with  n  half-ton  each  of  i^'o'.d,  gmd  (/iianh  il  liy 
an  escort  of  lifteen  mm,  deposited  their  fnii^ht  at  licr.shfeld  fi  ( 'o.'s  K.ink, 
on  r.ridj,'e  street,  this  treasure  havinj{  liecn  taken  from  .Montana  har  .iiul 
(/'onfederati!  ^nlch  in  less  th;in  four  montlis,  l>y  two  men  and  th<'ir  assi>t;iiits. 
And  Helena  hankirsare  still  jihased  to  mention  that  in  the  antiimn  of  htili 
a  four-mult!  team  drew  tuo  and  a  half  tons  of  ;;ol<l  from  Helena  to  I'xiitiiM, 
for  transportation  down  the  Missouri  Kiver,  most  of  which  came  from  tlicso 
eeleliratcd  minis  in  on<'  season,  and  the  v.dueof  which  freight  was.'^l,.'iiti(,lKM). 
'I'he  train  was  escortecl  liy  F.  X.  ISi'ldhir  and  aids.  The  tri'asiuf  IhIihiamI 
to  .lohn  Shineman,  A.  ('amphell,  C  .1.  Friedrichs.  and  '!'.  .(uiIsmu.  //•/<«■( 
Jitjiiililit-uii,  .Sept.  I,  iNtiti;  \V.  A.  Clarke,  in  Strahoni':!  Moiilana,  II. 

As  n,  memento  of  early  chiys  in  Montana,  I  will  eitci  here  some  of  tlm 
nuj,'gct3  which  rcwaiiled  the  miner's  toil  in  tho  plaeer-uiining  iierioil.  la 
Ih-own  guli'h,  .'»  miles  from  Virginia  City,  the  gold  was  coarse,  and  mi..'j,'<'ts 
«)f  10  o/.  or  more  wei'c  common.  Virijlniit  and  //ihiia  I'ost,  Oct.  !•,  Isiiil.  hi 
18(17  a  miner  named  'N'ager  found  in  Fairweather  gulch,  on  .f.  Mclivily's 
claim,  a  piece  of  gold,  ohlong  in  sluipe,  with  a  slioulderat  one  end,  and  «■  rii 
Binootli,  weighing  l.llhs'Joz.  Vini'ni'ia  Moiilana  P(ii<>,  May  18,  iMiT.  I'rciii 
McClellan's  gulch,  on  the  Hlackl'oot  Kiver,  8:»>,<MM)  was  taken  from  mio 
claim  ii;  II  days,  hy  .'»  men.  From  a  claim,  Xo.  8,  helow  Discovery  cliini. 
on  the  same  gulch,  !?l'J,."i81  was  taken  out  in  .')  days.  The  <lirt  h.i'  k  <•( 
lilackfoot  t.'ity  paid  from  •.'()  c  to.?l  ID  to  the  pan.  IliUnn  I!i'j>iili/i<fi'i,  .\iil'. 
'2^i,  IStili.  From  Nelson 's  '^ulch,  at  Hch'iia,  were  taken  a  nugijetwoi  tii  >'-'."'''l. 
found  on  Maxwi^ll,  llollins,  it  Co.'s  idaim,  and  one  worth  §l,(>."»0  iVoiii  .1.  II. 
liogers'  claim,     i'roin  Dcitrick  &  llrother'a  claim,  on  llockergulch,  one  worth 


I 


NCGOETS  AXD  QUARTZ.  Ml 

It  will  be  scon  that  with  so  larijo  a  stroam  of  f'old 
]>ouring  out  of  the  country,  witli  a  diininishing  popu- 

$1,S00;  anil  on  Tandy's  claim  tlirec  wortli  §37">,  8l7."i,  and  9i).'»0,  rcspcctivily. 
Aliiiust  every  claim  iiad  its  famuus  niig^^'ct.  Mining  {{roiinil  wax  claiiiii'd  ad 
huiiii  an  iliscDVoriMl,  and  prospectors  puslicd  out  in  every  direction.  New 
jilacers  weic  found  from  the  l»itterroot  to  tiio  Uij^liorn  Ivivcr,  but  none  to  cx- 
i  il  or  to  o<pial  tlioat!  of  ISU!)  uuil  lM(i4. 

Tlio  discovery  of  rpiartz-ledges  was  contemporaneous  with  the  discovery 
of  ilannack  I'huers  in  Isiij.  A  California  miner  remariieil,  in  IStSI.  tliat  im 
eiuntctl  7  <iuart/  lodes  in  one  mountain.  .V.  /''.  Itnllrlin,  -Vni,'.  "JS,  iMil.  'I'lin 
first  iodo  worked  was  the  I>akota,  which  was  a  hir^;e,  irregulaily  wluiped 
viin  carrying  freo  gold,  varying,'  from  three  to  eight  feet  in  thickness,  trnnlin'.; 
)i'>rtli-wust  and  south-ca.st,  dipping  to  tlie  north-ei>st,  and  situated  in  a  liald 
lull  near  Itannack.  Its  owners  weru  Ani(>ld  &  Allen,  wh(»  pru'eidicj  to 
erect  a  mill  out  of  Kuch  means  ns  were  at  liand,  tli*;  iron  and  much  of  tiin 
viiud  hcing  furnislied  l>y  the  great  number  of  wagojisaliandoneil  at  this  point 
I'V  the  Salmon  Uivcr  immigrants  before  spoken  of.  Out  of  wa^ontins,  in  a 
I'ounnun  blacksmith's  forge,  were  fashioncil  six  stamps,  weiifhing  4()i)  |Mimii|4 
raih.  TIk!  power  usrd  was  water,  and  with  tiiis  Him|)lu  ancl  economical  eon- 
tiivanco  more  gold  was  extracted  than  with  some  of  Ilmi  times  the  cost  in- 
troiluced  later. 

'Ihe  first  steam  qunrtz-mill  was  put  up  in  lianmn-k  in  IH(i^,  )iy  Hiinkins. 
Walter  (!.  llojikins  placed  a  stcain-mill  on  No,  0  |)akota,  in  AugiiNt  l>iiii. 
'llu!  ISulliou  .\lining  Company  of  .Montana  owned  a  mill  in  Istiii,  with  :t  l>ul- 
Ink  crushers,  and  placed  it  on  the  New  York  ledge,  Keyser  mananer.  'I'ho 
Mast  Itannack  (uild  and  Silver  Mining  ('ompany  owned  a  mill  in  lM)ti,  ]'la<'e<l 
on  tlio  .Shober  ledgt';  managed  by  l>avid  Wonlen.  Tiie  liutterliild  mill,  and 
Kiiliy  &  Clark  ndll,  werjalso  in  opei-ation  near  Uannai.'k  in  lS(l<i!  and  .\.  I''.. 
\\  Odd  had  placcil  u  Bullock  patt^nt  crusher  on  l>akota  No.  I'J,  fiir  the  New 
ticrsey  (.'om|>any. 

I'nder  the  lirst  fjuartz-mining  law  of  Montana,  100  feet  in  It^ngth  consti- 
tuted a  claim.  The  Kccond  legislature  ehaiignl  this  to  "JIX)  feet  al^iig  tlio 
luile,  with  all  the  dips,  spurs,  and  angles,  and  .")0  feet  on  each  si.lo  of  tli.  Iodo 
f'lr  working  pm'poses;  Imt  1,000  feet  of  ground  might  be  taken  in  each  di- 
re,'tioii  along  the  lode  for  tho  same  uses.  Muutunn  lirriiii",  '.M.  Tin;  person 
discovering  u  Iodo  was  entitled  to  one  eluim  for  the  discovery  and  one  by 
preemption. 

In  Sej)tombcr  ISOI  .Tames  W.  Whitlatch,  born  in  Ta,  not  inu<h  eultureil 
in  bookknowicilgc,  Imt  with  great  shrcwilness  and  an  indomitable  will,  who 
li.'id  become  ac(piainted  with  mining  and  millingores  in  Nivadaand  ( '>>lorado, 
Mas  looking  f',)r  a  (piart/locali'in,  having  prospected  insever.il  districts  befoi-o 
lie  came  to  I'rlckly  I'car,  wiieio  he  tiicil  working  some  silvi'rbeariug  L'ah  na 
eiis  which  proveil  intraetabln  Iroiu  the  prescnee  of  copper  and  antininny. 
Tile  expenditure,  in  a  country  of  hi;,h  priees,  reduced  hisexehi'ipier  to  naught, 
and  he  sougiit  l^ast  (/'hani:e  gulch,  thei-o  to  eni.'anip  for  the  winter  v  iih  « i.;lit 
I  ^mpnnions.  The  placers  were  paying  enormously,  and  believing  that  iiti.irtz 
i  i  tho  mother  of  jilaccr  goM,  ho  began  searching  fortius  veins.  In  this  s.  areli 
III'  was  assisted  by  his  ei^ht  messmates,  who,  having  l<ss  faith,  and  de-iring 
t  1  test  their  fortunes  in  the  phu'cr  dl,'gin,'s,  bound  him  to  an  agi-eeim  ni  to 
j:ne  up  tho  pursuit  if  at  the  close  of  a  eertain  day  of  \\w  month  he  Lad  not 
1  und  his  l>onanzu.  'i'he  day  was  drawing  to  a  close,  and  hisconijianinn-  had 
ri  turned  to  camp,  when  Wliitlatch  canglit  Ki;ht  of  a  fragment  of  C|ii:iit/, 
vliiih  on  being  nroken  open  by  his  pick  showed  fri-e  gold.  It  was  with  a 
'{  lii'keneil  pulso  that  lie  struck  it  into  tho  earth  and  uncovered  the  ling- 
n  night  Iwle. 

'ihis  was  tho  fantous  Whitlatch  mine.  In  order  to  work  it,  a  >  nuipany 
^vas  funned  of  sucueeding  claimants,  called  the  Wiullatch  Uuiou  .Mining  Cuui- 


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MINING  AND  CATTLE-RAISING. 


latlon,  with  no  exports  except  the  precious  metals  and 
a  few  hides  and  furs,  and  with  a  recklessly  extrava- 

pany.  In  1864-5  there  was  taken  out  a  good  quantity  of  ore  worth  on  an 
average  forty  dollars  per  ton,  and  in  Sept.  18G6  the  mill  of  the  National  Min- 
ing and  Exploring  Company  commenced  crushing  it,  followed  by  several 
others  which  were  erected  in  this  and  the  foliowiufj  year.  These  were  the 
Tnrnlcy,  Hendie,  Sensenderfer  &  Whitlatch,  and  flicker  &  Price  mills, 
the  first  2  erected  in  1800.  Virrjiiiia  Montana  Post,  Dec.  25,  1807.  Over 
32,000  tons  were  worked  before  tiic  close  of  1807,  yielding  §1,001,500.  Tlio 
cost  of  mining  and  milling  ores  in  Montana  at  tliis  period  was  enormous,  bciiiL; 
$7  per  ton  to  get  out  the  ore,  and  from  $15  to  $18  for  crushing  it,  in  golil, 
when  gold  was  worth  a  premium  of  100  per  cent.  Tlie  profit  was  therefoio 
small,  but  such  as  it  was,  Whitlatch,  with  the  tiue  enterprise  of  a  pioneer, 
devoted  to  the  further  development  of  his  own  and  neighboring  mines.  I  X  L, 
owned  by  J.  C.  Ricker  and  M.  A.  Price,  was  claim  No.  I  west  of  Whit- 
latch discovery  claim.  Wliitlatch  and  Sensenderfer  was  claim  No.  3  cast  ami 
clain  Xo.  3  west  on  the  lode,  from  discovery,  a  half-interest  in  which  was 
sold  to  Sensenderfer  in  Juno  1809,  and  a  30-stamp  mill  erected  thereon.     Tlio 

firopcrty  was  resold  to  a  I'hiladelphia  company  under  the  name  of  The  Co- 
umbia  Mining  Company  of  Montana,  managed  by  13.  H.  Tatem.  Claim  No, 
4  cast  was  owned  equally  by  this  company  and  by  E.  Mansticld  &  Co.  Claim 
No.  2  east  was  owned  by  Jlansficld  and  E.  llodson.  The  westward  extension 
on  the  Union  lode  was  called  the  Parkinson,  and  was  owned  by  J.  W.  Whit- 
latch, J.  Parkinson,  W.  Parkinson,  and  C.  McCluro.  On  the  extension,  the 
Essex  Mining  Company,  composed  of  Thomas  Parkinson,  W.  Parkinson, 
Thomas  Argyle,  and  C.  McCluro,  owned  1,800  feet.  They  received  a  patent 
for  the  ground  from  the  U.  S.,  the  first  granted  in  Montana  under  a  law  «( 
congress  concerning  quartz  claims.  The  mill  site  included  10  acres  on  (Jrizzly 
gulcii,  ;i  mile  from  the  mine.  More  fortunate  than  many  other  men  of  his 
class,  he  secured  a  fortune  for  his  own  uses. 

The  discovery  of  the  Wliitlatch  lode  led  to  a  quartz  excitement,  not  only 
about  Helena,  but  in  every  other  part  of  Montana.  The  Clitf  was  a  proniisin ,' 
lode  at  Helena,  discovered  by  Wordcn  and  Hall,  on  which  18  claims  wciu 
located,  J)  of  which  were  consolidated  in  one  company  known  as  the  Cnesin 
Mining  Cc  .pany.  The  crevice  of  the  Clitl'  was  from  '23  to  200  feet  wide,  anil 
it  rose  in  many  places  30  feet  above  the  surface.  It  formed  a  dividing  lino 
between  the  slate  and  granite  formations.  T' 
vicinity  of  Helena,  all  of  which  ))aid  avcU  b( 
from  which  it  would  appear  that  it  must  have 
The  Owyhee  Park  mines  also  were  famous  in  I.MiO.  Professor  Ilodgo  was 
agent  of  the  National  Alining  and  Exploring  Company  of  Now  York,  wliiih 
owned  them.  Turnley'a  null  commenced  running  on  tho  ores  in  the  latter 
part  of  August  1800.  J/elena  Ii€[niMicnn,  Sept.  1,  1800.  Hodgo  and  his  son 
Russell  were  indicted  in  January  1807  for  killing  Gcorgo  Moore  because  lio 
took  timber  from  the  company's  land.  Vinjlnia  Montana  I'ont,  Feb.  'J 
and  March  9,  1807.  The  Bullion  Mining  Company,  of  Nilson's  guleh,  coin- 
menccd  crushing  their  ores  in  November  1800.  The  Sultana,  at  tho  head  of 
Grizzly  gulch,  had  a  ten-stamp  mill  erected  by  J.  (jormley&  Co.  at  woik  in 
Novcndjer  also.  It  was  erected  by  Richard  Fisher.  His  partner,  Clilloiil, 
was  superintendent  for  a  New  York  company  which  owned  5  mills  in  Georgia 
before  the  rebellion.  Tho  property  bcirg  confiscated,  Clillbrd  migrated  U 
Colorado,  and  mined  there  for  5  years  before  coming  to  Alontana.  Among 
other  mines  partially  opened  in  1805  near  Helena  was  tho  Unclo  Sam,  owm-l 
by  a  miner  from  Scotland  named  Brown,  who  had  formerly  worked  on  tho 
Gould  and  Curry  lodo  of  Nevada.  This  mine  wao  said  at  the  period  of  \U 
discovery  to  bo  tho  richest  in  tho  known  world,  being  a  well-defined  led^o 
five  feet  wide,  three  fourths  of  which  was  pure  gold,  and  the  remainder  prin- 
cipally bismuth.    The  quartz  casing  coutaming  tho  vein,  it  was  stated,  would 


■od  tho  gulches  in  tlio 
,  and  none  ])aid  above  it, 
the  source  of  their  riclie--:. 


only 

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QUARTZ-MINING. 


725 


gant  system  of  government,  Montana  must  be  brought 
to  comparative  poverty,  or  at  all  events,  was  no  better 

nssay  from  §500  to  %i2,000.  Making  every  allowance  for  ove.  -enthusiasm,  the 
Uncle  Sam  waa  undoubtedly  a  mine  of  very  unusual  richness,  with  one  of 
those  bonanzas  at  the  top  which  have  not  been  altogether  unknown  in  other 
mines. 

While  quartz-mining  was  being  followed  with  so  much  earnestness  in  the 
regions  of  13annack  and  Helena,  it  was  being  prosecuted  also  in  the  neighbor- 
iiood  of  Virginia  City.  In  Summit  district,  five  miles  south  of  tho  tlun  cap- 
ital of  Montana,  four  mills  were  running  on  ores  from  the  mines  in  that 
vicinity.  In  Hot  Springs  district,  30  njilcs  north  of  Virginia  City,  were  three 
others.  Idaho  mill  was  the  first  in  Madison  county,  antl  began  pounding  oie 
with  12  stamps  in  Dec.  I8G5.  It  was  not  successful,  Ijcing  replaced  liy  another 
little  more  than  a  year  later.  Virfjiiiia  Montana  I'oif,DcG.  ;iO,  lS(ir>.  Thcfoilow- 
ing  year  Seneca  Falls  mill,  in  a  large  frame  structure  witii  excellent  machin- 
ci\v,  Scranton  mill  with  a  Dodge  crusher,  inn  stone  building,  and  Excelsior 
mill  with  20  stamps,  in  a  line,  largo  building,  were  added.  In  a  gulch  just 
below  Summit  was  the  Foster  null  with  24  stamjis,  crushing  ore  from  the 
Mcsler  lode.  A  aO-stamp  mill  was  on  its  way  from  the  cast,  in  May,  intended 
for  Mill  Creek  mines  in  the  same  county.  'J'he  owners  were  James  A. 
Dowdrdl,  Manlius  Branham,  and  C.  C.  Branliain.  Tho  first  run  was  made  on 
the  Lady  Suffolk  lode.  Two  mills  arrived  in  Summit  in  Oct.,  for  Frank 
Chistnot,  from  Nebraska  City,  overland.  The  l)est  known  lodes  of  Summit 
district  were  the  Yankee  IMade,  Lucas,  assaying  S2,000,000  per  ton,  Cavcrone 
from  15  to  40  feet  in  width,  Oro  (,'ache,  and  Keystone. 

There  was  one  belonging  to  llaglan,  Cope,  ;ind  Nupton,  a  custom  mill,  and 
one  to  the  Clark  and  Upson  Mining  Company,  and  of  which  Professor  Eaton  was 
tlie  agent.  J /dena  liCintldicaii,  iii.'\tt.  Ill,  I8(i().  Tho  mines  in  tiio  Hot  Springs 
district  which  were  worked  at  this  period  were  the  Coto|)axi,  (Jold  Hill,  E.sop, 
Oro  Fino,  Sebastopol,  Buena  Vista,  Poco  Tiempo,  Alplia,  ('leopatra,  M.irk 
Antony,  May  Reid,  Megatherium,  Brooklyn,  and  Bony.  Tlio  latter  was  the 
leading  mine.  Vivcjhiia  Moidami  /'on/,  let).  21,  ISG'J.  Several  otlier  mills  and 
mines  appear  in  1807,  owned  by  H.  A.  Wanl,  McAudrews,  \Varr(!  Si  Co., 
Isaacs,  and  L.  W.  Borton.  At  I'ipestone,  a  few  miles  north  of  Hot  Springs, 
a  mill  was  erected  in  18(»G.  At  Fish  Creek,  a  short  distance  south  of  l'i))e- 
stonc,  the  Red  Mountain  district  was  opened  too  late  in  the  season  for  tiio 
introiluction  of  mills. 

North-east  of  and  within  about  fifteen  miles  of  Helena,  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Missouri,  was  the  Trout  Creek  district,  in  which  both  mills  and  arastras 
Were  busily  at  work  grinding  and  pounding  out  gold  from  rock  of  great  I'ich- 
ncss,  at  a  place  called  New  Vork,  on  a  creek  flowing  into  the  Missouri,  with 
a  Brooklyn  on  the  opposite  side,  the  two  towns  having  a  population  of  about 
400.  John  A,  Gaston,  one  of  tho  first  comers,  and  an  Englishman,  was  asso- 
ciated with  Simpson  in  a  30-stamp  (juartz-mill.  Each  stamp  weighed  (iOO 
p  lunds.  and  dropped  35  times  a  minute,  pounding  22  tons  in  24  lionrs.  It 
Btartc  I  up  Aug.  28,  ISGC.  A  water-pow  er  mill,  with  ;in  1 1 -foot  overshot  wheel, 
Mas  located  west  of  tho  steam-mill,  and  carried  six  .")00-ponnd  stamps,  crush- 
ing a  ton  a  day  each.  This  was  tho  pioneer  mill  of  Trout  Creek  district,  an<l 
belonged  to  Wessel  &  Wilkes,  and  started  Aug.  25th.  It  had  an  arastra  at- 
tached. Another  water-mill  was  erected  by  Cullcn,  and  a20-stainp  stcam- 
iiiill  by  Hendrio  &  Cass,  during  tho  Bummer.  An  arastra  bclonL'ing  to 
liumlay  &  Watrous  consisted  of  a  circular  basin  12  feet  in  diamcler,  with 
5  muUers,  weighing  in  tho  aggregate  3,000  pounds.  It  reduced  1 ,00;)  jiounds 
of  ore  in  0  hours,  wicli  one  hand,  and  was  run  by  water  power  from  an  over- 
shot wheel,  8  feet  in  diameter. 

Tho  Star  of  tho  West  was  tho  first  ledge  developed  in  this  district.  Seven 
tons  yielded  ?387.50  in  Wessell  &  Willces'  arastra,  at  a  total  expenso  of 
5^17.50.     Tho  Nonpareil.  Grizzly,  Alta,  Excelsior  No.  2,  Littlo  Giaut,  Zebra, 


■^;Am\ 


720 


MINING  AND  CATTLE-RATSINO, 


:\ 


off  than  other  new  countries  whicli  were  without  gold 
mines.     This,  indeed,  was  her  condition  for  a  number 

Chief  of  Montana,  llidbard,  Trout,  Keystone,  Humboldt,  Sampson,  and  Old 
Dinl  wore  nioru  or  less  worked  in  180G. 

'riio  iiiincM,  botli  placer  and  (juartz,  wore  discovered  in  January,  by  f.nir 
huntt  IS  returning  from  au  exnloriug  expedition  to  Sun  JUver.  These  iiim 
wero  Moore,  rhoo,  liittor,  ana  S|)ivy.  The  valley  of  Trout  Creek  was  '2\  liy 
li  miles  in  extent.  The  stream  lurnislied  the  famous  Ne»v  York  and  otlicr 
gulthes,  and  nuiuorous  bars,  A  rumor  of  rich  discoveries  at  the  mouth  of 
iSiui  River,  in  the  winter  of  1805-0,  drew  a  rush  of  prospectors  in  thiit  iliiiMj- 
tioii  in  tlie  months  of  .January  and  February.  Many  were  frozen  to  <lcutli,  or 
had  their  hands  and  feet  frozen.  Five  bodies  were  found  in  the  spriiii,'. 
Most  of  the  explorers  returned  disa|)pointed.  Idaho  World,  Feb.  '1\  nml 
March  17,  ISOO.  A  largo  number  of  immigrants  by  the  northern  route  (I'isli's 
train)  slopped  there  in  the  suunner,  but  abaniloued  that  region  in  Octolicr. 
Vinjlnid.  <uhI  Itelvna  I'ost,  Oct.'W,  1800.  'i'licy  also  explored  the  Bear  I'aw 
Mountains,  lldnia  Itcimblkaii,  Aug.  'Jl,  1800. 

h\  Juno  1800  both  (juartz  and  placer  mines  wore  discovered  on  Cniw 
Creek,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Missouri,  nearly  duo  west  of  the  south  eml  uf 
the  Hclt  Range)  of  mountains,  wliich  has  furnished  so  great  a  number  of  u'odil 
mines  on  the  east  side.  At  this  plaeo  the  town  of  llader.sburg  was  laid  oil  in 
October,  one  mile  from  the  road  leading  from  Helena  to  (Jallatin.  The  tiist 
Iddo  found  was  tlio  IJlipp,  by  J.  A.  Cooper  and  Ceorgo  Beard.  The  ijoiniiiy 
Keating,  by  Keating  and  Blaeher,  Ironclad,  Leviathan,  Twilight,  Niglitliiiu  k, 
Ohio,  Ifllraniarinc,  Robert  E.  Lee,  and  '20  others  were  located  during  tiie  .sum- 
mer. I'in/iiiid  Munldiia  Pod,  May  2,  1808.  The  district,  a  rich  one,  and  Radeis- 
burg  liad,  in  lS(i8,  0(K)  inhabitants.  In  the  Silver  Bow  and  Blackfoot  reginns 
(piartz  was  being  daily  discovered.  In  December  180.1  there  had  been  (lis- 
oovei'eil  tlio  Jiioness,  Rocker,  Sluvmroek,  Origiiuil,  Alhandira,  Wild  i'at, 
Mountaineer,  i'olar  .Star,  Lepley,  Dewey,  Arctic,  Fairniount,  ami  a  host  of 
others.  Quartz  was  discovered  near  McClellan  guleli  by  Henry  I'rosser  iiikI 
Charles  Melvin,  1,0(K)  feet  of  which  sold  for  $10,000.  this  was  the  (ilenmo 
mine.  Jlclcna  Jii'j)iiblicaii,  Aiii^.  18,  1800.  But  there  appear  to  have  been  no 
mills  intioduecd  west  of  tho  Rocky  Mountains  until  later. 

'L'lio  lirst  arrival  of  hydraulic  nuichinery  in  Montana  was  in  Novonilur 
180.'),  when  tho  Nelson  liydraulio  Mining  Company  imported  four  engines  ef 
tenhorse  power,  throwing  water  eighty  feet  high,  with  iron  pipingunil  imli.i- 
rubher  hoso  extensions.  Another  powerful  hydraulic  machine  was  impoiUil 
by  N,  G.  MeComb  in  September  18G0,  and  put  up  on  ZoUer's  bar,  near  liaii- 
nack.  The  construction  of  bed-rock  Humes  and  extensive  ditches  was  only 
just  begun.  There  were  500  or  more  gulches  in  Montana  which  produced 
well,  and  about  twenty  that  were  renmrkably  rich.  Some  were  soon  ex- 
hausted, but  a  good  number  paid  well  for  tho  introduction  of  improved  nie:iii.s 
of  nuning.  As  early  as  1807  there  were  over  thirty-two  miles  of  ditching  iit 
French  bar,  near  Cafion  ferry,  east  of  Helena,  and  ninety-six  flumes,  thoeoit 
of  which  was  §75,000,  and  was  at  that  period  the  largest  imiirovcmcnt  of  Iho 
kind  in  Montana.  The  l?owlder  ditch,  owned  by  McGregor,  Metcalf,  & 
Speiglo  of  California,  which  supplied  tho  mines  around  Diamond  City,  was 
live  miles  long,  and  cost  800,000.  The  exccssivo  coat  of  the  work  was  oeea- 
sioned  by  having  to  use  1,710  feet  of  pipe  in  crossing  Confederate  gulch.  S.  F. 
Alia,  March '_*3,  1808.  Tho  El  Dorado  bar  ditch,  north  of  French  Ijar,  was 
4i  miles  long,  and  cost  $50,000;  and  many  smaller  ditches  had  been  eon- 
structed  east  of  tho  Missouri,  whose  aggregate  cost  was  about  a  quarter  of 
a  million.  Tho  Ten-Mile  ditch  at  Helena  was  completed  in  Juno  1807.  It  «  as 
built  by  Henry  U.  Truett,  who  eamo  to  Montana  in  1800.  Truott.  boiii  in 
Maryland  in  1814,  removed  to  Illinois,  and  worked  a  lead  mine;  thence  Id 
Cal.  in  1810,  where  he  made  and  spent  a  fortu:ie.  He  operated  in  mining  'ii 
Nevada,  and  from  tliero  went  to  Montana.    A  good  citizen  and  courtcuua 


SILVER  MINES. 


727 


of  years,  from  about  18 GO  to  1873.  But  this  period 
was  not  lost  upon  its  permanent  population.     Those 

goiitlcinan.  Died  April  23,  1809,  aged  C8  years,  leaving  a  family.  Virginia 
MiiiitniKi  Pout,  April  .'{Otli.  Deor  Lodge  county  had,  in  1809,  nearly  300  miles  of 
(iilclicH,  costing  $198,000,  and  carrying  an  aggregate  of  20,350  inches  of 
viitiM-.  Dcvr  Lodije  New  Northwest,  Aug.  27,  1809.  A  ninc-milo  ditch,  car- 
rying 2,.')()0  inciica  of  water,  was  completed  to  Norwegian  gulch,  in  Madison 
county,  in  J870,  and  similar  expenditures  will  yet  bo  made  in  some  of  tiio 
riuiicr  placer  districts.  A  flume  was  completed  to  Confederate  gulch  in  1879. 
Thoru  had  been  one  built  in  1870,  which  a  flood  destroyed.  It  was  rebuilt 
iiy  the  owner,  .lames  King.  It  was  but  one  mile  in  length,  but  it  was  esti- 
iii.atcd  that  it  would  require  25  years  of  constant  work  to  exhaust  the  ground 
controlleil  by  it.  Jleleua  Jlcruld,  Nov.  18,  1879. 

In  n:ining  countries  the  usual  Buccession  is,  first  placer  gold,  then  quartz 
gold,  and  lastly  silver  mining.  In  Montana  the  discovery  of  gold  and  silver 
<puirtz  was  contemporaneous.  Tho  first  experiments  witii  ■  ilver  quartz  were 
niiidc  in  the  liluc  Wing  and  Itattlesnake  districts,  a  few  miles  east  and  north- 
f.'ist  of  Itannack.  The  first  lodes  of  tho  Blue  Wing  district  were  the  Huron, 
\Vide  West,  Blue  Wing,  Arizona,  and  Silver  Rose;  of  tho  Rattlesnake  dis- 
trict, Legal  Tender,  White  Cloud,  New  World,  Watson,  and  Dictator.  Vir- 
ijiaid  Montana  I'ost,  Marcli  31 ,  1800.  The  ores  carried  enough  galena  to  make 
tiiein  re<lucible  by  the  smelting  process,  furnaces  being  set  up  in  1800  by  sev- 
eral companies.  The  first  smelter  was  erected  at  Mcrysvillo  by  tlie  New 
York  and  ^lontana  Mining,  Prosfjccting,  and  Discovery  Company,  Their 
Kcientist  was  A.  K.  JOaton,  and  their  general  manager  E.  Loring  Pratt  of 
Cleveland,  Ohio.  In  1808  the  St  Louis  Smelting  Co.  erected  furnaces  at  Ar- 
genta.  The  Rocky  Mountain  (Jold  and  Silver  Mining  Company  put  up  a  cu- 
])i;lling  furnace  at  Marysville,  just  east  of  Bannack,  Cliarles  D.  Everett  super- 
intendent. The  ore  smelted  was  from  the  Wide  West  in  Blue  Wing  district. 
A  i)lasting-fui'nace  was  erected  by  Professor  Eaton;  a  furnace  and  a  24-stamp 
mill  by  Duran  &  Co.;  a  cupel  furnace  in  Rattlesnake  district  by  Professor 
Augustus  Steitz,  on  Lcjgal  Tender  lode.  Tho  ore  yielded  80  per  cent  lead. 
1'lie  mine  was  owned  by  Esler  and  others.  Tho  Stapleton  and  Henry  Clay 
oiis  were  also  worked  in  this  furnace.  Virijiiiia  and  I/cli'iia Post,  Oct.  1 1  and 
Nov.  8  and  15,  1800.  Tho  Huron  Silver  Mining  Company  erected  furnaces, 
Thomas  ^V.  Wood  snperintendent.  A  small  town  in  this  district,  hitherto 
called  Montana,  suffered  a  change  of  appellation  by  the  command  of  Augus- 
tus Steitz,  and  was  henceforth  known  as  Argenta,  which  name  it  seemod 
really  to  deserve  from  the  quantity  of  anjent  which  it  turned  out. 

This  was  the  beginning,  and  when  the  miners  had  begun  to  look  for  silver 
leads  the  epidemic  had  to  run  its  course.  They  also  begun  to  talk  about  tho 
l)laccrs  being  exhausted,  and  to  dilate  upon  the  importance  of  dereloping 
(juartz,  and  doubtless  tho  world  is  richer  for  their  vagaries.  When  they 
came  to  look  tho  country  over,  there  really  was  no  end  of  silver.  Silver  Bow, 
which  in  tho  first  instance  referred  to  a  shining  crescent  of  water,  now  meant 
tliat  the  creticent  was  backed  by  a  wall  of  silver  leads.  In  1809  the  judges 
at  tho  industrial  exhibition  held  at  Helena  gave  the  first  premium  to  silver 
speeimens  from  tho  S.  C.  Day  mine,  on  Moose  Creek,  in  tho  south  end  of  Sil- 
ver Bow  county,  then  Deer  Lodge.  Deer  Lodge  New  Northwent,  Oct.  8,  I80f). 
MiiiiiKj  in  Colorado  and  Montana,  by  Ccorgo  Aux,  is  a  manuscript  of  14  pj)., 
containing  good  references  to  early  mining  in  tho  latter.  In  the  most  fertilo 
and  beautiful  valleys,  which  should  have  been  sacred  to  bucolic  pursuits, 
cropped  up  legions  of  silver  lodes,  notably  in  the  country  about  the  three 
forks  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  on  both  sides  of  that  river  for  a  hundred 
miles.  Silver  lodes  were  found  in  Jefferson  county,  in  1800,  near  where  tho 
most  famous  minca  of  the  present  are  being  worked.  Tho  Gregory,  owned 
by  .iVxcis  and  Mimmaw,  was  located  near  JcUcrsou  City.  Virginia  and  Helena 
Pout,  Nov.  10,  1800. 


728 


MINING  AND  CATTLE-EAISING 


who  owned  quartz  mines  and  mills,  and  who  had  not 
found  them  remunerative  by  reason  of  defects  in  nia- 

But  it  now  began  to  be  observed  that  Montana  was  not  advancing  in  wealth 
as  it  should  liave  ))een  with  these  grand  resources.  In  January  1SG8  thuro 
were  forty  qnartz-niills  in  the  country  already  in  operation,  and  l)alf  a  dozon 
not  yet  set  up,  yet  tliero  had  been  a  steady  falling-oil'  in  the  treasure  produc- 
tion since  18G."),  which  was  continued  during  a  period  of  ten  years.  I  hoiiow 
from  Strahorn's  Montana  the  following  table,  which  by  comparison  with  the 
most  reliable  statements  I  find  to  represent,  as  nearly  as  possible,  the  gold 
and  silver  production  of  the  ten'itory: 


18G2 8000,000 

1803 8,000,000 

1804 10,000,000 

1805 18,000,000 

1800 17,000,000 

1807 10,000,000 

1808 l.i,000,000 

1809 11,000,000 

1870 9,000,000 

1871 8,000,000 

Total $104,517,000 

Which  amount  is  distributed  by  counties  as  follows: 

Madison §70,500,000  Beaverhead $19,500,000 

Lewis  and  Clarke. . . .     29,000,000  Jefferson 5,500.000 

Deer  LodLje 20,807,000  Missoula 1,000,000 

Meagher.  ■. 13,000,000  Gallatin 050,000 


1872 $7,000,000 

1873 5,200,000 

1874 4,000,. ^JO 

1875 4,100,000 

1870 4,500,000 

1877 3,750,000 

1878 4,807,000 

1879 5,000,000 

1880 ., ..  0,500,000 


Total $104,517,000 

W.  A.  Clarl;  Centennial  11  ixt  or  tan  for  Montana,  in  Avanl  Courier, Vc\).  23, 
1877.  Strahorn  gives  these  figures.  J.  Ross  Browne  makes  a  lower  estimate 
for  the  first  0  years;  but  Lrown  did  not  get  his  statistics  at  first  hand.  Sue 
Mineral  Ecxoiircea  of  Pacific  States,  511.  The  Helena  and  Deer  Lodge 
newspapers,  which  should  he  well  informed,  place  the  figures  much  luLrhcr. 
For  instance,  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  makes  the  product  of  ISGO  618,000,- 
000,  while  territorial  authorities  place  it  at  $30,000,000  for  that  year. 

To  account  for  this  reverse  of  progress  is  not  difficult.  The  samo 
lia])pcn3  iu  all  mining  coiiutries  in  the  first  twenty  years.  The  majority  of 
the  30,000  or  40,000  people  who  Hocked  to  Montana  iu  the  earlier  years 
gathered  up  the  most  easily  obtainable  wealth  and  hurried  away  with  it, 
often  the  same  season.  When  a  few  j'cars  of  this  depletion  had  gone  on,  and 
it  was  becoming  more  difficult  to  pick  up  a  foi-tune  iu  a  creek-bed  or  ravine, 
t'.io  discovery  of  new  mining  districts  in  Nevada,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming 
drew  away  a  lai'gc  proportion  of  the  mining  population,  who  never  rctuiiied 
or  were  replaced  by  others.  Of  those  who  were  left,  some  settled  upon  land 
claims,  investing  their  gold  in  farm-stock,  mills,  agricultural  implements,  and 
buildings.  Two  classes  were  left,  merchants  who  lived  upon  the  profits  «f 
trade,  and  mining  men  who  had  a  real  interest  iu  the  countrj';  and  they  Iwul 
0.  heavy  burden  to  carry  in  the  cost  of  transportation.  To  get  a  (piartz-uiill 
from  the  Missouri  River  to  its  destination  iu  Montana  required  from  thirty 
to  <ifty  wagons,  which  were  often  loaded  at  some  point  in  Kansas  or  Neltraska. 
Or  if  they  came  by  steandjoat  from  St  Louis  to  Fort  Benton,  it  was  the  same 
thing — wagons  had  to  be  used  to  carry  them  to  the  point  selected,  several 
liundred  miles  from  the  landing.  Often  low  water  prevented  steamers  coming 
above  Fort  Union,  or  Cow  Island.  Freights  during  the  first  decade  weio 
enormous,  costing  the  country  between  a  million  and  a  half  and  two  millinns 
annually,  even  after  the  population  had  shrunk  to  eighteen  thousand.  Many 
plans  Avcre  resorted  to  to  lessen  the  cost  of  transportation,  but  without 
materially  affecting  it. 


ROUTES  OF  TRANSPORTATION. 


729 


chinery  or  ignorance  of  methods,  took  time  to  rijj^t 
themselves,  or  found  others  vvilHng  to  take  the  prop- 

The  subject  of  transportation  in  Montana  is  one  full  of  interest  and  oven 
of  romance.  Taking  up  the  recital  at  1804,  there  was  at  this  time  no  settled 
plan  of  travel  or  fixed  channel  of  trade.  There  had  been  placed  upon  the 
ilissouri  a  lino  of  steamers  intended  to  facilitate  immigration  to  Idaho,  which 
was  called  the  Idaho  Steam  Packet  Company.  The  water  being  unusually 
low,  or  rather,  not  unusually  high,  only  2  of  the  boats  reached  Fort  Benton — 
the  Benton  and  Cutter.  The  Yellowstone  landed  at  Cow  Island,  and  the  L'JJie 
JJeans&t  the  mouth  of  Milk  liiver.  The  Denton,  which  was  adapted  to  upper- 
river  navigation,  brought  a  part  of  the  freiglit  left  at  other  places  down  the 
river,  by  other  boats,  to  Fort  Benton;  but  the  passengers  had  already  been 
sot  afoot  in  the  wilderness  to  make  the  best  of  their  way  to  the  mines. 
Over/and  Monthly,  ii.  379;  and  a  large  portion  of  the  freight  had  to  be 
forwarded  in  small  boats.  At  the  same  time  there  was  an  arrival  at  Virginia 
City  of  200  or  300  immigrants  daily  by  the  overland  wagon-route,  as  well  as 
large  trains  of  freight  from  Omaha.  Boisi  City  Statesman,  Jan.  21,  1805; 
Portland  Orerjoman,  Sept.  14,  1804.  In  18G5  there  were  8  arrivals  of  steam- 
boats, 4  of  winch  reached  Benton,  the  other  4  stopping  at  the  mouth  of  !Maria 
liiver.  In  this  year  the  merchants  of  Portland,  desirous  of  controlling  the 
trade  of  Montana,  issued  a  circular  to  the  Montana  merchants  proposing  to 
make  it  for  their  interest  to  purchase  goods  in  Portland  and  ship  by  way 
of  the  Columbia  River  and  the  MuUan  road,  with  improvements  in  that  route 
of  steamboat  navigation  on  Lake  Pcnd  d'Orcillo,  and  S.  G.  Reed  of  the  0.  S. 
Is .  Company  went  cast  to  confer  with  the  Northern  Pacific  R.  R.  Company. 
In  1800  some  progress  was  made  in  opening  tiiis  route,  which  in  the  autumn 
of  that  j'car  stood  as  follows:  From  Portland  to  White  Bluffs  on  the  Colum- 
bia by  the  O.  S.  N.  Company's  boats;  from  White  Blufl's  by  stage-road  to  a 
jioint  on  Clarke  fork,  where  Moody  &  Co.  were  building  a  steamboat  110 
feet  long  by  20  feet  beam,  called  the  Mary  Moody,  to  cairy  passengers  and 
freight  across  the  lake  and  up  Clarke  fork  to  Cabinet  landing,  where  was 
a  short  portage  and  transfer  to  another  steamboat  which  wouM  carry  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Jocko  River,  after  which  land  travel  would  again  be  resorted  to. 
'J  he  time  to  Jocko  would  be  7  or  8  days,  atd  thence  to  the  rich  Blackfoot 
mines  was  a  matter  of  50  or  CO  miles.  It  was  proposed  to  carry  freight  to 
Jocko  in  17  daj-s  from  Portland  at  a  cost  of  13  cents  per  pound.  From 
Jocko  to  Helena  was  about  120  miles,  and  from  Helena  to  Virginia  about  90. 
By  this  route  freight  could  arrive  during  half  the  year,  while  by  the  Missouri 
Itivor  it  could  only  come  to  Benton  duruig  a  period  of  from  4  to  G  weeks,  de- 
pendent upon  the  stage  of  water.  The  lowest  charges  by  Missouri  steamer, 
in  1800,  were  15  cents  to  Benton  for  a  large  contract,  ranging  upward  to  IS 
and  21  cents  per  pound,  or  $100  and  $420  per  ton  to  the  landing  only,  after 
A\  hich  there  was  the  additional  charge  of  wagoning,  at  the  rate  of  from  5  to  8 
cents,  according  to  whether  it  reached  Benton  or  not,  or  whether  it  was  des- 
tined to  Helena  or  more  distant  points.  Sacrnmento  Record- Uv  ion.  May  7, 
ISGG.  San  Francisco  merchants  offered  for  the  trade  of  Montana,  averring 
that  freight  could  be  laid  down  there  at  from  15  to  20  cents  per  pound  over- 
liuid.  S.  F.  Al/.a,  May  7  and  Aug.  11,  ISGO.  Chicago  merchants  competed  as 
well,  taking  the  overland  route  from  the  Missouri.  Meanwhile  Montana 
could  not  pause  in  its  course,  and  took  whatever  came.  In  18G'.»  there  was  a 
liirgc  influx  of  population,  and  a  correspondingly  large  amount  of  freight  com- 
ing in,  and  a  considerable  flood  of  travel  pouring  out  in  the  autunm.  The 
8i;ison  was  favorable  to  navigation,  and  there  were  31  arrivals  of  steamboats, 
7  boats  being  at  Fort  Benton  at  one  time  in  June.  One,  the  Marion,  was 
>\  recked  on  the  retuin  trip.  These  boats  were  built  expressly  for  the  trade 
of  St  Louis.  They  brouj^ht  up  2,000  passengers  or  more,  and  0,000  tons  of 
freight  valued  at  $0,000,000.  The  freight  charges  by  boat  alone  amounted  to 
§.',600,000.    Some  merchants  paid  ^ilbO.OOO  freight  bills;  2,500  men,  3,000 


mi 


i  If 


•Ml 


730 


MINING  AND  CATTLE-RAISING. 


erty  off  their  hands  at  a  discount,  and  make  improve- 
ments.    Those  who  owned  placer  claims  were  driven 

teams,  20,000  oxen  and  mules  were  employed  conveying  the  goods  to  difTcr- 
ent  mining  centres.  Helena  licpublicmi,  ijept.  15,  18(i0;  Virginia  and  llrlena. 
Post,  Sept.  29  and  Oct.  11,  18GG;  Goddard's  Where  to  Emigrate,  125.  Larj,'e 
trains  were  arriving  overland  from  the  cast,  botli  of  immigrants  and  freight, 
from  Minnesota,  and  conducted  by  James  Fisk,  the  man  who  conducted  tlie 
Minnesota  trains  of  1802  and  18G3,  by  order  of  the  government,  for  the  pro- 
tcctiou  of  immigrants.  The  plan  of  the  organization  seems  to  have  liecn  to 
make  the  immigrants  travel  like  a  military  force,  obeying  orders  like  sol- 
diers and  standing  guard  regularly.  From  Fort  Kipley,  Fisk  took  a  12-p()inKl 
howitzer  with  ammunition.  Scouts,  flankers,  and  train-guards  were  kept  on 
duty.  These  precautions  were  made  necessary  by  the  recent  Sioux  outbrcik 
in  Minnesota.  The  officers  under  Fisk  were  George  Dart,  1st  assist;  S.  TI. 
Johnston,  2d  assist  and  journalist;  William  D.  Dibb,  physician;  George  Nortli- 
rup,  wagon-master;  Antoine  Frenier,  Sioux  interpreter;  R.  D.  Campbell, 
Chippewa  interpreter.  The  guard  numbered  50,  and  the  wagons  were  marked 
'  U.  S.'  Colonels  Jones  and  Majors,  majors  Hesse  and  Ilanney,  of  the  Oregon 
boundary  survey,  joined  the  expedition.  The  wagon-master,  Northrup.  and  2 
lialf-bi'ccds  deserted  on  the  road,  taking  with  them  horses,  arms,  and  accoutre- 
ments belonging  to  the  government.  The  route  was  along  the  north  side  of 
the  Missouri  to  Fort  Benton,  where  the  expedition  disbanded,  having  had  no 
trouble  of  any  kind  on  the  road,  except  the  loss  of  Majors,  who  was,  however, 
found,  on  the  second  day,  nearly  dead  from  exhaustion,  and  the  death  of  an 
invalid,  William  H.  Holyoke,  after  reaching  Prickly  I'ear  River.  In  1S04 
about  1 ,000  wagons  arrived  at  Virginia  by  the  central  or  Platte  route.  In 
1805  the  immigration  by  this  route  was  large.  The  roundabout  way  of  reach- 
ing the  mines  from  the  east  had  incited  J.  M.  Bozenian  to  survey  a  inoio 
direct  road  to  the  North  Platte,  by  which  travel  could  avoid  the  journey 
through  the  South  pass  and  back  through  cither  of  the  passes  used  in  i^oing 
from  JJannack  to  Salt  Lake.  The  road  was  opened  and  considerably  travelled 
in  1800,  but  was  closed  by  the  Indian  war  in  the  following  year,  and  kept 
closed  by  order  of  the  war  department  for  a  number  of  years.  In  July  ISlJO 
a  train  of  45  wagons  and  200  persons  passed  over  the  IJozeman  route,  com- 
manded by  Orville  Royce,  and  piloted  by  Zeigler,  who  had  been  to  the  stafo3 
to  bring  out  his  family.  Peter  Shroko  also  travelled  the  Bozeman  route. 
Several  deaths  occurred  by  drowning  at  the  crossing  of  rivers,  among  thini 
Storer,  Whitson,  and  Van  Shimcl.  One  train  was  composed  of  Iowa,  Illinois, 
and  Wisconsin  people.  In  the  rear  of  the  immigration  were  freight- wa^'ons, 
and  detached  parties  to  the  number  of  300.  Virginia  Montana  Po^t,  July 
12,  18GG. 

A  party  of  yoimg  Kentuckians  who  left  home  with  Gov.  Smith's  party 
became  detached  and  wandered  about  for  100  days,  35  of  whicii  they  were 
forced  to  depend  on  the  game  they  could  kill.  They  arrived  at  Virginia  City 
destitute  of  clothing,  on  the  13th,  )4th,  and  15th  of  December.  Their  names 
were  Henry  Cummings  and  Benjamin  Cochran  of  Covington;  Austin  S. 
Stuart,  Frank  11.  Davis,  A.  Lewis,  N.  T.  Turner,  Lexington;  Henry  Yerkcs, 
Danville;  P.  Sidney  Jones,  Louisville;  Thomas  McGrath,  Versailles;,!.  W. 
Throckmorton  and  William  Kelly  of  Paris.  Virginia  and  Helena  Post,  Dec. 
20,  ISGG. 

The  Indians  on  the  Bozeman  route  endeavored  to  cut  off  the  immigration. 
Hugh  Kikcndall'a  freight  train  of  40  six-mulo  teams  was  almost  captured 
by  them,  'passing  through  showers  of  arrows.'  It  came  from  Leaven wortli, 
arriving  in  September.  Joseph  Richards  conducted  52  wagons  loaded  with 
quartz  machinery  from  Nebraska  City  to  Sunnnit  district,  for  Fraidi  (.'hist- 
nut,  and  had  but  1  mule  stolen.  J.  ll.  Gilderslceve,  bringing  out  3  wa^'in- 
loads  of  goods  for  himself,  lost  9  horses  by  the  Indians  near  Fort  lleiio, 
J.  Dihnorth  brought  out  8  loaded  wagons  from  Leavenworth;  J.  H.  ^larJen 


WAGONS  AND  BOATS. 


731 


to  construct   ditches   and   flumes   whereby  the   dry 
oulches  and  the  creek-beds  could  be  mined.     The^et- 


5,  from  Atchinson,  for  Brcndlingcr,  Dowdj',  and  Kiskadden  of  Montana. 
J.  P.  Wheoler  brought  out  0  wagons  loaded  at  the  same  place  for  tlic  same 
lirm.  F.  R.  Merk  brought  13  wagons  from  Lawrence,  Kansas.  Alfred 
Myros  7  wagons,  for  Gurney  &  Co.  D.  and  J.  McCain  brought  1 1  wagons 
from  Nebraska  City,  loaded  with  flour,  via  Salt  Lake.  E.  R.  Horner 
brought  out  8  wagons  loaded  at  Nebraska  City  for  himself.  The  Indiana 
killed  2  men,  and  captured  5  mules  belonging  to  the  train.  William  Ellinger 
of  Omaha  brought  out  4  wagons.  A.  F.  Weston  of  St  Josepli,  Missouri, 
brought  out  8  wagons,  loaded  with  boots  and  shoes,  for  D.  H.  \Vc.st()n,  of 
Gurney  &  Co.  Thomas  Dillion  left  Plattsmouth,  Nebraska,  for  A'^irginia 
(]ity,  May  26th,  with  23  wagons  for  Tootle,  Leach,  &  Co. ;  Dillon  was  killctl  by 
the  Indians  on  Cedar  fork,  near  Fort  Reno.  A  train  of  19  wagons  belonging 
to  C.  Beers  and  Vail  &  Robinson  had  00  mules  captured  on  the  Bighorn 
liiver.  The  wagons  remained  there  until  teams  could  be  sent  to  bring  them 
in.  Phillips  &  Freeland  of  Leavenworth  arrived  with  14  loaded  wagons 
iu  September;  and  5  wagons  for  Bernard  &  Eastman.  R.  W.  Trimble 
brouglit  out  17  wagons  for  Hanaucr,  Solomon,  &  Co.  Nathan  Floyd  of 
Leavenworth,  bringing  5  wagons  loaded  with  goods  for  himself,  was  killed  by 
the  Indians  near  Fort  Reno,  and  his  head  severed  from  his  body.  A  train  of 
20  wagons,  which  left  Nebraska  City  in  May  with  goods  for  G.  B.  Morse, 
had  2  men  killed  near  Fort  Reno,  on  Dry  fork  of  Cheyenne  River.  Pfouta 
&  Russell  of  Virginia  City  received  40  tons  of  goods  in  17  wagondoads, 
this  season.  At  the  same  time  pack-crains  from  Walla  Walla  came  into 
Helena  over  tho  Mullan  road,  winch  had  been  so  closed  by  fallen  timber, 
decayed  or  lost  bridges,  and  general  unworthiness  as  to  bo  unKt  for  wagon 
travel,  bringing  clothing  manufactured  in  San  Francisco,  and  articles  of 
domestic  production.  Heavy  wagon-trains  from  Salt  Lake,  with  flour,  salt, 
biicon,  etc.,  arrived  frequently.  So  much  life,  energy,  effort,  and  stir  could 
luit  bo  stimulating  as  tho  mountain  air  in  whicli  all  this  movement  went  on. 
The  freighter  in  those  days  was  regarded  with  far  more  respect  than 
railroad  men  of  a  later  day.  It  required  capital  and  nerve  to  conduct  tjio 
Ijusiness.  Sometimes,  but  rarely,  they  lost  a  whole  train  by  Indians,  or  i)y 
accident,  as  when  Matthews,  in  tho  spring  of  18GG,  lost  a  train  by  the 
giving  wiiy  of  an  ice  jam  in  the  Missouri,  which  flooded  tho  bottom  where  he 
was  encamped,  and  carried  off  all  his  stock.  Montana  Sa'api^;  4 

I  have  attempted  to  give  some  idea  of  tliu  getting  to  Montana.  But  many 
of  those  who  came  in  the  spring,  or  who  had  been  a  year  or  more  in  tho  coun- 
try, returned  in  tho  autumn.  The  latter  class  availed  themselves  of  the 
steamers,  which  took  back  large  numbers,  at  tlie  reasonable  charge  of  §G0 
and  $75.  Tho  boats  did  not  tarry  at  Benton,  but  dropped  down  the  river  to 
deeper  ■water,  and  waited  as  long  as  it  would  l)e  safe,  for  passengers.  A  small 
boat,  called  the  Miner,  belonging  to  tho  Northwest  Fur  Company,  was  cm- 
]iloyed  to  carry  them  from  Benton  to  the  lower  landings.  Tho  Luella  was 
the  boat  selected  to  carry  the  2J  millions  of  treasure  from  Confederate  gulch, 
of  which  I  have  before  spoken.  She  left  Benton  on  tho  IGth  of  August,  and 
vas  7  days  getting  down  to  Dophan  rapids,  250  miles  below,  where  it  was 
found  necessary  to  take  out  the  bulk-head,  take  off  the  cabin  doors,  and  land 
the  j)assengcrs  and  stores,  to  lighten  her  sufficiently  to  pass  Iier  over  the 
rapids.  Helena  liepiihlican,  Aug.  30,  18G0.  What  an  opportunity  for  Indiana 
or  road-agents!  She  escaped  any  further  serious  detention,  passing  Lca\'ei<- 
worth  Oct.  8th,  and  St  Joseph  Oct.  10th,  as  announced  in  tho  telegraphic  de. 
.spatches  in  Virijimu  and  Helena  Post,  Oct.  ICth.  The  expedient  was  resorted 
to  of  building  fleets  of  mackinaw  boats,  such  as  were  used  by  tho  fur  com- 
panies, and  either  selling  them  outright  to  parties,  or  sending  them  down  tho 
river  with  passengers.  Riker  and  Bovins  of  Helena  advertiscil  such  boats  to 
luavo  September  10th,  iu  the  Ilepublican  of  the  1st.    J.  J.  Kennedy  &  Co. 


!:'! 


I  jr.; 


1   W. 


MINING  AND  CATTLE  RAISING. 


tiers  on  land  claims  began  to  realize  that  agriculture 
could  be  made  to  pay,  whenever  a  railroad  came  near 
enough  to  carry  away  the  surplus  of  their  fields. 

advertised  'large-roofed  inackinaws '  to  Omaha,  'with  comfortable  accoinmo- 
(lutions  and  rcusonahlc  charges;'  also  boats  for  sale,  carrying  10  to  30  men, 
Joueb,  Sjirague,  &  Nottingham  were  another  niackinaw  company;  and  \\'.  1[. 
I'arkesoii  advertised  'bullet-proof  niackinaws.  That  was  a  reconiniunila- 
tioii,  as  bullets  were  sometimes  showered  upon  these  defenceless  craft  fimn 
the  banks  above.  Three  men,  crew  of  the  lirst  mackinaw  that  set  out,  wtiu 
killed  by  the  Indians.  Another  party  of  22  were  fired  upon  one  niornin ,'  m 
they  were  about  to  embark,  and  2  mortally  wounded — Kendall  of  Wiscou'^iii 
and  Tupsey  of  New  York — who  were  left  at  Fort  Sully  to  die.  In  this  iuid 
subsequent  years  many  home-returning  voyagers  were  intercepted,  and  htiird 
of  no  more.  Tiic  business  in  the  autumn  of  18GG  was  lively.  Huntley  nf 
Helena  established  a  stage  line  to  a  point  on  the  Missouri  15  niilea  fnnn  tliat 
place,  whence  a  line  of  maukiuaw  boats,  owned  by  Kennedy,  carried  jjus- 
sengera  to  the  falls  in  25  hours.  Here  a  portar  "  was  made  in  light  waLjoiis. 
On  the  3d  day  they  reached  ]ienton,  where  a  rinal  endjarkment  took  phu  r. 
At  least  li  millions  in  gold-dust  left  Benton  on  maekinaws  in  one  wi  ik. 
One  boat  carried  22  passengers  and  §50,000  in  treasure.  A  party  of  4."i, 
vliich  went  down  on  the  steamer  Montana,  carried  .§100,000.  A  party  uf 
Main(!  men  carried  away  $50,000,  and  Munger  of  St  Louis  825,000.  I'ld- 
fessor  I'atch  of  Helena,  with  a  licet  of  7  large  boats  and  several  hundred  [i;is- 
sengers,  carried  away  .§1, 000,000.  They  were  attacked  above  Fort  Ilice  liy 
300  Indians,  whom  they  drove  away.  These  home-returning  miners  aveni^^'til 
§.'',000  each,  which  I  take  to  bo  the  savings  of  a  single  short  season. 

A  new  route  was  opened  to  the  Missouri  in  1800,  by  maekinaws  down  the 
Yellowstone.  A  licet  of  10  boats,  belonging  to  (J.  A.  Head,  carried  2."i() 
miners  from  Virginia  City.  It  left  the  Yellowstone  canon  Sept.  '27th,  ami 
travelled  to  St  Joseph,  2,700  miles,  in  28  days,  til  Joseph  l/eniUI,  Nov.  8,  iSuO. 
Tlio  iiilot-boat  of  this  fleet  was  sunk  at  Clarke  fork  of  the  Yellowstone,  with 
a  loss  of  Q2,rm.     The  expedition  had  in  all  $500,000  in  gold-dust. 

It  was  projected  to  open  a  new  wagon-route  from  Helena  to  the  moutli  uf 
tli'j  Musselshell  River,  3(K)  miles  below  Benton.  The  distance  by  land,  in  :\ 
direct  line,  was  I'M  miles.  The  Missouri  and  Rocky  Mountain  Wagon-Unad 
and  Telegraph  Company  employed  20  men  under  Miles  Courtwright  to  lay  it 
out,  in  the  autumn,  to  Kcrchival  Citj%  a  place  which  is  not  now  to  be  fcjiinJ 
on  the  maps.  The  object  was  to  save  the  most  dillicult  navigation,  and  v\m\ 
up  the  country.  iS'.  /'.  Call,  Jan.  12,  18CG;  Virr/'unaand  Ihiena  Past,  Nov.  S, 
1800.  The  Indians  interrupted  and  prevented  the  survey  of  this  road.  .\ii 
appropriation  was  made  by  congress  in  18G5  for  the  opening  of  a  road  fioiii 
the  mouth  of  the  Niobrara  River,  Nebraska,  to  Virginia  City,  and  Col  J. 
A.  Saw^yer  was  appointed  superintendent.  Helena  liepnblkau,  Aug.  18,  \Mi>. 
This  would  have  connected  with  the  }iozeman  route.  Its  construction  through 
the  Indian  country  was  opposed  by  Gen.  Cook. 

Such  were  the  conditions  of  trade  and  travel  in  Montana  in  1800.  There 
were  local  stage  lines  in  all  directions,  and  better  mail  facilities  than  tlio 
countries  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  had  enjoyed  in  their  early  days.  Tlio 
stage  lino  east  of  Salt  Lake  had  more  or  less  trouble  with  the  Indians  for  10 
or  15  years.  In  1807  travel  was  cut  off  and  the  telegraph  destroyed.  'I  lie 
Missouri,  treacherous  and  difficult  as  it  was,  proved  the  only  means  of  .get- 
ting goods  from  the  east  as  early  as  May  or  June.  The  Wnverlei/  arrived  May 
25th,  with  150  tons  of  freight  and  as  many  passengers.  Silver  Citij  Avuluw-he. 
June  15,  1807.  She  was  followed  by  38  other  steamboats,  with  freight  uiul 
passengers;  and  in  the  autumn  there  was  the  same  rush  of  returning  mini  rs 
that  I  have  described,  carrying  millions  with  them  out  of  tho  treasure  tie- 
posits  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  Imperial,  one  of  the  St  Louis  fleet,  had 
the  following  experience:   She  started  from  Cow  Island,  where  400  passeu- 


TRADE  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


789 


I'ith 


hero 
tho 
Tho 
>r  10 
Tho 
uet- 
May 
tirhc, 
1  iiiul 

llRTS 

(k- 
Iscu- 


But  the  men  who  were  not  injured  or  in  any  way- 
put  back  by  this  period  of  silent  development  were 

gcrs,  who  had  come  down  from  Benton  on  mackinaws,  took  passage  Sept. 
ISth  with  15  days'  provisions.  She  reached  Milk  River  Oct.  4th,  out  of  sup- 
lilius  in  tlie  commissary  department.  The  river  was  falling  rapidly,  and  this, 
with  the  necessity  for  hunting,  caused  the  hoat  to  make  but  'JO  miles  in  ono 
entire  week.  Tiie  Sioux  killed  John  Arnold,  a  miner  from  Ulackfoot,  and  a 
(ioorgian,  while  out  hunting.  The  passengers  were  compellcil  to  pull  at 
iiipcs  and  spars  to  help  tho  boat  along.  Every  atom  of  food  was  con- 
siiincd,  and  for  a  week  the  400  subsisted  on  wild  meat;  then  for  tlirec  days 
tlioy  had  nothing.  At  Fort  Union  they  obtained  some  grain.  Still  makin.; 
little  progress,  they  arrived  at  Fort  Sully  Nov.  14th,  the  weather  being  cold 
and  ice  running.  At  this  place  14  of  the  passengers  took  possession  of  an 
abandoned  niackinaw  boat,  which  they  rigged  with  a  sail,  and  starteil  with  it 
to  finish  their  voyage.  They  i-eached  Yankton,  Dakota,  Nov.  22d,  wliero 
tiicy  took  wagons  to  Sioux  City,  and  a  railroad  thence.  The  Imperial  was  at 
last  frozen  in  the  river  and  her  passengers  forced  to  take  any  and  all  means  to 
(.'it  away  from  her  to  civilization.  Virffinia  Montana  Post,  Jan.  18,  18(i8.  A 
tiaiii  of  immigrants  came  over  the  northern  route  this  year,  Capt.  P.  A.  Davy, 
cuninianding;  Major  William  Cahill,  adjutant;  Capt.  J.  1).  Rogers,  ordnance 
and  inspecting  otUcer;  Capt.  Charles  Wagner,  A.  D.  C. ;  and  capts  George 
Swartz,  Rosseau,  and  Nibler.  Tho  train  was  composed  of  GO  wagons,  I'M 
iiitii,  and  tho  same  number  of  women  and  children.  Captain  Davy  had 
loaded  his  wagons  so  heavily  that  tho  men,  who  had  paid  their  passage, 
were  forced  to  walk.  They  had  a  guard  of  100  soldiers  from  Fort  Abercrom- 
l)io,  St  Cloud  Journal,  Aug.  10,  1SG7.  This  train  arrived  safely.  Tlio 
fkct  down  tho  Yellowstone  this  year  met  with  opposition  from  tho  Indians 
just  below  Bighorn  River,  and  had  one  man,  Emerson  Randall,  killed. 
Tlicre  were  67  men  and  2  women  in  the  party,  who  reached  Omaha  without 
further  loss. 

A  movement  was  made  in  1873  to  open  a  road  from  Bozeman  to  the  head  of 
navigation  on  tho  Yellowstone,  and  to  build  a  steamer  to  run  thence  to  tho 
Missouri;  also  to  get  aid  from  tho  government  in  improving  tho  river.  Tho 
thst  steamboat  to  ascend  tho  river  any  distance  was  the  Kiy  KV.s?,  which  wont 
to  Wolf  rapids  in  1873,  the  Josephine,  reaching  to  within  7  miles  of  Clarko 
fork  in  1874.  Lamno  built  tho  YellowHtoiie,  at  Jefl'ersonville,  Indiana,  in 
1870.  She  was  sunk  below  Fort  Keogh  in  1879.  In  1877,  14  different  boats 
ascended  above  the  Bighorn,  and  goods  were  wagoned  to  Bozeman.  It  was 
expected  to  get  within  150  miles  of  Bozeman  tho  following  year. 

In  1868,  35  steamers  arrived  at  Benton  with  5,000  tons  of  freight.  Ono 
steamer,  tho  Amelia  Poe,  was  sunk  30  miles  below  Milk  River,  and  her 
caiLjo  lost.  The  passengers  were  brought  to  Benton  by  the  Bertha.  This 
year  the  Indians  were  very  hostile,  killing  wood-cuttera  employed  by  tho 
steamboat  company,  and  murdering  hunters  and  others.  There  was  also  iv 
siiiUlcn  dropping  in  prices,  caused  by  the  Northwest  Transportation  Company 
of  Chicago,  which  despatched  its  boats  from  Sioux  City,  competing  for  the  5lon- 
tana,  trade,  and  putting  freight  down  to  8  cents  a  pound  to  Benton,  in  gold, 
or  12  cents  in  currency.  This  caused  the  St  Louis  mercliants  to  put  freights 
ilown  toGcents.  Montana  Democrat,  The  president  of  theChicago  company  was 
Joab  Lawrence,  an  experienced  steamboat  man,  with  Samuel  Do  Bow  agent. 
Tills  reduction  effectually  cut  off  oompetition  on  the  west  siilo  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  rendered  the  Mary  Moody  and  the  MuUan  road  of  little 
value  to  the  trade  of  Montana.  This  accounts,  in  fact,  for  the  apathy  con- 
cerning that  route.  For  a  short  period  there  was  a  prospect  of  the  I'end 
d'Urcille  Lake  route  being  a  popular  one,  but  it  perished  in  1 8G8.  Overland 
Monthly,  ii.  383-4.  In  1874  delegate  Maginnis  introduced  a  bill  in  congress 
for  the  improvement  of  the  Mullan  roatl,  which  failed,  as  all  tho  memorials 
and  representations  of  the  Washington  legislature  had  failed.    There  was  a 


734 


MINING  AND  CATTLE-RAISING. 


the  stoclv-raisers.  Their  only  enemy  was  the  Indian, 
and  him  they  warned  ofFwitli  rities.  Stock-raisin<(iii 
Montana  was  carried  on,  as  I  haveshown  ina  prcvidin 
cluij)ter,  by  the  Indian  traders,  before  mines  were  dis- 
covered. It  cropped  up,  accidentally,  through  the 
trading  system,  and  the  practice  of  buying  two  worn- 
out  animals  of  immigrants  to  Oregon  for  one  fresh 
one,  the  two  bemg  fit  the  next  year  to  exchange  for 
four.  It  was  found  that  the  grasses  of  the  country, 
from  the  mountain  tops  to  the  river  margins,  wen;  of 
the  most  nutritious  character;  that  although  the 
winters  were  cold,  cattle  seldom  died.  The  natural 
adaptability  of  the  county  to  stock-growing  was  indi- 
cated by  the  native  animals,  the  mountain  sheep,  the 
buffalo,  and  the  wild  horse.''     The  sight  of  the  large 

new  era  begun  in  1S09,  when  the  Central  and  Union  Pacific  railroads  weni 
joined.  Tliero  were  still  'J8  steiiniera  loaded  for  Montana,  4  of  which  were 
burned  with  their  cargoes  lieforo  leaving  the  levee  at  St  Louis.  This  licet 
was  leaded  before  the  completion  of  tlio  road.  Had  tho  Bozenian  route  liceii 
kept  open  tliero  would  have  been  coinnmnication  witli  the  railroad  ituicli 
earlier;  but  since  the  govcrninont  had  chosen  to  close  it,  and  to  keep  ii  largo 
Ijody  of  hostile  Indians  between  the  iMontana  settlements  and  tho  adviwiciiig 
railroad,  it  was  of  no  use  l^efore  it  reached  Ogden  and  Corinne.  The  advent 
of  tlio  railroad,  even  as  near  as  Corinne,  caused  another  reduction  from  for- 
mer rates  to  8  cents  per  pound  currency  from  St  Louis  and  Chicago  by  rail,  to 
which  4  cents  from  Corinne  to  Helena  was  added.  The  boats  underbid,  and 
24  steamers  brought  cargoes  to  Fort  Benton,  8  of  which  belonged  to  tlio 
Northwest  Company;  but  in  1870  only  8  were  thus  employed;  in  1871,  only 
C;  in  1S7-,  1-;  andinlS73and  1874,7andG.  Conspicuous  among  the  freight- 
ing companies  which  made  connections  M'ith  railroad  points  was  the  Dianidiid 
railroad,  George  ii.  Parker  manager,  which  in  1880  absorbed  the  Itocky 
Mountain  Despatch  Company,  shippers  from  Og  >n,  and  made  its  initial  poini; 
Corinne.  Corinna  Reporter,  5lay  21,  1870.  Wl  n  tho  Northern  Pacific  lail- 
road  reached  the  Missouri  at  Bismarck,  the  Diamond  railroad  made  connection 
with  it  by  wagon-train,  thus  compelling  tho  U.  P.  R.  R.  to  make  special  r.itcs 
to  Ogden  for  Montana,  the  charge  being  $1.25  per  cwt.  without  regard  to  cla-s- 
ification,  when  Utah  merchants  were  being  charged  $2.50  for  the  same  service. 
Moutanians  choso  to  sustain  the  northern  route.  Deer  Lodge  Keiv  Korihir'st, 
Aug.  22,  1874.  In  1870  there  were  1,000  teams  on  the  road  between  l>isniarck 
and  the  Black  Hills,  and  Montana  merchants  were  unable  to  get  their  goods 
brought  through  in  consecpience  of  this  diversion  of  transportation,  ihl'-na 
Herald,  Oct.  18,  1870.  Many  efforts  were  made  from  time  to  open  a  wagon- 
road  to  the  east  by  way  of  the  Yellowstone,  which  failed  for  reasons  that 
appear  in  the  history  of  Indian  affairs.  These  difficulties  only  disappeared  as 
the  N.  P.  R.  R.  advanced.  Steamboat  trade  had  a  revival  after  the  falling- 
ofiF  mentioned  above.  In  1877,  25  Hteamers  arrived  at  Benton  with  r>,J83 
tons  of  freight.  Small  companies  engaged  in  steamboating  later.  The  com- 
pletion of  the  Northern  Pacific  placed  transportation  on  a  basis  of  certainty, 
and  greatly  modified  its  character. 

®I  find  frequent  references  to  the  black  horse  of  Montana,  which  is  de- 
scribed as  a  beautiful  aud  fleet  creature,  tho  last  of  which  has  disappeared 


STOCK-RAISING. 


733 


lierds,  accumulated  by  trade,  and  enlar^^d  annually 
by  natural  increase,  pijintcd  out  an  easy  and  speedy 
UKians  of  acquiring  wealth — easier  than  agriculture 
and  surer  than  niinin'jf.*'*  Cattle-raisiuij  becanje  a 
great  and  distinctive  business,  requiring  legislation, 
and  giving  some  peculiar  features  to  the  settlement  of 
the  country.^^ 

from  the  plains.  In  tlio  MiMonla  Pioneer,  .Tuno  29,  1872,  is  an  animated 
accountof  tliu  manner  of  [lursuiii^'aiKl  taking  them  by  the  Iniliuns — the  liitliaii 
sentinels,  the  flying  hlackhinl,  the  clouils  of  (hist  whicii  helMed  to  lietray  the 
creatures  to  their  cuptuie  or  tlieir  deiitli,  for  they  often  dietl  in  the  struy;t,de, 
strangled  by  the  lasso,  and  exhausted  witii  running  and  witii  dread— and  of 
the  killing  of  the  last  of  the  race,  a  mare,  by  tlio  writer.  Siie  was  killed  for 
stealing,  or  enticing  away  other  horses.  'She  stood  14  hands  high,  glossy 
black,  not  one  white  hair,  but  two,  one  on  the  edge  of  each  sphere  of  her 
brain;  her  mane  twisted  in  hard  heavy  locks,  of  which  I  keep  two,  each  liV 
feet  long;  her  neck  and  limbs  clean,  hard,  wiry;  her  hoofs  concave,  thin,  hard, 
and  steep;  her  sharp,  obliijue  shoulder  and  wither,  straight,  delicate  face,  and 
right-angled  upper  lids— soon  told  why  she  was  so  fast  and  spirited.' 

'"John  Grant  owned,  in  liS(j(i,  4,00()  head  of  cattle  and  between  2,000  and 
.3,000  Indian  horses,  and  was  worth  ^00,000.  11.  Ex.  Doc,  45,  20,  :i8th  eou  . 
Ist  sess. 

"  I  will  give  here  an  account  of  the  methods  of  cattle-growers  in  Montana 
and  the  adjoining  country.  'I'ho  land  lielonging  to  the  gov^crument,  which 
made  no  charge  for  past  v  :,;  ,  and  the  (\ittle  recpuring  little  if  any  care  dur- 
ing the  winter,  the  cost  of  keeping  them  was  trilling,  and  conj'isted  mainly  in 
the  wages  paid  *  a  few  herders.  Formerly  all  cattle  were  per-.iitted  to  mix 
promiscuously,  bi  ing  distinguished  only  by  their  brands.  They  separated 
into  bands,  and  sought  favorite  localities,  as  men  do,  being  governed  in  their 
choice  by  th J  quality  of  their  feed,  water,  shade,  and  the  prevailing  winds. 
If  they  preferred  a  certain  graziug-ground  several  miles  from  water,  they 
travelled  that  distance  daily  to  drink.  As  the  number  of  herds  increased, 
some  necessary  regulations  were  introduced,  as  to  the  extent  of  ranges,  in 
organized  counties.  In  1S74  the  legislature  of  Montana  enacted  a  law  pro- 
viding that  the  county  commissioners  should  divide  their  respective  counties 
into  not  less  than  three  nor  more  than  ten  stock-districts,  with  a  place  desig- 
nated in  each  for  the  '  round-up,'  which  occurred  annually  or  send-annually 
— the  '  rounil-up  '  being  the  gathering  together  of  the  cattle  for  the  purpose 
of  separating  the  herds,  and  branding  tlie  young  cattle  with  their  owners' 
marks,  which  M'ero  described,  and  recorded  with  the  county  register.  8eo 
Annual  livpt  of  auditor  and  treasurer  of  Montana  1880,  for  brands  and  marks 
of  owners,  to  the  number  of  281,  delineated  in  the  printed  pages.  If  any 
strange  cattle  or  cstrays  were  found  in  the  herds  they  were  given  in  charge  of 
a  person  appointed  by  the  commissioner,  who  was  allowed  a  suitable  compen- 
sation for  taking  care  of  them.  Notice  of  a  round-up  was  to  be  given  'M  days 
in  advance,  and  no  two  districts  should  hold  these  meetings  on  the  same  day. 
On  the  1st  Monday  in  June  1874  the  county  commissioners  should  hold  u 
public  meeting  of  the  bona  fide  residents  of  each  stock-district,  in  tlieir  re- 
spective counties,  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a  stock-board  in  each  district, 
which  should  consist  of  three  stock-inspectors,  elected  by  the  actual  stock- 
owners  of  the  district,  to  hold  otiice  for  one  year.  The  board  should  elect  a 
superintendent  and  a  clerk,  and  the  duty  of  the  former  should  be  to  attend 
all  round-ups,  and  heave  the  care  and  custody  of  unclaimed  stock;  while  the 
latter  should  keep  a  correct  description  of  all  unclaimed  or  estray  stock,  in  a 
book  of  record,  and  should  send  a  copy  of  such  descriptions  to  the  clerks  of 
the  other  districts.     The  stock-boards  should  have  a  separate  bi  nd  for  each 


ill 


ill 


;'! 


:i!vi 


736 


MINING  AND  CATTLE-RAISING. 


V 


m'^ 


m 


W.  H.  Raymond  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  to 
drive  a  herd  to  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  for  ship- 
ment to  the  east,  and  this  he  did  in  1874  without  loss. 

district,  which  brand  should  be  recorded  in  the  county  clerk's  office,  and  re- 
main in  tlie  keeping  of  the  superintendent,  to  be  used  only  by  the  direction 
of  a  majority  of  tlie  board.  Estrays  should  be  branded  with  the  district 
mark,  whicli  on  their  being  claimed  sliould  bo  'vented,' i.  e.,  obliterated. 
Heavy  iinos  were  imposed  for  branding  the  property  of  another  with  a  false 
mark;  and  all  animals  sufTering  from  contagious  diseases  should  bo  taken  (i 
miles  away  from  any  herd,  and  confined  in  a  secure  enclosure,  failing  in  wliicli 
tlie  owner  sliould  be  punished  by  a  tine  of  from  $50  to  §.300.  The  Mlsmulinn, 
Feb.  20,  1874.  Herders  were  appointed  for  each  district.  Missoula  county 
was  divided  into  9  districts,  with  the  following  herders,  which  in  this  instance 
are  presumed  to  be  the  owners:  Jasper  Deschamps,  J.  K.  Clark,  D.  ('. 
O'Keefe,  .Sidney  Mitchell,  Srmuel  Miller.  James  H.  Cowan,  Josepli  Pardee, 
Thomas  Simpson,  and  Thomas  Fruin.  This  law  may  have  received  some 
niodi!ications. 

Certainly  the  cattlemen  have  come  to  occupy  a  large  extent  of  country. 
J'^ight  men,  in  the  territory  surrounding  the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  con- 
trol an  area  large  enough  to  herd,  and  let  increase,  190,000  head  of  cattle.  I 
get  this  statement  from  manuscript  Noles  necueillles  sur  lex  FJlcvafies  (rAiii- 
maux  dans  les  Etats  de  I'Ouest  de  I'Am^rique  dn  Nord,  by  G.  Weis,  1S84,  pii^o 
4.  This  is  an  exhaustive  account  of  the  business  of  cattle-raising,  from  whicii 
I  take  some  further  information.  VVeis  says  that  the  number  of  herders,  'cow- 
boys '  they  were  called,  was  almost  in  inverse  ratio  to  the  number  of  cattle  to 
be  herded.  There  was  usually  a  foreman  where  the  herd  was  largo,  and  two 
cowboys  will  herd  1,200  or  1,400  head  of  cattle.  Tiie  wages  of  a  foreman 
depended  on  his  value — from  §100  to  §200  per  month,  or  sometimes  more, 
and  the  cowboys  got  from  §.'10  to  §90,  with  food,  lodging,  horses  to  ride,  and 
ammunition.  During  winter,  when  there  was  little  to  do,  the  proprietor 
might  dismiss  a  part  of  the  herders,  keeping  tliosc  who,  having  spent  their 
money  in  debauchery,  were  willing  to  work  for  their  keeping.  They  wevu 
faithful  to  their  employers  generally,  and  performed  their  duties  willingly. 
Mexicans  were  preferred  on  account  of  their  horsemanship, 

Tlie  round-up  is  the  great  event  of  the  year.  At  the  close  of  w  inter  tlio 
proprietors  meet  at  the  rendezvous  and  decide  where  the  round-up  shall  1)0 
hold  and  when;  what  road  they  will  take,  and  how  many  men  and  horses  each 
will  furnish,  with  provisions  for  the  same.  Five  horses  to  the  man  is  the 
number  usually  allotted,  on  account  of  the  labor  required  of  them.  A  chief 
or  superintendent  is  chosen,  and  a  number  of  deputies,  to  secure  the  proper 
execution  of  details.  A  large  number  of  persons  being  brought  together, 
much  merriment  is  indulged  in,  the  scene  of  the  encampment  Ijeing  usually 
well-chosch  and  picturesque.  For  several  days  the  work  of  driving  in  con- 
tinues. As  the  calves  are  with  their  mothers  at  this  season,  it  is  admitted 
that  a  calf  belongs  to  the  cow  which  it  follows  and  suckles.  The  proprietors, 
having  separated  their  stock  from  the  general  herd,  proceed  to  brand  tlio 
young,  renew  obliterated  marks,  castrate  the  young  males  not  desired 
for  breeding,  and  sort  out  those  that  arc  to  be  sold.  If  another  proprietor 
chooses  to  purcliase,  his  mark  is  branded  on  the  opposite  side  fioin  tiio 
first.  But  it  is  to  dealers  from  eastern  stoqk-yards,  or  their  agents,  that  sales 
are  usually  made.  These  purchasers  have  a  copy  of  all  the  brands,  to  avoid 
buying  stolen  stock.  Whether  the  cattle  arc  sold  on  the  ground,  or  taken  to 
market— usually  Chicago — they  arc  driven  to  the  railroad  at  some  jioint  whevo 
conveniences  for  shipping  stock  have  been  provided,  as  at  llozcman  or  Bil- 
lings. Hero  the  eastern  agents  are  again  met  with,  who  keen  an  eye  upon  tlio 
shipment  and  telegrapli  information  to  the  markets,  or  receive  it  from  tlieiii. 
The  Northern  Paciiie  railroad  in  1835  charged  §100  a  car-load  of  from  Ki  to  l'O 
Kuimals,  and  disciubdrked  the  cattle  at  ccrtaiu  places  whero  tho  pasturage 


■'~si 


aixl 

'ictur 

tli.;ir 

wrro 

lingly. 


PROFITS  or  RAISING  CATTLE. 


737 


The  only  danger  to  the  welfare  of  the  country, 
from  the  prominence  taken  by  this  business,  is  that 

was  good,  allowing  them  to  feed  several  hours  each  day,  assuming  the  risk  of 
acciili'uts  to  the  cattle,  charging  §40  or  $50  per  day  for  the  whole  ti'ain.  Free 
passage  was  granted  to  the  proprietors,  who  took  the  usual  passenger  trains, 
and  to  a  certain  number  of  cowboys,  who  had  a  special  ear  attached  to  the  cat- 
tle train,  which  took  from  C  to  7  days  to  reach  Chicago.  The  cattle  sold  are 
generally  beeves,  '.]  or  4  years  oUl,  and  weigh  900  to  1,100  pounds  when  em- 
barked, but  lose  1'20  or  100  on  the  journey.  They  bring  from  ^j  to  't  cents 
per  pound;  or  sell  for  an  average  of  S;55.  If  kept  another  year  or  two,  they 
may  bring  S4r>.  Improvements  are  being  made  in  the  mothods  of  transport- 
ing stock,  to  save  it  from  loss  of  weight,  or  total  loss,  which  does  not  often 
liappcn.  Tlii^  plan  of  production  and  sale  is  to  part  with  one  fouith  of  the 
held  annually.  IjuIIs  raised  in  the  lierds  are  not  considered  desirable,  but 
tliose  useil  for  breeding  purposes  are  taken  from  foreign  localities,  and  the 
))est  possiljle,  the  I'^nglish  .short-horns  being  preferred,  after  them  l)ui  hams, 
then  Spanish.  A  cow  will  usually  cost  from  §24  to  §27,  and  will  ]>roduce  a 
calf  aniiiinily  for  ten  years.  The  increase  can  be  counted  on  to  bo  lialf  male 
and  Iialf  female.  The  female  half  in  2  years  doubled  itself,  and  so  on  in 
arithnntieal  prfigression,  and  at  little  cost  to  the  owner.  The  following  table 
illustrates  tlie  eaUle-raiser's  increase  in  10  years,  beginning  with  a  herd  of  800: 


Ycnrs 
1st. 
2d. 
8d. 
4th, 
.5th . 
Oth. 
7th. 
.Sth. 
ilth . 


Slecrs. 
1110.. 

!;o.. 

80.. 

i(;o.. 
I'.ij.. 

2;!!).. 


Yearlings. 
..  190.. 
..  290.. 
..  300.. 
..    400.. 


Ciiws. 
300. 
400. 
970. 
720. 


Born.  Total. 

'290 970 

300 1,080 

400 I,7a0 

GOO 1,820 

2,()C0 


...    iJOO 1,070 800 

...    800 1,470 1,000 :{,470 

;!);) 1,000 2,070 1,000 4,700 

5(10 1 ,000 2,870 2,5')0 7,470 

7!K) 2,.')00 4,100 4,000 1 1.;{90 

10th 1,000 4,000 0,000 9,!M)0 21,000 

The  tal;lc  above  allows  for  accidents,  and  loss  by  cold,  drought,  etc.,  and 
supposes  t!io  steers  only  to  have  been  sold.  The  yearlings  comprise  all  the 
aninial;4  born  of  eiilier  sex  one  year  after  birth. 

Tlie  ('.xpenso  ot  earing  for  cattle  or  horses  in  herds  of  1,000  or  more  is 
aliout  7"'  eeut.-i  ]»v  head.  Adding  taxes  and  all  the  costs  of  producing  a  steer 
worth  !^']{),  and  we  have  a  total  of  §3.50.  Previous  to  1879-80  the  average 
loss  from  .storms  was  about  two  per  cent  per  annum.  In  that  year  tlio  loss 
was  7  or  8  per  cent,  and  the  following  winter  it  was  also  unusually  large;  but 
many  were  cattle  driven  in  from  Oregon  late,  and  i'l  poor  condition.  1'lic 
banks  loaned  u  oney  to  be  invested  in  stock,  and  there  was  no  more  sure  invest- 
ment in  Montana.  A  iirm  which  borrowed  §!.'{, .500 at  two  per  cent  per  month 
for  six  years  showed  a  ]irolit  of  .'?5I,073  over  total  investment  and  expenses. 
Wm/io/v(,'.s'  Montana,  Kill.  The  W'lxf,  compiled  from  the  (Jcukm  of  JS,\t)  by 
Itobert  1'.  I'orter,  and  presenting  .a  signilieant  array  of  facts  concerning  the 
I'acilie  states,  says  that  tlierc  were  in  .Montana,  in  1S77,  220,000  head  of  cattle, 
40,000  hor.ses,  and  120,000  sheep,  and  that  the  census  of  18S0  shows  4.VJ..500 
cattle,  512,000  sheep,  and  29,000  .swine.  It  should  be  boi-nc  in  mind,  also, 
that  the  ligures  in  a  census  rep(U't  art  always  below  the  facts.  In  I'..  .1.  Far- 
mer's l,'(  ■■^niurcn  of  Ihr  liochj  Mountuiiin,  published  in  1SS3,  containing  brief 
(lescri[)tions  of  Colorado,  Utah,  Arizona,  >.'ew  Mexico,  Wyoming,  Dakota,  and 
Montana,  itis  stated  that  there  were  iit  tluit  date  400,000  cattle  and  marly 
."110,000  sheep  ill  iMontiina;  the  cattle  being  worth  at  §25  per  head  !?10,<M)0,- 
OilO,  and  the  sheep  $1,750,000,  the  wool  clip  being  not  less  than  3,000,000 
pounds. 

A  large  stock-owner  iu  Montana  was  Raron  de  Bonncmain,  born  iu  1851, 
at  .Means,  Seiue-et-Maric,  Franco.  He  served  in  the  French  urmy  under 
Hist,  W.vsu.— 47 


■■"■ 


':  ; ' '. 


788 


MINING  AND  CATTLE-RAISING. 


i 


»'*' 
ii?' 


the  cattle-owners  will  continue  more  and  more  to 
oppose  themselves  to  settlement.  This  they  cannot 
do  as  successfully  in  Montana  as  they  have  done  in 
Texas,  where  they  have  taken  possession  of  tliu 
springs  and  watercourses  by  the  simple  preemption 
of  a  quarter-section  of  land  where  the  spring  occurs. 
As  settlers  i.  ust  have  access  to  water  and  timber,  to 
control  the  supply  is  to  drive  them  away  from  the  re- 
gion. But  in  Montana  there  is  a  greater  abundance 
of  water,  and  timber  also,  and  consequently  not  the 
same  means  of  excluding;  farmers.  Doubtless  eftbrts 
will  be  made  to  obtain  the  actual  ownership  of  large 
bodies  of  land,  which  the  government  wisely  endeav- 
ors to  prevent. 

The  falling-oif  in  the  yield  of  the  mines  forced 
development  in  other  directions,  so  that  by  the  time 
Montana  had  railroad  connection  with  eastern  mar- 
kets it  was  prepared  to  furnish  exports  as  well  as  to 
pay  for  importing.  In  1879,  three  years  before  the 
railroad  reached  Helena,  the  farmers  of  Montaiiii 
produced  not  less  than  83,^00,000  worth  of  agrieul- 
tural  products,^^  and  were  supplied  with  the  best 
labor-savin<j[  machinery.  Thev  lived  well,  and  were 
often  men  of  education,  with  well-stored  book-shelves, 

Marshal  McMahon  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war,  after  which  he  immiL,'r.iti'<l  to 
New  York,  and  s'isiting  Montana  on  a  hunting  expedition,  perceived  thi:  lul- 
vantages  of  stock-growing  on  the  natural  ranges,  and  engaged  in  tlic  business. 
He  hail  .3, '200  head  in  18J>;{,  and  a  range  of  ',V2  miles.  The  baron  has  furnislud 
my  library  witli  a  manuscript  on  the  subject,  Stock-Ilaisiii<j  in  Montana,  which 
agrees  with  that  of  Wcis  and  other  accounts. 

The  first  blooded  horses  introduced  into  Montana  in  1873  were  owned  hy 
Mr  Campbell  of  Gallatin  City.  The  first  large  sales  of  cattle  to  easti'ni 
shippers  was  in  1874;  by  1870  a  regular  trade  was  estalilished,  bringiiij;  in 
§120,000.  Charles  Anceny  was  one  of  the  most  enterprising  cattle-raisci  s  in 
Gallatin  county,  in  the  beginning  of  the  business.  The  Montana  \\'ih>\- 
Gfower's  Association  was  organized  in  September  1877.  In  1878  .John  1  Icily 
of  San  Francisco,  agent  for  a  California  company  established  a  d(']iot  ;it 
Helena  for  grading  wool.  The  wool  clip  of  that  year  was  1,000,000  pounds. 
An  ctlbrt  has  been  made  to  domesticate  the  Kocky  Mountain  sheep,  but  with- 
out success.  Helena  OazMe,  Oct.  3,  1873;  J/cleiia  Iiidejiciiilciitji^i'jtt.  '^0,  \S''t; 
fViiiser's  Guide  to  iV.  P.  liailroad,  172-.'i;  Dter  Lodye  Independent,  Oct.  IN, 
18(19. 

»nVheat  400,000  bushels,  oats  600,000,  barley  .W.OOO,  corn  1'2,000,  vogr- 
tables  .')00,000,  iiay  6.1,000  tons.  Stnihorn'n  Montana,  00.  In  1880  Montunii 
produced  470,000  busliela  of  wheat,  000,000  of  oats,  40,000  of  barley.  Far- 
men'  Resources  of  the  liockij  Mountains,  110. 


It 


AGRICULTURE. 


739 


even  while  still  occupying  the  original  farm-house 
built  of  logs.  By  the  laws  of  Montana  a  homestead 
of  the  value  of  §2,500  was  exempt  from  execution 
and  sale.  Experience  has  shown  that  the  grasshop- 
per is  the  worst,  and  almost  the  only,  enemy  that  the 
agriculturist  dreads.  This  pest  appears  to  return 
aimually  for  a  period  of  three  or  four  years,  when  it 


BcTTE  AND  Summit  Valley  Mining  District. 

absents  itself  for  an  equal  length  of  time.  No  com- 
plete destruction  of  crops  has  ever  occurred,  their 
visitations  being  intermittent  as  to  place — now  hero, 
now  there;  and  grain-farmers  agree  that  while  thu 
yield  and  the  prices  remain  as  good  as  they  have 
l)een,  they  can  support  the  loss  of  every  third  croj). 
Tint  it  is  probable  that  in  time  the  more  general  cul- 
tivation of  the  earth  will  be  a  check,  if  not  destruc- 
tion, to  the  grasshopper. 

But  whatever  the  advantages  of  IMontana  to  the 
agriculturalist,  stock-raiser,  or  manufacturer  of  the 
present  or  the  future — and  they  are  many — it  is  and 
must  remain  preeminently  a  mining  country.  A  re- 
action toward  an  increased  production  of  the  precious 
metals  began  in  1878,  the  silver  yield  bemg  in  excess 
of  the  gold." 

"  The  most  famous  siUxr  districts  were  those  of  Bntto  in  Silver  Tiaw,  Phil- 
ipsburg  iu  Deer  Lodge,  Gleadulo  iu  Beaverhead,  uud  JeUcrsuu  iu  Jeffersoa 


!  ^m 


740 


MINING   AND  CATTLE-RAISING. 


s 


Many  phenomena  arc  brought  forward  to  account 
for  the  chmatc  of  Montana,  such  as  the  isothermal 

county.  In  May  1864  Charles  Murphy  and  William  Graham  discovered  the 
Black  Chief  lode,  which  tliey  called  the  Deer  Lodge,  in  tlic  Silver  Bow  dis- 
trict. Soon  after,  G.  ().  Humphreys  and  William  Allison  discovered  the  Vir- 
ginia, Moscow,  and  Missoula  leads.  The  Black  Chief  wasan  enornumalcdj^'o, 
extending  for  miles.  Copper  also  was  found  in  the  foothills,  and  soun  a  camp 
of  Kcventy-five  or  a  hundred  men  liad  laid  the  foundations  of  Bi.  .0  at  tlio 
head  of  Silver  How  Creek.  But  they  had  neither  mills  nor  smeltci  4,  and  hut 
for  the  linding  of  good  placer  diggin,:.;s  by  Felix  liurgoync,  would  liavc  tihiin- 
doned  the  place.  In  lS(j()  a  furnace  for  smelting  copper  was  erected  hy  Joseph 
Eamsdall,  William  Parks,  and  Porter  Brothers.  In  IST-"),  the  time  having,' 
expired  when  the  discoverers  could  hold  their  claims  without  performing 
upon  them  an  amount  of  labor  fixed  by  a  law  of  congress,  and  no  one  ai)pi'Mr- 
ing  to  make  these  improvements,  W.  L.  Farlin  relocated  thirteen  (juait/. 
claims  south-west  from  liutte,  erected  a  quartz-mill,  and  infused  a  new  life 
into  the  town.  Five  years  afterward  a  substantial  city,  with  live  thousr.nd 
inhabitants,  occupied  the  place  of  the  former  shabby  array  of  miners'  c.iljin.s. 
From  twenty  quartz-mills,  arastras,  roasters,  and  smelters,  $1,500,000  v\us 
biMiig  annually  turned  out,  afid  the  tliousands  of  unworked  mines  in  the 
vicinity  could  have  employed  live  times  that  nundjcr.  The  Alice  mine, 
wiiieli  liegun  with  a  twenty-stamp  mill,  in  ISSl  used  one  of  sixty  stamps  in 
addition,  crusiiing  eighty  tons  of  ore  dail_v.  The  vein  was  of  great  .^ize, 
depth,  and  richness.  While  the  Alice  may  bo  taken  as  the  representative 
silver  mine  of  Butte,  the  Moulton,  Lexington,  Anaconda,  and  many  others 
pioduced  well.  Eastern  capital  has  been  used  to  a  great  extent  to  develup 
these  mines.  The  silver  ores  of  this  district  carrieil  a  heavy  percentage  (if 
copper,  and  some  lodes  were  really  copper  veins  carrying  silver. 

Cable  <listrict,  twenty-five  miles  north-west  of  Butte,  took  it  name  from 
the  Atlantic  Cable  gold  mine,  which  yielded  $'20,000  from  100  tons  of  quartz, 
picktil  specimens  from  which  weighing  '200  pounds  contained  $7,000  in  gold. 

North-west  of  the  Cable  district  was  the  Silver  district  of  Algonquin,  on 
Flint  Creek,  where  the  town  of  I'hilipsburg  was  placed.  Here  were  tiic 
famous  Algonf-in  and  Speckled  Trout  ndnes,  with  reduction-works  er.-cted 
by  the  Northwest  Co.  In  ISSl  a  body  of  ore  was  found  in  the  Algcncpiia 
which  averaged  000  ounces  to  the  ton  of  silver,  with  enough  in  sight  to  yii  Id 
$'2,000,000.  The  Hope,  Comanche,  and  other  mines  in  this  district  \vc  re 
worked  by  a  St  Louis  company,  ami  produced  bullion  to  the  amount  of  fmia 
$;?00,000  to  $.")00,000  annually  since  1877.  The  Granite  furnished  rock  worth 
seventy-five  dollai's  per  ton. 

Pliilipsburg  was  laid  out  in  1807,  its  future  being  predicated  upon  tiic 
silver-bearing  veins  in  its  vicinity.  The  first  mill,  erected  at  a  great  ex]K'nso 
by  the  St  Ijouis  and  Montana  Alining  Company,  failed  to  extract  the  silver. 
which  for  years  patient  mine-owners  had  been  reducing  l)y  rude  nrastra?!  and 
hand  maciiincry  to  prove  the  value  of  their  mines,  and  the  prospects  of  I'hilips- 
burg were  clouded.  A  home  association,  called  the  Imperial  Silver  jMiniiig 
Conqiany,  was  formed  in  1871,  which  erected  a  five-stamp  mill  and  roaster, 
and  after  many  costly  experiments,  found  the  right  method  of  extracting  !m1- 
ver  from  tho  ores  of  the  district.  Tho  stamps  of  their  mill  being  of  wood 
were  soon  worn  out,  and  the  company  made  contracts  with  the  St  Louis  com- 
pany's null  to  crush  the  ore  from  the  Siieckled  Trout  Jiiine,  tho  machiiieiy 
having  to  bo  changed  from  wet  to  dry  crushing,  and  two  now  roasting- 
furnacps  erected,  tho  expense  being  borne  by  the  Imperial  Company. 

The  process  which  was  adopted  in  this  district  is  known  as  the  Reese  T?iver 
chloridizing  process.  Tho  ore,  after  being  jiulvcrized,  dry,  is  mixed  witii 
(>  per  cent  of  common  salt,  placed  in  roasting-furnaces — 1,'200  pounds  to  eiuli 
furnace — and  agitated  with  long  handled  iron  hoes  for  4  J  hours,  while  i=uh- 
jccted  to  a  gradttally  increasing  heat.  After  l)eing  drawn  and  cooled,  t lie 
pulp  is  amalgamated  in  Wheeler  pans.  The  wet  pulp,  agitated  in  hot  water 
and  quicksilver,  after  four  hours  is  drawn  into  large  wooden  vata  called  set- 


METHODS  OF  WORKING  ORES. 


741 


lines,  the  cbinook  wind,  and  the  geysers  of  Yellow- 
stone park,  all  of  which  influences  are  doubtless  felt ; 

tiers,  with  revolving  arms,  froin  which  it  passes  through  a  small  pan,  where 
the  last  of  the  amalgam  which  may  have  escaped  is  saved.  It  is  then  retorted 
and  turned  into  bullion.  The  cost  of  milling  and  roasting  tl.::  v)re  was  §40  per 
ton,  and  the  yield  $120.  Eight  tons  per  day  of  '24  hours  was  the  capacity  of 
the  works.  Dv^r  Loilja  New  NorthiviM,  June  22,  1872.  The  salt  used  in 
reducing  ores  in  Montana  is  chiefly  brought  from  the  Oneida  salt-works  of 
Idaho. 

In  187G  the  St  Louis  company  took  .$20,000  worth  of  silver  bullion  from 
157  tons  of  the  Hope  ore,  and  the  average  yield  of  medium  ore  was  rated  at 
$(j.5  per  ton.  As  a  result  of  the  profitable  working  of  the  mines  of  this  dis- 
trict, tlie  population,  which  in  1872  was  little  over  200,  Ijy  ISStJ  had  doubled. 
In  every  direction  fnjrn  Flint  Creek,  the  valley  of  which  is  a  rich  agricultural 
region,  the  hills  are  full  of  minerals.  At  Philipsburg  there  is  about  f(jur  per 
cent  of  gohl  in  tiie  bullion.  Nortii  from  tliere  the  gold  increases,  until  near 
Beartown  it  is  almost  pure.  Between  I'hilipsburg  and  the  mouth  of  Flint 
Creek  veins  carrying  silver,  gold,  copper,  and  iron  abound. 

In  Lewis  and  Clarke  county  the  (piavtz  Kold  mines  held  their  own.  The 
Whitlatch- Union  after  producing  §3,500,000  suspended,  that  its  owners 
might  .settle  some  points  of  dilference  between  them,  and  not  from  any  want 
of  productiveness.  Al)out  twenty-five  miles  north-west  of  Helena  was  tlie 
Silver  Creek  or  Stemple  district,  the  most  famous  of  whose  mines  of  gold  is 
the  I'enobscot,  discovered  by  Nathan  Vestal,  who  took  out  §100,000,  and 
then  sold  the  mine  for  .$400,000.  The  mines  in  this  district  pioduce  by  mill- 
ing about  ten  dollars  per  ton  on  an  average.  Tlie  iiehnout  produced  with  a 
twjnty-stump  mill  §200.000  annually,  at  a  profit  of  nearly  lialf  tliat  amount. 
The  Lluebird,  Hickory,  (Foster,  and  L*rum  Leniond  were  averaging  from 
ten  to  twelve  dollars  to  the  ton. 

Silver  mines  were  woiked  at  Clancy,  eighteen  miles  south  of  Helena.  At 
Wickes,  twenty-live  miles  soutii,  were  the  most  extensive  smelting-works  in 
Moulana,  erected  by  the  Alta-Moutana  Company,  wliich  liad  a  capital  stock 
of  §"), 000,000,  and  c.ilcidated  to  treat  all  classes  of  ores  in  which  silver  and 
lead  comljined.  Silver  was  discovered  on  Clarke  fork  of  the  Yellowstone  in 
1874,  and  F.  i).  I'case  went  to  I'a  in  the  spring  of  1875  to  arrange  for  erect- 
ing smclling-works;  Imt  Indian  troubles  prevented  mining  in  that  region 
until  1877,  when  the  luistern  Montana  Mining  and  Smelting  Company  erected 
furnaces.  In  18711  the  famous  'J'ra|)per  silver  lode  was  discovered,  followed 
immediately  by  othei's  in  the  vicinity. 

As  a  rule,  the  ores  of  Montana  are  easily  worked.  The  rock  in  which 
auriferous  and  argentiferous  veins  occur  is  linicst(jne  or  granite,  often  granite 
capped  with  slate.  'J'lic  presence  of  lead  and  copi)er  simplifies  the  ))rocess  of 
the  reduction  of  silver,  and  in  general  tlie  character  of  Montana  galena  ores 
does  not  dill'er  greatly  from  those  of  Utah,  Coh)rado,  eastern  Neva<la,  and 
Idaho,  No  lead  nfini's  have  been  W(jrked,  though  they  exist  in  these  terii- 
tories,  but  the  lead  obtained  from  their  silver  ores  furnished,  in  1875,  half  of 
that  useil  in  the  United  .States,  whicli  was  01,173  tons,  (jopper  lodes  are 
abundant  and  large,  and  are  found  near  F  'tte,  at  ^VIlite  Sulphur  Springs, 
and  in  the  Mussi'  ''-  '1  country,  as  well  as  in  several  other  parts  of  the  <'ountry. 
Iron  is  found  in  :  j,.  .X  number  of  ))laces.  Deer  Lodge  county  has  an  imii 
mountain  four  times  larger  than  the  iron  niount:iin  of  .Missouri.  Fine  marble, 
exeellent  building  stone,  tu'e-clay,  zinc,  coal,  an<l  all  the  miiterials  of  w  liieh 
and  with  which  men  build  the  substantial  nmnunients  of  eiviliziitiou,  are 
grouped  together  in  Montana  in  a  remarkable  manner,  wiien  it  is  consiileicd 
that  the  almost  universal  estimate  of  a  niineial  country  is  that  il  is  unfit  for 
tiic  attainment  of  the  greatest  degree  of  relinement  and  luxury,  and  tliat 
wiieu  the  ])i'ecious  metals  are  exhausted,  nothing  wortii  remaiinng  for  in  tiio 
country  will  lie  left. 

In  1870  the  United  States  assay  office  was  opened  at  Helena,  congress 
having  enacted  that  the  secretary  of  the  trcasurj'  might  constitute  any  super- 


i 

I  ■ 

-x 

1  '  111.! 

Iti 
11 

ipiTillllJj,:. 


742 


MINING  AND  CATTLERAISING. 


i 


but  to  the  lower  altitude  of  the  country,  as  com- 
pared with  the  territories  lying  south,  much  of  its 

intendent  of  a  mint,  or  aasayer  of  an  assay  oflSce,  an  assistant  treasurer  to 
receive  gold  coin  and  bullion  on  deposit.  The  assay  office  was  a  relief  to 
miners,  who  had  been  forced  to  send  their  bullion  east  at  exorbitant  charges. 
The  silver  export  aggregated  in  1879  ^,635,022.  The  non-mineral  ex- 
ports, after  ten  years  of  territorial  existence,  were  as  follows: 

Bufifalo  robes,  6,500  @  $5 $327,500 

Antelope,  deer,  elk,  bear,  wolf,  and  other  skins  @  50  cents  t^  lb 50,000 

Beaver,  otter,  mink,  etc 20,000 

Flint  hides,  400,000  lbs  ©  12  cents 60,000 

Sheep  peltries 5,00:» 

Wool,  100,000  lbs  @  35  cents 35,000 

Cattle,  fat,  @  §27.50,  3,500  head 101,2.J0 

Stock-cattle  @  $20,  1,000  head 20,000 


Total $608,750 

Deer  Loihjr  New  Northwest,  April  30,  1875. 

There  was  received  at  Omaha,  in  1870,  over  $60,000,000;  .^27,000,000  in 
silver  bullion,  handled  by  express,  besides  a  largo  amount  sent  as  freight. 
Tlie  gold  handled  was  $25,000,000.  The  Omaha  smelting- works  furni.shcd 
$5,000,000.  Of  the  silver,  $10,000,000  was  in  coin,  about  half  of  which  was 
returned.  Of  the  whole,  the  Black  Hills  furnished  $2,000,000;  Colorado, 
Montana,  and  Idaho  the  rest.  Omaha  liepiibUcaii,  in  Bozeman  Avant-Courier, 
Feb.  8,  1877. 

An  agricultural,  mechanical,  and  mineral  association  was  incorporated  in 
Dec.  18G7,  whicli  held  its  first  fair  from  the  6th  to  the  12tli  of  Sept.,  1868,  at 
Helena.  Governor  Smith  was  the  first  president;  Sol  Merideth,  vice-presi- 
dent; W.  E.  Culler.,  s'jcretary;  J.  T.  Forbes,  treasurer;  J.  F.  Farbcr.  \V.  L. 
Irvine,  W.  S.  Travis,  C.  P.  Higgins,  W.  L.  Vantilburg,  J.  B.  Campbell,  and 
Pliilip  Thorn,  directors.  Helena  Montana  Post, 'March  \7,  1868.  A  territorial 
grange  was  organized  soon  after.  Missoula  county  held  its  first  fair  in  1876. 
It  will  be  seen  that,  under  the  conditions  set  forth  as  existing  previous  to 
the  opening  of  raih'oad  communication,  no  matter  what  its  f.acilities  for  agri- 
culture, !NIoutana  would  not  establish  a  reputation  as  a  fanning  country. 
Nevertheless  it  was  gradually  coming  to  be  better  nnderatood  in  this  respect 
with  each  succeeding  year.  It  has  been  demonstrated  that  new  soils  are  the 
most  highly  productive,  the  yield  of  grain,  and  particularly  of  vegetables, 
being  often  astonishingly  great  in  the  territories.  Therefore  I  pass  over  the 
immurous  instances  of  enormous  garden  productions,  to  the  statement  that  aa 
a  wheat  country  virgin  Montana  was  not  surpassed,  and  all  the  cereals  except 
corn  yielded  largely.  In  the  iiiglier  valleys  grain  was  likely  to  fail  on  account 
of  frost,  but  in  not  too  elevated  parts  the  yield  was  from  thirty  to  fifty 
])ushels  per  acre.  Wheat  averaged  thirty  bushels  and  oats  seventy-five.  The 
following  table  in  Strahorn's  Montana,  82,  is  valuable,  as  recording  the  names 
of  pioneer  agriculturists,  witli  their  locations: 


Name. 


A.  Q.  Englund.... 
A.  a.  England.... 
IJnbcrt.  Vaughn., 

M.  Slimo 

Bruikwny 

IlrigUiim  Keed .., 
^^^^ion  Levcrich, 
Williiimlteed... 
rhiirlca   Howe... 

('cm.  Kiirlis 

John  Itowo 

Robert  Uaruett.. 
S.  Hull 


Location. 


Mlssojilu  Vnlloy . ... 

Missoula  Viilloy 

Sun  IJlvcr  Valley 

Kuby  VuUcy 

Yelliwatono  Vallty. 

Gallatin  Viillry 

Giillatin  ValUy 

Prickly  Pear  VuUoy. 
Missouri  Vallov.... 
Deer  Lodge  Valley . 
(tallalin  Valley. ... 
lleese  Croek  Valley . 
Huby  Valley 


Acres. 


ir;o 

40 

4 

100 

8 

6 

23 

CO 

'j;i? 
n 

8-> 

4H 

WO 


Crop  and  Yield. 


Wheat 7,000 

Oats 2,000 

Oats 410 

Wheat 0,000 

Oats COO 

Oats fp-iO 

Wheat I,l.-i0 

Oats ;i,.WO 

Wheat  and  oats  .  1,200 

Oats 1,200 

O.its 4,082 

Wheat 2,200 

Wheat 10,000 


Average 

bush. 

per  aiTO. 


4;i?i 

50 
102  J^ 

fiO 

75 
103,14 

50 

70 

4.5 
100 

57 

45 

60 


Value. 


,400 
.■jOO 
2lli 
,2U0 

;ii:o 

3i'.2 

,:;.so 
,iuo 

;iM 
7  JO 

,\m 

,(110 
,000 


mil( 

of  \ 

doe? 

toin 

slop 

huiK 

inof 

curie 

falls 

on  t] 

with 


ALTITUDES. 


743 


mildness  of  climate  must  be  ascribed.  Latitude  west 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  does  not  affect  climate  as  it 
does  to  the  east  of  that  line;  nor  does  it  account  for 
temperature  to  any  marked  extent  on  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  great  divide,  for  we  may  journey  four 
hundred  miles  north  into  the  British  possessions,  find- 
ing flourishing  farms  the  whole  distance;  and  it  is  a 
curious  fact  that  the  Missouri  River  is  open  above  the 
falls,  in  Moi  lana,  four  weeks  before  the  ice  breaks  up 
on  the  Iowa  frontier.  In  all  countries  seasons  vary, 
with  now  and  then  severe  winters  or  hot  summers. 
A  great  snowfall  in  the  Montana  mountains  every 

The  soldiers  at  Fort  Ellis  in  the  Gattatiii  Valley  raised  all  the  vegetables 
to  feed  the  five  companies  stationed  there,  thereby  saving  the  government 
between  §7,000  and  .^8,000.  General  Brisbin,  who  was  for  a  long  time  in 
conniiand  of  that  jjost,  was  one  of  the  most  cutliusiastio  writers  on  the 
lesoiiroes  of  tin;  country,  contributing  articles  to  the  Amerivau  A<jrioilfuri.st, 
and  other  journals,  which  were  copied  in  the  Montana  newspapers.  See 
111  hull  lli-mlil.  Jan.  '2,  1879.  Rye  raised  by  B.  F.  Hooper  of  Bowlder  Valley 
pioduciMl  giains  ^  larger  than  tlie  ordinary  size,  plump,  gold-tinted,  and 
transparent  as  wheat — ().")  pounds  to  the  bushel.  Three  rpiarts  of  seed  yielded 
10  bushels  of  grain,  sown  in  the  spring.  This  seed  is  said  to  have  come  from 
some  grains  taken  from  tiie  craw  of  a  migratory  bird  killed  in  Oregon  in  1803. 
Vmfni'ia  Montana  Po-4,  Jan.  '20,  1868. 

As  in  every  country,  tlie  valleys  were  first  settled.  What  the  uplands, 
now  devoted  to  grazing,  will  produce  remains  to  be  demonstrated  in  the 
future.  Altl'ougli  it  is  generally  thought  that  comparative  altitude  is  an  im- 
p<,rtant  factor  in  the  making  of  crops,  it  is  now  pretty  well  understood  that 
where  bunch-grass  grows  wheat  will  grow  as  well. 

Tile  average  altitude  of  Montana  is  less  by  •2,'2(i0  feet  than  the  average 
altitude  of  Colorado,  Wyoming,  Utali,  and  New  Mexico.  Olllcial  reports 
make  the  mean  elevation  of  Montana  3,900  feet;  of  Wyoming  (5,400;  of  Col- 
orado 7,000;  and  of  Xcw  Mexico  5,(500.  Of  Montana's  145,780  square  miles, 
an  area  of  51,000  is  less  than  4,000  feet  above  the  sea;  40,7()0  less  than  3,000. 
Tiie  towns  are  either  in  mining  districts,  which  are  high,  or  in  agricultural 
districts,  which  are  lower;  therefore  the  following  list  of  elevations  is  indic- 
ative of  the  occupations  of  the  inhabitants: 

Avgenta 6,337        Brewer's  Springs. . . 4,957 

Beaverhead 4,404        Camp  Baker 4,538 

Carroll 2,247 

Deer  Lodge 4,546 

Fort  Benton 2,780 

For.;  Shaw (5,000 

Fish  Creek  Station. 4, 1.34 

Fort  Ellis 4,9.35 

Gallatin  City 4,838 

Helena 4,206 

It  will  be  observed  by  a  comparison  with  tlu;  preceding  table  that  an  alti- 
tude of  nearly  5,000  feet,  as  at  Bozenuin,  Fort  Ellis,  and  Gallatin  (^'ity,  does 
not  affect  the  production  of  cereals  unfavorably.  Sun  River  Valley  near  Fort 
Siiaw,  at  a  considerably  greater  altitude,  produces  100  bushels  of  oats  to  the 
acre. 


Bighorn  City 2,831 

Boetler's  Rancho..4,873 

Bozeman 4,900 

Butte 5,800 

Bannack 5,896 

Beaverstown 4,942 

Blackfoot  Agency .  3, 1 09 
Bowlder 5,000 


Hamilton 4,.342 

Jefferson...    .4,776 

Lovell 5,465 

Montana  City.  4, 191 

Missoula .3,900 

Nevada  City... 5,.543 

Sheridan 5,221 

Sali.sbury 4,838 

Virginia  City.. 2,824 
Whitehall....  4,639 


m 


MINING  AND  CATTLE  RAISING. 


I 


11 


winter  is  expected  and  hoped  for.  Its  depth  thion^h- 
out  tlie  country  is  traded  by  the  altitude,  tlie  valieyH 
getting  only  enough  to  cover  the  grass  a  few  inches, 
and  i'ov  a  few  days,  when  a  sudden  thaw,  causi-d  hy 
the  Marni  chinook,  carries  it  oft'.  Occasionally  a 
wind  fi'oni  the  interior  ])lains,  acconipanied  hy  severe 
cold  and  blinding  particles  of  ice  rather  than  snow, 
which  till  and  darken  the  air,  brings  diseonifurt  to  all, 
and  death  to  a  few.  Such  storms  extend  from  the 
liocky  Mountains  to  east  of  the  Missouri  llivcr: 
from  Helena  to  Omaha. 

The  mean  temperature  of  Helena  is  44°,  four  de- 
grees higher  than  that  of  Deer  ]jodge  or  Virginia 
City,  these  points  being  of  consideral)le  elevation 
about  the  valleys,  where  the  mean  temperature  is 
about  48°.  With  the  exception  of  cold  stcn-ms  of 
short  duration,  the  oddest  weather  of  winter  may  l)e 
set  down  at  ID"  below  zero,  and  the  warmest  weather 
of  summer  at  94'.  June  is  rainy,  the  sky  almost  the 
whole  of  the  rest  of  the  year  being  clear,  and  irrigation 
necessary  to  crops.  The  bright  and  bracing  atmos- 
phere promotes  healtli,  and  epidemics  are  unknown. 
Violent  storms  and  atmospheric  disturbances  are  rare.'* 

The  first  settlci's  of  Montana  had  doubts  about  the 
profits  of  fruit-culture,  which  have  been  dispelled  by 
experiments.  Apples,  pears,  plums,  grajies,  cherries, 
currants,  gooseberries,  raspberries,  blackberries,  and 
strawberries  bear  abundantly,  and  produce  choice  fruit 
at  an  early  age.^^     In  the  Missoula  Valley  cultivated 

'■'  An  earthquake  was  felt  at  Helena  in  the  spring  of  ISfi'J,  whicii  diil  iu> 
daniagu;  a  tornatlo  visited  the  country  in  April  1S70 — botli  rare  ocoiii  rt.'iuT.s. 
In  DSliS,  whicli  waa  a  dry  year,  Deer  Lodge  Laiie,  at  the  base  of  tlie  (iold 
Creek  Mountains,  was  full  to  tlie  hrini,  covering  oOor  (!()  acres.  In  ISTO,  \\  itii 
a  rainy  spring,  it  had  shrunk  to  an  area  of  100  i)y  ].")0  feet.  Tlie  liiUe  has  im 
visihle  outlet,  but  has  a  granite  bottom.  Dii'r  Lniji'  Xi'ir  Xortlnrcsl,  May'JT, 
1870.  Thirty  miles  from  Helena  is  tiio  Bear  Tooth  Mountain,  standing  at 
the  entrance  to  the  Gate  of  the  Moiuitains  canon.  I'revious  to  1S7S  it  had 
two  tu.sks  fully  r)00  feet  high,  being  great  masses  of  rock  :>()()  feet  wide  at 
the  base  and  150  feet  on  top.  In  February  1S78  one  of  tliese  tusks  fell, 
sweeping  througii  a  forest,  and  leveling  the  trees  for  a  quarter  of  a  iiule. 
Heli'iiu  iiidfjM'iidciit,  Feb.  14,  1878. 

'-'  One  of  t!ie  largest  fruit-growers  in  the  country  was  D.  W.  Curtiss,  near 
Helena.  He  came  from  (Jliio  about  1870  a  poor  man.  In  IS84  he  owned  Ins 
farm,  and  marketed  frouj  44,000  to  ;j7,000  worth  of  berries  and  vegetables 
auuually. 


FRUIT-CULTURE. 


745 


strawberries  still  ripen  in  Xovcmber,  At  tlie  county 
fair  in  18S0  over  a  dozen  var-ieties  of  standard  a[>{»les 
were  exhibited,  with  several  of  excellent  })lun»s  and 
pears.  Most  of  the  oi'chards  had  been  [»lanted  subse- 
quently to  1870,  and  few  were  more  than  six  years 
old.  Tiees  of  four  years  of  a<^e  will  begin  to  bear. 
At  the  greater  altitude  of  Decjr  ]jodge  and  Helena 
fruit  was  at  this  period  begin?iing  to  be  successfully 
cultivat('(l;  but  fruit-growing  being  generally  under- 
taken with  reluctance  in  a  new  country,  it  is  probable, 
judging  by  the  success  achieved  in  Colorado,  that  the 
cai)acity  of  Montana  for  fruit-culture  is  still  nuich 
underrated.  All  garden  roots  attain  a  great  size,  and 
all  vegetables  are  of  excellent  quality.  Iri-igation, 
which  is  necessary  in  most  localities,  is  easily  accom- 
plished,  the  country  in  general  being  traversed  by 
many  streams.  For  this  reason  irrigation  has  not 
yet  been  undertaken  on  the  grand  scale  with  which  it 
has  been  applied  to  the  arid  lands  a  few  degrees  far- 
ther south.  The  desert  land  act,  designed  to  benefit 
actual  settlers,  has  been  taken  advantage  of  to  enrich 
powerful  companies,  which  by  bringing  water  in  canals 
long  distances  were  able  to  ailvance  the  price  of  land 
$  1 0  or  ,$  15  per  acre.  The  timber  culture  act  was  made 
use  of  in  the  same  way  to  increase  the  value  of  waste 
land.'^    Doubtless  the  lands  thus  benetited  were  actu- 

"'  Some  of  tliu  early  fanners  of  Montana  niiglit  be  incutioiieil  here. 

K.  S.  ISanta,  horn  in  Mi>.  Sept.  2,  IS.'Vi;  broULilit  up  a  farmer;  iniiiiigrated 
to  Cil.  in  liSlil',  with  liis  own  team;  rt-'iiiainutl  there  one  year,  anil  eaiue  to 
Montana,  first  to  tlie  Bitterroot  Valley,  tlien  to  Oallatin  City,  ami  linaily 
to  Willow  Creek  in  Madison  eo.,  where  he  obtained  IDG  acres  of  land,  and 
Miisi'd  stoek.      He  married,  iu  ISGl,  Mary  Foster. 

Williani  Mi  Iviniens,  a  native  of  Pa,  was  born  Get.  20,  183"),  and  raised  a 
farmer.  Removed  to  III.  at  the  age  of  J'.t,  and  soon  after  to  Kansas.  In 
KS,")S  he  Went  the  Pike's  I'eak  country,  and  was  one  of  the  lUO  locators  of 
])env»!r.  iletuniiug  east,  he  canio  to  Montana  iu  1604,  and  esLalilished 
himself. 

Ellis  Elmer,  born  in  England  May  18,  18'28,  immigrated  to  the  U.  S.  in 
ISoO,  settling  in  111.,  where  ho  remained  9  years,  wiien  lie  renioveil  to  Mo., 
whence  ho  came  to  Montana  in  1871.  Painter  by  trade;  secured  1  GO  acres 
of  land  at  Fish  Creek.     In  1837  married  R.  T.  Lambert. 

F.  T.  Black,  born  Oct.  '2'A,  ISHti,  in  111.,  removed  at  ten  yeiirs  of  age  to 
Mo.,  and  at  ihe  age  of  2G  to  Montana,  where  he  leased  improved  land  at 
Pony,  on  Willow  Creek. 

Robert  Riddle,  born  in  Ohio  Aug.  18,  1S40,  was  brought  up  a  farmer. 
At  the  age  of  18  he  learned  haruess-niaking,  after  which  he  resided  2  or  3 


1'^  ■lif 


«  .ipi 


746 


MINING  AND  CATTLE-RAISING. 


ally  worth  tlic  increased  j)riec  to  those  wlio  could  pur- 
chase them,  but  the  poorer  man  whom  the  govern  iiRiit 

years  in  111.,  coiniiij;  to  Montana  with  an  nx-toam  in  1S(U,  via  Uriilycr's  juiss, 
and  mining  in  Kniiyrant  and  AldiT  gulcliua  and  tiie  di'iir  ilo  Ali'iic  I'mintiy 
until  I.S7I,  wIk^m  Iiu  settled  at  lid/uiiian,  wluu'u  he  hc^uaniu  owner  of  "JOO  aiic.s 
and  sonKt  stock.     In  ISS'J  ho  married  Cynthia  Stevens. 

Tiioinas  (iarliek,  horn  in  Kng.  Aug.  Iti,  \ii'.W>,  wa.s  1.^  years  of  age  ulnii 
liis  jiarents  immigrated  to  tiie  U.  S.,  landing  at  N.  ().,  wlieiiee  they  |iiii- 
eiHided  to  St  Louis,  and  soon  to  a  farm  in  111.,  where  lii^  remained  till  iMiO. 
Served  as  a  volunteer  in  tlio  union  army,  and  aft<!rward  drove  a  iierd  of 
cows  to  henver.  soon  following  the  exodus  from  Colorado  to  .Montana.  In 
the  siiring  of  ISd,")  he  left  Haunaek  for  Helena  gold-diggings,  wliiTe  he  re- 
mained two  years,  when  hi'  went  to  Hamilton,  in  the  (lallatin  N'alley,  work- 
ing for  wages.  In  liS74  settltMl  upon  1(>()  acres  near  Bo/eman,  where  he  grew 
grain  and  stock.     Married  Nancy  Jane  Krattcar  in  18().">. 

.lames  Kent,  a  native  of  Tenn.,  horn  .Inly  28,  IS-JI,  removed  with  his 
l)arents,  at  4  years  of  age,  to  Mo.  U'hen  10  years  ohl  his  father  joined  the 
army  of  immigrants  to  Cal..  whert;  he  died.  Then  the  mother  died,  leaving 
5  children  to  the  mercy  of  the  world.  At  "21  years  of  age  .laniiss  hegan  to  lio 
west,  and  n:aciied  Montana  in  1S(J4,  spending  a  se.ison  in  Alder  gulch  and 
another  in  (Jallatin  county,  alternately,  until  187<i,  when  he  settled  ujioii  t(H) 
acres  of  lan.l  near  lio/eman,  farming  an  ■  raising  horscii  and  cattle.  In  IbTiJ 
he  married  .Martha  .Simes. 

(J.  W.  Krattear,  born  in  Ohio  April  4,  lS2t>,  removed  to  Mo.  with  his 
parents  at  the  age  of  17,  where  he  lived  upon  a  farm  for  IS  years,  immigrating 
to  Colorado  in  iMiH  with  an  ox-team.  Remained  there  three  years,  ami  came 
to  .Montana,  .settling  lirst  at  Hamilton,  hut  removing  to  the  neighhorliood  <if 
Bozemaii  in  1871,  where  he  secured  Kit)  acres,  farm  machinery,  and  slmk. 
Was  married  in  KS.")!I  to  Frances  Morjier.  Mrs  Krattcar  came  up  the  .Mis- 
souri on  the  steamer  Ih-hna  in  18(>(),  and  was  !tO  days  on  the  way. 

William  Shcppard,  horn  in  Eiig.  .March  'i.'),  184(i,  immigrated  to  .Vmeiica 
in  18()'J,  after  heing  "2  years  in  the  Ivist  Indies  and  Africa.  He  resided  a  few 
months  m  Council  IMufl's,  Iowa,  before  coming  to  Montana  with  an  ox-tcani. 
He  cros.sed  the  plains  a  number  of  times,  and  settled  in  the  (lallatin  N'alley 
on  l(it>  acres  of  land  in  187<>. 

J.  liurrell,  a  native  of  Canada,  born  in  1839,  removed  to  Ohio  in  ISti'i,  and 

to  Montana  in  18(i4  with  an  ox-team,  in  company  with  a  train  of  .'{.ID  i li- 

grants.  On  the  liozeman  route,  at  Powder  River,  the  train  was  attackeil  liy 
ITjO  Sioux,  whom  they  fought  for  24  hours,  ;{  of  the  comi)any  being  killctl. 
Reached  Alder  gulch  Aug.  I'd,  ami  the  same  season  settled  on  .'VJO  acres  of 
land  near  Callatin  City,  raising  grain  and  stock.  Was  married  in  1804  to 
Miss  Cami)l)ell. 

C.'orge  W.  Marshall,  bora  in  111.  .Tan.  10,  1834,  resided  in  Mo.  from  1849 
to  181)3  on  a  farm.  In  the  latter  year  began  freighting  for  the  govei'iiment 
to  New  Mexico,  and  was  in  Colorado  when  the  flood  of  18(14  swi'pt  away  so 
much  of  Denver,  the  river  spreading  to  l.Ji  miles  in  width.  His  camp  escaped 
by  having  moved  to  higher  grouiul.  In  ISli-j  came  to  Montana,  first  to  Alder 
gulch,  then  to  Houlder,  and  lastly  to  Salesville  in  1873,  where  he  .secured  lliO 
acres,  and  some  farm  stock.  While  freighting  across  the  plain.s  has  lived  for 
days  on  frozen  dough,  the  snow  having  wet  the  bull'alo  chips  so  that  tiiey 
Would  not  burn  enough  to  bake  bread. 

(Jeorge  L.  Dukes,  born  in  Ky  Oct.  '2(5,  1824,  reared  a  farmer,  removed  ti> 
Mo.  in  184."),  and  engaged  in  farming,  merchandising,  and  hotel-keeping  until 
]8(>2,  when  he  reiiu)ved  to  111.,  and  2  years  later  to  Montana  by  steanibnat. 
Resided  in  Alder  gulch  one  winter  and  in  Helena  4  or  5  years,  engaged  in 
taking  building  contracts.  Was  police  magistrate  2.;i  years.  In  KSti'.l  moved 
to  I'rickly  I'ear,  ami  the  same  year  to  Wdlow  (Jreek,  in  Gallatin  county, 
where  he  took  320  acres  of  laud  and  engaged  iu  farming  and  stock-raising. 


EARLY  FARMERS. 


747 


(l(^si,£jno(l  to  protect  was  despoilod  of  his  opportunity 
to  build  up  a  liouie  by  slow  degrees  by  the  desire  of 


\Vii8  for  7  years  county  commissioner.  Was  niarrietl  in  1848  to  Catherine 
Dcerin;^. 

Jolin  llimson,  a  native  of  Sweden,  lK)rn  Sept.  4,  l.S4(),  imnii;,'r;itcil  to  the 
U.  S.  at  llie  aj^u  of  I.")  years,  and  settled  in  III.,  working  as  a  farm  hand  near 
(iideshurj,;  for  5  years.  At  the  hreakiiifj;  out  of  the  civil  war  lie  eidis^ted  in 
tlit^  4'2tl  111.,  serving;  nearly  four  yt^ars,  luang  wounded  |{  times,  once  in  the 
liruast  and  once  in  either  arm.  After  the  close  of  the  war  lie  came  to  .Mon- 
tana with  an  ox-team,  arriving  in  .Alder  gulch  and  .)etl'crson  City  in  18t)(i. 
He  bought  a  farm  near  the  latter  jdiice,  on  whicii  he  resided  5  years,  then 
went  to  Ho/oman,  and  was  in  the  Yellowstone  expedition  of  1874.  He  tiieu 
purciiased  1'4()  acres  of  government  land  and  040  of  railroad  land  near  Bozeman, 
and  estaldished  him.self  as  a  farmer.      He  married,  in  lS(i;{,  .Mimiie   llager. 

Charles  Hidmes,  horn  -May  11,  1830,  in  Sweden,  cai;i''  to  the  U.  S.  in  1848, 
residing  in  111.  ',i  years  on  a  farm,  and  from  tluM'o  going  to  .Minnesota  and 
Uakota,  whence  he  innnigratod  to  Montana  in  1)01)  with  an  ox-team,  going 
to  Helena  and  mining  for  '2  years,  then  to  (iallatin  Valley,  where  he  helped 
huild  Fort  Ellis;  anil  afterward  made  a  husincs  of  furnishing  tire-wooil  for 
ht\cr;il  years.  In  1872  lie  settled  on  200  acres  of  lan<l  near  IJozeman.  While 
a  resident  of  Dakota,  Holmes  enlisted  under  (»en.  .Sully  to  light  Indians,  and 
was  with  iiim  when  he  built  F')rt  Rice.     He  married  .NIary  liiinks  in  1870. 

E.  T.  Campbell,  born  in  Wis.  Nov.  0,  1842,  resiiied  tliere  \'A  years,  when 
he  removed  with  his  [liireiits  to  Iowa,  and  remained  tiiere  until  lie  enlisted 
in  the  8th  Iowa  cavalry  during  the  civil  war,  in  which  regiment  he  .'■:i;rved  2 
\i:ars  and  0  months.  Alter  the  close  of  the  war  he  migrated  to  .Montana, 
driving  an  ox-team,  arriving  in  the  (iallatin  Valley  in  1808.  Followed  driv- 
ing for  several  years,  settling  on  ;{20  acres  near  liozeman  in  1871. 

(Jeorge  W.  Flanders,  a  native  of  Vt,  born  Feb.  22,  1842,  was  reared  on  a 
farm.  At  10  years  of  age  he  began  learning  the  trade  of  a  millwright  and 
carpenter.  On  the  opening  of  the  war  of  the  rebellion,  he  enlisted  in  the  0th 
Vt  regiment,  and  was  wounded  in  both  siioulders  at  tiie  battle  of  Spottsyl- 
vania  Court  House.  Remained  in  the  army  4  years.  In  180t)  came  to  Mon- 
tana via  the  river  route,  ami  worked  at  h'  tratle  in  Helena  for  three  years, 
after  which  he  resided  on  Hear  Creek,  Callatin  county,  for  0  years,  when  he 
erected  a  saw-mill  for  himself  on  Middle  Creek,  which  in  188;}  cut  1,(X)0,000 
feet  of  hnnber. 

Amos  Williams,  born  in  111.  Dec.  21,  1840,  and  bred  a  farmer;  went  to 
the  Colorado  mines  in  18r)t)  with  a  horse-team,  returning  to  Kansas,  and 
triitn  there  to  Mo.,  where  he  resided  until  1870,  making  a  journey  to  Texas 
in  the  mean  time.  In  the  year  mentioned  he  settled  on  100  acres  near 
Hiizeman.     Married  Anna  Foxall  in  1808. 

M.  Witten,  a  native  of  Cal.,  born  Jan.  14,  ISAO,  lived  a  iarmer's  life  in 
(,'al.  and  Or.,  and  came  to  Montana  in  1880,  locating  near  Cfillatin  City,  on 
KiO  acres  of  government  ami  80  acres  of  railroad  land,  raising  stock  and 
farming. 

Rufus  Smith,  born  in  Mo.  Feb.  1(5,  18.").j,  came  to  ("al.  when  an  infant,  by 
the  ocean  route.  Was  bred  a  farmer,  and  educated  at  Christian  cidlege. 
Removed  to  .Montana  in  1880,  and  located  near  (iallatin  City  on  a  farm. 

T.  T.  Callahan,  born  in  111.  Feb.  10,  1854,  removed  when  a  child  to  Ark. 
with  his  parents,  and  was  reared  on  a  farm.  Went  to  Kansas  and  farmed 
fur  two  years;  then  came  to  .Montana  in  1!S80,  and  taking  ;{20  acres  of  land 
at  tlie  Tiu'ee  Forks,  engaged  in  stock-raising. 

W.  C.  Jones,  born  in  New  York  Sept.  2;"),  18.W,  bred  on  a  farm,  migrated 
to  Iowa  at  the  age  of  24  years,  where  he  resided  4  years  and  went  to  St  Louis, 
wlierc  he  was  for  5  years,  aiiil  then  into  tlie  union  army  for  1 .1  years,  after 
wiiich  he  took  a  beef  contract  from  the  government  at  .Springtield,  111.  In 
IsOO  he  came  to  ^loutaua  with  an  ox-team,  mining  in  Alder  guluh  until  1870, 


748 


MINING  AND  CATTLE  KAISINO. 


ff; 


richer  men  to  increase  tlicir  fortunes  inck'finitily. 
An  effort  is  now  bein<>:  niaile  to  intliice  the  n'ovtrn- 

wluMi  lio  rtiiiioviMl  ti)  Houlilor  valloy  ami  hccaine  an  owner  witli  S.  15.  Ili.|.  in 
tliL' .silvei' ijiMi'l/  mines  Mdiio,  liciulcloi'  Itclli;,  Mniitariii,  Union,  and  IMviKmitli 
liiK;k.  'I'liL'  Muiiii  yicldud  lili  imnuo.-i  to  tlio  ton,  and  was  bonded  for  .■<.'>(  »,i)i)0. 
Married  K.ile  llayward  in  \s:>->, 

•lolm  Ccillmrn,  liorn  in  Sweden  Feb.  4,  IH.m,  iniinijjrated  to  Aniei'ie.i  in 
1)S7-,  and  went  direetly  to  (.'oloi-ado,  wliei'e  ho  remained  in  the  miiirs  0 
years,  lie  laine  to  Montana  in  LST'S,  and  worked  at  Wiekes,  wln'i'e  he  |iiir- 
chafed  the  Little  (riant  mine  in  1S8'_',  in  eoin[)any  with  Uoburts  and  Thins- 
ton. 

t'liarh'H  Cliarltoii,  native  of  Oliio,  born  Marcli  '2'.i.  ISI7,  bretl  on  a  farm, 
and  taught  tlu:  trade  of  a  i>nti'her.  Hmit;rated  to  Kansas  in  IX."),'),  and  4 
years  after  l)y  hor.se-teain  to  Colorado,  where  he  mined  nntil  KS(i4,  whiu  he 
came  to  Montina.  Aft(ir  a  si^ason  at  .\hler  ^nleii  resorted  to  his  tiadc  ef 
buteher,  whieii  lie  followed  at  Virninia  City  an<l  liivens  mdeh.  In  ISiiti  ru- 
moved  to  Heaverhead  X'alley,  and  seeured  llli)  aeres  of  land,  rai.siny  heroes 
and  cattU'.     Married  Snsannah  l'riteliar<l  in  1844. 

William  Stcxlden,  born  in  England  Nov.  'SI,  18158,  came  to  the  U.  S.  in 
lS(i(),  remaining  ',i  years  in  N.  V.,  and  going  to  the  eojiper  mine.s  on  Lake  Su- 
])erior;  and  from  there  to  Colorado,  where  he  was  8  months  in  the  mines; 
and  then  to  Nevada,  from  whieli  state  he  returned  to  Montana  in  I.SIm,  when 
he  settled  near  Dillon,  with  his  brother  Tlu>nias  Stodden,  on  040  aeres,  rais- 
ing stoek. 

Ross  Degan,  born  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  March  '24,  18S0,  enlisted  for  tlie  Me.\- 
ican  war  in  1848,  Init  peace  being  declared,  was  not  .sent  ont.  Ne.xt  engiijied 
to  go  whaling  for  Ilowland  &  Co.,  whicli  service  carried  him  to  many  i'.ieitio 
and  otiier  jiorts  for  4  years.  After  roaming  about  the  world  for  several  years 
more,  he  connnanded  a  steamer  on  I^ake  Nlichigan  '2  seasons.  On  the  briiil<- 
ing  out  of  the  war  enlisted  in  the  Sd  New  York.  Serveil  several  montlis  in 
that  regiment  until  commissioned  in  the  Ki'Jd  New  Vork.  Eoiiglit  at  I'.ii,' 
Hethel,  an<l  in  other  battles.  On  returning  to  Ali)any  went  into  the  iimdnou 
business,  iiud  migratotl  to  Montana  in  I8t)(i.  Tried,  first,  mining,  but  settliil 
down  in  llidena  to  keeping  a  livery  and  feed  stable.  Has  been  city  niiu-iial. 
He  seeured  '.i'20  acres  of  laud,  and  raised  horsea  and  cattle.  Married  luisa- 
mond  Street  in  1800. 

(ieorge  Hreck,  born  in  N.  H.  Oct.  8.  ]8.")2,  was  educated  at  Kinihail 
Union  and  Dartmonth  colleges,  and  niigrateil  to  Montami  in  1870,  eng.i;;iiii: 
in  merciiandising  and  stock-raising.  He  had,  in  1884,  ',V20  horses,  being  cum- 
pelled  to  sell  700  acres  in  Prickly  Tear  Valley  to  procure  a  larger  ran^e 
somewhere  else  for  his  stock.  Kept  tine  stallions  and  brood  uiares,  ami 
raised  fast  roadsters. 

H.  (Jleason,  born  in  N.  Y.  in  1824,  removed  to  Michigan  at  the  age  oi  •_'(), 
and  from  there  to  Minnesota,  soon  after,  where  he  resided  18  years,  in  iiotcl- 
keepmg.  Migrated  to  Wisconsin,  and  to  Montana  in  1872,  by  the  rivur 
route.  Has  been  a  justice  of  the  peace  in  Wisconsin,  a  constable,  de[iuty 
sheritt',  and  superintendent  of  the  county  farm  in  Lewis  and  Clarke  eoiiuty. 
Ownecl  100  acres,  and  rai  i;d  grain  and  stock.  Married  Sarah  Ogden  in  1814; 
Caroline  I'ark  in  I84();  a    I  Anna  I'ayne  in  1800. 

James  A.  Smith,  born  a  Kirkville,  Boar  co.,  Mo.,  in  1848,  resided  tiiere 
until  1804.  when  he  took      n])loynient  on  a  steamboat  transporting  sniiplirs 

iiphis  and  other  points  above  the  blockade,     hi 

in  the  service  of  the  military  at   Fort   15c  lkni|i. 

ion,  and  from  there  returned  to  his  early  hunie, 

study  law,  which  profession  lie  practited  at 


to  the  federal  forces  at 
the  winter  of  180'.)  he  wa 
In  1880  he  came  to  Fort  Hi 
where  he  was  persuaded  . 
Missfiula. 

Eininerson  Hill,  born  in 


''unn.,  sent  to  school  at  Trenton,  Tenn.,  and  St 


Louis,  Mo.,  living  alternat.iy  ou  a  farm  aad  iu  the  city,  canio  tu  Muutana 


EARLY   FARMERS. 


749 


mont  to  undertake  water  storage  for  the  improvement 
ot*  desert  lands. 

in  ISSl,  ,111(1  located  liiiiisclf  at  Rt^il  Rock,  ill  tlio  dairying  business.     Ho 
iiian-ied  M;irj^;iret  l$('ss  in  |S7'.(. 

.I(isc[ili  Maims,  lioni  in  Mi>.  in  1844,  was  lirouffht  up  on  a  f;irni,  and  edu- 
rated  at  .Mc(!ee  coUtne.  At  tiie  ant!  of  'JO  years  he  canif  to  Montana,  inin- 
iui;  at  Aliler  ^'ulcii  and  Helena,  ami  workin;,'  in  a  liaUery  at  IM  ic-l<fcMit.     Vi 


tliat  lie  wiMit  to  liver 


-■I'ln^', 


a;;ain  on   tiie  Yellowstone.      He  a 


eeoiniianiec 


(I  ( 


len. 


d 
.\ldes  on   his   eainpai'Mi 


d  to  .stoek-raisinu,  lirst  on  Sun  Uiver  an 


.li^'ainst  Lame  Di.'er,  lieiu'^  in  the  hattle.  lie  jirosiieeteil  over  a  L'reat  extent 
(it'  eonntry,  hut  settlc(l  tiiially  near  Red  Roek,  in  KS78,  at  .■itoek-raising.  Ho 
married  .Mrs  Ro-ie  lloovis  in  !S>'Sl. 

T.  Taylor,  horn  in   Kn;;laiid  in   1S40,  iinniimrated  to  Hliiuiis  in 


Th 


IStil, 


ind  cain(!  to   .Montana    in    l.Sllli.      He  was   foree(l   to   li.'lit   the    Indians 


from  I'owder  River  to  the  Yellowstone  f)n  the  Ho/.eman  route,  lie  settled 
at  Sheridan,  niiniiiLf  in  the  vicinity  until  \ST.i,  wiien  he  hegan  farniinj.',  hav- 
in,'  hetween  .'iOO  and  41M)  acres,  well  stocked. 

Tliomas  Donei^an  was  horn  in  1847,  and  came  with  his  fandly  to  .\merica. 
lie  came  to  .Montana  in  I.Sti,"),  and  mined  most  of  the  time  until  I87S.  Ho 
vas  ideeto  I  assessor  for  .Madison  co.  for  l87l-'2. 

■lohn  I'enaluna,  horn  in  Kn^land  in  1S4H,  came  to  the  U.  S.  and  Montana 


in  18(')4,  where  he  was  enjia^e 


iinin<' at  Bannaek  until    18SI, 


L'li  h 
u  was  cor- 


]ireeinpted  ItlO  acres  on  Horse  Prairie  and  hegan  stock-raising.      H 
oner  of  lieaverhead  co.  wlieii  the  Nez  I'erees  raid  occurred. 

Among  tlie  settlers  of  Yellowstone  Valley  was  William  Arthur  T)avis,  who 
was  horn  in  N'irginia  in  I84">,  I)re(l  a  farmer,  and  attende(l  the  common 
.schools.  He  crossed  the  j)Iain8  to  California  in  ISolJ,  and  returneil  as  far  as 
Colorado  2  years  later, 
tli(  -   .  ■ 


ing 


itl 


1  countries. 


He 


e  owned  some  shares  in 


town  of  .\uraria,  which  he  sold  for  a  few  Imndred  dollars  in  I8I)"J,  enga- 


.i:ing  in 


liusiness  in  Nevada,  hut  coining  to  Montana  in  18(iH,  where  he  in 


)d 


111  all  the  firinei[ial  eaiinis. 


He  1 


)ecanie  owner  in 


the  iJavis  lode  in   .\1: 


which  carried  80  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton;  hut  resided  at  Riversiile  in  t'us- 


tcr  CO.,  where  he  had  a  stock  ranclii 


H 


e  niarrie< 


I  Mi 


1': 


V 


il 


1871).  William  H.  Lee,  horn  in  Ohio  in  1841,  was  brought  uji  a  farmer,  with 
a  coniinon-school  education.  He  immigrated  to  .Montana  in  I8lil),  driving  an 
(ix-team,  mined  for  '2  or  8  years,  and  settled  on  some  land  near  Fort  Kllis, 


wliere  he  lived  diiriii''  ISliti- 


]; 


eiiig  driven  trom  liere  hy  the  m 


by  thi 


ilita 


ry  au- 


tiiorilies,  he  went  lower  down  the  Yellowstone,  but  when  the  Crow  reserva- 


tion was  set  oil'  he  was  again  forced  to  move,  tlie  Lidians  bun 


his  b, 


and  hay  croji.     Again  he  went  to  the  (Jallati 


itry,  and  took  a  claim  ',i 


miles  west  of  Hozeinan,  where  he  remained  until   1S7I,  when  he  returned  to 


Riverside,  Yellowstone  Vallc 


ey,  and  hecaine  engaged  in  the  cattle   ims 
with  Nelson  Story.      He  was  married  in  1877  to  V'iola  B.  Swan.     O.  1' 

ated  with  his  father,  Henry  IJ.  Rr\ 


ryaii 


was  horn  in  Ohio  m  18.)4,  and  iinmigratea  with  Ins  lather,  Henry  ii.  liryan, 
to  Colorado  in  18()(),  where  he  remained  until  ISti'J,  coming  that  year  to  Uan- 
iiack.  The  elder  Bryan  mined  until  1870  in  Bannaek  and  Alder  giili  h,  after 
wliich  he  settled  on  some  farming  land  in  (iallatiii  N'alley,  and  cultivated  it 
until  187.'>.  After  that,  father  and  son  mined  in  Emigrant  gulch  for  5  year.s, 
when  they  removed  to  Riverside  and  engaged  iu  merchandising,  owning  be- 
sulea  IGO  acres  of  coal-laud  iu  Custer  co. 


'  il 

CHAPTER  VII. 

GENERAL  DEVELOI'MENT. 

1870-1888. 

CosDrrioN  of  Montana  from  1870  to  1880— Cor .vties  Comparkd — Total 
ri:oi>i'rriON  in  1888— Puice  of  Labor — Raii,uoai)  Era— Auuicl'Lhi'.k 

— LlM  BF.RTSa — WACiKS — TRANSPORTATION  CoM  PAN  I KS — CoAL — LOSSKS  I S 

CAiTr.K— Mining  I>kvkt.opmknt— Birirv,_]'i[||,i,i;'siii  kc — Dkkr  Lohi;K. 
— Hk.lkna— (Jrkat  Falls^Benton — Eastkkn  Montana — Moral  and 
Social  Condition. 


\4 


The  pro"Tcss  of  Montana  in  mining',  as  indicated 
in  tliu  pioN.ous  chapter,  liad  received  a  partial  elieck 
from  about  1870  to  1880.  The  reason  of  this  was 
that  surface  mining  had  declined,  the  placers  heiiio- 
exhausted,  and  deep  mining'  had  not  yet  been  sulH- 
ciently  developed  to  give  equal  returns.  There  wero 
other  causes  operating  at  the  same  time,  such  as  tlie 
great  cost  of  transportation  of  machinery,  and  the 
financial  crisis  resultant  upon  the  suspension  of  Jay 
Cooke  &  Co.,  with  the  consequesit  embarrassments  df 
the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  company,  to  wliose  ad- 
vent in  the  territory  all  eyes  had  been  turned  in  lu»])r. 

Neither  had  agriculture  advanced  materially:  (or 
no  other  market  than  the  mines  could  be  reachetl  by 
wagons,  the  only  means  of  transporting  farm  pr()(hi(l> 
to  consumers.  Besides,  a  few  years  were  needed  in 
which  to  build  more  comfortable  houses,  erect  saw 
and  grist  mills,  fence  farms,  lay  out  roads,  start  schools 
and  churches,  and  set  m  motion  all  the  wheels  within 
wheels  which  move  the  complicated  machinery  of  so- 
ciety. Perhaps  from  having  so  long  observed  tlif 
processes  of  state  building,  1  have  come  to  reiidrr 
uiore  willingly  than  others  the  meed  of  [)raise  tt)  these 

1-50) 


COUNTY  STATISTICS. 


751 


icatc'd 
check 
is  was 

I  sutH- 
wcru 
the 
tlie 
Jav 

ts  ('.f 

>  a.l- 

1U|»I'. 

;  for 

J  hy 

(hicls 

•d  HI 

SilW 

•li(t<>l> 
•ithiii 
tt'  t^o- 
1  tho 
mkKm- 
thcf^e 


men  of  sturdy  frames,  iritelliijent  brains,  and  deft 
hands  who  robbed  the  secret  treasury  of  nature  to 
spread  over  the  mountains  and  plains  thriving  cities 
and  happy  homes.  In  how  Httle  have  tliey  failed! 
Great  is  an  army  with  banners,  but  greater  is  a  host 
with  ploughs  and  picks.  One  destroys,  while  the 
other  creates. 

Time  enough  had  elapsed  between  1870  and  1880 
to  establish  tho  comjiarative  ca])abilities  of  the  several 
counties  ^  when  the  railroad  era  dawned,  which  solved 

'  Beginning  with  Missoula,  tlie  first  settled  and  organized,  and  the  moat 
western,  it  contained  ahout  ;iO,0(K*  square  miles,  distriliuted  in  forest-tr()\vne<l 
mountains  and  sunny  valleys,  affording  a  charming  variety  of  scenery,  and  a 
fortunate  arrangement  of  mineral,  agricultural,  and  grazing  lands.  Ai)()ut 
:{().000  acres  were  occu|iied,  and  5, l'J(i  cultivated.  Its  piinciiial  valley,  tlie 
liitterroot,  contained  ."i(iO  farmers,  and  would  supiiort  four  times  as  many. 
It  had  8,000  horses,  ll»,000  cattle,  and  i;i,000  slieep.  It  produced  in  J 884 
ll.'4,'J"2G  bushels  of  wlieat,  and  2S1,31'2  l)usliels  of  oats;  made  IW,00()  pounds  of 
butter,  and  raised  large  i)uantities  of  all  the  choicest  garden  vegetables,  and 
800  pounds  of  tobacco,  besides  m.iking  40,000,000  feet  of  luml>er.  Its  ])opu- 
jation  in  1880  was  '2,r),S7,  and  its  taxable  property  was  valued  at  !:i^i'p47,189. 
Its  valuation  in  188")  was  over  §1,000,000.  Missoula,  the  county  seat,  situated 
on  the  Northern  I'acilic  railroad,  near  tlie  junction  of  tlie  Missoula  and  liitter- 
root rivers,  i.ad  2,000  inhabitants.  Its  public  buildings  were  a  substantial 
court-bourse,  a  union  church  for  the  use  of  several  congregations,  a  catholio 
convent,  a  large  llnuring  and  saw  mill,  a  gocjd  public  sciiool-iiousc,  'J  newspaper 
ollices,  and  a  national  bank  buildin;'.  The  null  Ijcloiiged  to  Worden  it  Co.,  and 
was  en'Cted  in  KSOti,  40  by  40  feet,  'A  stories  iiiuh,  witli  '2  run  of  stones,  and  coat 
!?:)0,000.  It  ground  tlie  crop  of  ISlKi,  10,000  l.ushels;  of  18(17,  lo.OOO  imshels; 
of  18(i8,  20.000  bushels;  of  1800,  20,000  l)usliels.  Its  .'apacity  was  400  sacks 
in  24  hriurs.  Tho  saw-mill  cut  2,000  feet  of  lumber  daily.  JJar  Lot/'/e  Xi'io 
Korthnvat,  Oct.  8,  18(J!).  At  Frentthtown,  18  miles  distant,  was  another 
ilouringinill  and  saw-mill  for  the  convenience  of  its  200  iidiabitants  and  the 
farming  community  of  the  lower  valley,  iS/rc/iorns  MoiiUinn,  04. 

Tlie  lesser  settlements  Were  Andru'.n,  Arlie,  Ashley,  Belknap,  liigcut, 
Bitterroot  Creek,  Camas  I'rairie,  Cantor,  nujiit  Stevens,  Cedar  . I  unction.  Cedar 
-Mouth,  Clarke  Fork,  Como,  Corvaliis.  l)ayton  Creek,  De  Smet,  Ouncan, 
I'Mdy,  Fllisport,  Kwartsville,  Flathead,  Flathead  Agency,  Flatliead  Jjike, 
l''<irest  <'ity,  Fort  Missouhi,  Fort  Owen,  (lird  Creek,  (Jrant  < 'reek,  <ii'ass  \'al- 
ley,  Herun  Siding,  Hcpi ,  Horse  '  liins,  lliidsnn  Bay  Post,  Indian  Agency, 
.bicko,  Kayuse,  Kitchens,  Kootenai,  Koriaki,  Lavoy,  Louisville,  Loulou's 
(iiave,  Mayville,  Missoula  Kiv.'r,  I'aiadise.  Fen  d'Oreiile,  Fineiand,  (Jiiartz, 
(^lartz  Creek,  Uavallia,  Uock  Island,  Boss  Hole,  Sciish,  SUaik  iho,  St  Ig- 
natius, Stei)iieiis'  Mill,  Stevensville,  Siipei'ior,  Superior  City,  Seventy-Mile 
Sidiug,  Tiioiiipson  Falls,  Thompson  Biver,  Tobacco  Plains,  Trading  I'ost, 
Trout  Ci-eek,  White  Fine,  and  V\'iiidfall. 

Deer  Jjodge  county,  also  west  of  tl;>-  Kooky  Mauntains,  ami  tlie  second  set- 
tleil,  was  miuii  less  in  size  than  Missoula,  e(Uitaining  G,.">0<)  sipiare  miles,  but 
fully  cipial  iu  attractions  anil  natural  weitlth.  It  had  2."i,000  acres  iiinler  im- 
prove!,.eiit,  and  raised  i:tO,0()0  bushels  of  grain  in  1878,  made  l.">0,000  pounds 
ol  butter,  produced  r)0,0(KI  bushels  of  potatoes,  1.200,000  pounds  of  garden 
vegctaliles,  7.'),000  of  wool,  and  luatiufacaured  1,000,0110  feet  ot  bllnl.er.  Its 
jiopulation  was  '.(,000,  and  taxable  wealth  S2.;UI,2t)8,  In  1884  its  live-stock 
alouc  was  valued   at  $1,000,000.      Uccr   Lodge   City,  the  county  seat,  nit- 


|j:.;m 


752 


GENERAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


tliG  transportation  problem  fur  Montana.  Tlie  Utali 
Nortiiorn  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  raihoad  njacUcd 

uatcd  on  tlio  cast  side  of  Deer  Tjodge  River,  contained  1,'2()0  inlialiit  uits. 
It  is  tlie  conuiicre'ial  and  educational  centre  of  a  lai\L"'  area  ol  mitsinji  and 
farniinj,'  country.  ]t  liail  a  fire  in  KS7-  wliicli  destroycil  a  ];\f^r.  iiinouni  of 
liropci  ty,  and  caused  the  or^'aiiizatiou  of  a  lire  dei)artnient.  Its  educational 
i'acditie-t  weie  a  ci>ll.'giate  institute,  erected  in  lh7>S  at  a  cost  of  i^ui'.ODO, 
a  graded  jinlilie  sciiool,  and  a  catholic  hoarding-school,  conducte  I  hy  tin: 
sisters  of  charity.  The  \(ir  ^'mi/nrc-tt.  newsjiaprr,  not  excilled  I)y  any 
iu  .Montana,  was  puhlished  here.  The  penitentiary  was  located  l.ere.  'llic 
catiiolic,  episcopal,  and  preshyterian  churches  were  tastilul  and  creditalilu 
stiuctuns,  and  the  general  style  of  areliitecture  was  pleasing.  Seen  at  a 
proper  distance  for  perspective,  Deer  Lodge  present.s  an  inviting  picture, 
with  a  mountain  hackgiound  eontrihutmg  to  its  .scenic  cH'cc't;  nor  docs  it 
disajipoiut  the  heholder  on  a  Jiearer  view.  I'liillipshurg.  I'ioneer,  .^dviT 
How,  lilackfoot.  New  Chicago,  McClellan,  and  Lincoln  all  hecanie  towns 
of  some  coM>ei|uenec.  The  other  settlements  in  Deer  ].,odge  county  are 
Dakers  .Mill,  I'.car  gulch.  Bear's  Month,  IJ'-artown,  Hhek  I'ail.  lioiddi  r 
Creek,  ISonlder  House,  Brown  gulch.  Cable,  Caiihoo  gulch,  Casmaik,  (.'lark 
Station,  Ciilicily's  Station,  Cottonwood  City,  Deep  gulcii,  I'lrst  Chance, 
Flint  Creek  Valley,  Frederickson,  (Ji-orgetown,  Cold  Cre(!k,  (Jot'l'JuSure, 
( ireenwodd,  ( Iwendale,  llarrishurg,  Helniville,  Jlcndersoii,  llendei-son  v'dcli, 
Hope  .Miu-',  JIuud)iig,  .Jetlerson  gulch,  Levengood,  Ijinco'iivilh',  .Mc(.'lell.ui 
gulch,  .Morristown,  J'ike's  Peak,  Race  Track,  Reynolds,  Jiocker,  Saw  I'it, 
Scratch  Awl,  Silver  Lake,  Snatch  'Em,  Stone  Station,  Stonewall  guKli, 
Stuart,  Sunset.  Sweetlaml.  Trarona,  Tower,  Vestal,  Warm  Springs,  Wash- 
ington gulch,  Williams,  Wdlow  Creek,  Willow  'Hen.  Vamhill.  and  'S'rek.i. 

Silver  Bow  county,  cut  off  from  Deer  Lodge  in  18SI,  had  a  -'all  ari^a,  hut 
a  po  pulation  of  14,()()l),  and  is  richer,  in  i)roportioii  to  its  si/c,  lia  iny  county 
in  Montana,  its  assessed  valuation  iu  lS,S-t  being  .i?7,2-K),()()0.  It  .is  first  set- 
tled in  June  ISO-t  by  placer  miners.  Tea  years  of  digging  una  washing  e.v- 
liausted  the  deposits,  or  so  nearly  that  only  300  inhabitants  remained,  (vhiart- 
mining  was  begun  in  187.^.  The  county  contained  in  ISS,")  111  mills,  couccii- 
trato  s,  and  turnaees,  which  give  employment  to  H,000  miners. 

Butte,  the  cimnty  scat,  was  the  second  town  in  Montana.  It  had  ;m  altitude 
of  5,800  feet,  and  is  the  center  of  one  of  the  richest  silver  and  coppei-  disti-iets 
in  the  world.  Population  in  1885  10,000,  with  H  baidcs,  the  ehlesi  li eiug  that 
of  Clarke  it  Larabie,  the  others  Hogc,  Browidet!  &  Co.,  and  the  First  National, 
th'.'ir  dciiosits  agnregating  .*<H, 000,000.  It  had  school  property  valued  at 
i<40,000,  suiniorting  a  cor[>s  of  21  teachers;  besides  7  churclics,  I  hospitals,  •_' 
tire  comi)auies,  "2  newspai)ers,  a  court-house  which  cost  .^^l.")().0;)l),  an  opera 
liousi!  costing  .S50,00l),  water,  gas,  and  electric-light  companies,  and  the  u-ual 
number  of  .secret  societies.  The  receij)ts  on  freights,  inconniig  ami  outgoing, 
were  over  .■^Jti, 000.000  per  annum,  consisting  chietly  of  outgoing  oie.  IJuxtou, 
Divide,  Fcely,  FiciU'li  gulch,  (trace,  (iundersou,  J.,avell,  .Melrose,  .Mmint 
lloreb,  Norwood,  lied  .Nlountain,  Walkcrville,  and  Silver  liow  are  the  other 
Kcttlcments  in  the  county. 

Choteau  ccuinty,  containing  27,380  square  ndies,  the  first  iuhabiteil  on  the 
cast  side  of  the  Rocky  .Mountains,  having  their  sumndts  for  its  boundary  on 
the  West,  ami  the  vast,  unorganized  area  of  Dawson  county  on  the  east,  tlio 
British  possessions  on  the  north,  and  Lewis  and  Clarke  auil  .Me.igher  counties 
on  the  south,  was  a  grazing  conutry,  with  a  few  agricultural  valleys  of  con^nl- 
crable  extent,  the  stock-raiser.s  usuallj'  cultivating  farms  also.  In  lNf>4  its 
live-stoek  was  v.alueil  at  .S2, 000,000,  and  50,0(X)  pounds  of  wool  sent  to  market, 
The  ixipul  ition  of  the  county  was  3,058. 

Fort  Benton,  the  county  seat,  was  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Missouri, 
and  coiisecpiently  a  place  of  importance.  To  this  jioint,  for  twenty  years, 
came  freiglit  worth  millions  of  dollars  annually,  and  from  it  departel  tlio 
treasure  of  the  ntiues.     It  was  also  the  depot  of  tho  fur  trade  after  the  origi- 


COUNTY   STATISTICS. 


753 


Helena,  tlien  the  prineipal  coiumereial  city  of  tlie  terri- 
tory, in  1881,  and  the  Northern  i\icitic  readied  it  from 

nal  fort  or  fortificitiims  were  al)!in(lone(l.     Before  tlie  opening  of  tlie  North- 
ern   I'acitii;    railio:i(l    fifteen    steaiiihoats,   costing'   ?vKI(),()00,   were   employed 


carrying  freiulit  to  an<l  from  Honti 


Ti 


lioat. 


s  were  owned  by  sevc 


iral 


eoiiiiianies. 


The  Coul-ion   line   lost  a  tine  steamer,  the  Moii/niiii,  in  a  storm, 

IN7!(.     'I  lie   l>iil.ctn  was  also  damaijecl.    Ifilciin  Iwhyi  wl'iif.  'Inly  10, 

)wneil  the  Itiil  Cloinl  mid  Cohin'l  MrLiivl.  SI  Louis  Thiicf- 


1S7!>.      1.  <;.  li.iki 


(/,    Mm 


II,    l.S7!>.       Tlie   r 


A.     T 


I"   liii]>i'r 


•idl 


was  wreel 


lirothi 
■d 


owned  the   /fcli'im,   whiel 


ISO' 


The  /', 


i/i,  also 


it  at  this  spot  in  IST!'.     John  II.  Charles  was  superintendent  of  the  line 


to  whieh  the    //'/'■ 


was  tonnei 


•loiiL'ed.    //rlnin   lln-nhr    Get.    10,  liSTK.      A 


Cf)mpany 


Helena,  hy 
aronnd  th 


.Ian.  IST'.t,  called  the  Missouri  IJiver  Naviuation  Comiiany,  the 

iver  to  a  [loint  near 


ilijcct  of  whieli  was  to  eoini'lete  thi!  navi-Lation  of  the   r 


lull 


iluil,' 


iioats   to  nin  ahove  anil  helow  the  falls,  ami  a  jiortage 


IIS  (ilistrnrlii]ii. 


TI 


le  <lireetors  were  A.  Kh 


;>hmiilt,  A.  M.  Jloltor, 


A.  Sands,  .1.  M.  Ryan,  Henry  Klein,  .lohn  T.  Muriihy,  T.  V.  I'ower,  C.  Keiick 


II.  M.  I'aiel 

W.  Kiii''lit,  tri.isurer. 


leii: 


I''.  Mnrpliy,  ])resident,  A.  Kleinsehmidt,  vie(;-]iri 


Tl 


N.  r.  u.  It.,  it 


It,  E. 
derstood    wonld  aiil  the 


iiterprise.     Congress   was  asked    for    appropriations,    and    <lid    appropriate 


.-•J.'i.OOK  lor  the  in 


ivemcnt  of  the  river  helow  the  falls,  'i'JO.OOO  t< 


iprovi 


it  aliove  the   falls,  .si.'), ()()()  to  survey  the  Yellfiwstone,  a!id  $'_'o,OIJO  for  its  im- 


irovemen 


t.   //, 


li„l, 


In  ISTS 


</'■»/,  .March  i:!,  KSTK. 


night  ".l.oOO  tons  of  freight,  and  carried  awav,  among  other 


ilo  robes  ami  several  liundrei 


things,  (iil.OOO  liiiti.i 

tiu's.     The  Inr  cxjiort  of  Montana,  in  fifteen  year 


d  th 


laiiil  cloUars'  worth  of 


s  enillll"  1 


n  IS7S, 


was  vaUiei: 


at  .sii.ltOO.OOO.  The  population  of  r.eiiton  was  l,t)lS  in  ISSO.  Tlie  liiiiloii 
It'i'nrd.  was  )tuI>lisli(Ml  at  this  place,  having  a  continued  and  prospei'dus 
growth.  The  setllements  maile  in  Choteau  county  were  Arrow  Creek.  Hel- 
knap,  1)"U  Creek,  ISirch  I'ri'ek,  Khickfoot  Agency,  Camp  Cook,  ('arroll,  ( 'ow 

'  --  ning,  I'oi't  Cl.'iggett,  Fort 

id,   .ludith,  .luilith    Hasiii, 


I  shim  I,  Fort  As 


lahoinc,  F'ort  IJelknaii,  F'ort  15 


iwh'V,  Fort  Li   IJar; 


Fort  MaLiiiinis,    Hi 


New   Agency,    Old    Agency,    I'iegau,    liiiter,    .Sullivan,    Twenty-eight    .Mile 


i*>liring. 
He, 

II  ISii: 


rhead 


itv,  where  the  (Irst  town  of  eastern  Montana  was  laid  otF 


coiitaiiis  4.'_'.'UI  s(jnare  miles.      .More  than  any  other  part  of  Montana, 
it    reminds  tlie  traveller  hy  its  nonienclatiiri'  of  tln!  journey  of   Lewis   and 


Clark 


n  ISO,"),  coiitaiiiini;  Horse  I'rairie,  W'lUard  < 


reel 


lieaverhead   1 


am 


1  the  pass  hy  whieh  these  ex| 


ilorer; 


•rossed  the  Itoekv  .Monntaii 


IS. 


It 


\OCK, 

is  a 


iiiountainous  district  intei'spersed  with  a  fi'W  fertile  valleys,  and  furnishing 
excellent  stock-ranges  on  the  hcilch-lands  lietwecn  the  valleys  and  tlu>  high 
ridges.  Its  pii|iiilat  idii  was  less  than  ;i,(IOlt  in  ISSO,  In  I.SS1-,  its  taxable  prop- 
erty was  valiieii  at  S4..")(II),(H)I).     Theniiinherof  farms  in  the  county  w.is  small. 

Maniiack,  which  was  for  a  short  lime  the  capital  and  the  metropnlis  ot 
Montana,  and  the  county  seat  of  Beaverhead,  was  later  hut  a  small  town 
leiitaining  '_'."il)  inhahitantH.  (ilendale,  the  seat  of  a  large  iniiiinu  interest, 
had  in  iss,")  a  population  of  t)7S,  and  .\igeiita  also  was  a  thriving  mining 
t.iwn.  'I'lie  county  seat  was  removed  to  Oilloii,  which  as  a  Imsiness  centre 
linked  next  after  Helena  and  Butte.  'JMie  other  settlements  made  in  Beaver- 
lie.id  county  were  Allerdice,  .'\[)ex,  Banatts,  Bi'av<'ihead  Kock,  Burnt  I'iiie, 
hilling,  Dell,  lU'Wey's  Flat,  Ivlnertini.  Fairview,  (Jleii,  (llendalo,  ( JrayliiiL:, 
llecla,  Morse  I'rairie,  Hot  Spring,  JjVoii  City,  Merveiistoe,  Montana,  I'ine 
liutti!,  I'oindexter,  Ketl  Jun'k,  lt<pck  Creek,  Kyan,  Sniip  gulch,  Spring  Hill, 
'rerminus  Creek,  Tra]iper,  \'iponil,  A\' it.-oii,  and  Willis. 

.Madison  e<iuiity,  rendered  forever  famous  as  the  district  of  country  con- 
t  lining  the  Ahler  uulcli  of  worlil-wide  renown,  4, '.•()((  sijiiare  miles  in  extent, 
li  111  also  a  population  of  not  iiioi-e  than  4,(11)0  at  the  last  census.  It  is  a  cuiiuty 
rich  in  resonrcvs,  chiefly  mineral,  .although  agricultural  to  a  consideraMe  de- 
gree. Its  chief  exiiort  was  gold,  while  silver,  eoppir,  lead,  iron,  niarhle,  eoal, 
llisi.  Wahi.— .8 


.  ! 


Wi\ 


754 


GENERAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


i 


i 


i 


r 


east  and  west  in  1883.  The  completion  of  tliis  road 
was  celebrated  with  imposing  ceremonies  on  Septem- 

and  other  valuable  minerals  abound.  The  county  owned  in  1884  cattle, 
horses,  and  sheep  valued  at  ?!  1,800, 000,  and  had  10  sav, -mills  cutting'  1,000,0(W 
feet  of  lumber  yearly,  2  grist-mills  making  0,000  sacks  of  Hour  annually,  be- 
sides raising  100,000  bushels  of  grain,  50,000  bushels  of  root  crops  and  pease, 
and  selling  5,000  beef-cattle. 

Virginia  City,  once  the  capital  of  Montana,  and  the  county  seat  of  Madi- 
son cn.mty,  had  in  1880  a  population  of  about  I,(J00,  and  more  business 
than  that  would  seem  to  indicate.  Virginia  had  telegraphic  comnuinicatioii 
with  Salt  Lake  and  the  east  in  180G.  Jolin  Creighton  was  superintendent  of 
the  line.  It  was  extended  to  Helena  iu  1807.  In  1878  the  leading  bank 
bouglit  §400,000  worth  of  gold  bars  and  dust,  received  deposits  whicli  aver- 
aged §100,000  in  bank  constantly,  and  sold  $1,400,000  in  excliange.  The  pul). 
lie  buildings  at  Virginia  are  handsome  and  costly.  Tlie  pultlic  scliool  liuild- 
ing  cost  4;l:J,000,  tlie  masonic  temple  $.'iO,000,  the  court-liouse  §1^5,000,  and 
otliers  in  proportion.  There  were  three  churches,  catholic,  methodist,  and 
episcopal,  a  weekly  newspaper,  the  Madisoidan,  and  a  daily  line  of  coaches 
connecting  it  with  other  business  centres.  Tlie  Hrst  masonic  organization  was 
at  Virginia  City  in  ISO.'};  corner-stone  of  the  temple  laid  June  L'4,  1807. 
Nevada,  Montana,  and  Helena  lotlges  followed,  and  a  grand  lodge  in  January 
1800;  Jolin  J.  Hill  first  grand  master,  and  W.  F.  Sanders  grand  secretary. 
Viniinia  Montana  Post,  Aug.  11,  J  800. 

Till!  early  towns  and  settlements  of  Madison  county  were  Adobetown, 
Bagdad,  Cicero,  Crawford,  Daly,  Darmitzies,  Fish  Creek,  Gaffney,  Hoincl'.irk, 
Hot  Spring  Creek,  Iron  Rod,  Jefferson  Bridge,  Jefferson  Island,  Junctidii, 
Laurin,  Lewis,  Lower  Silver  Star,  McCarthy  Springs,  Meadow  Creek, 
Monida,  Monmouth,  Muriers,  Nevada,  Norwegian  gulch,  Parson's  Bridi^e, 
I'ollii.iger,  Red  Bluff,  Rising  Sun,  Rochester,  Salisbury,  Sheri<Ian,  Silver 
Siirings,  Sterling,  Stone's  Precinct,  Summit,  Twin  Bridges,  Upper  Silver  Star, 
Warm  Spring  Creek,  Washington  Bar,  and  Wisconsin  Creek. 

Jefferson  county,  lying  north  of  Madison,  and  divided  from  it  by  the  Jetfir- 
son  fork  of  the  Missouri,  contained  5,000  square  miles  ami  lJ,r)00  iniiabitants. 
It  was,  aftermining,  chietlyadairying  county,  though  there  several  farming  sot- 
tlements  sprang  up  in  the  valleys  of  Prickly  Pear,  Boulder,  Crow,  Pipestone, 
and  other  streams.  In  1878,  50,000  lbs  of  butter  and  20,000  lbs  of  cheese 
were  produced.  The  farmers  raised  50,(M)0  bushels  of  grain,  and  there  were 
about  10,000  acres  of  improved  lands.  Tlie  saw-mills  in  the  county  cut  abmit 
1,500,000  feet  of  lumber.  The  stock  of  the  county  consisted  of  25, ()(»() 
range  cattle,  2,000  milch  cows,  10,CH)  horses,  and  15,000  sheep.  Tlie  pioneer 
Woollen-mill  of  Montana  was  esti^-dished  in  Jell'erson  county,  and  was  com- 
pleted in  1878.  Straliornn  Montana,  07.  The  th'st  woollen-mill  l)e<;uii  was 
at  Virginia  City  in  1877.  Madiaonian,  Oat.  21,  1877.  Tlie  proiierty  valuation 
of  the  county  in  1884  was  about  §1,000,000.  Radersburg,  situated  in  the 
valley  of  Crow  Creek,  near  the  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad,  is  the 
county  seat,  and  hail  200  inhabitants  at  the  last  census.  Tiie  towns  and  set- 
tlements made  in  Jetl'erson  county  are  Aurora,  Basin,  Basin  gulch,  Beaver 
('reek,  Beaver  Creek  Camp,  Beavertown,  Bedford,  Boulder  City,  BonliUr 
Valley,  Cataract,  Cheatem,  Claggett,  Cold  Spring,  Comet,  Comet  Mine,  Ciow 
Creek  City,  Eclipse,  Gregory,  Gregory  Mine,  Gregoryville,  Harrison,  Iloltei's 
Saw-mill,  Iron  Age,  Jefferson  City,  Jefl'er.son  Island,  Keatingville,  LIttli! 
Boulder,  McDaniel  Station,  Middle  Fork  Buffalo,  Milk  Rancli,  Miteiiell,  Mon- 
tana, O'Neil's  Mine,  Whitman's  gulch.  Overland  gulcii,  I'arnell,  Pipestone, 
Prickly  Pear,  Rcinley,  Rocker  Mine,  Spokane,  Springville,  St  Louis,  Waim 
Springs,  Whitehall,  Wickes,  and  Woodville.  In  this  county  are  the  Boulder 
hot  springs  and  Clancy  warm  springs,  both  popular  resorts. 

Lewis  and  (Uarke  county,  occupying  a  central  position,  although  com- 
parativt'Iy  small  in  extent,  having  only  2,900  sipiare  miles,  was  the  seeond  in 
{lopulatioa,  its  inhabitants  numbering  about  13,000,  and  its  assessed  valuatimi 


COUNTY  STATISTICS. 


755 


ber  8th  at  Independence  Creek,  on  the  north  bank  of 
Deer  Lodge  Kivcr,  sixty  miles  west  of  Helena,  the 

licin^  in  1884  over  S8,(X)0,000.  Its  mines  have  already  Ueen  spoken  of.  From 
I.S.")  farms  in  Prickly  I'ear  Valley  was  liarvested,  in  1878,  25,000  bushels  of 
wiieat,  40,000  bushels  of  oats,  15,000  bushels  of  barley,  or  an  average  of  over 
500  bushels  of  grain  to  every  farm.  Besides  tlie  grain  crop,  7,000  tons  of  hay 
were  liarvested,  over  IIJO  tons  of  turnips  and  cabbages,  40,000  bushels  of  po- 
tatoes, and  15,000  bushels  of  pease.  The  county  grazes  30,000  cattle  and 
'J5,000  sheep,  the  wool  clip  from  I8,(M)0  head  being  83,000  pounds.  The  live- 
stock in  lhS4  was  valued  at  §1,000,000. 

Helena,  the  county  seat,  made  a  i>ort  of  entry  in  1867,  and  also  the  caj)!- 
tal  of  Montana,  was  in  all  resjiects  a  progressive  modern  town.  With  a  pop- 
ulation of  7,000  in  1S83,  which,  had  increased  from  4,000  in  1871),  its  four 
national  banks  had  on  deposit  !S3,000,0<X),  and  sold  a  large  amount  of  exchange 
annually,  Itcside.s  purchasing  gohl-dust  and  silver  bullion  to  the  amount  of 
about  S'2,000,0<yO.  The  lirst,  or  Montana  National  Bank,  was  instituteil  June 
'J4,  1872.  .James  King  president,  Charles  E.  Duer  cashier,  I).  S.  Wade, 
\\\  K.  Gillette,  William  Chumasero,  James  Fergus,  and  George  Steele 
directors.  There  was  a  board  of  trade  organized  in  1877,  a  U.  S.  assay  otlice 
erected  in  1875,  and  a  tire  department  organized  in  1800.  The  occasion  of 
this  early  creation  of  a  lire  department  was  the  occurrence  of  a  fire  in  Feb. 
18()'.(,  which  destroyed  §75,000  worth  of  property.  Helena  Fire  Company 
No.  1  organized  in  April,  and  elected  E.  H.  Wilson  president,  A.  O'Con- 
iiell  vice-president,  J.  J.  Lyon  secretary,  Lee  Watson  treasurer,  R.  S.  I'rice 
foreman,  Henry  Klein  1st  assistant,  and  W.  F.  Stein  2d  assistant.  Ilikna 
Montnnii  Poxt,  April  10,  1800.  On  the  28th  of  the  same  month,  and  before 
the  department  had  provided  itself  with  fire-extinguishing  apparatus,  another 
greater  lire  occurred,  destroying  over  .§500.000  worth  of  the  business  portion 
of  the  town.  Id.,  April  30,  1800.  In  Oct.  1871  a  third  conflagration  destroyed 
§150,000  worth  of  property.  Hekmi  GazHk',  Oct.  3,  1871.  In  Sept.  1872 
unotlier  tire  consumed  §175,000  worth  of  property.  In  March  1873  a  fifth  lire 
was  started,  it  was  supposed  by  incendiaries,  which  destroyed  a  large  and  old 
mercantile  house.  J/ikna  Herald,  March  20,  1873.  A  sixth  conflagration 
in  Jan.  1874,  also  the  work  of  an  incendiary,  consumed  §850,000  worth  of 
property.  De.er  Loili/e  New  Northwest,  Jan.  17,  1874.  In  this  tire  was  con- 
sumed the  archives  and  library  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Montana,  which 
had  been  instituted  8  years  previous.  An  appeal  was  immediately  made  by 
the  otheers  to  the  people  to  repair  as  far  as  possible  the  loss,  which  was  done. 
Jlelenn  Herald,  .Dee.  30,  1875,  and  Jan.  27,  1870. 

A  historical  society  was  founded  in  1804.  There  were  masonic  orders  and  a 
temple  whose  corner-stone  was  laid  in  1872,  with  ajtpropriate  ceremonies;  odd 
fellows'  .societies,  with  a  temple  founded  in  July  1870,  on  the  00th  anniversary 
of  oddfellowship  in  America;  and  a  library  association  founded  in  1808,  by 
.sub.serii)tions,  the  proceeds  of  lectures,  and  other  means.  The  first  otlicers 
were  James  King  president,  C.  Hedges  vice-president,  J.  L.  Dougliis  recorder 
and  secretary,  Charles  W.  Fowler  corresponding  secretary,  S.  H.  Bohei) 
treasurer,  J.  W.  Whitlatch,  Wilbur  F.  Sanders,  J.  H.  King,  T.  E.  Tutt,  and 
^Villialn  Uumsey  board  of  trustees.  The  contribution  of  books  in  the  lirst 
few  weeks  of  its  existence  was  744,  besides  a  large  number  of  manuscripts  and 
unbound  books.  Helena  Montana  Poxt,  Dec.  11  and  25,  18(i8.  There  was  a 
li()s[)ital  and  asylum  sustained  by  the  catholic  church,  a  society  of  the  knights 
ol'  I'ythias,  a  Hebrew  benevolent  association,  excellent  graded  i»ublic  schools, 
a  catholic  acailemy  for  young  ladies,  opened  in  Sept.  1872,  a  classical  school,  a 
Kocky  .Mountain  club;  one  catholic  and  five  protestant  churches,  (Jermau 
tiirn-vereius,  and  musical  societies,  extensive  water- works  supplied  by  pure 
iiiountain  springs,  electric  lights  and  tire-alarnis;  iron-foundries,  wagon-fae- 
tiiries,  saw,  grist,  and  planing  mills,  telephonic  communication  with  mining 
e  imps  .'>0  miles  distant,  two  excellent  daily  uewspa))ers,  and  a  general  style 
of  oomfurtablu  uud  eveu  ulegaut  living  vividly  in  contrast  with  the  cabins  uf 


^  1 


't'L 

jiiMli 


756 


GENERAL  DEVELOPMEXT. 


m 


place  boinis^  named  Gold  Spike  Station,  in  commonio- 
lation  of  the  joiniiuj;'  of  the  last  rails  by  a  spike  of  the 

its  founders  twenty  years  ai^o.  Near  Helena  arc  some  eelcbrated  hot  springs, 
with  ample  aoeommodatioiis  for  visitors.  A'i  the  lines  of  travel  eeiitre  at 
llilrna.      'MM  liuil(lini;s  were  ereeteil  in  1SS4    at  a  cost  of  over  8I,(X)(I.<KM». 

The  first  towns  of  Lew's  and  Clarke  eoiiiity  were  ]{elniont,  liird  Tail, 
Cafiou  Cieek,  CarpentiM- Mine,  Oro  Fino  guleh,  Cartersville.  (.lark  Station, 
Clai'kstoii,  Crown  Miitte,  Dearhorn,  Eagle  Jloek,  Fergus'  Station,  Flat  Creek, 
Florence,  Florence  Springs,  Fort  Shaw,  Ceorgetown,  Closter,  Keller's  Jiiueli, 
Kennedy's  Station.  Marysville,  Millersville,  .\Iount  I'leasant,  MuUan,  Nclso:i 
guleli,  I'ark  City,  I'iegan,  I'eagan-I'ower.  liock  Creek,  Rocky  Cap,  Silvei- 
City,  Sljafer's  Mdl,  Silver  C'reek,  Soutli  Fork,  Spring  Creek,  S((uare  Riitte, 
St  Louis  gidch,  St  I'eter's  .Mission,  Sun  River,  Three-Mile  Creek,  Trinity, 
I'liionville,  \'ir;^inia  <.'reek,  N'oiglit's  Mines,  Dry  gulch,  Wuruer's  Ranch, 
^V|]ippoorwilI,  Willow  Creek,  ami  Wolf  Creek. 

Callatin  coiiiity,  containing  lO.dOO  square  miles,  was  divided  hetwce.i  the 
two  valleys  of  the  (iallatin  anil  Yellowstone  rivers,  and  the  IJelt  and  Snowy 
ranges  of  mountains.  The  three  forks  of  the  Missouri  met  within  its  lioumla- 
riis,  making  a  reniarkahle  and  lieautiful  combination  of  river  and  meadow 
Kcenery  with  bench  land  ami  mountains.  The  basin  foiined  by  the  (;allati:i 
A'alley,  from  the  earliest  settlement  of  eastern  Montana,  has  been  a  favor-iti> 
resort  for  honieseekers  with  agricidtural  tastes.  From  its  lesser  altitude  it 
IS  more  generally  productive  tiian  tin;  <'ouiitry  to  tlie  west,  and  heeanu:  moie 
thickly  settled,  having  a  poimlation  of  ;i,.")()0  at  the  census  of  liSfSO.  It  pro- 
duci'd  l,(K)l>,0()0  bushels  ot  grain  in  a  .season,  with  other  vegetable  products 
in  |iroportion.  Farm  machinery  of  the  best  models  was  employed.  Si.\ 
lloiuing-mill  converted  wheat  into  ilonr.  The  first  Hour  maile  for  "ket 
in  eastern  .Montana  was  in  ISC-li,  at  tlie  (rallatin  Mills  of  Cover  &  Mc- 
Adow  of  IJozcman.  Viri/i'.id  aiiil  llcbiid  Post,  Oct.  28.  KSIili.  Jjike  every 
part  of  J'ontana,  it  was  also  a  good  givizing  country,  and  supported  large  lierds 
upon  its  native  grasses.  Li  LS7S  tlu^re  were  45. (MM)  cattle,  )>,()()0  horses,  and 
](I,(I1H)  sheep  on  the  ranges.  'J  here  were  marketed  .'i.OOO  cattle,  lUlt.OiMI 
poniids  of  butter  and  cheese,  besides  a  large  amount  of  wool.  The  taxal4e 
]iro])erty  of  the  ccuinty  was  valneil  at  !r!l,.'{8(),;U()  in  1.S7S.  Tlu^  stock  alone 
of  (iallatin  county  in  iSS'J  was  valuiid  by  the  assi'ssor  at  t!l,'Jl!.">,SO0.  In  ISSI, 
the  assessed  valuation  of  the  county  was  .StI.'Jrio.'.tlO. 

l}o/eman,  the  county  seat,  was  founde<l  in  .Inly  ]8(i4  by  .T.  M.  liozi'nian, 
the  pioneer  of  the  lio/.emaii  route  to  the  North  I'latte.  It  had  :>  tine  situation 
at  the  foot  of  the  licit  range  on  the  west,  ami  a  jiojuilation  in  1 884  of  'J,.')!!!!, 
whose  substantial  residences  attested  the  prosperity  of  the  inhabitants,  and 
whose  water-Works  were  an  evidt^iicc  of  their  enterprise.  Its  publie-schoul 
building  was  the  tiiu^st  in  .Montana,  costing  .SlS,l)Oi),  and  its  churches,  library 
."issociation,  court-house,  masonic  temple,  hotels,  and  otlii'r  i)ulilic  buildings 
werc^  all  witnesses  of  the  progressive  character  of  the  people.  The(iallatni 
^  alley  Fenuile  Sendnary,  under  the  charge  of  L.  B.  Critti^nden  of  the  ])res- 
byterian  cinircli,  is  des(M'ving  of  mention.  Previous  to  the  opening  of  the 
Northern  I'acilic  railroad  a  line  of  coaches  coniijcted  it  wit!i  the  ca[pila!,  and 
another  line  with  the  Utah  Northern,  via  Virginia  (Jity.  Its  nearness  to  the 
national  pai'k,  as  well  as  many  other  points  of  scenic  interest,  renders  Boze- 
man  a  well-known  ami  popular  resort  of  tourists.  The  weekly  Artiii'-('<tiirit r 
was  the  early  local  journ.d.  Theimtcd  Kmigrant  hot  si)rings,  yiebling  1(),(HI() 
baricls  of  hot  water  tlaily,  are  situated  4  miles  from  Fimllay  station.  I  lie 
Apolliiiaris  springs  are  situated  10  miles  frtun  Kiverside  station,  on  the  braiieh 
road  to  the  naticmal  ])ark.  Tlie  otlicr  early  settlements  of  (Iallatin  cininty 
wi're  Allny's  Kanch,  Renson's  Ijanding,  Umison's  Store,  15ig  Timber,  Bottler's 
Ram:h,  Bridger  (.'reek.  Cattish  Hotel,  Central  I'ark,  Cooke,  Cowans,  Daw's 
Store,  l>orni.\.  Eagle  Nest,  Ivist  (Iallatin,  Eilisttm,  Elton,  Immigrant,  I'jui- 
graiit  gnlch.  Fort  Ellis,  (iallatin  City,  (iardiner,  Hamilton,  Havana,  Hayden, 
lidlsdalo,    Keisor's   Creek,    Livingston,    Madison,    Maniniuth    Hot   iSprings, 


^VSJM 


COUNIY  STATISTICS. 


757 


•: 


cliicf  Montana  product.  Tho  cveit  of  the  opening 
of  the  Xortliern  Pacific  was  of  u'lcatcr  interest  than 

Mcailow  Ranch,  Molvillc,  Miilil'.etown,  Miotsimi,  I'einvoll.^,  Ui  (.(IpDiiit,  Rli'Ii- 
liiixl,  liivLTsiilc,  S:tli..-,villc,  Sliiulds,  Sliiolil.s'  River,  Siiriiij,'<lali'.  S))iiii;,'  Mill, 
Sweet  (irass,  Tlii'eu  Kurks,  Trout  Itapiils,  Tucker's  I'o.st,  NMiite  IJeaver, 
\Vliite  Ik'uver  Creek,  Willow  Creek,  Wiulville,  and  Yi'lli)W>tone  City. 


I>y  tl 
lar-e 


Custer  county  oi'eu|)ieil  in   l!SS4  an  area  of  "J."),.")00  stjnare   miles,  iliviildl 


iwstone 


.1 


tlVer,  wliicl 


IS   naviitaiiU 


.1 


Watered  liy  nunieidUf 


ill  trihutarios.     It  fo 


rly 


eluded   tile  Ci-ow  reservat ion,  a 


o,Ui)0,()(H)-acre  tract,  which  was  surrcmlered  to  tiio  government  in  I8.S1.',  and 
thrown  open  to  settlement  in  ISS.'t.  Several  mountain  iauL;es  separated  the 
piMUeipal  valleys  and  ;;ave  diversity  to  tlie  scenery.  It  was  [)o.>se.-sed  ol  a  suiie- 
riorsoil,  and  the  hencii  lands  furnish  every  variety  of  nutritious  native  grasses, 
including  Mue-grass,  wild  rye,  and  wild  oats.  Tile  lowi'r  [lortion  of  tlie  Yel- 
lowstone Valley  was  favoied  by  a  climatt:  wiu're  corn,  grapes,  hops,  mel 


a:id  fruit.s  of  various  kinds  flourish 


Alth 


h  later  settleil,  it  soon  ranked  as 


tile  second  a;,'ricultural  county  of  Montana.     Its  taxable  pioperty  iu  187JS  was 


valued  at  S:V_'!>,2;n 


witi: 


a  1  oipu 


lation  of  '2J>U)  in   1S80.     In  l.SSr  its  li 


stock  alone  was  assessed  at  .'i^T,  l.")0,OtK).  Mil;s  City,  the  county  seat,  situateil 
near  the  nioutii  of  Tongue  River,  contained  in  ]S,S()  a  poiiulation  of  •_',r)0(), 
and  was  a  thriving  town.     In  1878  there  were  tliirty-tive  arrivals  of  steanuMs 


Willi  trei 


'ht  f, 


or  tl.c  citizens  an 


I  F( 


Keogli,   t\v 


o  miles 


les  distant.      I'lihli 


schools,  two  daily  ami  weekly  newspai)ers,  a  churcii,  theatre,  hanks,  and  largo 
Inisiness  houses  were  a  jiroof  of  its  prosperity.     Tlie  incipient  towns  of  Custer 


'ty 


Ada,  Aiiislie,  IJeei 


He 


li 


H< 


liirney,  Ihaiidenlnirg, 


Biiell,  Bull  Creek,  C.inyon,  Coal  Bank,  Coiilson,  Crow  Agency,  Custer,  Ciith 
Daiiton,  Dickson,  l^tehetah,  Etna,  Fallon,  Kaurii^  I'oint,  Foley,  Forsyth,  Fort 
C.  F.  Smith,  Fort  Ciisti.'r,  Fort  Keogh,  Fort  Sarpy,  Fort  Tullock,  (riayelitl'e, 
(iiiyville,  Creyclitl'e,  Hathaway,  llortoii,  Huntley,  Howard,  Hyde,  Iron  lUutl', 


Kirhyvdle,  Keith,  Kendriek,  Lignite,  Little  .Mi 


Little  I 


ton, 


M, 


oreiipiue 


.Md- 


Myres,  Nolton,  Old  Fort  Alexander,  I'alisades,  I'easefort,  I'om- 


pey's  I'illar,  Porcupine,  I'owiler  River,  Rimrock,  Riverside,  Roselmd,  Rouses 
Point,  Sadie,  Sand  Creek,  Sanders,  Savage,  Spring  Creek,  StoneviUe,  Strader,- 
Shei'iuan,  Terry,  Lilly,  and  Young's  Point. 


The  Yellowstone   V; 


ey  was  late  in   heiiig  si 


t'ttled. 


on  accoun 


t  of  Ind 


lan 


hostilities.     In  187;»  Nelson  (Jage  made  himself  a  home  helow  the  Old  Crow 


igetiey,    and   quite   away   from   any   se 


L'ttleinents.      He    erected    siil.stantial 


l.ulh 


tugs 


siirroumlini' 


til 


em   witli 


ilisadc 


iindeiiiroiind    forts 


Hanking  his  dwelling,  and  eoniieeting  with  it  l»y  tunnels,  lie  was  tiie  pio- 
neer farmer  and  stockman  of  the  Yellowstone  Valley,  according  to  the  Jiic- 
iii'tii  Conricr  and  Dut  LoiIi/i'  \i(n  Xitrtliirt.it,  Oct.  'I'l,  187r>.  The  .Montana 
Pioneer  Association  w;is  not  formally  organized  until  1881,  when  only  oOO 
pioneeis  were  in  attemlaiice. 

^'ellowstone  county,  organized  out  fif  Crallatin  and  Cu.stcr  in  18S.'!,  com- 
pri>eil  a  jiirt  if  not  all  of  the  former  Crow  reservation.  The  county  town, 
Ihlliiiu's,  w.is  founded  in   1882,  and   hail  a   rai)id  growth.     It  contained  KM) 


1 
])liildi 


)Uilil:ii  'S    in 


1S8.S, 


amon},'  whicli  were 


jhiirch  ot 


<d 


hank 


<i;vcral  wholesale  nierchandise  estahlishineiits,  three  hotels,  a  com- 
niodioiis  school-house,  the  round-house  and  shops  of  the  Northern  Pacilii'  rail- 


road, at  tlie  terminus  of  the  Yellowstone 


dailv.     Tl 


lis  plienomenal  growth,  seldon 


division,  and  three  newsiiapers,  oi 


II  seen  exce 


)t  in  mining  towns,  iniiilit 


have  iiiiiekly  disapiieared  were  it  not  that  the  country  surroiinilii!:;  liiUings 
was  of  the  greatest  fertility,  with  an  irrigating  <litcii  nearly  forty  miles  in 
length,  which  suiiplied  water  to  lOO.OlM)  acres  in  the  Clarke  fork  Imttoms;  he- 


sides  which  the  mining  districts  of  Clarke  fork,  Birki 


d  M 


iLiiimes  u'ere 


e  neiiilliicU'llood  of 


trilmtary.     Coal  mines  also  existed  in  the  iinmediat 

distant  thirty  miles.      The  whole  country  within  a  radius  of   UK)  miles  was 


triliiitarv  to  this  little  nietr 


ili 


It  was  one  of  the  two  [iriiieipal  si 


iiig 


points  for  cattle  sold  to  cistern  dealers.     In  the  iiutiiniu  of  ISS'J,  10,000  head 


758 


GENERAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


§. 


i  t- 


simply  a  commercial  one,  because  it  carried  out  the 

were  loade<l  on  cars  to  be  taken  to  Chicago,  in  1883,  20,000,  and  in  1884  nearly 
35,000.  There  was  abundant  water-power  in  the  Yellowstone  to  supply  un- 
limited manufactories.  A  wool  market  was  early  estaldislied,  and  in  May 
1883  a  shipment  was  made  of  00,000  pounds  of  silver  bullion  from  the  Barker 
district.  Tiie  early  towns  and  settlements  of  Yellowstone  county  were  few, 
owing  to  its  occupation  by  the  Crows.  They  were  Carlton,  Huntley,  Junc- 
tion, Merrill,  Park  City,  Rapids,  and  Stillwater. 

Meagher  county  extended  from  the  Missouri  River  on  the  west  to  the 
^lusselshell  River  on  the  east,  and  was  sandwiched  between  (lallatin  ami 
Choteau  counties.  It  contained  20,000  square  miles,  end>racing  mountain 
ranges  clothed  in  forest,  and  veined  with  mineral  deposits,  high  grazing  lamls, 
and  low  agricultural  lands.  The  valleys  of  the  Judith,  Musselshell,  Smitli, 
and  Missouri  rivers  aggregated  2,000  square  miles.  The  population  of  tin; 
county  in  1880  was  2,743.  In  1884  its  live-stock  was  valued  at  $7,(KX),000; 
$7i)0,000  being  in  honses.  Tiie  mines  of  Meagher  county  by  1886  product;d 
over  1(^10,000,000  in  gold  from  the  gulches,  while  the  deposits  of  silver,  lead, 
copper,  gold,  and  coal  waited  longer  the  open-sesame  oi  capital.  Mineral 
springs  of  great  medicinal  virtues  were  found  in  this  county,  the  cliief  of 
which  was  the  white  sulphur  group  on  the  north  fork  of  .Smith  River. 

The  county  seat  was  removed  from  Diamond  City  to  White  Sulphur  Springs, 
a  noted  health  resort,  in  1870,  by  a  general  election.  Neither  were  towns  of  any 
size.  A  newspaper,  the  MonUma  ftunhandtnan,  was  published  at  Diamond.   In 

1882  Townseud  was  laid  out  near  the  Missouri  River  crossing  of  the  Northern 
PaciKc  railroad,  ami  is  tlie  nei'.rest  station  to  White  Sulphur  Springs.     In 

1883  it  had  a  population  of  350,  and  being  the  centre  of  a  large  and  produc- 
tive farming  and  mining  region,  its  prosperity  was  assured.  The  other  early 
settlements  of  Meagher  county  were  Andersonvillo,  Arrow  Creek,  Bercail, 
Big  Elk,  Brassey,  Brewer's  Springs,  Camp  Baker,  Camp  Lewis,  Canton, 
Canyon  Ferry,  Cavetown,  Centreville,  Chestnut,  Clendcnning,  Cooper  gnlcli, 
Dennison,  El  Dorado,  El  Dorado  Bar,  Flatwillon,  Fort  Logan,  French  Bar, 
Clardenland,  Garrison,  Uraperange,  Hellgate,  Hoover,  Hopely  Hole,  Hughes- 
ville,  Judith  Junction,  Langford  City,  Linn's  Cave,  McKewen's  Bar,  Mag- 
nolia, Magpie,  Maiden,  Martinsdale,  Merino,  Neihart,  Nelsonville,  New  York, 
Oka,  Olden,  Old  Trading  Post,  Onondaga,  Oregon,  Otter,  Overland,  Parker, 
Philbrook,  Rader's  Rmch,  Ret.dsfort,  Saw-mill,  Stanford,  Tiiompson  gulch, 
Townsend,  Trout  Crjek,  Ubet,  Unity,  Utica,  Whites,  Wolfdene,  and  Yago 
gulcli. 

Dawson  county,  owing  to  Indian  wars  and  other  causes,  remained  unor- 
ganized down  to  a  late  period,  and  although  having  an  area  of  32,000  square 
miles,  and  good  stock  ranges,  contained  in  1880  only  about  200  inhabitants. 
It  occupied  the  northwestern  portion  of  Montana,  and  was  divided  by  tiio 
Missouri  River,  and  crossed  by  the  Yellowstone,  Musselshell,  and  Milk 
rivers.  Its  assessable  property  in  1884  was  about  $2,500,000.  Glendive, 
the  principal  town,  was  founded  in  1881,  and  named  by  Lewis  Merrill  after 
Glendive  creek,  which  received  its  name  from  Sir  George  Gore,  who  wintered 
in  Montana  in  185G.  It  was  the  first  pouit  where  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad 
touch'vl  t'"?  Yellowstone,  and  the  terminus  of  the  Missouri  division.  It  occu- 
pied nk  sloping  plain  facing  the  river  on  the  south  bank,  and  was  sheltered  from 
the  winds  by  an  abrupt  range  of  clay  buttes,  resenxbling  those  of  the  Bad 
Lands,  300  feet  in  height,  and  half  a  mile  distant.  The  soil  about  Glendive, 
the  altitude  of  wiiich  is  2,070  feet  above  sea-level,  was  a  rich  satidy  loam,  and 
produced  plentifully  of  grains  and  vegetables.  The  railroad  ccmipany  made 
extensive  and  substantial  improvements,  and  the  town  soon  had  1,500  inhabi- 
tants, a  bank,  schools,  churclies,  hotels,  and  a  weekly  newspaper.  The  settle- 
ments early  made  in  Dawson  county  were  Allard,  Cantonment,  Fort  Galpin, 
Fort  Kipp,  Fort  Peck,  Gray's  Wood-yard,  Hodges,  Iron  Blutf,  McClellau, 
Milton,  Newlon,  Old  Fort  Charles,  Old  Fort  Uuiuu,  IStoukade,  Trading  Post, 
and  Wolf  Point. 


TERRITORIAL  STATISTICS. 


759 


original  Jeffersonian  idea  of  a  highway  to  the  mouth 

Taking  18S3  as  a  point  in  time  when  the  railroad  era  was  fairly  begun  in 
Montana,  twenty  years  after  the  discovery  of  Alder  gulch,  we  liave  the  coun- 
try producing,  aside  from  its  minerals,  745,500  bushels  of  wheat,  I,(il4,000 
busliels  of  oats,  besides  large  crops  of  barley,  pottatoes,  and  garden  ve;,'eta- 
bles;  and  owning  74,500  horses,  5,254  mules,  21,000  milch  cows,  378,813 
stock  cattle,  524,440  slieep  from  which  2,(i37,000  pounds  of  wool  were 
sliipped.  Of  these,  50,000  cattle  and  10,000  sheep  were  sent  to  market. 
Tlie  value  of  the  stock  on  the  ranges  was  §l(i,807,972.  The  sales  aggregated 
between  two  anil  two  and  a  half  million  dollars,  besides  those  consumed  at 
home.  The  value  of  the  stock  raised  brought  tlie  income  of  Montana  from  live- 
stock alone  up  to  §;<,000,000.  Montana  /hi.sliiniiliiniH:  Porllund  Went  Slioir, 
March  1884.  Tlie  increase  from  this  kind  of  properly  l)eing  rapid,  the 
total  value  in  the  autunm  of  1885  is  put  down  at  §.'10,000,000.  Witli  her 
bread  and  meat  raised  entirely  within  her  own  borders,  with  the  ques- 
tion of  cheap  and  quick  transportation  settled,  and  witii  millions  com- 
ing in  for  beef,  mutton,  wool,  butter,  lead,  silver,  and  gold,  nothing  was 
lacking  but  an  honest  and  careful  administration  of  county  and  territorial 
affairs  to  placa  Montana  in  a  position  to  be  admitted  to  the  union,  and  to  take 
rank  at  once  as  a  wealthy  state.  Although  still  too  soon  to  look  for  manu- 
factures of  importance,  there  was  every  facility  for  their  maintenance  in  the 
water,  forests,  salt,  iron,  copper,  wool,  lime,  coal,  marble,  hides,  and  other 
materials.  Helena  turned  out  Concord  coaches  and  excellent  farm-wagons. 
The  annual  report  of  the  auditor  of  Montana  for  1880  gives  18  grist-mills, 
manufacturing  147,000  sacks,  or  588,000  pounds,  of  Hour;  57  saw-mills,  cut- 
ting 20,ltr'2,tX)0  feet  of  lumber;  3  foundries,  making  284  tons  of  castings;  11 
wagou-facLorics,  manufacturing  23  carriages,  20  of  which  were  made  at 
Helena;  42  carpenters'  shops,  and  10  saddlers'  shops;  with  an  aggregate  of  all 
amounting  to  !?45,500.  Lime-works,  tanneries,  furniture-shops,  <lairies,  etc., 
are  not  enumerated.  Population,  which  was  first  of  all  neeilful,  was  (juoted 
in  1880  at  .3i>,  157,  but  soon  rapidly  returning  to  the  00,000  of  the  flush  mining 
times  of  1S05-G. 

In  1880  the  territorial  auditor,  J.  P.  Woolman,  reported  4,115,457  acres 
of  land  under  imi)rovement  in  Montana,  valued  at  .S'.>,8!t8,470;  and  33,954 
town  lots  improved,  valued  at  §8,!)l>7,400;  or  $18,8!).'»,i);i0  as  the  value  of  real 
estate,  not  including  mining  ground.  In  the  thirteen  counties  there  were 
127,748  horses,  valued  at  S4,333,5!»5;  003,710  cattle,  valued  at  $1.3,;J47,815; 
908,2!(8  sheep,  valued  at  §1,952,728;  2,121  mules  anil  asses,  valued  at  §1 10,- 
145;  and  18,837  hogs,  valued  at  §75,713;  or  stock  worth  $19,825,999.  The 
capital  invested  in  manufactures  was  §290,700;  in  merchandise,  §3,493,970. 
The  value  of  personal  property  in  the  territory  was  §0,015,405.82.  Altogether, 
the  real  and  personiil  property  of  the  territory,  as  assessed  in  1880,  was  §55,- 
070,871.53,  an  increase  since  1883  of  §10,378,410.25.  There  were  10  flour- 
mills  and  91  saw-milU  in  the  territory;  158  l)laeksmith  shops,  5  foundries, 
21  silversmiths'  shops,  and  43  reduction  furnaces.  The  flour  manufactured 
was  141,500  sacks;  the  number  of  feet  of  lumber  sawed  was  94,777;  castings 
made  at  the  foundries,  2,005;  value  of  saddlers'  work  in  27  shops,  §221,000; 
the  bullion  produced  in  the  furnaces  was  21,481,015  pounds,  valued  at  .'?I8,- 
542,498.85.  The  coal  produced  iu  the  territory  from  10  mines  was  1,503,350 
bushels. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  production  of  flour,  lumber,  and  coal  in  1886 
was  insignificant  iu  proportion  to  other  sources  of  wealth.  Although  lum- 
ber and  coal  production  has  increased,  the  same  disproportion  has  continued 
to  the  present  date,  the  railroads  importing  these  commodities,  and  export- 
ing such  as  are  more  abundantly  produced  in  the  territory.  From  the 
report  of  (lov.  White  made  in  1889,  and  acknowledged  to  be  imperlect,  it 
appears  that  there  were  in  1888  4,882  farms  in  Montana,  and  that  on  20,155 
acres  were  raised  770,200  bushels  of  wheat,  or  between  28  and  29  bushels  to 
the  acre.     Ou  84,978  acres  were  raised  3,020,572  bushels  of  oats,  or  betweeu 


760 


GENERAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


of  the    Columbia,  and  thence  to  China.     Xo  other 

35  an'l  .SO  bushels  to  the  acre.  Over  half  the  total  aiiumiit  (if  yraiii  raised 
was  iPi'diluced  in  the  two  valleys  of  liitterroot  aiul  (iallatiii.  This  was  not 
alone  liecause  of  the  greater  fertility  and  better  facilities  ior  in  igaiion,  Imt 
lieeanse  those  valleys  lie  contiguous  to  milling  centres  whieli  lurniali  markuti 
for  farm  productions. 

Owing  to  heavy  hisses  in  cattle  and  other  stock  sustiiined  in  the  severe 
winter,  (il  1887,  the  increase,  exccjjt  in  sheeii,  has  been  sliLjlit,  tiie  showing  iu 
]S!SS  being  l-4l',040  horses,  an  increase  iif  only  14,'J.">(i  in  twd  years;  while 
ill  cattle  tliere  was  still  a  loss  of  175, •J4!);  but  in  sheep  there  had  bieii  a  gain 
of  lhr),47;i.  Tlie  Wool  clip  of  18SS  reached  ten  million  pounds,  and  sold  tor 
about  )<  1,000, 000.  '1  he  same  year  Montana  exjiortcd  anil  consumed  l)eef, 
mutton,  live-stock,  hides,  pelts,  lundter,  coal,  and  farm  products  of  the  value 
of  ,s:{0,000,000.  Add  to  this  ."i!40,4S7,O0O  in  gold,  silver,  lead,  and  copper 
produced  in  I8SS,  and  we  have  fiver  !;^70,000,0l)0,  whicii,  divided  per  capita 
among  her  population  of  140,000,  would  give  every  inhal)itaiit  the  sum  of 
i}'M\  which  is  a  higiier  standard  of  wealth  than  that  attained  by  the  major- 
ity ot  common wealtlis. 

This  abundance  does  not  come,  as  we  have  seen,  from  tlu;  agricultural  rc- 
sourcts  of  the  state,  wiiicli  are  still  undeveloped,  but  from  its  mines.  The 
principal  mineral  lodes  as  at  present  develojied  are  in  Silver  How,  Deer  Lodge, 
Lewis  and  Clarke,  Beaver  Jleail,  and  ^ladison  counties,  altliough  minerals 
exist  in  ahnost  every  jiart  except  tlie  most  eastern.  There  are  in  operation 
in  1889,  10  gold-mills,  18  silver-mills,  7  lead-smelters,  8  C'  ii|ier-sniellers,  and 
L'5  concentrators,  the  cond)ined  capacity  of  which  is  o.iKH)  tons  pi  r  diem,  and 
as  soon  iis  the  Anaconda  new  smelter  is  completed,  7,000  tons.  Tlie  nundier 
of  men  directly  employeil  in  mining  is  estinuited  at  10,000,  and  number  of 
])ersons  indirectly  supported  by  mining  and  its  cognate  industries,  7."),000. 
Tile  dividends  paid  by  mining  companies  in  1881*  amounted  to  S4, 000,000. 

The  production  of  lumber  from  08  millsfor  1888  was  (i7,474,o7r)  feet,  and 
for  1880,  150,000,000  feet,  all  of  M'hicli  was  consumed  in  the  territory,  a  proof 
of  rapid  building  and  other  improvements.  The  value  of  this  product  at  ij?15 
per  thousand  was  .^'21', 500,000.  The  area  of  timbered  lands  in  Montana  is 
variou.sly  estimated  at  from  34,000  to  40,0tK}  s(piare  miles.  The  increasing 
use  of  wire  fencing,  of  coal  and  coke  instead  of  charcoal  in  smelting-furnaces, 
and  of  coal  by  the  railroads,  will  enable  the  state  to  preserve  its  tunber  sup- 
ply for  a  much  longer  period  than  it  otherwise  would.  The  forests,  however, 
have  suffered  heavy  losses  l)y  fires  iluring  the  dry  summer  weather,  \\  hen 
Indians,  hunters,  tourists,  teamsters,  and  prospectors,  by  carelessness  in  leav- 
ing camp-tires,  cause  the  destruction  of  more  timber  than  would  supply  the 
whole  population  for  a  generation. 

Wages  in  Montana  were  high,  even  at  this  period,  briokhiyers  receiving 
from  .^5  to  .$0  per  day;  stone-masons,  §5;  jdasterers,  .^0;  carpenters,  !:?3.50  to 
§5;  miners,  !53.50;  and  tradesmen  generally  from  $3.50  to  .':;5.  Teamsters 
were  paid  §75  by  the  month;  male  cooks,  from  .*50  to  .^100  per  month,  and 
all  domestic  service  proiiortionately  high;  prescription  clerks,  ij^lOO  per 
month;  dry-goods  clerks,  :}ti!)  to  §1-5;  bank  clerks,  $100  to  !^\'2');  stenog- 
raphera  ami  type-writers,  .$100;  male  school-teachers  and  principals,  $75  to 
$150;  female  teachers,  $50  to  $75;  printers,  45c  and  50c  per  M;  book- 
keepers, $75  to  $150. 

'The  laws  of  Montana,'  says  Gov.  White,  'are  especially  in  the  inter- 
ests of  wage-workers.  They  give  them  preference,  and  niaUc  their  wages  a 
lien  for  all  sums  earned  sixty  days  prior  to  any  assignments  to  the  extent  of 
$•200.'  The  same  preference  is  given  to  claims  for  wages  against  the  estate 
of  deceased  persons,  coming  first  after  funeral  expeimes,  exiienses  of  adminis- 
tration, and  legal  allowance  to  the  widow  and  udiior  children;  also  in  case 
of  execution,  attachments,  and  writs  of  a  similar  nature  issued  against  per- 
sons or  corporations.  The  constitution  adojited  in  1880  also  has  an  artiele  in 
the  iuterost  of  labor,  as  follows:   'Tlie  legislative  assembly  may  provide  for 


RAILIiOADS. 


761 


route  or  road  was  ever  the  tlicine  of  so  mucli  argu- 
iiK'iit,  elo(iiieiioo,  and  poetry.'-' 

The  advent  in  the  teiritoiy  of  tlie  Union  Pacific 
and  Xoithern  Pacific  <»ave  a  wonderful  inipctus  to 
every  hianch  of  iiuhistiy,  and  encoura^'cd  tiie  con- 
struction of  otiier  lines.  In  188'J  there  are  three 
transcontinental  railroads  witliin  its  boundaries,  each 
doiiiijf  a  [)rofitable  busines.s.  Numerous  short  branches 
or  feeders  have  been  extended  tt)  mining'  centres  or 
agricultural  valleys,  and  several  local  roads  are  rapidly 
being  constructed  by  home  companies.^     The  tliird  of 

a  1)iiro;iii  of  .•ii,'ricultiire,  labor,  and  inilustry,  to  be  locatfil  at  tbn  capital,  uiulor 
till!  cdiitrul  (if  a  ('(iiiimi.ssioiii;r  apimiiitt.'il  by  tin:  giivoriior,  siibji.'i't  to  tli(^  ap- 
proval ot  tliL'  soiiate. . .  .It  kIuiII  lie  unlawful  for  thu  wanluu  or  otlur  olliour 
of  any  statf  iiuiiitt'iitiary  or  ruforriialory  institution  in  tliu  state  of  .Montana, 
or  for  any  .state  ottieer,  to  let  by  eontraet  to  any  person  or  persons  or  corpora- 
tion tlie  labor  of  any  convict  witliin  said  institutions.' 

^  The  general  government  has  done  very  little  for  Montana  in  tlio  matter 
of  roads  and  routes.  In  ISli-l  congress  made  a  small  apiiroijiiation.  and  sent 
ail  e.vpeditiou  from  Sioux  City  by  tlie  way  of  the  Niobrara  and  tlie  Black 
Hills  to  -Montana,  under  the  ciiarge  of  (.'a[it.  .Sawyer,  wiio  that  year  escorted 
a  coiisideral)le  train  of  immigrants  to  the  gold  mines.  He  came  into  thu  old 
immigrant  road  near  lied  IJuttes,  and  left  it  near  the  head  of  IJig  Horn  river, 
trevelHng  to  Viruinia  City  i>y  the  route  afterwards  known  as  tin!  Ho/einan 
road,  winch  the  Indians  hnally  caiiscil  to  be  closeil.  The  money  api(roi)riated 
for  improving  tile  Missouri  ami  Yellowstone  rivers  in  more  recent  yeais  lias 
been  almost  wlioUy  expended  beyond  the  coiiliiies  of  Montana.  .Some  money 
was  used  in  improving  tlie  lower  Yellowstone,  and  also  Dauphin'.s  and 
Drowned  Maii'.s  rapids  of  the  .Missouri,  201)  or  8l)()  miles  below  Fort  Henton. 
A  small  amount  was  expended  in  1882  by  Capt.  Eilward  Maguire,  U.  .S.  En- 
gineers, above  the  Falls  of  .Mi.ssouri,  hut  to  little  etl'ect,  owing  to  meagrcne.ss 
of  the  ap|)ropriation.  The  Missouri  Navigation  Company,  formed  in  1870 
with  the  design  of  navigating  the  river  above  the  Falls,  never  carried  out  ita 
plans,  although  a  .steamboat  was  placed  upon  that  portion  of  tlie  river  in 
ISS.'i.  The  Benton  Transportation  Company's  line  plies  on  tlio  Ui)per  .Mis- 
souri between  Bismarck,  Dakota,  and  Fort  Benton,  and  for  many  years  ha.s 
Ijeen  the  only  form  of  steam  transit  in  the  Upiier  Missouri  country.  It  has 
a  remarkable  record,  never  having  had  a  passenger  lost  or  maimed  on  ita 
boats.  In  I8S7,  up  to  tiie  middle  of  August,  HS  up  trips  had  been  made,  and 
l(),7r)(),()l)l)  pounds  of  freight  carried,  valued  at  .Sl,r)()o,OiH).  The  down  freight 
of  80l),()0t)  pcmnds  waa  valued  at  .'?S()0,OI)().  Number  of  passengers  carried, 
701).  The  same  company  does  business  between  Bismarck  and  Sioux  City. 
The  Yellowstone  is  sometiinea  navigated  as  far  west  as  IJilliuus,  but  naviga- 
tion is  impracticable  upon  it  except  during  tiie  months  of  ,June  and  July. 
Competition  with  the  N.  P.  R.  li.,  which  runs  for  several  hundred  miles 
along  the  river,  would  be  unprofitable,  and  no  boats  are  built  exclusively  for 
this  river.  The  tonnage  of  tiio  Missouri  river  in  18SS  amounted  to  4,000 
tons,  1,000  of  which  waa  in  exports  of  wool,  hides,  and  furs. 

^  The  home  companies  which  coniiileted  their  roads  before  1889  were  the 
Montana  Central  and  .Montana  Un'jn.  The  Montana  Central  compiiny  was 
organized  by  C.  A.  Broadwater,  backed  financially  by  the  .St  I'aul,  .Minneap- 
olis, and  Manitoba  company.  The  .Montana  Union  is  a  later  enterprise.  The 
former  coiiuecta   with  the  St  P.  M.  &  M.  Co. 'a    road  at  Great   Falls,  and 


762 


GENERAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


those  was  the  St  Paul,  Minneapolis,  and  Manitoha 
raih'oad,  runnin<^  from  St  Paul,  Minnesota,  to  Great 
Falln,  Moiita!ja,  with  the  intention  of  extending  its 
line  to  the  lower  or  northern  end  of  Puget  Sound. 
So  true  is  it  railroads  create  the  business  they  thrive 
upon  that  each  of  all  those  in  Montana  were  earnituj; 
pood  receipts.  The  imports  into  Montana  by  th(' 
Northern  Pacific  in  1888  were  132,690  tons;  the  ex- 
ports, 100,181  tons.  The  business  of  the  Union 
Pacific  was  55,833  tons  imports,  and  47,91)0  tons  ex- 
ports, the  local  business  of  handHngores,  coal,  lumber, 
and  merchandise  not  beincr  included  in  the  tonnage, 
but  which  far  exceeds  the  uhrough  freight  in  amount. 
The  value  of  the  exports  from  Montana  in  1888  were 
reported  by  the  governor,  '*  at  a  very  conservative  es- 
timate," as  being  $45,750,000.  Tliese  consisted  of 
gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  beef-cattle,  horses,  sheep, 
wool,  hides,  pelts,  etc. 

One  of  the  latest  developed  resources  of  Montana  is 
coal,  wliich  until  the  advent  of  railroads  could  not  be 
profitably  mined.  It  is  now  known  that  along  the 
eastern  bases  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  coal  of  excel- 
lent quality  exists  in  practically  inexhaustible  quan- 
tity. The  mines  on  Rocky  Fork,  in  Park  county,  in 
1888  produced  500  tons  per  day;  those  of  Sand 
Coulee,  in  Cascade  county,  500  tons;  and  those  of 
Timberlino,  in  Park  county,  200  tons  daily.  Choteau, 
Beaver  Head,  and  Gallatin  counties  are  also  rich  in 

runs  to  Helena  and  Butte,  with  a  branch  from  Silver  City  to  Marysville,  in 
Lewis  anil  Clarke  county.  The  Montana  Union  runs  from  Garrison,  on  tlio 
N.  P.  U.  II.,  to  Butte,  with  a  branch  froiii  Silver  Bow  to  Anaconda.  Tlio 
roads  untler  construction  in  1888  were  th<  Niiliart  branch  of  the  Montana 
Central,  50  miles;  the  Northern  Pacihc  and  Mcutana,  from  Gallatin  to  Hutte, 
70  miles;  Elkhorn  branch  of  N.  P.  R.  R..  'W  miles;  from  Missoula  to  Idaho, 
N.  P.  R.  R.,  llOmiles;  Sappington  toIU''l  If'.ufF,  20  miles;  Harrison  to  Poney, 
10  miles;  Helena  to  Granite  Quarry,  2  nules;  total,  283.5  miles.  The  roads 
surveyed,  but  not  coninienced,  were  the  Manitoba  Extension  from  Great  ";''alls 
to  Missoula,  125  miles;  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Co.,  from  idalu) 
boundary  to  Missoula,  115  miles;  N.  P.  R.  B.  branches,  from  Billings  to 
Fort  Benton,  200  miles;  branch  to  Castle  Mountain,  U5  miles;  Big  Horn  and 
Southern,  115  miles;  Billings  and  Clarke's  Fork,  60  miles;  Garrison  to  Mis- 
soula, 80  miles;  Missoula  to  Idaho  boundary,  1 10  miles;  total,  870  miles. 


MINING. 


763 


coal.  The  output  (lurinj:^  the  year  ondlncf  Juno  .^0, 
IHH!),  was  1 1  H,()00  tons,  and  this  amount  was  expocted 
to  1*0  doubled  in  18'JO. 

Tlio  most  si;ri()us  diawback  to  tlio  fijenoral  ]»rospor- 
ity  of  tho  last  decade  was  the  great  loss  of  cattle  in 
the  extraordinarily  severe  winter  of  188(5-7.  The 
previous  season  had  been  one  of  unusual  drouijfht,  in 
which  lar<ife  areas  of  forest  were  burned  over,  destroy- 
ino'  timber  to  a  lari[,fe  amount,  and  adding  by  heat  and 
smoke  to  tho  discomfort  of  men  and  animals.  This 
was  f(>llowed  by  terrible  winter  storins,  high  winds, 
deep  snows,  and  extreme  cold,  prevailing  for  a  period 
long  eiiough  to  destroy  cattle  valued  at  several  mil- 
lion dollars.  Tiie  loss  resulted,  as  such  losses  usually 
do,  in  better  provision  for  the  support  and  safety  of 
herds  during  these  occasional  inclement  seasons.  The 
increase  of  stock  on  the  ranges  since  1880-7  has  not 
yet  brought  the  number  up  to  the  previous  amount, 
judging  from  the  assessor's  returns,  although  it  is 
probable  that  with  so  many  railroads  carrying  stock 
out  of  the  territory  fewer  remain  upon  the  ranges 
than  heretofore. 

Mining  continues  to  be  the  leading  industry  of  the 
Montana  people.  Notwithstanding  the  low  price  of 
silver,  copper,  and  lead,  an  ever-increasing  amount  of 
capital  has  sought  investment  in  mines,  giving  them 
a  remarkable  development  from  1886  to  1889.  In 
1883  a  table  prepared  from  official  returns  gave  tho 
amount  of  gold  and  silver  produced  in  the  United 
States  at  more  than  two  billions  of  dollars.  It  f»laeed 
California  first,  with  an  accredited  product  o\'  over 
one  billion.  Montana  came  third  in  the  list,  with  a 
trifle  more  than  $468,000,000,  as  a  total  of  the  pro- 
duction of  its  mines  for  twenty  years,  an  average 
of  $23,400,000  annually.  The  "output  of  1887  was 
about  $30,000,000,  and  that  of  1888-0,  $41,000,000, 
which  makes  Montana  the  leading  mining  state  of  the 
union.  The  sii^gle  camp  or  mining  town  of  Butte,  in 
Silver  Bow  county,  where  are  located  silver  and  cop- 


704 


G EX HUAL    [ )EVI-:L! )?M EXT. 


]>er  mines,  and  wliicli  ])n)(luct'(.l  $1, 000. 000  in  1  S80, 
inci-cast'il  it.s  [)ro(liict  to  .s2.j,000,000  in  lHcS8.  Owinu' 
to  a  ial]  in  tlio  j>ricu  (A'  cojipcr,  the  ()Ut]>ut  of  this  ths- 
tiict  in  18S'J  will  not  be  vahicd  at  ovlt  .sl8,000,0UU, 


but  tlie  mines  seem 


inexhaus 


tibl( 


JJuttc,  wliic'h  fifteen  years  ai;*)  was  a  small  [jI.-uti- 
minin;.^'  village  on  a  mountain-side,  is  to-day  the  lead- 
iii'j,'  town  of  ^[ontana  in  [)oj>ulation,  havint^  .")O,()()0 
inhabitants,  and  is  tlie  fii'st  mining' ennip  in  the  woild, 
with  handsome  business  houses  and  elegant  residences. 
To  the  workmen  in  its  niines  and  smelters  is  paid 
$300,000  per  month  in  wa^'es,  its  more  than  a  hun- 
dred smoke-staeks,  ever  pouring',  seiidinu,'  out  day  and 
niyht  n'reat  volumes  of  dense  smoke  which  testify 
to  the  ceaseless  industry  of  the  |»laee. 

The  Anaconda,  whir-h  was  at  first  worked  for  sil\rr, 
is  now  the  most  celebrated  copper  mine  on  the  Anur- 
ican  continent,  and  with  the  otlu'r  mines  in  this  (hs- 
trict,  and  oni'  or  two  ((tlicrs,  furnishes  one  third  of  th'^ 
dividends  paid  on  minini;'  property  in  ten  states  and 
territories  havino-  dividend-payiui^  mines.*  Tin;  Aiuv- 
conda  was  visited  bv  a  fire,  which  broke  out  Xovcni- 
her  •!'.],  1889,  in  the  adjacent  St  Tjawreui*e  mine,  ami 
Avas  comnmnicated  by  a  cross  cut  to  the  Anaconda  on 
the  500-fo()t  level,  cuttinix  otf  from  esca[)e  a  body  nf 
miiK'rs  on  the  800-foot  level,  who  perished  miseraltly, 
as  did  four  others  who  attem[)ted  their  rescue.  Tliv 
mines  were  closed  to  extinn'uish  the  fire,  but  in  .lan- 
uarv  18'.)0  tliev  were  still  l»urnin'j;.  The  destructidn 
of  the  timbers  in  th<3  several  levels  will  occasion  st  ri- 
ous  caving-iii  of  the  walls,  and  a  very  lann'e  loss  t«i 
the  owners.  The  city  ol'  Butte  sustained  a  loss  of 
$:!r)0,000  by  tire  in  ISei)t'.'mber  1  889,  addini;' anothcf 
to  the  curiously  coincident  conlla'j' rat  ions  of  this  \  ear 
in  the  northwest.'' 

*  Tin'  total  aiiiiuiiit  of  ilividi'inls  ]iai(l  in  18S7  by  tho  ton  iniiiiuL;  stati's  aiil 
tiMM'itorioM  was  .':<.'),  1 1  l,.S'.ll,  of  wiiicli  Moutaii.i  liuiii.iiicil  oiio  loiirtli.  11']"  ■' 
ql'llihiiii  liiiiinl  of  'ri<i(l( ,  IS.S7,  [I.  14. 

•'  Anions,'  the  |iroiniiu'iit  citi/i'iis  of  I'utti'  is  I>r  E.  I),  [jcavitt,  a  iiativr  ■  : 
New  llauip.iliii'ti.    llo  is ii graduate  of  tliu  VVusluyau  Uiiivoisity  of  .MiililluLouu, 


PROMINENT  CITIZEN.^  OF   T'.UTTE. 


765 


Pliilllpsburiif,  ill  ])eor  Lodufo  county,  is  aiiotlior 
;4ivat  iniiiiii!4'  camp.  The  Hoj^o  silver  iiiino  is  the 
oldest  ill  Montana,  liaviiij^  hoen  opened  in  18()(),  and 

('iinii.,  ami  ITiirv.ird  Medical  Coll(!<;e.  After  passing  tlirop  years  in  Colnrailn, 
lpi!,'iiiiiiiij,' witli  tlie  I'iivtj's  TeaU  oxciteineiit  nf  IS.")'.!,  in  IS(i"J  he  niiiidved  U> 
MontMiia,  \vlieie  he  lias  ever  sinee  resided,  lieinir  now  a  permanent  resident 
(i|    iliitte,  and  j^iviny  iiis  solo  attention   to  ids  largi-  and  increasini,'  praet.ce. 


In  iMTi 


)   he  was  nonii 


nated  1)V  the  re;inMicans  as  delegate  to  enniiress. 


li 


Dii 


ISSS  lie  was  eleeted  president  f>f  the  Medieal  association  of  Moiitnii. 

ini;  INSS  and  ISSSI  lie  lias  heen  and  i-,  at  [ireseiit  health-otlieer  of   liutte.      By 

(<ov.  Leslie  !e  was  lately  appointed  one  of  tiie  hoard  of  territorial  medical 

examiners.      Few  men  iii  southern  Montana  are  more  widely  res|icited  t'lther 

]irofessionally  or  for  their  uiisellish  devotion  to  tiie  interests  of  their  adopteil 

state, 

.lolin  L.  Murphy  was  horn  in  I'latte  co.,  Mo.,  in  1SI2,  and  odin-ated  in  a 
private  schoiil.  At  the  age  of  17  years  he  went  to  Denver,  where  hi;  was 
<le:k   in  a  store  for  a  vcar  and  a  half,  after  which   he  went  into  hiisiiiess   for 


himself.      He  took  a  situation  siil>se(|iiently  as  an  agent  of  HoUadays  express, 
Imt   liiially  jiurehased  teams,  and  he^ian   freightin:;  across  tiie  plains  to  ( 'olo. 
Ill   ISIU   he  I 
removing  in  I  Ml.")  to   lleleiiii 


I')  X'irginia  City,  Montana,  with  a  train  loaded  witli  goods. 


I,  and    hciiig  also  large 


ly  int 


crested   ill   transpor- 


tation thidiighout  thi'  territory.      He  is  priiici[ial  of  a  mercantih'  linn  d( 


iiisiness  in  Helena.  Deer  Lodge,  and   Fort  Benton. 


A.  (i.  «■ 


1). 


at  Ti 


Haute,    Ind.,  in   IS-JL', 


il  in  that  st.-te 


until  11)  vears  of  ;ige,  when  he 


svent   to  .St  dosc) 


.h,  M. 


to  eiiga.:e 


tiie  pursuits.     In  IS(i4   he  came  to  Virginia  '..'ity,  Mont.,  hi 


■I  St. 


hard 


ware,  ami  oiieuing 


a  store  at  that  place.     In  IMI.")  he  lemoveil  to  Hi 


and    estahlished    a   hardware    bn-iiiiess    under    tlii'    linn    name  of    Claii 


( '(Piirad,  which  in   ISdii 


( '1,1 


t'onrad,  it  .Miller,  hut  after   a   ti 


Clarke,  Conrad,   it  Curtin.      .Mr    Clarke    is  also  iiiteres 


ted 


111  an  cxti'iHive 


ry  gooils  iiiisiiiess,  ami  ill  stock-raising 


U. 


imnioml  was  horn  iii 


.\l 


iiiiL'ton. 


Mil 


1.814. 


d 


itrd 


Cil. 


\\itli   Ins  lati 


San  .loaiiiiin  co, 


Ih 


iiiiily  in   iN^'rJ,   where 


•iiij.igeil   in   teaehiii 


ihseipicntly  attendi'd  the  state   norin  il  school,  ^'lacl- 


iiting  from  that  institution  in  iMiS,  soon  after  which  he 


ipal  of  tin:  Stockton  high  sclioid,  whicii   p(i>itioii  he  held  for  l  year 


ap[ioiiiti'l  pnii- 


,h 


to  take  a  course  of  iiieilical   lectures, 


!••  resitinci 

•ine  during  his  years  of  teichiiig. 


leeii   rcidiiig   me<li 


H( 


diiati 


tiite  ol  San  1"  raneiseo 


Irom  ( 'ooper  nu 


dical 


llistl- 


I  ill  ISTII,  siiici:  which  dale  he  has  iiiMclised 


In  IS^.") 


le  St 


( iL»)i'ge 
II 


ttlc 
\V.   1 


permaneiitly  in 


Hiitti 


rwin  was  horn 


in  Chicago,  HI.,  in  lS4t.      Hi 


lis  proti'.isioil. 


was  th 


a  railioai 
went  to 


iiitractor.  and  lived  in  n 


an 


am 


I  in   ISli;!  can 


laiis  I  lues  east  and  west.  In  |S")S 
to  \'  ginia  City.  Montana.  'J'liree 
years  later  he  removed  to  Deer  Endge,  v.here  lie  was  .ippointed  U.  S.  collec- 
tor of  internal  revenue.      In  1S7()  he  was   lopo'ii 


ited 


clerk  ol  th( 


i;,  s. 


Iisirict 


I't,  which    oliice   he    Idled   until    ISSj    ni   Deer    Lodge,   hut  the  oHiee   Ii.ili: 


to   I'.iitte, 


removed  with    it.      In    ISS'J   he  was  eleeted   sheiill    iif 


]l 


tw  CO.  tor  one  term.     In    |S,S!(  he 


a|)pointed   I'.  S.  niai  dial   fur 


Mont. Ilia  hv  President  Harrison.      He  was  a  iiiciiilier  of  the  vigil; 


lee  o 


f  is.;:{. 


nice  eoiniiilt- 
lias  had   mining  interests  it-   the   territoiv  troiii  ah.int  that 


[leriod,  lieiiig  thoroughly  devoted  to  the  welfare  of  his  adopted  state. 
Clinics  S.  W  alien  was  hiuii  in   La  Sdle  co.,  111.,  Nov.  'M,  |S47.      Hi 


H.  \Vi 

isll    g' 
lioiil    e. 


irreii,  horn  in 


Cold  Siirini.',   I'utnaii 


a  son   ol  S. 

whose  Eaul 

r.iinmoii   si 

r.  tiiracd   to  lllinnis  the  same  ve.ir  .and  enti'rci 


N.  V 


ither  settled   there  in    1744.     C.  .S.  Warren   iic.i\i-.l   a 
tioii,  and  when    l.'i  years  of  age  went  to  Colniado,  luit 


tl 


e  iinioii  ariii\',  seivin 


th 


iL'd  and  1  I7th  111.  vol.  infantry,  being  disehargcd  as  lirsi  .icrgiint  o:   to.  C 


768 


GENERAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


successfully  worked,  the  ore  being  of  the  free-millini; 
kiud,  the  greater  operations  of  getting  silver  out  ot" 
babe  and  refractory  ores  having  to  wait  for  the  ad- 

of  the  latter  regiment  at  Savannah,  Ga,  Jan.  20,  1866.  In  April  foUowiiiL' 
lie  startuil  for  .Montana,  arriving  in  Angu.st  at  Virginia  City  l)y  bull-trMin. 
(Joing  to  Helena,  Deer  Lodge,  and  Freneh  (iiilch,  in  Silver  Bowco.,  he  miiud 
for  ")  years,  lie  served  as  depnty  sheriff  and  sheritl'  for  6  years  in  Dclt 
L"d;.'e  CO.  In  1872  he  married  Miss  Mittie  Avery,  of  Silver  Bow,  and  on  the 
exi)irati<)n  of  hi>i  term  of  olHce  removed  to  Butte,  where  he  has  his  perma- 
nent residence,  and  is  engaged  in  various  enterprises.  He  was  the  first  police 
magistrate  of  Butte,  clerk  of  tlie  district  court  for  5  years,  and  deputy 
internal  revenue  collector  under  T.  P.  B'nller.  In  1877,  when  a  voluntci  r 
com[hiny  was  organized  at  Butte  to  defend  the  settlements  from  the  Nez  I'lr- 
ces  uiiih'r  Cliief  Joseph,  he  was  made  1st  lieut  of  the  company  under  Capt.  \V. 
A.  C'lark.  He  was  one  of  tlie  founders  of  the  hiter-Mi>iin(aiii  newspa[)cr,  in 
which  he  still  retains  an  interest,  and  owns  in  the  Amy,  Silversmith,  and  Poor 
man  mines.  In  1886  he  was  elected  department  commander  of  the  GrMiid 
Army  of  the  Republic  in  Montana.  He  ran  for  mayor  of  Butte  on  the  repulj- 
licaa  ticket,  which  was  defeated;  and  one  month  later  was  elected  a  niemhir 
of  tlie  state  constitutional  convention.  He  is  also  the  Montana  memlier  of 
tlie  national  repuhlican  committee. 

C.  F.  Lloyd  was  born  at  (Juttenberg,  Sweden,  in  July  1851,  and  came 
with  his  parents  to  the  United  States  wlieii  a  year  old,  being  brought  up  in 
Wi.scoiisiii  anil  Iowa.  In  1869  he  was  appointed  a  cadet  at  West  Point, 
graduating  frcun  there  in  1873.  He  was  assigned  to  duty  in  tiie  west,  lieiii!^ 
stationed  at  various  posts  until  ISS.'l,  when  he  resigned  to  accept  tlie  position 
of  manager  of  tlie  Northwestern  Forwarding  Co.  in  Butte.  He  is  the  oviur 
also  of  a  raiieho  2  miles  from  Butte,  which  he  regards  as  his  home. 

.lames  W.  Forbis  was  born  in  Piatt  cc.  Mo.,  in  1S5!(,  and  came  to  Mon- 
tana witli  his  father  in  1864,  who  was  the  pioneer  agriculturist  of  the 
territory,  settling  on  a  farm  4  miles  from  Helena  in  1865  where  James  was 
brought  iii»,  receiving  his  education  in  the  public  schools  of  Helena.  In  l.SSi 
he  removed  to  Butte  and  commenced  the  study  of  the  law  in  the  oliice  ni 
Judge  Knowles,  one  of  the  ablest  members  of  the  Montana  bar.  He  was  ad 
mitted  to  practice  in  1884,  and  has  devoted  himself  to  liis  profession  ever 
since.  He  served  a  term  as  member  of  the  city  eoi  i,;il,  and  in  1885  wa-, 
noiiiinated  by  tiie  democratic  i)arty  for  city  attorney,  but  the  ticket  wars 
defeated. 

Hon.  Lee  Mantle  was  born  at  Birmingham,  Eng.,  Dec.  13,  1854,  soon 
after  tlie  death  of  ids  father.  His  mother  became  a  convert  to  the  mormon 
faith,  and  came  with  her  children  to  Salt  Lake  City,  where,  discovering  th;it 
siie  iiad  beiMi  grossly  deceived  by  tiie  mormon  missionaries,  slie  rentmiu'od 
tiieir  religion.  Her  condition  was  an  unhajipy  one,  aiul  her  children  wiif 
forced  to  labor  for  their  support  as  soon  as  t>ld  enough  to  perforin  any  kind 
of  service.  Lee  worked  on  farms  for  iiis  board  at  lirst,  and  then  for  smull 
wages,  never  being  sent  to  ,<ehool  a  day  in  his  life,  all  his  book-kiiowled^'.' 
being  acquired  iiy  niglit  study  at  home.  In.  1872  he  went  to  Idaho,  and 
drove  a  teim  for  B.  F.  White,  afterwards  governor  of  .Montana.  Returning 
to  Utah,  he  was  given  a  position  as  line-reii:iirer  for  tiie  Western  Union  telr- 
grajih  CO.,  while  in  tiiis  situation  learning  to  be  an  operator,  and  l)eiiig  givtii 
ciiargc  of  the  oliice  at  Corinne.  In  1877  he  came  to  Butte,  and  acted  as 
agent  for  Wells,  Fargo,  &  Co.  until  1880,  when  lie  establisiied  an  insuraiue 
ami  red  estate  business.  He  is  interested  in  various  mining  comiianies,  and 
was  one  of  the  founders  and  the  manager  of  tlie  Intir-Moinitdiii,  tlie  most 
'  "ican 


L'pl 


Hliai 


city  council  elected  in  Butte,  and  in  1880  was  elected  to  the  ic-critorial  legis- 
lature, and  reelected  in  1884.  being  ciioseii  speaker  of  the  house  by  the 
uuauimuuii  vute  uf  the  lepubliuan  members,  who  were  iu  a  majority. 


M>t 


MINE3. 


767 


Moil- 
;.f    till! 

L'S  MUS 

ISSl 

Iff  ol 

..IS  :i(l- 
cvor 

I,)    \Vil>i 

Lit    Wilts 

SOlllL 

inriiitiii 
IK  tli.it 
miK'uil 

WL'I'C 

kiii.l 

SlIWlU 

•k.lf,'.' 

anil 

iniiiii^ 

II  toll'- 

giviMi 
.,1  iH 
I'UIK'I! 
,   itil'l 

most 
■  tir.-t 

y  tbu 


vent  of  railroads.  The  original  Hope  mill  of  ten 
stamps  is  still  pounding  out  the  precious  metal,  and 
paying  regular  dividends  in  the  midst  of  its  over- 
shadowing rivals.  The  corporation  owning  it  is  the 
St  Louis  and  Montana  company,  the  stock  in  which 
is  held  principally  in  St  Louis.  The  most  important 
group  of  mines,  although  not  the  oldest,  is  the  Gran- 
ite Mountain  group,  discovered  in  1872,  but  not  profit- 
ably developed  until  about  1884.  The  pnnci[)al  mine 
is  the  Granite  Mountain,  now  producing  more  silver 
than  any  in  the  world.  It  is  stocked  for  J?  10,000,000, 
and  also  owned  in  St  Louis.  Although  so  recently 
developed,  it  had  paid  in  dividends  to  its  stockholders, 
ill  November  1889,  87, 000,000,  or  ten  dollars  per 
3lu.re  on  400,000  shares  of  a  par  value  of  $25.^ 

•  ^xt  in  iun)ortance  to  this  group  of  mines  is  the 
West  Granite  group,  opened  in  188(5,  and  owned  by 
a  Montana  conipany,  of  which  J.  K.  Pardee  was  in 
1887  general  manager.^  Money  for  the  first  develo{)- 
mont  of  the  mine  was  raised  by  the  sale  of  30,000 
sliares  at  a  dollar  a  share.  A  number  of  other  com- 
l)anies,  St  Louis  and  Philadelj>hia  corporations,  own 
mines  in  this  district.^  The  town  of  Philli])sburg  was 
named  for  Phillip  Deidesheimer,  famous  for  his  con- 
nection with  mining  on  the  Comstock.  The  camp  has 
about  300  population. 

Oilier  towns  in  this  county  depending  upon  mining 
are  in  the  -Vili  t  do  of  prosperity  in  1881).     Anaconda,'' 


•  Arueli  <3r».'^'t  w  due  to  Charloa  Clark,  former  superintendent  of  the  Uojio 
mine,  a-.'ii  ovi  •:<\i  p^  the  i>rincipal  owners  of  (Iranite  Mountaii<,  for  persi.st- 
eiu'i'  in  u  'V'jiiioii  i;'  tlii;-,  mine.  J^;  was  sueceiMltd  in  the  management  by 
Frank  L.  pMlins,    ''iil  t>  ,,fi)  receitily  liy  .lolin  W.  I'liiiiimcr. 

'The  otlii'i'rs  \»i  •.,  A.  M.  Ilolter,  pre.-.t,  'J'luinns  ('ruse,  viceiuest,  ('.  K. 
Wells,  see.,  .1.  K.  Pardee,  general  mai'.iger.  Trustees,  .S.  T.  Hauser,  .Saimicl 
W'oid,  II.  iM.  I'arelien,  T.  .1.  Lowrey,  Thomas  Cruse,  ,J.  K.  Pardee,  A.  M. 
Holti;r,  A.  A.  MeDoiuilil,  and  Ed.  1.  Zimmerman.  The  property  is  eapital- 
izeil  at  !?IO,00(),(K)(). 

**  The  (Iranite  Ik-Ue  is  a  St  Louis  corporation.  The  Spei.'kleil  Trout  ).'i'oup 
dates  hack  to  I.S74,  and  was  opened  by  the  Northwest  Miiiiiit;  eoiiipiiiy,  a 
Philadelphia  eoneern,  in  which  Charlemauiie  Tower  and  (ien.  A  15.  Nettletoii 
Were  largely  interested.  The  Speckled  Trout  mine  was  not  worked  lor  some 
time,  and  •  now  under  lease  to  the  Algomiuiu  company,  nianag.'d  by  J,  Iv. 
Pardee. 

•  \V.  7..    t'  .J  was  boru  ia  Illinois  iu  1840,  auJ  removed  with  hia  fathur 


Iiri 


I 

111 
11 

I"' 


768 


GENERAL  DEVELOrMENT. 


Deer  L()cl!i,'e,and  Druiinnf)nd  may  be  montioiiod.  Doer 
L()(Il;'o  is  less  ii)ij)ortant  as  a  minim;'  t()\-.  ii  at  pivsent 
tliaii  as  the  seat  of  tlie  United  States  ix'nitcntiary, 
the  (Mil}-  i'ederal  huildino^,  exce|)t  the  assay-ollit-e,  in 
]\Iontana.  It  is,  however,  in  the  midst  of  niinini;- 
districts,  and  derives  supi»ort  from  them."^  A  private 
institution  of  learnint^  called  the  ^[ontana  <'ollco-e'' 
is  located  at  Deer  Lod^e.  The  po[)ulation  is  al)out 
1,000. 

Tlie  Helena  mining-  district  is  the  third  in  impor- 
tance in  Montana,  containing  several  divi(lend-})aying 
mines,  of  which  the  J)rum  Lunnnond  is  the  most 
prominent,  aih!  dividing  !^100,000'-  (juarterly  among 
its  share-hol(K  .  '^•'he  ])rum  Lummond  is  a  gold 
mine,  and  is  situ.  it  Mavysville,  twenty  miles  in  a 

northwest  dn-ection  .rom  Helena.  The  Jlttleiia  and 
Northern  railroad,  a  remarkable  piece  of  engineering, 

to  Broolilyn.  X.  Y.,  in  ]S.")7.      ITc  was  cilucnti.'il  in  the  scIkk  Is  of  tlint  city 


..1 


.Uiaihiating  iMitci-cil  a  liank  to  learn  tl 


lu   hiisuii'ss. 


1 1  is: 


)   lie  '.VfUl 


to    Salt    l.iku  City, 

orLianizi'il  the  IianUiny-lumso  of   !{< 


whui'o   lie  ^^■a.s 


telle 


1. 


until 


i.SS-J,    wl 


w.n  h 


IJi'ownlce,  &  Co.,  of   l>  'tti 


Til-  f(, 


lowing'  year  lii^  renioveil  to  Anaconda  and  organized  the  haMkini.'diou.se  of 
Hoye,  Daly,  &  Co.,  wliieli  ".yas  changed  to  the  1st  National  hank  in  ISsl),  Ho 
\vas  tlie  lir.st  mayor  of  Aiiaeonda. 


i:.  [..  n 


onner,  a  natiye  of  N.  Y.,  and  educated  there,  was  h 


is:it. 


and  in  IS.'iT  came  to  the  I'acilic  coast,  scttlini'  in  Ornfon.    In  iSiiii  lie  liroiiLjht 


a  stock  of  gooils  to  Missoula,  M'lntma,  since  \yliich  time  he  1 
ness  in  this  territory.     In  1872  ho  estalilished  tlie 


las  1)1111  in  hiiNi 


itile  h- 


if  K 


L.  ]{. 


inner  &  Co.  in  l)eer  Lodge,  and  in  1(S74  the  lie 


•r  Meri'Mitile  Ciiliipaii 


of  Ihitte.      Mis  home,  howeyer,  is  at  Deer   Lodge,   where  1.     gives  persoiial 
attention  to  his  Imsiiiess. 

'■  I).  .1.   McMillan   wa.s  horn   in  Tennessee  in  184(1,  removing  with  his 


father  to  Carlinville,  111.,  in  18.')4, 


where  he  was 


educated,      in    ]S['r2  he  en- 


ter 


d  tl 


teae'iing 
ducted 


le  union  army,  ami  served  three  years,  after  which  he  was  engaged  in 
g  in  111.  until   '  87."5,  when  lu'  went  to  Utah  and  organized  and  eon- 
hier  of  nil 


n  schools  for  a  jieriod  of  10  years.      In  18S;{  ho  was 


eh'i'ted  the  lir.-t  ])reM(U'iit  of  ^lontana  College,  in  which  ollice  he   remaii 


In  1S8!I  he  t< 


lok  iiaro  111  no 


>liti 


111  til 


reini 


hli 


de,  di 


th 


nii\emeiit 


for  statehood.      As  a  sjieaker  ho  is  logical,  forcihle,  ami  witty. 


l''or  the  month   of  .Seiitemlier   KSSlt,   this 


with  :!  ."iO  statiqi  mill, 


crushed  .'{.'JliS  tons,  yieliiing  .'~;r)4,.')UI(:  a  lO-stam]!  mill  I'laished  .1117  tons,  yi 


.yjii,8ill);a(;i)-stam|i-iiiill 


'J'i 


liollt 


working  exjieiisi's  wer<! 


,801)  tons,  yielding .><'JO,OOII  -total,. »^1  I  I, ."00. 
i:t,O00.      At  this  rate  the  dividends  should  he 


•d.      I  might  mention  here  the  names  of  diyidciid-iiaying  mi 


as  ((noted  in    1887,   at  which    iieriod  .'*8,  IIU.'.IO'J  had    heen   (laid   since 


T 


ley  Wl 


re  tin 


Ali 


.S7."iO,000;  Amy  and  Silversmith,  .S:<:n, 8.") I;   IJoston  and 


.Montana,  .SV.'0, 000;  Klkliorn.  .S!80,000;  Kiniiiro,  .SXl.OO;);  (Irinite  Moiiiitai 
.'^•-MiOO.OOO;  Helena  M.&  1'..,  .Sl'.l-_',:nO;  Hccla  Consolidated,  .■:<1  .Oii-_'..-)0,»'  II. .p 
M."i8.'J4l;  iiexingtoii,  .S")il."i,0(IO;  .Montana  Limited,  $1,'JJ1,0J0;  Moultu 
^3oO,000;  Oriaiual,  «!ll!O,0O0;  I'arrot,  §18,000. 


THE  CITY  OF  HELENA. 


769 


connects  it  with  the  capital.  This  road  for  ten  miles 
scales  Hic  sides  of  a  steep  mountain,  and  i's  built  almost 
a  third  of  the  distance  on  trestles.  The  Drum  Lura- 
mond  has  but  recently  been  sufficiently  developed  to 
display  its  qualities  as  the  first  gold  producer  of  the 
world,  but  has  greatly  increased  the  expectations  of 
this  district.  A  movement  is  on  foot  to  organize  a 
company  to  purchase  the  old  Whitlatch-Union  prop- 
erty at  Unionville,  near  Helena,  and  resume  opera- 
tions. It  is  believed  this  mine  would  still  produce 
gold  in  paying  quantities. 

The  city  of  Helena,  which  is  now  inferior  in  popu- 
lation to  Butte,  is  still  the  chief  commercial  city,  with 
15,000  inhabitants,  and  t;  o  improvements  for  1888 
cost  $.3,055,000.  It  has  a  number  of  handsome  public 
buildings.  The  Lewis  and  Clarke  county  court-house 
cost  $'J00,000,  and  contains  the  legislative  halls  of  the 
tcrritor3^  The  high-school,  grac'ed,  and  ward  schools 
are  constructed  t)f  V>rick,  and  supplied  with  every 
modorn  convenience.  The  city  has  a  good  water 
su[)ply,  a  well-organized  fire  department,  gas,  electric 
lights,  and  well-equipped  street  railways.  Its  rail- 
road facilities  are  excellent.  It  has  five  banks  of 
deposit,  whose  capital  stock,  surplus,  and  undivided 
profits  amount  to  $8, 322, GOD,  more  than  can  be  found 
in  any  city  of  equal  size  in  the  world.  The  name  of 
Queen  City  is  not  an  inappropriate  one.^" 

'*  Among  the  notable  citizens  of  Helena  I  mention  the  following: 

Isaau  D.  McC'iiti'lieoii,  liorn  in  N.  Y.  in  18-40,  removed  to  Midi,  with  his 
l)arent8  in  184(i,  and  was  there  educated.  He  began  teaching  schofd  at  the 
age  of  IS  years,  and  continued  to  teach  for  5  years,  alter  wliich  he  .studied 
law,  and  was  ail'.nitted  to  the  bar  in  1S(KS.  He  pvactisdl  his  profession  in 
Charlotte,  Mich.,  until  ISS-J,  when  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  Montana. 
He  resigned  in  18S;{  to  return  to  the  practice  of  tlie  law. 

F.  S.  Witherbre,  born  in  Flint,  Mich.,  in  1800,  removed  to  Louisville, 
Ky,  in  1873.  He  was  educated  for  a  physician,  giaduating  in  riiiladelphia 
in  1883,  but  not  liking  his  profession.  In;  became  a  publislier  in  Washington, 
1).  ('.  He  sold  out  his  business  in  1888,  and  c.ime  t<i  Helena,  wlicre  he  en- 
gaged in  real  estate,  organizing  the  Witherbee  and  Hunter  Heal  E-.tate,  Loan, 
and  Investment  Co.,  Limited. 

O.  H.  Allen,  born  in  the  state  of  N.  Y,,  in  18.'>2,  received  a  collegiate 
education,  ami  in  1870  went  to  Colorado,  where  he  remained  until  1883, 
when  he  came  to  Montana  and  engaged  in  mining.  In  1880  he  acquired  the 
Jay  (tould  mine,  and  organized  a  stock  company  to  develop  the  property. 
The  mine  has  produced  over  $1,000,000,  aud  it)  still  producing  richly. 
Hist.  Wash.— i» 


t70 


GENERAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


il 


Great  Falls,  in  the  new  county  of  Cascade,  estab- 
lished in  1887,  is  rapidly  growing  in  reputation.     It 

F.  P.  Sterling  was  born  in  Elkhorn,  Wis.,  in  1843,  and  wati  educated  in 
his  native  town.  In  18ti^  he  entered  the  union  army,  serving  thrnu^h 
the  war,  after  which  he  removed  to  Iowa,  and  engaged  in  school-teacliing 
until  1874,  when  he  came  to  Montana.  In  1876  he  was  appointed  register 
of  the  U.  S.  land-ottice  at  Helena,  serving  until  1883.  The  following  year  lie 
was  elected  judge  of  the  probate  court,  and  served  two  years,  siacu  wltioh 
time  he  has  practiseil  law  in  Helena. 

T.  H.  Kleinschmidt  was  born  in  Prussia  in  18.37,  and  came  to  tiie  U.  S. 
with  his  parents  in  1841.  He  was  raised  and  educated  at  St  Louis,  Mo.  In 
1862  he  went  to  Colorado,  where  he  followed  merchandising  for  two  years, 
removing  to  Montana  in  18i)4.  He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  1st  Na- 
tional bank  of  Helena  in  1866,  and  has  been  active  in  its  management  ever 
since.     He  Wiis  twice  elected  mayor  of  the  city. 

Samuel  Word,  born  in  Ky  in  1837,  was  educated  in  his  native  state,  and 
removed  to  Missouri  in  18<')7,  where  he  read  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  He  practised  his  profession  there  until  1863,  when  he  came  to  Montana, 
settling  in  Virginia  City,  where  he  remained  until  1880.  He  then  moved  to 
Butte,  and  in  1885  to  Helena.  He  has  been  a  merr'  .i-  of  the  legislature  and 
speaker  of  the  house,  and  is  permanently  located  at  the  capital. 

Cliarles  W.  Cannon,  born  in  Cleveliind,  0.,  in  1835,  removed  with  his  pa- 
rents to  Dubuqu>^  La.  in  1837,  where  he  was  raised  and  educated.  He  came 
to  Montana  in  1864,  and  for  a  short  time  was  engaged  in  trade  at  Virginia 
City.  He  removed  to  Helena  in  1865,  where  he  again  engaged  in  merchan- 
dising until  18S0,  after  which  he  has  been  employed  in  the  care  of  his  real 
estate,  city  and  c^ountry,  and  his  mining  interests. 

Ashburn  K.  Barbour  was  born  in  Falmouth,  Ky,  in  1856,  and  educated 
there,  studying  law,  and  being  admitted  to  the  bar.  In  1878  he  removed  to 
Kansas  City,  Mo.,  where  he  remained  until  1882,  when  he  came  to  Helena,  and 
has  practised  his  profession  here. 

J.  J.  Leiser,  born  in  Penn.  in  1845,  was  educated  there,  and  studied  medi- 
cine in  Phila.  After  practising  in  several  towns,  he  took  a  post-graduate 
course  at  his  alma  mater,  and  in  1878  came  to  Helena,  where  he  has  steaiiily 
followed  his  profession.  He  takes  an  mterest  in  noting  the  climatic  intluences 
on  different  diseases  in  his  adopted  state,  on  which  he  has  written  his  <)l> 
servations. 

H.  M.  Parchen  was  born  in  Prussia  in  1839.  At  ten  years  of  age  he  im- 
migrated with  his  parents  to  the  U.  S.,  being  located  in  western  N.  Y.  At 
the  ago  of  14  years  he  left  home  to  enter  a  merchant's  employ,  and  continual 
from  that  time  to  learn  business.  In  1862  he  went  to  Colorado,  and  in  18()4 
came  to  Montana.  After  one  year  in  Virginia  City  he  settled  permanently 
in  Helena  as  a  druggist.  He  has  served  several  terms  in  the  legislature,  and 
is  a  public-spirited  citizen. 

Col  James  Sullivan,  born  in  Ireland  in  1842,  migrated  with  his  parents  to 
America  in  1849,  settling  in  Boston,  where  he  was  educated.  When  a  young 
man  he  learned  the  barber's  trade,  and  followed  it  in  Boston  and  New  York 
for  many  years.  In  1878,  on  account  of  losses  by  speculation,  he  deterniinml 
to  remove  to  Montana.  He  purchased  a  barber's  business  in  Helena,  ami 
prospered  in  it.  In  1885  ho  was  elected  mayor,  and  in  1887  was  appoiuttil 
territorial  auditor.  He  has  served  on  the  staff  of  three  different  govenioin, 
and  is  a  prominent  citizen  of  Helena. 

Richard  Lockey  was  born  in  England  in  1845,  and  came  to  the  U.  S.  in 
1846,  his  parents  settling  in  Dubuque,  Iowa,  where  he  was  educated.  In 
1862  he  entered  the  union  army,  serving  three  years.  In  1866  he  came  t» 
Helena,  and  engaged  in  merchandising  until  1881,  when  he  gave  his  attention 
to  real  estate. 

David  A.  Cory  was  born  in  Canada  in  1842,  removing  to  the  state  of  111. 


III 

.'ii 


TOWN  OP  GREAT  FALLS. 


771 


is  situated  upon  a  sloping  site  at  the  junction  of  Mis- 
souri and  Sun  rivers,  commanding  a  view  of  four  moun- 


with  his  parents  in  1855.  For  more  than  20  years  he  was  a  commercial  trav- 
eller, iin(l  in  1880  came  to  Montana,  becoming  a  member  of  tl.e  mercantile 
firm  of  Bach,  Cory,  &  Co.  of  Helena,  devoting  himself  to  its  business. 

A.  J.  Scligman,  junior  member  of  the  above  firm,  was  born  in  New  York 
City,  and  educated  to  bo  a  civil  engineer,  graduating  from  two  of  the  most 
prominent  schools  in  Europe.  He  came  to  Montana  in  1881,  making  Helena 
his  home;  has  served  iu  the  legislature,  and  is  devoted  to  the  interests  of  the 
mountain  state. 

Dr  C.  K.  Cole  was  born  in  111.  in  1852,  educated  in  his  native  state,  and 
graduated  in  medicine  in  1878.  He  first  practised  in  Jacksonville,  III.,  but 
removed  in  1879  to  Helena,  Mont.  He  was  twice  a  member  of  the  city 
council,  and  iu  1888  was  elected  a  member  of  the  territorial  council,  of 
which  he  was  president. 

John  H.  Ming  was  born  in  Va  in  1831,  migrated  to  Mo.  in  1840  with  his 
parents,  and  in  1849,  at  the  age  of  18  years,  came  to  Cal.,  working  in  the 
mines  and  teaming  for  3  years,  when  he  returned  home.  In  18.VJ  he  went 
to  Colorado,  engaging  in  merchandising  at  Denver,  until  18G3,  when  he  re- 
moved to  Virginia  City,  Mont.,  remaining  tiiere  5  years.  In  1868  he  made 
his  home  in  Helena,  where  he  did  much  to  promote  the  growth  of  the  city. 
His  death  occurred  in  1887;  the  above  facts  being  furnished  by  his  widow, 
Katherine  L.  Ming. 

E.  W.  Bach  was  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1852.  He  came  to  Montana 
in  1878,  being  engaged  in  various  enterprises  until  1883,  when  he  commenced 
a  wholesale  grocery  trade  in  Helena,  as  senior  meml)er  of  the  firm  of  Bach, 
Cory,  &  (,"o.,  which  does  a  business  of  over  §1,000,000  a  year.  He  is  also  in- 
terested in  the  Helena  Street  Railroad  Company,  and  the  St  Paul  and  Helena 
Land  and  Improvement  Co. 

E.  W.  Knight  was  born  in  Indiana  in  1838,  but  removed  with  his  father's 
family  to  Ky  when  a  child,  was  educated  there,  and  studied  and  practised 
law.  In  1873  he  came  to  Montana,  locating  at  Helena.  He  was  one  of  the 
original  stockholders  of  the  1st  National  bank  of  Helena,  iu  which  he  was 
book-keeper  from  1873  to  1870,  when  he  was  elected  cashier.  He  was  the 
second  mayor  of  Helena. 

A.  M.  Holter,  born  in  Norway  in  1831,  learned  the  carpenter's  trade,  and 
immigrated  to  the  U.  S.  in  1854,  locating  in  Iowa.  He  was  am<mg  the  first 
to  go  to  the  Colorado  mines,  from  whence,  in  1804,  he  came  to  Montana,  min- 
ing and  running  a  saw-mill  near  Virginia  City  for  two  years.  In  1800  he 
removed  to  Helena,  and  engaged  in  hardware  business.  He  is  one  of  the 
directors  of  the  Ist  National  bank,  along  with  S.  T.  Hauser,  A.  M.  Holter, 
Granville  Stuart,  E.  W.  Knight,  T.  H.  Kleinschmidt,  John  C  Curtin,  R.  S. 
Hamilton,  C.  P.  Higgins,  A.  J.  Davis,  Henry  M,  Parclien,  and  T.  C.  Power. 
Hauser  is  president,  Davis  vice-president,  Knight  cashier,  Kleinschmidt 
assistant  casliier,  and  George  H.  Hiil  second  assistant.  Paid-up  capital, 
8500,000;  surplus  and  profits,  $500,000. 

John  Kinna,  born  iu  Dublin,  Ireland,  in  1837,  came  to  the  U.  S.  with  his 
parents  in  1842,  and  resided  in  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.  At  the  age  of  18  years  he 
went  to  Lincoln,  Neb.,  where  he  learned  the  tinner's  trade.  In  1804  he 
came  to  Montana,  remaining  for  one  year  at  Virginia  City,  wiien  he  removed 
to  Helena  and  engaged  in  hardware  business.  He  was  the  lirst  mayor  of 
this  city,  where  he  constantly  resided  until  his  death,  in  18J7,  and  was  treas- 
urer of  Lewis  and  Clarke  CO. ;  these  facts  being  furnished  by  his  son,  C.  J. 
Kinna. 

William  M.  Thornton,  born  in  Eutaw,  Ala.,  in  1853,  came  to  San 
Francisco  with  his  parents  at  the  age  of  one  year,  where  ho  was  edu- 
cated. In  1809  he  engaged  in  business  in  Uuionville,  Nev.,  where  he 
remained  until  1874,  removing  to  V^iiginia  City,  in  that  state,  to  take  the 


m 


m 


GENERAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


if 

3 


tain  ranges.  Here  are  the  j^reat  cataracts  of  the 
Missouri,  havini^  a  total  fall  of  512  feet.  The  first,  or 
Black  Eagle  fall,  has  a  sheer  descent  of  28^  feet,  and 
an  available  fall  of  54  feet,  which  will  be  utilized  the 
present  year  (1889).  The  Rainbow  fall  has  a  per- 
pendicular descent  of  49  feet;  Colter's  fall,  14  feet; 
Horse-shoe  fall,  20  feet;  and  the  Great  fall,  100  feet, 
with  rapids  between — the  whole  constituting  a  water 
power  unequalled.  Coal,  iron,  and  limestone  abound 
within  a  few  miles  of  the  new  town  of  Great  Falls. 
The  advantages  of  the  place  have  been  recognized, 
and  a  million-dollar  smelter  has  been  erected,  with  a 
capacity  for  reduction  of  250  tons  of  ore  daily;  al- 
though the  works  are  only  one  fourth  their  proposed 
size,  as  it  is  intended  to  make  this  the  largest  smelter 
for  the  reduction  of  silver-lead  ores  in  the  world.  The 
population  of  Great  Falls  is  2,500,  and  its  improve- 
ments, exclusive  of  the  Manitoba  and  Montana 
Central  railroad  properties,  are  valued  at  $2,500,000. 
There  is  a  branch  railroad  line  to  the  Sand  Coulee 
coal  mines,  where  350  persons  are  employed,  and  will 
be  extended  to  the  silver,  copper,  and  Galena  mines 
in  the  Belt  range.  A  stone  and  iron  wagon  biidge 
1,000  feet  long  spans  the  Missouri  at  Great  Falls. 
The  town  is  a  shipping-point  for  stock  and  wool. 
About  29,000  sheep,  10,000  cattle,  and  1,000,000 
pounds  of  wool  were  shipped  from  there  in  1888.  It 
has  been  incorporated  as  a  city,  has  water-works  in 
progress,  has  a  large  saw  and  planing  mill,  the  largest 
Hour-mill    in    Montana,    two   agricultural-implement 


I'   H 


I 


^'l 


position  of  secretary  of  the  Virginia  City  and  Tnickee  Railroad  Co.  In 
I88r>  he  removed  to  Anaconda,  where  he  l)ec;inie  cashier  of  tlie  1st  National 
hank.  In  Ang.  1889  he  was  nominated  state  senator  from  Deer  Lodge  eo., 
and  elected. 

C  A.  IJroad water,  horn  in  Mo.  in  1840,  had  limited  means  of  education, 
and  when  17  years  of  ago  hegan  clerking  for  a  commission  firm  in  St  Louis. 
In  18,')!)  he  went  to  Colo,  and  in  1804  came  to  Montana,  where  Utv  4  years  lie 
was  wagon-master  of  the  11.  Freighting  Co.  In  1808  he  luirchiiscd  an  interest 
in  tlie  business,  and  was  actively  engaged  in  it  until  IST'.f,  when  he  sohl  out. 
He  then  secured  the  post-tradership  at  Fort  Maginuis,  which  he  retained 
until  188.J,  when  he  located  in  Helena  and  organized  the  Montana  National 
bank,  of  which  he  is  president. 


TOWN  OF  GREAT  FALLS. 


778 


houses,  three  churches,  and  a  $20,000  school  build- 
Such  is  the  vigor  of  Montana's  population." 


mg 


'*  A  little  personal  and  territorial  history  will  not  be  out  of  place  here. 
About  1881,  I'iiris  (iikson,  a  pioneer  of  Minneapolis,  and  wiio  nnderstootl  the 
part  the  water-power  of  tlie  Mississippi  river  at  the  falls  of  St  Antliony  had 
played  in  tlie  building  up  of  that  city,  first  conceived  the  idea  of  foumling  a 
city  at  tile  (ireat  Falls  of  the  Missouri.  His  knowledge  of  this  water-[)ower 
and  the  surrounding  country  was  chiefly  olttained  from  .1.  K.  Caster  of  IJelt, 
and  late  in  the  above-mentioned  year,  in  company  with  J.  A.  Wiiitmore  and 
}l.  P.  llolfe,  with  .Jauies  liurns  as  driver  for  the  party,  he  sot  out  from  IJeii- 
ton  to  personally  inspect  the  described  locality.  There  were  no  roads,  the 
party  experienced  ditliculty  in  finding  the  several  falls  in  order  to  compare 
their  power,  but  decided  the  (ireat  Falls  impracticable,  and  a  snow-storm 
coming  on,  they  returned  to  Ft  Benton.  In  the  spring  of  1882,  Oil).-")n  made 
several  visits  to  the  falls,  and  in  August,  with  tiov.  Kdgertou,  Charles  (iib- 
8on,  and  H.  P.  Kolfe,  selected  the  present  site,  and  made  a  preliminary  sur- 
vey of  the  town  jireparatory  to  placing  scrip  thereon.  Soon  after,  (Jibson 
formed  a  partnership  with  James  J.  Hill,  tlie  railway  magnate.  1  taring  the 
winter,  additional  land  was  tiled  on,  and  when  all  was  secure,  in  1883  a  tinal 
survey  of  the  town  was  made,  Paris  (Jibson  and  Jerry  Collins,  with  Kolfe, 
marking  out  the  position  of  the  ]>rincipal  liusiness  street,  which  was  called 
Central  Avenue,  and  was  made  DO  feet  wide,  all  the  other  strt^ets  and  ave- 
nues being  80  feet  in  width.  Li  the  autumn  of  188:},  John  Wooils  erected 
the  lirst  log-house,  on  Tenth  Ave.  South. .  In  the  following  A[)ril,  Kolfe  built 
the  lirst  frame-house,  and  (Jeorge  E.  Hui!y  the  secoml,  after  which  the  town 
company's  secretary,  H.  0.  Chowen,  commenced  erecting  an  otlice,  and  Walker 
&  Carter  a  restaurant,  partly  of  boards,  and  partly  of  canvas.  Liberal  ad- 
vertising was  restored  to.  In  the  mean  time  the  coal  mines  at  Sand  (.'oulee 
were  being  opened,  and  quite  a  village  was  growing  up  tliere.  In  the  mean 
time,  also,  James  J.  Hill  was  maturing  his  plans  fur  bringing  the  Manitoija 
railroad  to  Great  Falls  by  1888,  700  miles  across  the  great  Imlian  reservation 
north  of  the  Missouri.  During  the  summer.  Col  Dodge  of  Helena  visited  the 
Falls  and  (piietly  selected  the  rou^'e  of  the  Montana  Central.  The  linn  of 
Murphy,  Maclay,  &  Co.  opened  a  store  at  Oreat  Falls,  with  W.  P.  Wren  in 
charge.  This  was  followed  by  Beachley  Bros  &  Hickory's  store.  E.  B. 
Largeut  had  a  store  on  the  opiiosite  side  of  the  river,  and  William  Wamer 
opened  a  restaurant  which  served  for  the  hotel  of  (Jreat  Falls  for  some  time. 
In  1885  Will  Hanks,  who  had  been  publishing  the  Uixiini  Sun  at  Sun  Kiver, 
iiu)ved  his  plant  to  the  new  town,  and  on  the  14th  of  May  began  the  issuance 
of  the  W'l't'l-ly  Trihiiiie.  A  school  district  was  organized  this  year,  a  school- 
house  built,  and  (Jibson,  llolfe,  and  Lee  were  the  lirst  trustees  of  the  district, 
Kev.  J.  M.  Largent  being  teacher.  A  .saw-mill  was  erected  by  Mc(„'lay  & 
Myers,  and  they,  with  Holter  &  Co..  furnished  hunber  for  the  improvements 
of  the  town.  Its  growth  was  slow  until,  in  the  winter  of  I8S.")  (i,  word  came 
thai,  engineers  were  surveying  a  railroad  line  through  I'rickly  I'lar  canon, 
revealing  the  purpose  of  the  Montana  Central  comiiany.  From  this  time 
the  growth  wa»  more  rapid  iind  assured.  In  I8()()  the  town  had  liOU  iidiabi- 
tants.  By  great  exertion,  the  Manitoba  railroad  was  completed  to  (Jreat 
Falls  in  October  1887,  when  a  great  cidebration  testilieil  the  satisfaction  of 
the  people.  In  November  the  road  to  Helena  was  o[pened.  Truly  the.  ways 
of  the  IDth  century  town-builders  resemble  not  the  ways  of  their  ancestors  of 
even  one  century  ago.  Some  opposition  was  offered  in  the  legislature  to  the 
organization  of  the  county  of  Cascade,  but  the  measure  was  c.r.ried  through 
in  1887,  and  the  county  oliicials  were  sworn  in  on  the  *Jlst  of  Dee.  The  lirst 
board  of  commissioners  consisted  of  Charles  Wegner,  J.  A.  Harris,  and  E.  K. 
Clingon;  sheritt',  C.  P.  Downing;  county  treasurer,  A.  E.  Dickerman;  pro- 
bate judge,  H.  P.  Ut)lfe;  clerk  and  recorder,  J.  W.  .\Iatkin;  assessor,  K.  T. 
Uorhani;  attorney,  Ueorgo  W.  Taylor;  supt  of  schools,  Miss  Bessie  Ford. 


Wy 


m 


GENERAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


Benton  has  1,000  inhabitants,  and  is  a  well-built, 


Ion 


thriving  town. 


A  substantial  iron  bridge  875  feet 


The  events  of  1888  were  the  completion  of  the  wagon-road  and  railroail 
bri<Igcs,  the  establishment  of  great  reduction  works,  the  holding  of  two  terms 
of  court,  which  cleared  the  moral  atmosphere  to  a  considerable  extent,  tiie 
building  of  a  jail  and  two  churches,  the  completion  of  the  Sand  Coulee  rail- 
road, the  creation  of  a  board  of  trade,  and  the  erection  of  a  large  number  of 
business  buildings,  the  public-school  editice,  and  two  hotels,  one  of  which  is 
among  the  best  in  Montana.  Another  newspaper,  the  Leader,  waa  estab- 
lished June  IG,  1888,  In  October  the  city  was  incorporated,  and  Paris  Gib- 
son cho:ien  mayor.  A  hundred  years  from  now,  when  Great  Falls  is  a  great 
city,  these  details  of  its  origin  will  not  be  without  interest  or  value,  but  quite 
the  reverse. 

Paris  Gibson  came  to  Montana  in  1879  to  engage  in  sheep-raising,  and  his 
conseijucnt  observations  of  the  country  led  to  his  fortunate  investment  in 
land  at  the  falls  of  the  Missouri.    I  have  no  data  concerning  his  previous  life. 

Hon.  H.  P.  Kolfe  was  born  in  Vt  in  1849,  and  educated  there,  choosing 
law  for  a  profession.  He  came  to  Montana  in  1870,  and  was  for  two  years 
Bupt  of  public  schools  in  Helena.  During  1879  he  was  managing  editor  of  the 
Butte  Miner.  He  ne.\t  removed  to  Fort  Benton,  where  he  practised  law, 
but  in  1884  located  permanently  in  (treat  Falls,  He  was  elected  probate 
judge  in  188(5,  serving  one  term,  but  prefers  to  kee^J  out  of  politics. 

George  W.  Taylor  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Lexington,  Ky,  in  1853,  raised 
and  educated  in  his  native  state,  where  he  also  taught  school  for  several  years. 
He  came  to  Montana  in  188.1  and  studied  law  witli  Hon.  J.  K.  Toole,  being 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1884.  Immediately  he  located  at  Great  Falls,  the 
first  lawyer  there.  He  was  appointed  county  attorney  on  the  organization 
of  Cascade  co.,  and  in  1888  elected  to  the  same  position.  He  was  a  candi- 
date for  reelection  on  the  state  ticket  of  1889. 

E.  (i.  Maclay  was  born  in  Penn.  in  1844,  and  removed  with  his  parents 
to  St  Louis  wlien  achild.  He  came  to  Montana  in  1803,  and  for  twenty  years 
was  engaged  in  freighting,  after  which  he  entered  mercantile  life.  He  was 
the  first  merchant  in  Great  Falls. 

Ira  Myers,  born  in  Ohio  in  1 839,  went  to  Colo  in  1 859,  and  came  to  Mon- 
tana in  1803.  Mining  and  cattle-raising  was  his  business  until  1884,  when  he 
erected  a  saw-mill  at  Great  Falls,  and  has  been  in  lumber  business  ever  since. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Electric  Light  Co.  of  Great  Falls,  of  whicli 
he  is  presiilent,  and  is  one  of  the  principal  owners  in  the  water-works. 

H.  W.  Child  was  born  in  1855  in  San  Francisco,  and  educated  there,  being 
a  clerk  in  the  stationery-house  of  H.  S.  Crocker  &  Co.  from  1870  to  1875.  He 
came  to  Montana  in  1870,  engaging  in  various  enterprises  until  1882,  when 
he  became  general  manager  of  the  (iloster  and  Gregory  mines.  In  1887  he 
removed  to  Great  Falls  as  manager  of  the  Montana  Smelting  Co. 

H.  O.  Chowen  was  born  in  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  in  1859,  and  educated 
there.  He  came  to  Great  Falls  in  1884,  in  the  employ  of  Paris  Gibson.  In 
1885  he  organized  the  Cataract  Mill  Co.,  to  which  he  gives  his  special  atten- 
tion, but  is  largely  interested  in  city  real  estate. 

J.  H.  Fairchild,  born  in  Maine  in  1850,  removed  to  Minneapolis  at 
the  age  of  9  years,  and  was  there  educated.  He  studied  medicine  and 
graduated  from  the  Pennsylvania  Medical  College  in  1880,  and  was  surgeon 
of  the  Phila  hospital  for  two  years.  He  then  practised  a  year  in  Minn.,  after 
which  he  came  to  Great  Falls,  where  he  now  practises  his  profession.  Ho 
was  elected  mayor  in  the  spring  of  1889. 

A.  G.  Ladd  was  born  in  Maine  in  1831,  and  e<lucated  in  his  native 
state.  He  studied  medicine  at  the  Maine  Medical  College,  Portland,  gradu- 
atmg  in  1878.  He  came  to  Montana  and  purchaseil  a  cattle  ranclio  in  what 
is  now  Cascade  co.  in  1883,  living  on  his  land  and  practi.sing  his  profession. 
Wlien  (rreat  Falls  waa  organized  he  removed  to  the  town,  but  retains  his 
laud  and  stock. 


TOWN  OF  BENTON. 


776 


long  spcans  the  Missouri  at  this  place,  at  a  cost  of 
$05,000.  The  town  has  electric-light  and  water-works 
systems,  a  fire  department,  board  of  trade,  a  public- 
school  building  costing  $33,000,  a  court-house  costing 
$00,000,  two  fine  hotels,  one  costing  $50,000,  and  a 
First  National  bank  building  costing  $20,000,  besides 
private  banks,  handsome  mercantile  houses,  several 
churches,  a  hospital,  and  other  evidences  of  the  intel- 
ligence and  prosperity  of  its  citizens.  Benton  is  in 
the  wool-growing  district  of  Montana,  and  the  town 
is  supplied  with  wool  compressors  and  warehouses  for 
the  convenience  of  shippers.  But  although  the  coun- 
ties of  Cascade  and  Choteau  have  been  regarded  as 
grazing  districts,  good  crops  of  cereals  are  raised  upon 
the  bench-lands,  as  well  as  in  the  rich  soil  of  the  val- 
leys bordering  upon  streams,  and  the  quality  of  the  up- 
land grain  is  superior,  while  thirty  bushels  to  the  acre 
is  garnered  from  land  that  has  not  been  irrigated.  It 
is  but  recently  that  the  value  of  these  northern  pla- 
teaux for  farming  purposes  has  impressed  itself  upon 
the  consciousness  of  a  people  chiefly  interested  in 
mining  and  grazing — in  gold  and  grasses — to  which 
should  now  be  added  grain.  The  opening  of  the  great 
reservation  extending  from  the  Missouri  river  to  the 
boundary  of  British  Columbia  has  added  18,000,000 
acres  of  government  land  which  is  open  to  settlement, 
embracing  the  Milk  river  valley,  traversed  by  the  St 
Paul  and  Manitoba  railroad.  With  all  these  fertile 
acres,  and  a  transcontinental  railway,  northern  Mon- 
tana has  a  grand  future,  by  no  means  very  distant,  in 
which  Benton  will  have  its  sharc.'^ 

Will  Hanks  was  born  in  Ohio  in  1860.  He  came  to  the  Sun  river  coun- 
try ill  1883,  ami  estalilisheil  the  tirst  newspaper  between  Fort  Benton  and 
Helena,  the  Rk'nvj  Sun.  In  1885  he  removed  to  Great  Falls,  estahlisliiiig 
the  Wvdkij  Trilnine,  but  sold  it  in  1887,  and  went  into  real  estate  husiness. 
When,  in  the  spring  of  1881),  the  Cascade  bank  was  organized,  he  was  elected 
its  vice-president,  whicn  position  he  now  holds.  He  is  also  chairman  of  the 
board  of  county  commissioners,  to  which  he  was  elected  in  1888. 

'^  Prominent  among  tlie  citizens  of  Benton  and  Montana  is  John  M. 
Boardnian,  a  native  of  III.,  where  he  was  born  on  Dec.  2,  18").').  He  received 
a  coininerci  il  training  in  tlie  great  wholesale  house  of  Marshall,  Field,  &  Co.,  of 
Chicago,  where  he  held  a  responsible  position  for  several  years.     In  187i)  he 


i:;;^-"!l! 


m 


GENERAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


I 


I'-i' 


Tlic  northcastorn  and  eastern  portion  of  Mcmtana 
rcinuiiis  a  j^rcat  stock  range,  of  which  Miles  City,  in 
Custer  county,  is  a  shipping  centre,  and  the  thirtl  town 
in  population  in  the  state.  A  board  of  stock  com- 
missioners, with  a  member  in  each  county,  looks  after 
the  administration  of  the  written  and  unwritten  laws 
concerning  the  sole  industry  which  rival.s  n)ining  in 
Montana,'*  and  to  which  a  very  large  amount  of  its 

roiimvL'd  to  Montana,  where  lieengageil  in  the  cattle  business  in  tlic  vicinity  of 
Fort  Ik-titon.  In  iSS'i  lie  merged  his  stock  in  the  Mihier  Jjive-stock  Co., 
whose  iienls  arc  among  the  largest  in  the  state.  As  vicepresiilcnt  ami  man- 
ager of  this  company  he  has  contrilniteil  largely  to  its  prosi>erity,  and  aided 
perhaps  more  tlian  an}'  single  individual  in  building  the  cattle  interests 
of  nnrtiiern  Montana.  As  an  instance  of  his  popularity,  it  may  lie  men- 
tioned that  he  was  elected  in  188!)  to  the  first  state  le^jislature  of  Montana, 
and  was  also  the  first  republican  elected  i"  Choteau  county  to  any  legislative 
ofHct!. 

C.  E.  Conrad  was  born  in  v'irgniia  City  in  18.")0,  and  there  was  raised  and 
educated.  At  the  age  of  18  years  he  came  to  Montana,  arriving  at  Fort  Ben- 
ton June  ;W),  18(58.  lie  began  life  here  as  a  clerk  in  the  employ  of  J.  ( i,  Baker 
&  Co.,  j>f  which  he  is  nowamend)er.  In  188'2,  when  the  First  National  l»aiik 
of  Fort  Benton  was  organized,  of  which  W.  <».  Conrad  is  prest,  lie  was  chosen 
viei'-prest,  which  otTice  he  still  holds,  lie  is  also  largely  interested  in  cattle 
and  shee[),  owning  an  interest  in  the  Benton  and  St  Louis  Cattle  Co.  Ho 
was  a  mend>er  of  the  state  constitutional  convention  of  ISS!). 

Joseph  A.  Baker  is  a  son  of  the  J.  G.  Baker  aliove  referred  to,  who 
was  born  in  New  Haven,  Conn,  in  1819.  He  was  a  pioneer  in  the  west,  having 
been  a  post-trader  in  Iowa,  Kansas,  and  Montana.  Htt  came  to  Fort  Benton 
in  ]8(ili,  and  established  the  business  which  still  bears  his  name.  In  1880  the 
father  retired  to  a  home  in  St  Louis.  Joseph  A.  was  born  in  Wcstport,  Mo., 
in  18.")0,  Ijut  came  wlien  a  lad  to  Foi't  Benton,  where  he  assisted  his  fatlier 
in  his  business  until  1878,  wiuni  he  engaged  in  the  cattle  business  for  iuniself, 
continuing  actively  in  it  until  188(>,  when  he  was  elected  cashier  of  tiie  First 
National  Itank  of  Fort  Benton,  in  which  office  he  remains.  He  was  elected 
state  senator  from  Choteau  co.  to  the  first  state  senate  of  Montana. 

John  W.  Power  was  born  near  Dubuque,  la,  in  1844,  and  remaincil  on  his 
father's  far;n  until  20  years  of  ago,  when  he  went  to  Fort  Randall,  Da,  -..liere 
his  bi'other,  T.  C.  Power,  was  a  post-trader,  remaining  in  his  employ  until 
18tJ7,  at  which  time  both  came  to  Fort  Benton,  and  went  into  business  to- 
gether uniter  the  firm  name  of  T.  C.  Power  &  Bro.,  which  firm  is  stdl  in 
existence.  T.  C.  Power  resides  in  Helena,  but  John  W.  is  permanently 
located  at  Benton,  where  he  has  large  interests. 

Jere.  Sullivan  was  born  in  184:i,  in  Ireland,  30  miles  from  Cork.  In 
1850  his  parents  immigrated  to  Canada,  where  he  was  educated.  At  the  age 
of  18  ye;irs  he  came  to  the  U.  S.,  residing  for  a  time  at  various  points  until 
1805,  when  he  came  to  Montana,  arriving  at  Fort  Benton  in  July  of  that 
year.  He  followed  mining  until  1874,  when  he  located  at  Fort  Shaw,  on  Sun 
river,  where  he  opened  a  hotel,  remaining  there  until  1879,  when  he  removed 
to  Benton,  where  he  again  kept  a  hotel.  He  was  elected  mayor  of  Benton  in 
18S0  and  1887,  and  was  chairman  of  the  republican  county  connnittee  in  188S 
and  1881).     He  is  owner  of  large  interests  in  Fort  Benton. 

'"  Prominent  in  that  district,  which  was  formerly  in  Choteau  co.,  l>ut  in 
that  portion  which  is  now  Fergus  co.,  at  Fo^t  Maginnis,  on  tlie  east  Hank  of 
the  Judith  mountains,  is  Granville  Stuart,  president  of  the  board  of  stock 
oommissiouers.     Stuart   has  bceu   frequently  uientioued  iu  the  early  part 


RELIGION  AND  EDUCATION. 


777 


money  capital  is  due."  It  is  coiitonded  hy  those  cap- 
italists that  the  jL^overiiineiit  is  unnecessarily  jealous 
of  their  a^Ljrcssiveness,  for  the  territory  occupied  by 
them  is  too  broken  for  a»>riculture.  Opinions  chanjj^c 
with  circumstances,  and  exj)ediency  will  deteiinine  the 
limit  of  indulLience  which  the  future  shall  discover. 


wlio 


80  the 
Mo., 

,tlier 
ilf, 
First 

lOCtlill 


ill 
eiitly 

lu 

e  agi' 
until 
tliat 
I  Sun 
oved 
on  in 
188S 

it  in 

ikof 

tock 

I  part 


I  have  hero  gathered  toj^ether  some  evidences  of 
the  mateiial  |)rospL!rity  of  Montana.  It  was  once  wit- 
tily said  that  mining-towns  consisted  of  opLir-holes, 
goj)her-holes,  and  loafer-holes.  All  that  has  been 
changed  as  far  as  Montana  is  concerned,  if  wo  except 
the  ophir-holes,  which  are  as  nmch  as  ever  sought 
after.  Merchants  are  no  longer  compelled  to  store 
their  goods  in  caves  in  the  earth  to  protect  them  from 
fire  or  plunder;  the  rude  first  dwellings  have  been 
rej)laced  by  elegant,  or  at  the  least  tasteful  and  com- 
fortablt',  homes;  the  fashions  of  good  society  prevail 
in  [)lace  of  unseemly  revelry;  education  and  i  cligioii 
are  fostered,"*  as  in  the  older  commonwealths. 

of  tlii.s  liiwtory.  It  was  through  a  letter  from  .>Ir  Stuart  to  a  hrothor  in  Colo 
«k'scnl)iiig  thi!  jilacer  mines  in  the  Kocky  mountains  tiiat  the  .suiMi^n  immi- 
gration from  Colo  to  Montana  took  place  in  18t)'_'.  He  was  for  iiriny  years  a 
meiuln'r  of  the  Montana  legislature,  and  scliool  trustee  since  ISii4.  fie  was 
one  of  tlie  first  to  prove  that  this  was  a  superior  cattle-raising  region,  and  is 
himsidf  idcntilied  with  the  cattle  interests  of  the  state.  Mr  Stuart  was  born 
in  \'a  in  KS.'U,  and  educated  in  Iowa.  In  the  H[iring  of  1S.V2  he  went  to  Cal., 
wiiere  lie  mined  until  1857,  when  he,  returning  east,  was,  tiirough  circum- 
stances already  ih 'ittioiied,  detained  in  Montana,  and  becoming  interested  ia 
the  aH'iirs  of  a  new  lorritorj',  made  it  his  home. 

"  Josepli  Scott,  of  Miles  City,  is  a  representative  cattle-raiser  of  his  dis- 
trict, lie  was  born  in  Tyrone  co.,  in  tiie  nortii  of  Ireland,  in  1844,  and  edu- 
cated there  and  in  Phila,  U.  S.  In  I8(i7  he  went  to  Idaho,  mining  at  War 
Eigie  mountain  for  '2  years.  In  18(Ji)  lie  went  to  Utah,  piirclia.sed  some  cat- 
tle and  drove  them  to  White  I'ine,  Nev.,  where  he  remained  until  1871,  after 
which  for  '2  years  he  travelled  .alxmt  through  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Colorado, 
and  Utah  prospecting,  and  Hnally  locating  in  Idaho  in  the  track  of  tin.'  Indian 
war  of  1878,  i)y  wiiich  he  lost  a  good  deal  of  property  in  stock.  He  tiien 
went  to  Elko  co.,  Nev.,  and  tried  cattle-raising,  but  found  tlie  ranges  over- 
stocked. In  1881)  lie  came  to  Custer  co.,  Mont.,  where  ho  follows  stock-rais- 
ing, still  retaining  an  interest  in  Idaho  and  Nevada. 

'"  In  18(iS-4,  Smith  and  Price,  two  presbyterian  ministers,  and  the  first 
protestant  preachers  to  settle  in  Montana,  lielil  services  fora  time  in  Virginia 
City,  but  it  was  not  until  1872  that  a  presbyterian  church  was  organized  in 
that  place,  although  other  protestant  churches  had  been,  namely,  the  metho- 
dist  cliurcli  soutii,  and  an  episcojial  and  catliolic  society.  The  last-named 
was  under  the  charge  of  Father  Giorda,  the  methodist  church  under  that  of 
A.  M.  Hough,  aud  the  episcopal  church  was  cared  for  by  U.  U.  Prout. 


778 


GENERAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


n 


Hi!'* 


I;: 

'■ 


i 


'W 

m 


Education,  being  a  matter  of  public  polity,  and  not 
of  private  conscience,  received  more  attention  from 
the  beijinninor,  schools  beinj;  formed  under  a  school 
law  in  18GG.  In  18G7  there  were  two  public-school 
teachers  in  Madison  county,  and  three  in  Edgerton 
(Lewis  and  Clarke)  county.  The  amount  raised  for 
tlieir  su|)port  and  for  school-houses  was  $7,709. 
The  number  of  persons  between  four  and  twenty-one 
years  of  age  in  Montana  was  1,920,  of  whom  222 
attended  school.^*  Since  that  period  the  standard 
of  education  has  advanced  within  the  last  ten  or 
twelve  years,  until  it  is  upon  the  same  plane  with 
the  school  systems  of  the  older  states.  Children  are 
admitted  from  four  to  twenty-one  years  of  age ;  and 
fourteen  years'  tuition  is  required  to  be  graduated 
from  the  high  school,  where  one  exists.  Teachers' in- 
stitutes are  required  by  law,  to  aid  in  promoting  the 
best  methods  of  instruction. 

The  school  lands  not  being  salable  until  the  terri- 
tory became  a  state,  the    people  were   compelled   to 

Daniul  S.  Tattle,  of  Otsego,  N.  Y.,  was  tlie  first  missionary  bishop  of  the 
cpi.sL'opal  oluiroli  in  Montana,  apii'iiuted  in  18(>(i  to  supi-rintcnd  Utah,  Idaho, 
ami  .Nlontana.  He  was  a  scholarly  man,  youny  and  eneryetio,  and  lal.ored 
ctlioiently  in  his  tield.  At  tirst  a  nniou  church  editice  was  occupied  liy  tiiu 
protestaiit  societies  alternately,  but  it  was  ultimately  soltl  for  secular  pur- 
poses. 'J'iiu  uu!t  uxlists  erected  a  church  in  Virginia  City  in  the  autumn  of 
1807,  tlie  cofiuT-stone  of  which  was  laid  on  the  I2tli  of  Septumber.  As  in 
most  new  countries,  they  or^'anized  in  advance  of  other  denoiuinations,  but 
in  Montana  they  were  (lividetl  by  politics  long  after  the  cause  which  sepa- 
rated them  was  a  lost  cause.  Helena  was,  on  account  of  its  importance,  the 
next  lield  sou;4iit,  the  catholics  being  tirst  on  tlie  ground,  and  completing 
the  tirst  l)uiliting  for  purely  religious  services  in  Montana.  Two  young 
Women,  Sallie  Raymond  and  Margaret  Irvine,  solicited  contributions  for  the 
tirst  church-bell  in  Helena,  in  the  spring  of  1807.  Altliougli  religious  exer- 
cises wer(!  held  iu  tile  various  towns  and  settlements,  it  reijuircd  a  few  years 
for  society  to  become  sutlicieutly  luunogeueous  to  unite  upon  religiiuis  prin- 
ciples and  ilecide  to  erect  temples  for  their  favorite  practices.  Accordinj^ly 
most  of  the  churches  have  been  built  since  187*2.  i'iie  niethodist  'jhurcli  at 
Missoula  wasileilicateil  that  year.  The  presbyterians  did  not  begin  seriously 
to  organize  until  that  V'car,  when  societies  were  fornutd  at  !)ee<-  Lodge, 
Helena.  (i:dl;itin  City,  Hozeman,  and  N'irgiuia  ("ity,  by  Sheldon  .lacksou, 
.J.  U.  Russell,  ai.il  W.  S.  Krackelton.  Tlie  presl>yterian  edilice  at  l>eer 
Lodge  was  opened  for  services  Keiu-uary  '1\,  187"),  Russell  being  tirst  pastor 
of  the  soc'cty.  The  crtliolics  erected  a  new  church  at  Helena  in  IS7().  The 
protestant  episcopal  society  of  St  I'etor  of  Helena  opened  tiieir  cliurcii  in 
October  I87!>,  M.  X.  Odbert  jiastor. 

"  The  lii'Nt  public  school  ot  Helena  was  opened  l>ec.  R,  I8t>7,  and  taught  liy 
William  I.  Marshal  and  Mrs  R.  M.  Farley,  Jii-pl  q/' SuyeriiUendeiU  o/ Hc/woU, 
in  Viijiu'm  Pwt,  Dec.  14,  18C7. 


LITERATURE  AND  DRAMA. 


w 


support  the  schools  by  taxation.  The  amounts  raised 
in  the  several  counties  varied  from  ^D,207,  in  Yellow- 
stone count}',  to  $33,700.91,  in  Choteau  county,  and 
ajrtrregated,  in  1884,  $231,229.42,  making  an  average 
of  $  17,780  of  school  money  furnished  for  every  county. 
The  school  fund  collected  in  1888  averaged  twenty 
dollars  annually  for  each  child  in  Montana,  of  which 
amount  $317,442,37  was  from  county  tax.  There 
were  310  school-houses,  valued  at  $040,079;  and  the 
number  of  children  of  school  age  was  27,000;  while 
the  teachers  were  442.  Several  of  the  counties  hav- 
ing the  largest  school  funds  elected  women  for  super- 
intendents.'* 

Of  the  literature  of  Montana  there  is  little  to  be 
said.  Newspapers  abound,  there  being,  before  188.5, 
one  in  every  county  except  Jefferson,  which  was  sup- 
plied from  Helena.  The  leading  journals  were  of 
unusual  merit  and  interest,  for  interioi'  newspapers." 


■■"  Teachers  are  the  least  publicly  honoreil  of  all  the  public's  servants. 
Superintendents  have  all  been  experience<l  teachers.  Tlierefore,  let  me  record 
here,  for  the  honor  of  some  of  Montana's  moct  deservi'ig,  the  names  of  her 
county  superintendents  of  1884:  Beaverhead,  John  CSannon;  Choteau,  Miss 
AI.  E.  Johnston;  Custer,  A.  C.  Logan;  Dawson,  J,  H.  Ray;  ])eer  Lodge,  T. 
W.  Catliii;  (iallatin,  Adda  M.  Haniilton;  Jetterson  E.  I.  Hetclier;  Lewis 
and  Clarke,  Helen  P.  Clarke;  Meagher,  Alice  M.  l>arcy;  Madison,  J.  C.  Ma- 
hony;  Missoula,  J.  A.  T.  Ryinan;  Silver  Bow,  T.  J.  Booher;  Yellowstone, 
li.  V.  Shuart.  Su-th  Annual  liryt  of  Snf>t  n/  I'lthlir  /hv//h<V/!oh,  by  Cornelius 
Hedges,  who  has  Klled  the  office  of  territorial  superintendent  fur  many  years, 
alternating  with  C.  Wright  and  W.  Egbert  Smith. 

'"  I  liave  noted  the  establishment  from  time  to  time  of  political  ami  news 
journals,  with  the  date  of  their  origin  and  politics.  The  following  were  be- 
ing published  in  1884:  Lewis  and  Clarke  county,  at  Helena,  /Ivnilil,  tl.  and 
w.,  rep.,  18()(>;  Imlrjifiiiilciit,  d.  and  w.,  deiii.,  1871;  Mniilnna  Ari/uti,  w.,  (ier- 
man,  188;!;  fitoi-k  amf  Miiilnij  JoHriinl,m.,  1884;  <'hri-<tiitii  AilriM-nte,  \\\.,  ISS'2; 
Montana  lia]tlUt,  r|.,  1884;  ilontitniiin,<\.,  local,  1884;  at  Sun  Ki\er,  The  Snn, 
w.,  ind.,  1884.  Silver  Bow  county,  at  Butte.  Minn;  d.  ami  semi-w.,  dein., 
1879;  /ntcr-Monntnin,  d.  and  semiw.,  re]».,  1881.  Yellowstone  county,  at 
Billings,  J'oxf,  w.,  rep.,  1882;  llenibl,  w.,  d-Mii.,  188-J;  HnMl,,-,  d.,  local,  1884. 
(rallatin  county,  at  Bozeman,  Ai'anl-Courki;  w.,  ind.,  1S7I;  ('lintniHi,  w., 
dem.,  I88:t;  at  Livingston,  Enli'iyrm;  w.,  ind.  dem.,  I88:i.  i'uster  county, 
at  Miles  City,  Yt'Unwstone  Journal,  d.  andw.,  rep.,  !.''71t;  SlDi-k-'jmnrr'x  Jmir- 
nal,  1884.  Dawson  ciuinty,  at  (tlendive,  '/V/hcv,  w.,  local,  1881;  linlnx mli  ,if, 
w.,  local,  1884.  Missoula  county,  at  Missoula,  Missimtidn,  w.,  imi.,  bST.'l; 
Tinien,  V,-.,  rep.,  188;i.  .Madison  county,  at  Virginia  i'ity,  Mnili.-^itniun,  w., 
dem.,  18711;  Moiituna  ('/imrhinan,  m.,  1883.  Deer  Lotlge  county,  at  Deer 
Loilge,  y^ew  Norlhii'fM,  w.,  ind.  rep.,  LSlW.  Beaverhead  coiinty,  at  Dillon, 
Tnhum;  w.,  local,  1881.  Choteau  county,  at  Fort  Benton,  Him-  I'irxs,  d. 
and  w.,  rep.,  1880;  /{rront,  w.,  dein.,  1881.  Meagher  county,  at  Maiijen, 
Mineral  A rijua,  w.,  1883;  at  Townsuud,  Tnuiclutnt,  w.,  local,  1883;  at  White 


780 


GENERAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


The  dramatic  taste  of  the  people  was  not  early  de- 
veloped by  the  theatre.  There  has  been  too  much 
real  life  among  them  to  leave  a  craving  for  mimic  life. 
The  towns,  also,  were  too  small  to  support  good  com- 
panies. In  1866  Virginia  City  had  a  theatre,  which 
was  well  patronized  by  its  crowds  of  flush  miners  now 
passed  away.  Helena  had  then  occasional  seasons  of 
the  o[)era  and  drama.  It  has  now  a  handHome  opera- 
house.  Miles  City  early  supported  a  theatre,  and  all 
the  principal  towns  had  halls  which  served  for  musical 
and  dramatic  entertainments.  When  it  is  iemenibcred 
that  twenty-six  years  ago  the  first  step  was  taken 
toward  subduing  the  wilderness  to  the  uses  of  civil- 
ized men,  who  could  withhold  the  judgment,  well 
done,  hardy  and  energetic  sons  of  Americal 

Sulpliur  Siiriiigs,  Rorky  Mountnin  Hunhanilman,  w.,  187").  Tlien  tliere  were 
t\\n  I'ick- iiml  /'low,  Koy.omum,  1871;  Vi/rtfti,  Bozein^a;  Frontier  Index,  Butte 
City;  AtlniUis,  Gleuda,lv;  Bad  Lands  Cowftoy,  Medora;  Frontier  /m/ex,  Thouip- 
son  FalU. 

At  one  of  those  who  have  done  much  to  foster  the  educational  uitorust.-i  of 
Montana  should  l)e  mentioned  Cornelius  Hcdj^es,  a  resident  of  Helena,  \\lii> 
in  1 87- Wius  appointed  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  ut'tiT  sciv- 
inj;;  for  live  years  was  reappointed  in  188;{,  in  which  year  he  was  also  oleeleii 
seerel.iry  of  tlie  Territorial  Historical  Society.  A  native  of  Wotlielil,  .Mass, 
and  ediicated  first  at  the  Westtield  Academy,  then  at  Yale,  and  liually  at 
the  Hiirvard  law  school,  he  began  the  practice  of  his  i)rofession  at  Independ- 
ence, la,  where  in  I8G4  he  published  t\w  Indefvndcnt  ('icilian.  Uiiring  tiiat 
year  he  came  to  Montana,  and  in  18G5  to  Helena,  where  he  a;,'ain  practised 
law,  and  was  appointed  U.  S.  attorney  and  probate  jui'ige.  To  bim  is  due 
the  credit  of  lirst  suggesting  that  the  National  Park  be  set  aside  for  its  pres- 
ent |>iir|)iises,  and  in  1M70  he  was  one  of  a  party  of  ten  by  whoia  its  site  was 
explored  and  surveyed.  He  is  also  secretary  of  the  Pioneer  Association,  and 
has  long  been  connected  with  the  lUlena  Herald,  on  whose  staff  ho  is  recog- 
nized iui  a  most  able  jourualiat,  aad  aa  a  ripu  and  accompliahud  scholar. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


PROGRESS   AND   STATEHOOD, 

1884-1889. 

Convention  of  1884— Ei,EcmoN  of  Dei-eoate  and  LEnisLATURE— Repub- 
lican AND  Democratic  Conventions— Territorial  Officers— Gov. 
Leslie  Appointed— Leoislative  Sessions  and  Enactments — Memo- 
rials CONCERNING  MINERAL  LaNDS— TlIE  NORTHERN  PaCIKIC  RAIL- 
ROAD— Laws  to  Guard  Elections — Thomas  H.  Cakter,  Dklk(iatk — 
B.  F.  White,  Governor— Enahlino  Act  Passed  hy  Congress— Con- 
stitutional Convention — Features  of  the  Constuution — Political 
Troubles. 

As  this  chapter  is  to  deal  with  the  formation  of  the 
:state  government  of  Montana,  let  us  go  back  to  1884, 
in  January  of  which  year  a  constitutional  convention 
was  held  at  Helena,  an  act  having  been  passed  by 
the  thirteenth  session  of  the  Montana  legislature 
authorizing  an  election  for  delegates  to  bo  iield  in 
November  1883.  The  election  took  place,'  and  the 
convention  met,  forming  a  constitution  subjc^ct  t<»  ac- 
cepta">ce  or  rejection  by  the  qualified  electors  at  the 
biennial  election  of  1884.  Tlie  voting  on  ado[)tion 
was  light,  the  total  vote  being  7,11)7  less  than  the 
total  for  delegate  to  congress,  which  was  2G,1)()'.).     Of 

*  The  deleeates  were  Robert  Smith  ami  .loaoph  A.  Brown,  Bcavcrhoatl 
CO.;  T.  E.  Colliiia  antl  ^'^  If  Hunt,  Cliotcim;  C.  W.  Savagi',  \Vm  \  an  (ias- 
kiiii,  and  S.  R.  DouK'.iaa,  Custer;  .1.  V.  Malony,  Mawson;  .1.  C.  Uiiliinson, 
E.  H.  Watorltnry,  aiulJoaiinin  Al)ascal,  hucr  I^oiIlT'  ;  S.  \V.  J^annhnt  nc,  U.  P. 
Vivion,  ii.  O.  Eaton,  F.  D.  Pease,  and  E.  F.  Ferns,  (iallatin;  \).  M.Sorl.'y 
and  N.  iMi;rriinan,  .letferson;  Matt  Carroll,  .1.  K.  Toole,  ('.  Heclycs.  and 
(Jeorgr  .Steele,  Lewis  and  Clarke;  H.  S.  Howell  and  ,J.  K.  Cailawav,  Madi- 
son; W.  J.  MeCorniiek,  W.  .1.  Stt'l.liens,  R.  H.  Catlin.  and  K.  A.  Eddy,  Mis- 
soula; .1.  F.  MoClintoek,  ,)anies  Fer^^us,  and  \V.  F.  Haas,  Mcanhor;  'i'hiinias 
L.  Napton,  W.  V.  Pemberton,  W.  A.  Clark,  Marcus  Daly,  .1.  (.'.  Thurnton, 
and  Francis  Medburst,  Silver  Bow;  F.  M.  Proctor  and  F.  M.  Grceni',  Vel- 
lowsti  .le;  Walter  (.'ooner  and  A.  F.  Hurleigb,  Ist  judicial  dist;  W.  W.  i>ix- 
on  and  James  H.  Mills,  'Jd  judicial  (list;  W.  B.  Hundley  and  T.  C  Power, 


i:i 


:| 


J 'lb 


3d  judicial  dist.     \V,  A,  Clark  was  elected  preiiideut. 


(781) 


7M 


PROr.RESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


those  who  gave  expression  to  their  wishes,  15,506 
were  for  and  4,266  against  the  constitution,  the  ma- 
jority being  significantly  large  in  favor  of  statehood, 
if  we  may  judge  by  positive  and  not  by  negative  evi- 
dence. However,  nothing  further  came  of  the  move- 
ment at  that  time,  although  it  was  not  abandoned. 
E.  K.  Toole,  democrat,  was  elected  delegate  to 
congress,  and  the  fourteenth  legislature,  which  has 
already  been  named,  enacted  laws  highly  creditable 
to  the  members  and  useful  to  the  territory. 

In  May  1884,  the  republicans  of  Montana  held  a 
territorial  convention  to  elect  delegates  to  the  national 
republican  convention,  their  choice  falling  upon 
Wilbur  F.  Sanders  of  Helena,  and  Lee  Mantle  of 
Butte,  with  M.  J.  Learning  of  Choteau,  and  Hiram 
Knowlos  of  Silver  Bow,  as  alternates.^  The  prefer- 
ence of  Delegate  Mantle,  as  expressed  in  territorial 
convention,  was  for  George  F.  Edmunds  for  presi- 
dent, and  that  of  Delegate  Sanders  was  for  James  G. 
Bhiine. 

The  democrats  elected  Samuel  T.  Hauser  of  Helena 
and  Samuel  Ward  of  Butte  delegates  to  the  demo- 
cratic national  convention.  W.  J.  McCormick,  one 
of  the  alternates,  was  made  a  member  of  the  national 
committee,  and  S.  T.  Hauser  a  member  of  the  noti- 
fication committee,  this  being  the  first  occasion  on 
which  Montana  was  represented  in  a  national  conven- 
tion, and  the  first  time  also  that  territorial  delegates 
were  placed  upon  connnittees  by  one  of  them. 

Hauser,  who  was  appointed  governor  in  July 
1885,''  resigned  late  in    1886,  'atid  H.   P.   Leslie  of 


'  The  other  ciindidatos  nominated  in  convention  were,  M.  A.  Meyendorflf 
of  Hulcna,  Hiriun  Knowles  of  Hutte,  CaUlwell  Kilwanls  of  (iallatin,  (leorgo 
O.  Kiiton  of  (hiUatin,  and  M.  J.  LeamiiiK  of  Fort  Jienton.  The  names  uf 
other  reimlilicans  mentioned  in  connection  with  this  convention  were,  (ieorgo 
Irvin  of  Silver  liow,  fleiiry  N.  Khike  of  Madison,  J.  V'.  Bogert  of  (liiiiatin, 
Charles  H.  (ronld  of  t'nster,  I.  Hotwitt  of  Meagher,  I.  D.  Mcl'iiteheon  of 
Lewis  and  Clarke,  Orville  H.  O'Baunon,  T.  H.  Carter,  and  Alex.  C.  Hotkin. 

'  The  territorial  secretaries  from  the  organization  down  to  18S8  were. 
Henry  P.  Torsey,  commissioned  June  *22,  18(54;  John  Coburn,  March  3,  18(t.">; 
Thomas  F.  Meagher,  Aug.  4,  l8Uri;  James  Tufts,  March  28,  18*i7;  Vvilev  S. 
Scribuor,  April  'M,  18UU;  A.  U.  Sanders,  July  19,  1870;  Jamei  K.  Callaway, 


th 
d( 


GOVERNOR  LESLIE. 


788 


Kentucky  received  the  appointment.  Governor  Les- 
lie found  the  territory  prosperous  and  peaceful,  giving 
him  little  anxiety  on  any  account.  He  seemed  by  his 
reports  to  be  impressed  by  its  probable  future  great- 
ness, and  to  feel  a  pride  in  its  advancement.  More  he 
could  not  do  than  to  remind  the  general  government 
how  little  it  had  done  towards  the  encouragement  of 
this  aspiring  commonwealth,  and  this  he  did  not  fail  in 
doingf. 

The  legislature  of  ISST  neglected  to  make  an  ap- 
propriation for  printing  its  journals,  and  therefore  no 
notice  can  be  taken  of  its  proceedings.*  Partisan  feel- 
Jan.  27,  1871;  James  H.  Mills,  May  10,  1877;  Isaac  D.  McCutchcon,  1881; 
John  S.  Tooker,  April  21,  1884;  William  B.  Webb,  188G-8,  and  Louis  A. 
Walker,  188<». 

Territorial  treasurers,  John  J.  Hull,  1864-6;  John  S.  Ilockfcllow, 
1866-7;  William  G.  Karkley,  1867-71;  Richard  O.  Hickman,  1871-5;  Daniel 
H.  Weston,  187r)-87;  W.  G.  Prewitt,  1887-9. 

Territorial  auditors,  John  .S.  Lott,  18(>4-6;  John  H.  Winp,  1866-7;  Wil- 
liam N.  Rodyers,  1867;  Georjre  Callaway,  1874,  resigned;  Suloniou  Starr, 
1874-6;  David  H.  Cuthbert,  1876  87,  James  Sullivan,  1887-9. 

Superintendents  of  ]>ul)lic  instruction,  Thomas  J.  Dimsdalc.  1864-6; 
Peter  Ronan,  resigned,  1866;  Alexander  H.  Barrett,  resigned,  1866;  A.  M.  S. 
Carpenter,  l86(>-7;  Thomas  F.  Campbell,  1867-9;  James  H.  Mills,  resigned, 
1869:  S.  (}.  Lathrop,  1869-72;  Cornelius  Hedges,  1872-8;  R.  H.  Howie, 
1878 -8;i;  Cornelius  Hedges,  1883-5;  W.  W.  W^lic,  1885-7;  N.  C.  Logan, 
1887-9. 

Receivers  of  United  .States  land-office,  George  McLean,  1867-70;  Richard 
F.  May,  1870  2;  Solomon  Starr,  1872  5;  H.  M.  Keyser,  l87.">-7;  J.  V. 
Bogert,  1877  9;  Frank  P.  Sterling,  1877-9;  K.  Ballou,  C.  H.  (lould,  Z.  F. 
Burton,  .lohn  T.  Carlin,  H.  S.  Howell,  John  T.  Carlin,  Abram  Hall,  (irtcs  of 
jomniissions  not  known. 

Registers  of  United  States  land-office,  Orville  B.  O'Bannon,  18(57-9; 
Lorenzo  B.  Lyman,  1869;  Addiscm  H.  .Sanders,  1870-2;  William  C.  Child, 
1872-5;  .lames  H.  Moo,  1875-9;  David  Wilson,  1879;  E.  A.  Kreidler,  Francis 
Adkinson,  O.  P.  Cliisholm,  Wiishington  Berry,  S.  W.  Langhorne,  Eddy  F. 
Ferris,  A.  Grover,  dates  of  commissions  not  known. 

Collectors  of  internal  revenue,  Nathaniel  P.  Langford,  1864;  Andrew  J. 
Simmons,  18118;  W.  B.  Judd,  acting  collector,  1869;  Samuel  L.  Watson,  1869; 
Thomas  P.  Fuller,  1873  83;  James  Sliields. 

Assessors  of  'i.tornal  revenue,  Truman  C.  Evarts,  1864;  Lucius  B.  Church, 
1870  3. 

Collectors  of  customs  for  district  Montana  and  Idaho,  John  X.  Bcidler, 
18()7;  Walter  W.  Johnsim,  1869;  Thomas  A.  Cununings,  1873;  William  A. 
Hunt,  1881;  Thomas  A.  Cumniings,  James  H.  Mills. 

Surveyors-general  United  States  land,  Solomon  Meredith,  1867;  Henry 
I).  Washburn,  1869;  John  E.  Blaine,  1871-3;  Andrew  J.  Smith,  1.S74;  Ros- 
well  11.  Mason,  1877-9;  John  S.  Harris,  1881;  B.  H.  (Jreeiio.   /./.  2.V.»  60. 

♦'Ihe  councilmen  eleoteil  in  Novendwr  1886  were,  (r.  L.  Batclielder, 
Beaverhead  co.;  E.  Cardwell,  Jefferson;  T.  E.  Collins,  Clioteau;  R.  O,  Hick- 
man, Madisim;  S.  L.  Holliday,  Gallatin;  W.  B.  Hundley,  Lewis  and  Clarke; 
Will  Kennedy,  Missoula;  J.  K.  Pardee,  Deer  Loilge;  J.  E.  Rickanls,  Silver 
Bow;  W.  U.  Sutherlin,  Fergua.and  Muaghur;  J,  J,  Tbouipaou,  Custer;  E.  C. 


7S4 


PROGRESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


in(r,  although  gaining  force  and  momentum  as  the 
prospect  of  statehood  assumed  greater  certainty,  had 
not  been  permitted  to  mar  the  tranquilhty  of  com- 
nmnities.  For  twenty-four  years  every  legislature 
had  been  democratic,  but  in  1888  there  was  a  sufficient 
number  of  republicans  elected  to  give  that  [larty  a 
working  majority  in  both  branches  of  the  legislature. 
The  principal  measures  of  general  interest  acted 
upon  at  the  sixteenth  session  of  the  Montana  assem- 
bly, which  met  January  17,  1889,  were,  the  passage 
of  a  memorial  relatina:  to  a  bill  introduced  in  con<»ress 
by  delegate  Toole  to  grant  to  the  territory  the  aban- 
doned Fort  Ellis  reservation  for  educational  purposes;* 
the  appointment  of  a  commission  to  codify  the  laws 

Waters,  Dawson  and  Yellowstone.  The  representatives  elected  were,  W. 
W.  Al.lerHon,  F.  K.  Armstrong,  C.  W.  Hoffman,  Gallatin;  H.  N.  Blake, 
Matli.soii;  L.  A.  Brown,  Beaverhead;  J.  \V.  Buskutt,  Jefferson  and  Lewis  and 
Clarke;  T.  L.  Gorham,  William  Muth,  Lewis  and  Clark^t;  C  W.  Hanscomb, 
Silver  Bow;  E.  N.  Harwood,  Yellowstone;  J.  M.  Holt,  E.  H.  Johnson,  Cus- 
ter; J.  E.  Kunou.sc,  Fergus  and  Meagher;  Lee  Mantle,  William  Thompson, 
Silver  Bow;  T.  C.  Marshall,  Harrison  Spaulding,  Missoula;  J.  M.  Page, 
Beaverhead  and  Madison;  C.  R.  A.  Scohey,  Dawson;  J.  F.  'i'aylor.  Clioteau; 
Jacob  Titman,  Fergus  and  Meagher;  J.  R.  Toole,  M.  W.  White,  Deer  Lodge; 
Enoch  Wilson,  Jefferson.   Aiiditorn  Rfpt,  188G,  41. 

*  Moutitna  had  not,  like  Washington  and  Idaho,  provided  for  a  territorial 
university.  Two  reasons  seem  to  have  operated  to  account  for  this  ne<^lect 
by  a  people  so  enterprising:  one,  the  heavy  indebtedness  of  the  counties, 
which,  in  IS8S,  amounted  to  91,000,000;  and  the  other,  that  a  large  amount 
of  money  was  iinnually  expended  upon  the  educational  system  of  the  terri- 
tory, which  provided  excellent  public  schools.  It  was  thought  that  the 
government  buildings  at  Fort  Ellis  might  serve  for  the  foundation  of  a  uni- 
versity. The  mendjers  of  the  county  teachers'  institute,  which  was  held  at 
Missoula  in  18S'J,  pledged  themselves  to  use  their  best  endeavors  to  secure  its 
location  at  that  place,  giving  as  their  reasons  that  the  climate  was  unexcelled 
in  the  state,  and  that  the  university  lands  were  located  in  that  county,  with 
other  considerations,  such  as  the  fact  that  Missoula  was  entitled  to  one  of 
the  state  institutions. 

The  founiler  of  Missoula  was  C.  P.  Higgins,  who  vraa  born  in  Ireland 
in  March  18:<0,  and  received  a  business  education  in  the  United  States. 
He  enlisted  in  the  U.  S.  army  at  the  ago  of  18  years,  serving  5  years  in  the 
dragoons.  He  was  a  mend)er  of  the  (Jov.  Stevens  expedition  in  ISo.S,  as- 
sisted in  the  first  survey  of  the  N.  P.  R.  R.,  and  was  with  Stevens  when  he 
made  his  treaties  with  the  Blackfoot,  Flathead,  Cteur  d'  Alene,  and  Spokane 
tribes.  In  18(>0,  he  settled  in  Hellgate  valley,  near  the  present  site  >-f 
Misscmla,  and  engaged  in  trade.  In  1805,  he  located  the  town,  and  removed 
to  it,  in  company  with  Worden,  they  erecting  lumber  and  (louring  mills.  In 
1870  they  opened  a  bank,  of  which  Capt.  Higgins  is  president.  He  is  also 
interested  in  horse-raising,  and  owns  several  valuable  farms  and  mining  prop- 
erties.    He  married,  in  18(12,  Miss  Julia  P.  Grant,  and  has  9  children. 

The  first  convention  of  the  Montana  state  teachers'  association  was  held 
at  Dillon,  in  Beaverhead  co.,  Dec.  2(>-28,  188'J,  Mrs.  U.  S.  Siminoas,  of  Uei> 
eua,  presiduut. 


LEOISLATION. 


785 


of  Montana;"  the  enactment  of  a  law  regulating  the 
practice  of  medicine  and  surgery;  acts  establishing 
some  county  boundaries;  an  act  to  provide  for  the 
organization,  regulation,  and  discipline  of  the  national 
guard  of  Montana;  the  refusal  by  the  legislature  to 
appropriate  money  to  send  an  exhibit  of  Montana  pro- 
ductions to  the  Paris  exposition;''  the  creation  of  the 
office  of  mine  inspector,  which  was  to  secure  greater 
safety  in  mining;  the  consideration  of  numerous  peti- 
tions requesting  the  legislature  to  memorialize  congress 
to  take  such  action  as  would  preserve  the  mineral 
lands  of  jVIontana  free  from  title,  or  claim  of  title,  in 
any  railroad  company,  and  continue  it  open  for  explo- 
ration and  location;^  also  the  enactment  of  a  registra- 
tion law  which  should  secure  the  purity  of  elections. 

These  latter  two  measures  were  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance. Should  railroad  companies  claim  the  min- 
eral lands  to  be  found  within  the  limits  of  their  grants, 
many  mining  claims  already  opened  would  be  forfeited, 
or  if  not  forfeited,  their  development  must  be  dela\'ed 
until  congress  or  the  courts  had  determined  their  pro- 
prietary rights.  The  question  was  brought  to  the 
attention  of  the  people  by  the  action  of  the  Northern 
Pacific    railroad    company  advertising  certain   api)li- 

•  The  commissioners  appointeil  were,  Newton  W.  McConnell  and  IJ.  I'latt 
Cariieiitor,  of  Ijcwis  and  clarke  co.,  and  F.  W.  Cole,  of  Silver  Bow  co.  Mont. 
Jour.  Cnnnril,  KSSil,  307. 

'  The  iiroposition  came  from  the  governor  in  his  message  to  the  legi.sliiture. 
The  rt'idy  of  the  committee  to  whom  this  part  of  the  message  was  referred 
was,  lirst,  that  there  was  not  time  to  make  a  creditahle  collection,  tlie  mines 
i)oiiig  covered  with  snow  at  that  season.  But  the  chief  argument  was  that 
while  Montana  had  heen  proven  to  he  the  greatest  producer  of  tlie  precious 
metals  of  any  of  tiio  states  or  territories;  and  while  every  honest  lahoior  and 
capitalist  would  he  welcomed  to  the  territory,  the  Uniteil  States  j>riihil)ited 
any  alien  from  investing  in  mining  properties  during  territorial  di  peudcncy. 
What,  then,  would  ho  ti)0  use  of  going  to  the  expense  of  making  an  exiiihit 
at  I'ai'is,  when  foreign  capitalists  knew  they  were  deharred  from  investment? 
This  ai)pears  a  very  petty  spleen,  especially  as  state  governnii'nt  was  antici- 
pated, when  alien  mini^-purehasers  would  he  desired,  and  miglit  he  prnciired 
by  an  expenditure  of  §'J0,000. 

•  Six  iictitions  were  sent  from  Jefferson  co.,  aggregating  3(>(»  names,  —  two 
from  Mailison,  with  65  names  attached;  four  from  Ueer  fjodge,  containing 
'_';18  names;  and  five  from  Silver  Bow,  with  l.HO  names-  all  desiring  a  law  of 
congress  settling  the  douht  as  to  the  title  to  mint^ral  lan<ls  in  the  odd  sections 
within  railroad  limits.  AloiU.  Jour.  llou«e,  IbiiU,  197.  Buttu  co.  also  scut  two 
petitions  of  (!.'>  names. 

UlHT.  Wahu.— M 


.li:| 


HI 


PROGRESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


cations  for  patent  on  mineral  lands,  and  by  rulings  of 
the  land  department  which  appeared  to  be  adverse  to 
the  mineral  claimants,  toijfcther  with  the  probability 
that  patents  might  be  issued  to  the  railroad  company 
regardless  of  the  rights  of  mine-owners.  These  ap- 
prehensions led  to  the  holding  of  a  mineral-land 
convention  at  Helena  on  the  29th  of  November, 
1889,  of  which  Lee  Mantle  was  president,  in  order 
to  devise  new  ways  of  meeting  a  serious  crisis  in  tlie 
atfairs  of  Montana,  2,000,000  acres  of  the  richest 
mineral  land,  including  the  famous  Oro  Fiyo  district, 
being  involved  in  the  threatened  coup  of  the  rail- 
road company.' 

A  registration  law  was  passed,  which  it  was  believed 
would  secure  purity  of  the  ballot,  the  form  of  ticket 
adopted  being,  except  some  modifications,  that  used 
in  what  is  known  as  the  Australian  system.  It 
secures  secrecy^"  by  placing  upon  the  same  ticket  the 
names  of  opposing  candidates,  the  voter  marking  off' 
those  he  does  not  approve.  Under  this  system  ballot- 
box  stuffing  is  prevented;  and  except  extraordinary 
intimidation  were  used,  would  always  give  correct  re- 

•  The  claim  of  the  N.  P.  R.  R.  was,  that  if  a  mine  should  be  discoveroil 
on  its  laiul,  the  burden  of  the  i)roof  that  tlie  land  was  more  valuable  for  its 
minerals  than  for  anything  else  should  rest  upon  the  claimant,  and  not  upon 
the  railroad.  If  the  road,  it  says,  is  to  be  compelled  to  surrender  its  title  to 
any  lanil  because  some  one  calls  it  mineral  land,  the  titles  to  a  vast  amount 
of  property  between  Duluth  and  the  Pacific  coast  would  be  imperilled.  The 
company  claims  that  if  a  man  wislies  to  locate  a  mine  on  any  part  of  its 
granted  lamls  he  must  furnish  absolute  proof  that  it  is  more  valuable  as 
mineral  tlian  as  !i).;ricultural  land.  Portltiuti  Oreijoiiian,  Nov.  4,  18S9.  It  is 
easy  to  see  how  Montana,  in  which  the  N.  P.  U.  U.  owns  I'J.OOO.CHX)  acres  of 
land,  much  of  which  is  unduul)tcdly  mineral,  will,  without  the  intervention 
of  congress,  become  involved  in  endless  litigation. 

'"  The  oiith  tfvken  by  the  Montana  legislature,  and  designed  to  prevent 
corruption  in  that  body,  w;i8  as  follows:  'I  do  solenudy  swear  that  I  will 
support,  protect,  and  defend  the  constitution  of  tlie  United  States,  and  the 
organic  ai;t  of  the  territory  of  Montana,  and  that  I  will  discharge  the  duties 
of  my  otHce  with  fidelity;  that  I  have  not  paid  or  contributed,  or  promised 
to  pay  or  contribute,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  any  nuiney  or  other  valu- 
able thing,  to  procure  my  nomination  or  election,  except  for  necessary  and 
pro[»er  expenses,  expressly  authorized  by  law;  that  I  have  not  knowingly 
violated  any  election  law  of  thii;  territory,  or  procured  i*^  to  be  done  i)y 
others  in  my  behalf;  that  I  will  not  knowingly  receive,  directly  or  indirectly, 
any  money  or  other  valuable  thing,  for  the  performance  or  non-performance, 
of  any  act  or  duty  pertaining  to  my  office,  other  thau  the  cuuipeasatiou 
ftllowed  by  law.  Montana  Jour.  House,  IbH^J,  2. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CONVENTION. 


787 


curns.  A  law  reapportioning  the  loinjislativc  assembly 
of  Montana  was  also  enacted  at  tliis  session,  which 
ex})ired  March  14t]i,  havinj^  i)a.ssed  in  both  houses  a 
memorial  to  congress  relating  to  admission  into  the 
union.  A  few  days  later,  congress  passed  the  enabling 
act  authorizing  a  constitutional  convention. 

By  the  election  of  November  1888,  Thomas  H. 
Carter,  republican,  was  chosen  delegate  to  congress. ^^ 
Subsecpient  to  the  adjournment  of  the  legishiture 
Benjamin  F.  White  of  Dillon  was  appointed  gover- 
nor '"  by  President  Harrison.  The  [)assage  of  an 
enabling  act  by  a  republican  congress  also  gave  to 
Montana  politics  a  new,  and,  b}-  nmny,  an  untlesircd 
turn.  However,  the  people  were  nearly  unanimous 
in  favor  of  state  government,  and  proceeded  with  great 
good  humor  to  the  election  of  their  constitution- 
nmkers.  The  convention  assembled  July  4t]i  at 
Helena,  electing  William  A.   Clark  president,'^  and 

"  W.  A.  Clark,  democrat,  was  opposed  to  Carter.  The  vote  was  '2'2, 4(!!! 
for  Carter,  ami  17,300  for  Clark. 

'^  H.  V.  Wliito  was  born  in  Mass,  in  1838.  When  20  years  of  auo  hu 
8hip|icd  as  a  seaman  before  the  mast  for  a  voyage  to  >San  Francisco,  ami  lik- 
ing California,  remained  there,  finding  employment  on  a  fruit-farm  in  Najta 
CO.  until  ISlit),  when  he  went  to  Idaho,  wliure  he  was  api)ointed  clerk  of  tliu 
V.  H.  district  court,  which  position  he  lillcd  until  1878,  when  he  rumoveii  to 
Montana,  settling  at  Dillon,  iu  Heavcrheail  co.  He  was  elected  to  tin-  terri- 
torial legislature  in  1882,  serving  one  term.  On  the  orgaui/ation  of  the  l''ir>t 
National  bank  of  Dillon  lie  was  elected  casliier.  He  was  appointed  goverucpr 
in  .March  188i).  He  is  descril)ed  in  the  Xorf/iim-nt  Miiijuziiii'  of  May  ISSDas 
being  'a  man  of  distinguished  appearance.  His  thin  face,  gray  hair,  nious- 
taclie,  and  imperial  give  him  the  look  of  a  French  general.' 

"  Clark  was  also  president  of  the  constitutioiiiU  convention  of  1884.  He 
was  born  near  Connellsville,  Fayette  co.,  I'a,  and  educated  in  the  publi-.- 
8cho<ds  and  Laurel  Hill  academy.  He  removed  with  his  father  t<i  Iowa  in 
lS,")(i,  where  he  engaged  in  farming  and  school-teaching  during  one  year,  after 
which  ho  attended  an  academy  one  term,  followed  by  a  term  at  the  university 
at  .Mt  I'leasant,  wiiere  he  begiin  the  stuily  of  law,  whieli  lu'  i>niseeuted  for 
two  years,  after  which  he  again  restorted  to  teaching.  In  \f>&2  lie  drove  a 
team  across  the  plains  to  the  .South  I'ark,  Colorado,  and  worked  in  the  ipiartz 
mines  at  Central  City  until  180.3,  when  he  came  to  Montana,  arriving  at  Han- 
nack  July  7th,  sixty-five  days  from  ('entral  City,  with  an  o.\-teaiii.  His 
career  in  Montana  has  been  one  of  remarkable  activity  and  .sueee.s.s.  .Miriin;.', 
freighting,  merchandising,  mail-contracting,  cattle-trading,  gold-dust  Imyiiig 
ami  selling,  and  all  the  various  avocations  of  a  new  country  were  in  turn 
made  to  yield  their  profits,  ami  sometimes  also  their  lo.sses.  In  I  SOS  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  11.  \V.  Donnell  of  New  York,  and  opened  a  whole- 
sale mercantile  house  at  Helena,  which  was  removed  in  1870  to  Deer  LodL't:, 
and  cuusulidated  with  a  large  house  owned  by  Douuull,  wheu  8.  K.  Larabie 


II 


'ill 

Mm 

wMw 

Mi 

ni 

ijlHjl 

788 


rROORES'S   AND  STATKIfOOD, 


William  IT.  Totld  cliiof  clerk.  Its  lujitciial  was  of 
tlio  i)t;st  of  both  i>olitifal  i)artit3S,  who  worked  to- 
|L5(-'tlier  harmoniously,  and  "  o;rateful  to  almiij[hty 
G(»d  for  the  hlessiiu'S  of  lihertv,"  ordained  and  es- 
tahlished  in  due  time  the  constitution  of  the  state  of 
Montana.** 


was  admitteil  to  the  firm,  anil  a  banking-house  cstahlislicil  by  thorn,  to  whioli, 
tituliiig  it  necesnary  to  givi;  tlieir  wliolu  attuiitioii,  tliey  sold  out  tlic  inereliuri- 
dise,  and  in  187U  orgaiii/i'd  a  national  bank,  of  wiiiuii  Clark  was  electod  ju'im- 
ideiit.  In  187S  tliuy  surri'iKlurod  this  chartiT,  and  continuuil  tiin  business 
under  the  former  name  and  «tyle,  with  a  l)ranch  at  l{\itte,  where  they  erected 
an  clet^ant  bank  buililing.  In  I8S4  Clark  and  I^rabie  purchased  Uonnell's 
interest  in  all  their  Montana  business. 

Mr  Clark  had  in  the  mean  time  become  interested  in  the  (juartz  mines  of 
Butti!,  owning  in  the  Original,  Colusa,  Mountain  Ciiief.  and  (lamlietta  mines, 
and  had  sj)ent  a  year  in  tlie  school  of  mines  of  Columl)ia  College,  New  York, 
where  he  acijuired  a  knowledge  that  was  of  the  j^jreatest  service  to  him  in 
his  subseijucnt  extensive  experience  in  mining.  In  187!'  he  orgaiiizeil  the 
Colorailo  and  Montana  Smelting  company.  He  later  became  part  owni'r 
in  about  fifty  mines  of  coiiper,  silver,  and  gold,  and  of  very  valuable  con- 
centrating, calcining,  and  smelting  work.s,  and  also  owner  of  a  one-tlnrd 
interest  in  the  Shoshone  Falls  property  in  Idaho;  besides  having  large  inter- 
ests in  water  and  electric-liglit  companies  ami  real  estate.  The  olHees  held  by 
him  at  various  times  were  that  of  state  orator  to  represent  Montana  at  the  cen- 
tennial exhibition  in  Pliila;  of  grand  master  of  masons;  of  major  of  the  Hutte 
battilion  of  volunteers  in  the  Nez  Perce  war  of  1877;  president  of  the  state 
convention  of  1884;  commissioner  to  the  world's  industrial  and  cotton  ex|)o- 
sition  at  New  Orleans  in  l8So;  and  lastly,  president  of  the  state  constitu- 
tional convention  of  ISS'J.  He  is  very  wealthy,  and  having  been  the  maker 
of  his  own  fortune  by  legitimate  means,  is  justly  regarded  as  a  shining  exam- 
ple of  a  'great  westerner.' 

'*  The  following  persons  were  members  of  the  constitutional  convention: 
William  A.  Clark,  Walter  M.  Bickford,  J.  F.  Brazelton,  Peter  Breen,  K.  1). 
Aiken,  Simon  R.  Buford,  William  Mason  Bullard,  Walter  A.  Burleigh,  Alex. 
F.  Burns,  Andrew  J.  Burns,  Kdward  Burns,  James  Edward  Cardwell,  B. 
Piatt  Carpenter,  Milton  Canby,  William  A.  Chessman,  Timothy  E.  ("ollins, 
Charles  E.  Conrad,  Walter  Cooper,  Thomas  F.  Courtni^y,  Arthur  J.  Craven, 
W.  W.  Dixon,  0.  M.  Durfee,  Wdliani  L>yer,  WilliamT.  Field,  (Jeorge  O.  Eaton, 
J.  E.  Ciaylord,  Paris  (iiljson,  Warren  C.  tiillette,  O.  V.  (Joddard,  Fielding  L. 
tJraves,  R.  E.  Hammond,  Charles  S.  Hartuian,  Henri  J.  Haskell,  Luke  1). 
Hatcli,  Lewis  H.  }lirshtield,  Richard  O.  Hickman,  S.  S.  Hol»s<m,  Josi^ph  Ho- 
gan,  Thomas  Joyes,  Allen  R.  Joy,  J.  E.  Kanouse,  A.  R.  Joy,  W.  J.  KiMinedy, 
H.  Kni|)penberg,  Hiram  Knowls,  Conrad  Kohrs.  <J.  H.  Loud,  Llewellyn  A. 
Luce,  .\lartin  .\laginnis,  J.  E.  Marion,  Charles  S.  Marshall,  William  Mayger, 
P.  W.  McAdow,  C.  R.  Mi.ldleton,  Samuel  Mitchell,  William  Muth,  Alfred 
Myers,  William  Parberry,  W.  R.  Ram.sdell,  G.  J.  Reek,  John  C.  Robin- 
son, L.  Rotwitt,  J.  C  Rickards,  Francis  E,  Sargeant,  Leopold  F.  Sclimidt, 
(leorge  W.  Stapleton,  Josepli  K.  Toole,  J.  R.  Toole,  Charles  S.  Warren, 
Willuun  H.  Watson,  H.  R.  Whiteliill,  Charles  M.  Webster,  (leorge  B.  Win- 
ston, Aaron  C.  Whittier,  David  G.  Brown.  Hvkna  JiiUtiwiuttnt,  Aug.  '.'7, 
188!>. 

J.  K.  Toole  was  born  in  Savannah,  Mo.,  in  1851.     He  received  his  edu- 
cation in  the  schools  of   St  Joseph    and    tlie  western  military  academy  at 
Newcastle,  Ky,  after  which  he  studied  law  in  that  state,  and  came  to  Moii 
taua  iu  16uU,  where  be  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  aud  commenced  the  practice 


CO\STITUTION-\L  PROVISIONS. 


789 


Tills  instrument  possesses,  in  the  main,  tlie   same 
features  which  distiuijfuish  the  constitutions  of  all  the 


(if  liis  jirnfc'ssion.  In  1872  he  w.-ia  flocteil  district  attorney,  wliich  otru-i^  he 
}icl(l  for  jfuvt-ral  tt-rina.  Ho  wus  fK'uteil  to  servu  at  the  twflftli  Mt'«.sion  ol  the 
territorial  lc;.'islatiirt',  and  ciioseii  president  of  tlie  council.  He  was  cliited 
a  niuinlici'  of  tlie  constitutional  convention  of  l.SiS4,  and  in  the  autniiin  ol  that 
year  was  chosen  delegate  to  congress  to  succeed  Murtiu  Maginnis,  and  re- 
elected in  l.SSO. 

J.  K.  Itickards  was  born  in  Delaware  in  1848.  In  1873  ho  went  to  Colo, 
where  he  resided  \intil  1S7D,  wlien  he  removed  to  San  Francisco,  remaining; 
there  until  188'.',  when  he  came  to  Montana,  niakini;  his  iionie  at  Jiutte.  He 
was  chosen  a  mcniijcr  of  the  Butte  City  council  in  188."),  and  elected  nietnlter 
of  territorial  senate  in  1887.  He  was,  after  the  ado|)tion  of  tiie  constitu- 
tion, a  candidate   for  the  place  of  licutenaiit-novcrnor,    whicli   he  olitaiiied. 

\V.  W.  l)ixon  was  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  18.'{8,  and  migrated  with 
his  jiarcnts  to  111.  in  1842.  He  received  his  eibication  at  Quiiicy,  111.,  and 
Keokuk,  la.  In  I8(i2  he  went  to  Nov.,  where  he  remained  until  18lj(i,  when 
lie  came  to  Montana,  and  entered  ujion  the  practice  of  the  law.  He  was  a 
niember  of  the  legislature  in  1871,  and  of  the  state  convention  of  1881.  Al- 
thougli  interested  iu  uiining,  later  he  continued  to  practise  his  profession, 
avuiiling  otlice. 

John  K.  Toole,  born  in  Maine  in  1849,  removed  with  his  parents  to  Madi- 
.son,  Wis.,  in  |8."io,  where  he  was  educati.'d.  In  187.'{  he  went  to  Utah,  where 
he  worked  in  the  mines  for  live  years,  uoing  to  Idalio  in  1878,  where  he  a^aiu 
mined  until  1884,  when  he  came  to  .Montana,  si'ttlin>r  at  Anaconda,  Deer 
Lod^e  CO.,  his  present  home.  In  l>8t>  he  was  elected  to  the  territorial 
lec;i.>|ature,  reelected  iu  1888,  and  was  noininatcd  for  the  state  legislature  in 
18S'J. 

H.  Kni]ipciiberj,',  born  in  CJcirmany  in  184.'1,  immigrated  with  his  parents 
to  the  IT.  S.  in  1848.  He  was  a  niaiinfacturer  in  Indianapolis,  M'lien,  in  1881, 
he  acc(!|ited  the  [losition  oi  superintendent  of  the  Hecla  mines,  in  Beaverhead 
CO.  When  he  came  to  Montana  the  Hecla  Company  was  ^77,0()0  in  debt. 
Under  his  inanageiiient  the  coin|iany  built  5>;iOO,(>(>\(  worth  ot  improvunu  nts, 
and  [laiil  dividends  of  over  §l,r)Ol),()lJO  in  cash.  He  made  his  residence  at 
•  ilcndale,  Beaverhead  co. 

Ivlwanl  Cirdwell,  born  in  Wellington  co.,  Canada;  in  1841  went  to 
Miciiigaii,  and  in  1878  to  Utah,  wlicnee  he  soon  came  to  .Montana.  He  first 
mined  at  Virginia  City  for  six  years,  after  which  he  settled  ou  a  ranciio  on 
the  Vellowstone,  near  Stillwater. 

Hiram  Kimwles,  born  in  Hamiiden,  l'enobs<'ot  co.,  Me,  in  18:U,  removed 
with  his  [larcnts  to  that  part  of  Hancock  co.,  HI.,  which  is  now  Warren  co., 
but  aftervanls  to  Iowa,  troin  which  state,  in  I8.")0,  he  went  with  his  father  to 
Cal.,  returning  the  following  year  to  lvi;okiik.  la.  In  I8.")4  he  entered  Den- 
mark acadi my,  and  snbseijiu'iitly  Antioeh  college,  aiter  which  Ur  studied 
law  with  .luili;e  .Miller  of  Keokuk,  and  was  ailinitted  to  the  bar  in  18.">'.). 
He  atteiideil  lectures  at  Cambridge  law  school,  graduating  in  ISt»((,  when  he 
began  practice.  In  18t)2  ho  went  to  Dayton,  .\lo  ,  and  was  appointed  dis- 
trict attorney  for  Hu.iiboldt  co.,  and  elected  probate  jiiilge.  In  I8(i.">  he 
removed  to  Maho  City,  but  the  following  year  I'anie  to  Montana  and  en- 
gaged in  mining  for  a  few  months,  when  he  rcturniMl  to  Keokuk  to  practise 
law.  In  1 8ti8  he  was  appointed  one  of  tlie  sU|ireiiii'  jiidgisof  .Montaiia,  \\hicli 
position  he  tilled  with  distinction  until  I87'.(.  In  I.S?)I  lie  fmiiicil  a  law  part- 
uership  with  .John  F.  Fi>ibis  of  Butte,  and  took  up  his  residence  there. 

L.  H.  Hershtield,  born  in  Oneida  co.,  N.  V.,  in  IMJti,  went  to  St  Louis  in 
18r)4,  and  in  18.")',>  to  Leavenv orth,  Kan.,  whence  he  migrated  with  tiic  gold- 
BcekiTS  to  Colo,  going  into  im  '•cliandising  at  Central  City.  In  18(14  In.'  e.inio 
to  Muntauii  with  a  train  of  2t)  wagous,  which  he  sold  out  uu  arriving  at  Vir- 


790 


PROuIiESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


3'ouni]fcr  states,  wliich  are  even  more  jealous  of  their 
liberties  than  their  elders.     While  restrietinjj  Ici^isla- 


ginia  City,  to  eng.igo  in  Iniying  gnld-dust.  In  18C5  he  established  his  present 
hiinkin^'  l>UMin('.><.-4  in  Helena,  buin^  alMo  at  the  head  of  the  tirni  of  L.  H.  Ilei-Mli- 
ticid  it  Co.,  i(f  \'irnini»  City.  In  \i>S'2,  with  his  brother,  lie  organized  the 
Nereliants'  N.itif>nal  !>ank,  with  a  capital  stock  of  ifloO.lHK).  He  also,  in  1880, 
established  a  liank  it  Benton,  and  in  l(S8S  another  at  White  Sulphur  Springs, 
in  which  property  l:o  is  largely  interested.  He  became  one  of  the  chief  capi- 
talists of  Nloiitana. 

Martin  Ma^'innis,  a  native  of  Wayne  cc,  N.  V.,  was  bom  in  1840,  but 
removed  to  Minncs<-ta  when  young,  where  ho  was  eilucatetl  by  an  iicademic 
and  university  cours.3.  He  left  college  to  take  charge  of  a  democratic  journal, 
but  when  the  relnUiou  broke  out,  left  his  desk  to  join  the  union  army,  enlist- 
ini^  as  a  jtrivate  in  the  1st  Minn.  vol.  inf.  in  ISiil.  After  the  battle  of  liull 
Kuii  lie  was  commissioiH'd  '2d  lient;  promoted  to  Istlieut  in  IK()2,  and  to  cap- 
tain in  I8(i3.  In  ISI)4  he  was  connnis.sioned  major  of  the  11th  Minn.  vol.  inf., 
and  transferred  to  the  army  of  the  Cinnberland,  serving  under  (Jen.  Tliiunas 
until  nuL-tered  out  in  ISli").  The  following  year  he  came  to  Montana  and 
edited  and  published  the  llilnni  (luzdle,  a  political  paper,  through  which 
nif.ins  he  was  elected  to  the  4Hd  congress  in  1872,  remaining  in  this  olHce 
until  18S.">,  when  he  was  succfcded  by  .1.  K.  Toole,  another  ilemocrat. 

Conrad  Korhs,  born  in  llol.stein,  Cermiiny,  in  18;C>,  shi[)ped  as  a  sailor  in 
IS.'i'J,  reaching  New  York  and  locating  in  Pavenport,  la,  in  the  following 
jcar.  In  1S.")7  he  removed  to  Cal.,  and  in  I81>'2  to  Montana,  'where  he  en- 
gaged in  buying,  sollii.g,  and  imtchering  cattle  for  market.  That  he  was  suc- 
cessf\d  in  acijniring  fi  fortune  was  apparent  by  the  following  general  inven- 
tory of  his  i)roperty  in  Montana:  840  acres  of  land  adjoining  I)eer  Loilge,  2,r)00 
aires  of  stock  range,  ). (KM)  acres,  4  miles  above  l)eer  Lodge,  of  ricli  iiottom 
land,  :«)0  sliorthorn  cattle,  A.OUO  to  l(),(M)0  connnon  stock  worth  .*i*J8  to  .^W 
per  liead,  imported  bulls  Worth  .S'J.TiOO,  a  herd  of  sev  'al  thou.sand  sheep, 
and  a  band  of  tine  horses.  Hysides,  he  owns  shares  in  the  largest  ditch 
ever  constructed  in  the  country  for  mining  purposes,  and  in  the  mines  oper- 
ated by  it.  Mr  Korhs  was  tjlected  county  connnissioner  in  18(it>,  and  helped 
to  bring  the  county  f)ut  of  debt  by  ai)le  management. 

I'erry  \V.  MeAdow,  born  in  18;J8,  in  Mason  co.,  Ky,  of  Scotch  ancestry, 
in  |s;{'.(  removed  with  his  j>arents  to  the  I'latt  l'urcha.se.  Mo.,  and  in  I8.")0  to 
California,  but  his  father  dymg.  Perry  returned  to  Mo.  and  entered  the  Ma- 
sonic college.  In  18.")7  lie  went  to  Fo"t  Bridger,  joining  Uen.  Johnston's  ex- 
pedition to  Utah  in  18.'{S,  where  he  >mtered  the  service  of  (lilbert  &  der- 
vish as  salesman  until  18()0,  when  he  again  returned  to  Mo.  In  the  spring  of 
18(il  he  took  passage  on  a  Missouri  r.ver  steamer  for  Fort  Benton,  which 
caught  tiro  and  exi)loded  at  the  mouth  of  l'oi)lar  river,  3.50  miles  below  that 
place.  By  this  disaster  he  lost  all  he  ])ossesse<l,  and  was  compelled  to  walk 
to  Fort  Benton,  wlience  ho  went  to  Fort  Owens  to  winter.  The  following 
spring  he  discoveied  I'ioneer  gulch,  taking  out  §1,0(M).  From  here  he  went 
to  Baunack,  and  was  one  of  tlie  party  which  discovered  Alder  gulch,  where 
he  erected  a  saw-mill,  which  he  sold  in  18ti4,  and  with  the  proceeds  located 
himself  in  the  '{allatin  valley,  and  erected  the  tirst  grist-mill  in  the  territory, 
selling  Hour  for  .■<■-'.'»  per  100  pounrls.  He  is  still  a  miller  and  farmer,  as  well 
as  a  stock-raiser,  and  dealer  in  real  estate  in  Billings  and  Bozemaii. 

B.  I'latt  Carpenter,  ex-governor  of  Montana,  was  born  at  Stanford, 
J>nteliess  CO.,  N.  Y.,  ill  KS.'H.  He  graduated  from  Union  college  in  18.")7, 
and  in  18.')8  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  In  the  same  year  he  was  elected  dis- 
trict attorney  of  Dutchess  CO.,  aiiil  in  18(>4  was  ajipointed  internal  reveniu! 
assessor  for  the  ll'th  (now  Kith)  congressional  district,  holhng  the  oHice  until 
IStJ'.l.  Hi'  was  elected  a  member  of  the  N.  Y.  state  constitutional  convention, 
and  in  Is7'2  of  the  repuldican  state  convention  at  Utica,  where  his  talents 
attracted  the  attentiou  of  the  party,  which  published  his  speech  as  a  cam- 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS. 


m 


per- 
peil 


iCT- 

lid) 
that 
k-alk 

k'i'iit 
luro 
ited 

'ly, 

well 

ord, 

S.")7, 

(lis- 
MlUC 

iiitil 
ion, 

lllt!» 

tui- 


tion ami  extravaj^ant  appropriation  of  public  moneys, 
the  interests  of  labor  were  carefully  protected.  It 
declared  th  H  the  lej^islature  niii^ht  provide  for  a  bureau 
of  aij^riculture,  labor,  and  industry  to  be  located  at  tho 
capital,  and  under  the  control  of  commissioners  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor,  subject  to  tho  approval  of 
the  senate.  It  was  made  unlawful  for  the  warden  of 
the  penitentiary,  or  any  officer  of  any  reformatory 
institution  in  the  state,  or  for  any  state  officer,  to  let 
prisf)n  labor  by  contract. 

With  regard  to  revenue  and  taxation,  the  revenue 
necessary  for  the  support  of  the  state  was  to  be  pro- 
vided by  a  uniform  rate  of  assessment  upon  a  just 
^  iluation  of  all  property,  except  in  cases  provided; 
and  a  license-tax  upor  persons  and  corporations  might 
be  imposed  by  the  1%'^islature  for  state  purposes.  The 
property  of  the  Uni^>.J  States,  the  state  of  Montana, 
of  counties,  cities,  to/.ns,  school  districts,  municipal 
corjiorations,  and  public  libraries  should  be  exempt; 
and  such  property  as  should  be  used  by  agricultural 
and  horticultural  societies,  or  for  educational  purposes, 
pluc'j  i  of  religious  worship,  hospitals,  places  of  sepul- 
ciw  ■,  and  charitable  institutions  of  a  public  nature, 
were  also  exempted. 

All  mines  and  mining  claims,  both  placer  and  rock 
in  place,  containing  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  coal,  or 
other  valuable  minerals,  after  purchase  from  the  Uni- 

paign  flnciiment  of  that  year.  In  1875  he  was  elected  state  sonator,  and  in 
]<S77,  dui-liiiiiig  reolectiou,  v;\a  chosen  county  judj^o.  He  was  couiiiiissioned 
gipvui'iior  of  Montana  in  1884,  succeeding  Gov.  Crosby,  and  preceding  Gov, 
llausor. 

James  E.  Callaway  was  born  in  Ky  in  1833.  His  progenitors  were  all 
ooutlierncrs,  and  his  grandfatiier  one  of  the  lioone  colony  wliich  settled  in 
Ky,  wliile  his  fatiier  was  a  minister  of  tine  culture.  James  had  a  collegiate 
etlucatioii,  and  studied  law  with  (iov.  Yates  of  111.,  being  admitted  to  tiio 
bar  in  I8r»7.  He  became  also  a  incmher  of  the  bar  of  the  U.  S.  supreme  court. 
During  the  civil  war  lie  served  from  April  bStil  to  the  close,  entering  tho 
service  as  captain  of  company  1>,  21st  regt  111.  vols — Gen.  (Jrant's  old  regi- 
ment— rising  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  part  of  the  time  commanding  a 
brigailc.  He  came  to  Montana  in  1871,  and  served  several  years  a  territorial 
secretary.  In  1S84  he  was  electeil  a  memlier  of  the  house  of  repre.sentativea 
from  .Madison  co.,  of  which  he  was  elected  speaker,  enjoying  the  distinction 
of  lii'ing  tiie  first  republican  who  ever  presided  over  a  legi-ildtive  body  in 
MuuUiua. 


792 


PROfJRESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


¥' 


ti'd  States  should  1)g  taxed  at  the  price  paid  the 
United  States,  uidess  the  surtaec-j^rouiid  had  a  separate 
value  lor  other  than  niinin«(  purposes,  when  it  should 
he  taxed  aeeordinjj^  to  its  independent  value;  all  ma- 
chinery used  in  mining,  and  all  property  and  surface 
improvements  havin<^  a  value  se|)arate  from  mines  or 
miniiiLj  chiims,  were  suhject  to  tax  as  provided  hy  law, 
as  was  also  the  annual  net  proceeds  ot"  all  mines  and 
minin;^  claims,  ^Tunicijial  corporations  only  could 
levy  taxes  lor  municipal  puqmses;  and  taxes  tor  city, 
town,  and  school  purposes  might  be  levied  upon  all 
suhjects  and  objects  of  taxation,  but  the  valuation  t)t' 
such  propi'rty  should  not  exceed  the  valuation  of  the 
same  property  for  sUite  and  county  purposes;  and  no 
county,  city,  or  town  should  be  released  from  its  pro- 
porHonate  share  of  state  ttixes. 

The  power  to  tax  corporations  or  corporate  propi^rty 
should  never  be  relin(|uished  or  susj)ended,  and  all  cor- 
porations in  the  state,  t)r  d()ing  business  therein, 
should  be  subject  to  taxes  for  state,  county,  school, 
munici|al,  ami  other  purposes,  on  real  or  personal 
property  owned  by  them,  and  not  exemj»ted  by  the 
constitution.  J^'ivate  jiroperty  should  not  be  sold  for 
corporat*'  (K;bts,  but  tlu;  h'nislature  shouM  provide  by 
law  for  the  funding  of  such  indel)tedness,  and  the  pay- 
ment thereof,  by  taxati()n  of  all  private  pioperty  not 
exempt  within  the  limits  of  the  territory,  over  which 
such  corporations  had  autlu>rity. 

The  rate  of  taxation  in  any  one  year  should  n.;»t 
exceed  three  mills  on  each  dollar  of  valuation;  and 
wlu'never  the  taxable  property  in  the  state  shall 
amount  to  $100, ()()(), 000  the  rate  should  not  ext't-ed 
two  and  one  ludf  mills  on  each  dollar,  a'i<l  whmever 
it  should  amount  to  .ii!:!O0,00O,0()O  the  rate  should  not 
exceed  oiu-  anil  one  half  mills  to  the  dollar,  without  a 
proposition  to  increase  the  rate  being  submitted  to  a 
vote  of  the  people. 

No  appropriations  should  be  made  or  a»ithori/,ed  by 
the  legislature,  whereby  the  expenditures  of  the  state 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS. 


793 


should  cxcood  tlie  total  tax  provklid  by  law,  and  ap- 
plicable to  such  expondituio,  unless  the  Icuishituro 
inakiii«4  th<3  ap[)r<)pnation  should  [novido  for  Icvvinj^ 
a  sutlicicnt  tax,  not  exceedini^  the  constitutional  rate; 
but  this  piovisiou  should  not  apply  to  appropriations 
niad(!  to  sup|)ri'ss  insurrection,  defend  tlie  state,  or 
assist  in  dcftiidintif  the  United  States,  and  no  a])pro- 
priatiou  should  be  luade  for  a  longer  period  than  two 
years. 

J'articular  attention  vas  bestowed  upon  the  article 
on  eor|)orations,  with  d  *iew  to  prevent  the  evils  aris- 
ing out  of  the  assumption  of  power  through  which 
many  conunonwealths  ha*e  suH'ered,  am^  to  make 
chartered  companies  amenable  to  law.'^ 

'*  All  chartera  or  grants  of  exclusive  i)rivilec[cs  iiiidcr  •  liii'h  rorporations 
li.id  not  oruHiii/t'il  or  t-oniniiMKutil  Ixisiiiess  Ih^Ioh!  tliu  uili  |itiiin  ot  llic  cjcin.sti- 
tiitiou  wtTo  anmilli.'cl.  No  cliarter  of  in<'iir]Miriitioii  wlio'ilil  In'  yrantoJ,  cx- 
teiiilt"!,  or  iinn'iiilcil  liy  s]ii'cirl  law,  rxcciit  those  'i-'ili'/  tlit^  t'oiitiol  of  tlio 
Htate;  liiit,  tin'  l<  (^islatiirc  slioulil  iirovido  liy  gi'iiira'  iw  for  tlic  oriraiii/ation 
of  corfhiratinii  to  l)o  tlifrcaftcr  ircatiil,  «lii<li  law  ulioiild  lio  .su'iiiMt  to 
ri'|i<'al  oc  alti'  atioii  liy  tlio  saiiie  lioily,  which  .■.lioiili!  also  liavi'  |iou'c'r  to  aitir, 
ri'Vokf,  or  annul  any  existing  charter  whcncvur,  in  iis  opinion,  sucli  rorpora- 
tion  was  injurions  to  tiiu  ci'i/ens  of  tin;  state.  In  ilcctinns  for  direiiors  or 
trustees  of  incorporated  eonipanies,  eveiy  stockliolder  shall  liave  the  ri^'lit  to 
vote  in  person  or  liy  proxy  tiie  iiund>er  ol  siiares  owned  liy  liiui  in  sneii  man. 
ner  as  lie  should   see  tit. 

All  railroad,  transportation,  and  cxjiress  companies  were  declareil  coinnion 
carriers,  suUiect  to  legislative  eonlrol;  were  eoni|"'lh'd  to  eoiiii.it  with 
railroads  of  other  states  at  tJie  state  lioundary.  to  permit  intersecting  ruadsto 
cross  their  lines,  and  wu!-<-  (orl-iildeu  to  eon^olidatc  with  any  parallel  line,  or 
loiite  its  liusiiLiss  or  < 'irnings;  nor  Hhonld  any  ollieer  of  one  tran>portation 
company  act  aa  aii  .iliieer  of  any  other  such  company  having  a  parallel  or 
competing  lino.  Diseriniination  was  forhidden;  Imt  s|ieeial  rates  might  he 
given  to  exeiirsionists,  provided  they  were  the  saiiie  to  all  iiersons.  No 
transportation  company  shoull  ho  alli  wed,  tinder  penalties  to  lie  prescrihed 
liy  the  'euislatnre.  to  charge  or  receive  any  greater  toll  for  carrying  passengers 
or  Irci^ht  a  short  dist  inc  than  for  it  lon;;cr  one;  nor  should  any  preference 
lie  gill  n  to  any  individuai,  association,  or  corporation  in  furnishing  cars  or 
motive  power,  or  for  the  transportation  ol  nioii' y  or  otncr  express  nialtir. 

No  railroad,  ex[>ress,  or  other  transportation  eoinpany  in  cMsteiice  at  the 
time  of  the  adoption  of  the  eonstiliition  should  have  the  lieni'*it  of  any  Intnre 
legislation,  without  first  tiling  in  tin.'  ollice  of  th<^  secretary  of  .itate  an  accept- 
ance of  the  provisions  of  the  con»)itution  iik  hinding  foriii.  'I'lie  richt  of 
eminent  doniain  shouM  never  he  aliridu'cil,  nor  so  coiistriii  d  as  to  prevent  the 
legislative  assemlily  froui  taking  the  properly  and  franchises  of  iiicm  porated 
eonipanies,  and  suhjeetiiig  tliein  to  the  piililic  use  in  the  s.'iiiu'  niaiiner  as  tiie 
jiropirty  of  individuals;  nor  the  police  powers  of  the  state  lie  .■iliiid;_'ed  or  so 
eonstriied  as  to  permit  any  corporations  to  condiiet  th-ir  liiisiness  in  such  a 
inaniier  its  to  infringe  the  eipial  rights  of  iadividiiaU,  or  tliu  gunurul  well  lieing 
of  the  statu. 

No  eorporation  rhould  issue  stocks  or  liondM,  except  for  a  real  consuuni. 
tiou  iu  lulior,  property,  or  nioiiuy,  and  tictitiuuit  iMsuuduf  ittoukithould  bu  void, 


i 


794 


PROGRESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


The  article  on  elections  declared  that  an  elector 
must  be  a  male  person  of  legal  age,  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  have  resided  in  this  state  one  year,  and 
in  the  county,  town,  or  precinct  such  time  as  tiie  law 
prescrihed,  not  a  felon;  but  no  person  having  the  right 
to  vote  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  constitution 
should  be  deprived  of  the  right  to  vote  on  the  adop- 
tion. And  it  was  provided  that  after  the  ex[)iration 
of  five  years  no  person  except  citizens  of  the  United 
Stat«'S  should  have  the  right  to  vote.  No  person 
should  be  elected  or  appointed  to  any  office  in  the  state 
who  was  not  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who 
had  not  resided  one  y«:ar  in  Afontana.  The  legislature 
should  have  the  power  to  pass  registration  and  other 
laws  necessary  to  secure  the  purity  of  elections. 
Wonitm  shoukl  be  eligible  to  hold  the  ofHce  of  county 
sr? peril! teiident,  or  any  school  district  (►ttice,  and  have 
the  riglit  to  vote  at  any  sciiool  district  election.  And 
Uj)on  all  <|uestlons  submitted  tf)  tiie  tax-payers  of  the 
state,  or  any  political  division  thereof,  women  who 
were  tax-payers,  and  possessed  of  the  qualifications  for 
the  right  of  suttrage  n'quired  of  men  by  the  constitu- 
tion, should,  ecjually  with  men,  have  the  right  to  vote. 
In  all  elections  by  the  people,  the  person  receiving  the 
higlu  ,t  number  of  votes  should  be  declarjd  elected. 

The  question  of  the  ).ernianent  location  of  the  capi- 

Tho  Htot'k  of  cDriinr.'itionx  hIioiiM  not  l>e  ineroaHtiil  except  in  iiiirRiianco  of  a 
{{fneriil  law,  imr  without  thf  coiiMMit  of  it  uiiijority  of  tlm  utofklioliltTs.  For- 
ei),'ii  cdriioratioiiri  must  liavc  oiu*  or  iiioru  known  iilaciM  of  hiixincHH,  niitl  an 
niitliori/.cil  a^'i>nt  or  auciitx  u|>on  whom  pioousM  ini^ht  Itu  Ncrvcil,  and  Hhouiil 
not  III-  allowi-il  to  L-xrrci.Ho  or  unjoy  ^rjatcr  ri^htx  or  privih-^'oH  than  thoiio 
onjoyt'il  hy  nthur  corporationH  cruatiMl  uitiler  thu  lawx  of  thu  Htntu.  It  waa 
niaili'  uiiiawfiil  for  any  "orporatioii  to  rciiuiru  nf  its  itm|>loyiV>*,  aH  a  coiulition 
of  thi'H' i-tnphiymont,  if  otlii'rwini>,  'iny  contract  or  af^ici^mcnt  rt-luaHing  the 
company  from  liahility  or  rcHpouMiliility  on  account  of  pcrHoiial  injuricH  re- 
ceivtil  liy  them  wliih.'  in  their  hervice  dy  reaHou  of  tho  ne({li^encu  of  the 
co;iipany  or  itH  a^entn,  an<i  huiIi  eontraetit  'ivero  ileclaroil  void.  No  incorpo- 
rated or  Htoek  company,  pirson.  or  aHitoi'i.itioii  of  perrtons,  in  tht;  Htatu  of  Mon- 
tana, NhouM  c<iniliine  or  form  »vhat  in  kn<p.vn  ax  a  trust,  or  make  contracts 
witli  persons  or  i-nrpnratioiiM  for  thu  piirpoxc  of  fixing  the  price  or  rcguhiting 
the  production  of  ii.ny  arti>  le  of  commeree,  or  of  flic  proihict  of  the  soil,  for 
consumption  Ity  the  pi  opie.  Thi-  itkiislaturo  HhouM  cauHe  adeipiate  iieiialties 
to  he  enforeeil  to  tile  extent,  if  lieccHKaiV,  of  the  forfeiture  of  their  property 
nnd  IrtneliiMiH,  and  in  the  cui«e  of  foreign  uur[n)rutiuuii,  prohibitiug  tUum 
from  carry in>i  uu  busiuuM  iu  the  Ntate. 


Th 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS. 


m 


Ipo- 
lull- 

lets 

Ifiir 

Irty 
luiii 


tal  should  be  subniittod  to  the  quahfied  electors  in  the 
year  1892,  after  which  it  would  require  a  two-thirds 
vote  of  the  electors  to  change  it,  and  the  lc<^islature 
should  make  no  ap[)roi)riations  for  capitol  buildings 
until  the  seat  of  government  should  be  pernianently 
l(»cated.  Ample  provision  was  made  for  a  school  fund. 
The  legislative  and  executive  departments  of  the 
government  had  their  powers  carefully  defined  and 
guan'  ',  The  session  of  the  state  legislative  assembly 
should  meet  at  noon  on  the  first  Montlay  of  January, 
181)0,  and  each  alternate  year  thereafter,  except  the 
first,  which  should  be  determined  by  the  proclamation 
of  the  governor  after  the  admission  of  the  state  irto 
the  union,  but  not  more  than  fifteen  nor  less  than  ten 
days  thereafter. 

The  executive  department  should  consist  of  a 
governor,  lieutenant-govc'rnt>r,  secretary  of  state, 
attorney-general,  state  treasurer,  ..tate  auditor,  and 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  each  of  whom 
should  hold  office  four  years,  or  until  his  successor 
was  elected,  lu-giiming  on  the  first  Monday  of  Januaiy 
next  sticceeding  his  election,  except  that  the  terms  of 
office  «)f  those  cho.sen  at  the  first  election  should  begin 
when  the  state  was  a<hnitted,  and  end  on  the  first 
Monday  of  January  1  HD.'i. 

The  judicial  power  of  the  state  was  vested  in  tlie 
senate  sitting  as  a  court  of  impeachment,  in  a  su[tremo 
court,  district  court,  justices  of  the  peace,  and  such 
inferior  c«)urts  as  the  legislature  might  establish  in 
cities  or  towns.  The  supreme  court  should  have  ap- 
])ellate  jurisdiction  oidy,  ami  hold  three  terms  yearly. 
The  suprt-me  court  should  consist  of  three  justices,  a 
majority  of  whom  should  be  necessary  to  pronounce 
a  decision.  Their  terms  of  office  sh(Md<l  be  six  years, 
except  the  first  chief  justice,  who  should  hold  until 
th(!  general  election  in  I81)'2,  and  «)ne  of  tin*  associate 
justices,  who  shoulil  hold  until  the  general  election  of 
181)4,  the  other  holding  until  181K;,  and  each  until  his 
successor  was  elected  and  qualified.     The  terms,  ttud 


7% 


PROORESS  AND  STATEHOOD. 


who  should  be  chief  justice,  slioulU  be  ihsii^niatcd  by- 
ballot  at  the  first  and  all  suhsecjueiit  elections,  one 
justice  beini;  elected  every  two  years.  No  jursou 
jhould  \)v  eligible  to  the  oliico  of  supreme  judi^e  who 
had  not  betui  admitted  to  piactise  law  in  the  supn  ine 
court  of  the  territory  or  state  of  Montana,  who  was 
not  thirty  years  of  ai?e,  not  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  or  who  had  not  resided  in  the  teirit(try  or  state 
for  the  two  years  next  preceding,'  his  election.  Much 
the  same  restrictions  were  ini|)osed  ui)on  the  choice  of 
district  judges.  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  constitution 
framed  at  Helena  between  July  4  and  Aui^ust  2(5, 
18.S'.),  is  perhaps  the  most  complete  and  well-considered 
instrument  of  the  kind  ever  perfected  by  a  new  state,'® 
although  in  the  addiess  to  the  people  of  Montana,  in 
which  it  is  submitted  for  their  ratification  or  rejection, 
it  was  said:  "We  do  not  claim  that  it  is  a  perfect 
instrument.  No  constitution  ever  rcHected  the  con- 
census t)f  public  opinion  upon  all  (juestions.  All 
constitutions  are  the  result  of  compi'omises." 

Tl\i'  day  set  for  a  <^eneral  electit>n  of  state  ofllceis, 
and  the  adoption  or  rejection  of  the  constitution,  was 
the  1st  of  ( )ctol)er.  The  election  took  place  under 
the  election  laws  passed  by  the  sixteenth  le^islutuie 
re.|nirin^-  registration  and  proofs  of  citizenship.  T. 
]  I.  ( 'alter,  the  recently  elected  deh's^ate  to  coni^ress, 
was  the  rej>ublican  nondnee  for  coni^ressman.  T. 
C  l*ower"  was  candidate  for  governor  on  the  same 

'"  It  is  iiiiiiDssililc  ill  the  liiiiit.s  to  wliii'li  1  am  ciiii(ini!il  to  k'v<.'  .'i  nmro  i>\- 
toiiili'il  i-cvii'w  ol  till!  Miiiit!iii:i  uimstitiitioii,  only  xoiiiu  of  itt  v\\h'S  Icutiiro!! 
bcinu  .iclocluil  an  iu'^tancu!)  ol'  the  sit^.iuity  ot  its  iiiitlioi-H,  wliicit  in  i^verywliurt- 
aiipai-i'iit. 

■'■  T.  C.  I'owtT  wiis  liorn  at  Duliiii(iiu,  Iii,  in  \H'M,  uiul  recfivuil  ills  pri' 
piiraloiy  t'lliicatioii  in  that  xtiitc,  wiiii;h  wiia  coiii(ilt!toil  ut  SiiitiniMa  .Mniiiiil 
coUi'^u,  in  WiNi'ciiiiiiii,  whcru  liu  Htuilicil  (.'ii^inuiriii^  iiiiil  took  a  Niii'iitilii: 
coui'nt'.  l''ioiii  Ih.'iH  to  INt*'_*  hi!  was  uiiuaiL'i'il  ill  tuai'lilii^;,  imttiii^'  in  hi.'<  niiiii- 
iiiL'i'  vacation  Ity  Hiirviyiii;;  in  Iowa  ami  Oiikola.  Ilu  lollowiil  survey iiii,'  tor 
ttcxt'ial  years,  trailing  nie.iiiwhili'  in  laiiil-w.irraiitti  until  INOii,  wlicii  lu'  lii't<iii 
HuinliiiK  iiK'ri'haiiiliHU  to  Montiiiia,  locating  liinisclf  |R'riii;iii('iilly  at  hurl 
lii'iitoii  ill  iMiT,  mIii'I'*)  hu  was  in  nirri'liaiulisiiig,  lorwanliii;,',  ami  iKi^liting 
liiisincsrt  until  IS74,  wIk'Ii  lit!  Iniilt  tliu  Htrainrr  lii  n(on  in  L'oiti|iaiiy  wiih  i.  (.. 
ItaUtT  ami  others,  which  tlicy  loaik'il  in  I.s7.")  at  I'lttsliufg  lor  her  Ioiik  vny.i^c 
In  I.S7(i  they  Imiit;  the  l/'Oiiii,  ami  in  IM78  the  Jiiiitv,  Imriii'il  in  I.SMt.  lu 
ItiiU  tUay  |>uicliai«u(l  tlio  Htuaiuer  liUtck  UilU.     Mr  I'owoi  iutruduuud  the  lii-»t 


T. 


IK' 

■\- 

(•".'•J 
■11' 


III- 

l(.r 
Mil 
tirl 

•  •. 

ill 


ELECTIOX  OF  ST  AXE  OFFICRRS. 


797 


ticlvct,  and  J.  E.  Hickards  for  lioiitcnant-ijovernor;  tor 
Hocivtaiy  of  state,  L.  Kotwitt ;  for  treasunr,  11.  C 
Hickman;  for  auditor,  E.  11.  Kinney;  for  attorney- 
jLi^eneral,  Henry  J.  Haskell;  for  superintendent  of 
public  instruction,  J.  (faiuion;  for  chief  justice,  H.  N. 
J^lake;  for  as.sociato  justice  for  the  lon<;  term,  W.  H. 
])e  Witt;  for  associate  justice  for  the  short  term, 
E.  N.  Harwood;  for  oK'rk  of  the  supreme  court,  W. 
J.  Kemiedy, — computed  the  repuhlican  ti<'ket. 

The  democratic  candidate  for  contj^ressman  was 
^faitin  ^Ta'jinnis;  for  ijovenior,  J.  K.  Toole;  for 
lieutenant-jj^overnor,  C.  E.  Conrad;  secretary  of  state, 
J.  A.  Browne;  state  treasurer,  T.  E.  Collins;  state 
auditor,  Fitzgerald  ;  attorney-general,  W.  Y.  Pemher- 
ton  ;  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  1*.  Kussell; 
chief  justice,  8te|)hen  J)e  Wolfe;  associate  justice  for 
tlie  long  term,  VV'aller  M.  Hickf<»rd;  for  the  short 
term,  V.  K.  Arm.str«>ng  ;  clerk  of  the  court,  Cojuf. 

The  ele«  tion  gave  a  veiy  large  majority  for  the  con- 
stitution ;  gave  ^[ontana  a  repuhlican  congressman,'^ 
i  '  a  (.lemocratic  governor ;  a  repuhlican  lieutenant- 
governor,  and  all  the  otlu-r  static  otticers  re|>ultliean. 
That,  however,  was  not  so  much  a  matter  of  concern 
to  the  political  paities  as  the  complexion  of  the  legis- 
lature, which  was  to  elect  two  senattds  to  the  congress 
of  the  l'^nite<l  States.  Tin;  dcmociatic  party,  whicli 
for  twenty-five  years  cotitiollcd  >[ontana,  wlmsc  Kad- 
ers  were  among  the  wealthiest  and  most  entiM'prising 
citizens,  naturally  wen-  avers*;  to  see  the  scej)tre  pass- 


m'jf 


from 


tl 


le 


ir  grasp,'   wliue  tlie  r(>pnt)iicans,  liavmg 


hli 


h 


i'i'a)M'rs  ami  iiiowith  in  Moiituiiii.  Ilr  liml  a  liiiMincss  liiiiiMi'  in  Mo/' mail,  .iinl 
Ml  I'STS  <'stiililiili(-il  a  xtii^'c  liiiu  ti'Miii  lli'li-iia  to  Hiiitnii,  and  liui  lirtii  a  snc- 
ri'  sliil  NtiK'k  raJKur.  He  wan  n  iiii'iiiliir  nt  tlie  lirst  i'iiii.ititiiti<mal  niii\  intKin 
lit  I.SHI.     Ill'  r.'iii.ivi.'il  tci  Hi'ii'ii.-.  ill  ls7»>. 


CartiT 


inajnrit 


I  t\iH;  T.iolf's,  7"i4;  Uickaril'M,  I. .'WO:  liniwittV, 


l..'>H4;    ^a^<k<'l^s,   *il>l;    ||l,'kii>u 


i.-.".i:»; 


LiiiiK'y  s, 


i.oi; 


■  allllnii  M, 


IV.I; 


IU.iU'h,  I,».V>;  I>.' WittV,  47;I:  Umi'w.hmI'm,  h7I  ;  Ki.'iiiu'.ly  .1,  l,.">7:t.  ii  should 
in-  rt'iiiarki^d  iliat  tlii'-ir  ani  appri'Ximalt!  tiiinre-*,  tin*  t'lci'tioii  liuiii^;  I'oiili'stiid; 
iiul  iii'.w  (iiioii^li  to  MJiow  tliul  till,  statt'  Wfiit  rc)iiililii';iii. 


I'l 


ic   iiaiiii's  I) 


f   Ml 


ni'iiadw.iti't'.    Were    fn'i|iii'iitiy 


Daly. 


T.  II 


lIUl 


r.  W.   .\.  Clark,   and   C 


ttid 


jurty   III 


Miiiiti 


UM    tnan:it,'i'l'.H 


if    tl 


II!    ilt'iniirratU! 


il    d\irini{   tlii.t   (di^otion    <  n'lv  owniTi   lit't-aiiK'    known 


m  tlio  '  liijj;  t'.iur.'     The  Itiittu  /fl^r^'.l/oH/(^«>l  iiayii  uf  thuiii:   'TIiuhv  t'oiir  inci 


:l 

1 

i'  !i 

1 

1,  ' 

1 

i'l 

1 

798 


PROORESS  AND  ST    'KHOOD. 


|| 


wrung  victory  from  their  powerful  hold**  by  the 
hardest,  were  equally  deterinined  not  to  lose  the 
ground  heretofore  gained,  but  to  add  to  it  the  choice 
of  United  States  senators.  The  election  of  represcn- 
tativtjs  was,  therefore,  the  field  on  which  the  hardest 
battle  was  to  be  fought. 

The  most  serious  charge  brought  against  the  repub- 
licans previous  to  election  was,  that  tlie  sixteenth 
legislature,  which  was  republican,  had  passed  a  regis- 
tration law,  which  they  denominated  "an  infamous 
thing,"  although  at  the  time  it  was  passed  both 
democrats  and  republicans  had  voted  for  it.  Now  it 
was  called  an  act  to  disfranchise  the  farmers,  miners, 
and  stockmen  of  Montana,  who  were,  nevertheless, 
counselled  to  register,  and  thus  rebuke  the  party  which 
enacted  the  law. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  republicans  claimed  to  be 
in  possession  of  information  that  in  one  county  a  large 
number  of  miners  who  had  been  brought  in  from 
abroad  had  been  furnished  with  declarations  of  inten- 
tion to  become  citizens,  which  would  entitle  them  to 
vote,  and  were  instructed  to  vote  for  certain  candidates. 

are  the  <luiiiocratic  party  in  Montana.  They  have  kopt  it  in  tluir  iM»Mor 
wliun  tli(!y  waiitfil  t<i,  iin<l  when  they  full  nut,  the  party  went  to  the  ilnifs  to 
tlie  niiisii-'  of  ">,  I'Jti  ru|uihliean  majority.  They  are  very  wealtliy  men.  Tliero 
iH  iiotliiiiK  that  can  ho  Maid  a^ainat  them  personally  Every  one  of  them 
came  up  from  the  runlcM  hy  superior  merit  ami  hunl  lieka.  I<^ieh  haa  IkmI  the 
control  of  lar^'e  eiiterpri-sea  ami  of  eoii.siiKTahle  hotliea  of  men.  Aeciixtomeil 
all  their  auceesMful  husineaa  livea  to  hamlle  men,  to  expeut  (ihedicnce,  to  en- 
force ilisei])lino,  these  four  men  have  carried  into  the  politica  uf  Montana  the 
ideas  which  iiave  licen  inL;rained  hy  their  hnaineHH  experience.  There  in  the 
evil.  MesHra.  Daly,  Hauaer,  Clark,  and  Broadwater  are  not  leadera  in  their 
party.  They  are  antocrati  -hoaaea  of  tlie  atrongeat  type.  It  ia  only  nat- 
ural that  they  ahotdd  lie  ho,  hut  that  does  not  make  the  aituation  any  the 
less  unfortunate.  The  theory  of  the  millionaire  employer  that  ho  can  com- 
mand tiu!  Hutfra^ea  aa  well  as  the  aervicea  of  the  employed  ia  had;  and  at- 
tempts to  carry  out  auch  a  theory  are  to  he  condcnnied,  whether  they  occur 
in  I'eiinsylvania  or  Montana.' 

"'  .Marcua  l>aly,  perhaps  the  largeat  capitaliat  in  Montana,  raid  manager 
of  tlie  Anacoiiila  mine  and  amelter,  was  horn  in  Ireland  in  IH42.  lie  came 
to  .Montana  in  ISTii,  and  waa  appointed  general  manager  of  the  Alice  ailver 
mine  at  liutte,  after  which  ila^'gin  and  Tevia  made  him  manager  of  the  Ana- 
conda mine,  tie  ia  a  practical  miner  and  aaaayer,  and  an  unerring  jndKe  of 
mines  and  mineral  lamia.  He  waa  elected  a  niemher  of  the  constitutional 
convention  of  I8H4.  Even  the  repuhlican  papera  admitted  Italy's  greatness 
of  character  aa  well  oa  of  fortune,  and  were  loth  to  connect  him  with  tli« 
alleged  frauds  in  his  district.    Atuicomla  Review,  i:ie|>t  12,  IMtt. 


CONTEST  OVER  THE  ELECTION. 


709 


These  persons,  h(»l(liiii^  questional >le  certifiontes,  could, 
under  the  registration  law,  be  cliallon«jfed,  and  it"  clial- 
len«;ed,  the  law  required  the  voter  to  produce  his  (juali- 
fication.  Several  hundred  challenifes  were  filed  on  the 
ground  of  the  issuance  of  illej^al  certificates. 

This  was  the  position  of  att'airs  when  the  election 
took  place,  which  resulted,  if  the  returns  as  first  an- 
nounced were  correct,  in  a  democratic  niajority  in  the 
lejjislature  of  from  three  to  five,  l^ut  now  the  re- 
publicans refused  to  accept  the  count  in  Silver  How 
county,  alle«jfin«^  that  in  one  precinct,  which  returned 
174  votes,  171  were  democratic,  and  that  these  171 
were  instructed  by  their  employer  to  vote  that  ticki't 
or  be  discharjLfed;  also  that  the  count  in  this  pricinct 
was  illej^al,  beinj^  dotie  by  the  board  of  judj^es  of  elec- 
tion in  secret,  and  certified  to  by  the  county  clerk, 
who  had  no  authority  in  the  matter.  The  canvass! n*^ 
board  threw  out  the  vote  of  this  precinct,  which  action 
gave  the  republicans  a  small  majority  in  tlu^  Kj^isla- 
ture.'^^  Jiut  it  was  not  onlv  the  democrats  who  were 
accused  of  takin<;  <lishonorahle  means  to  insure  a  ma- 
jority. They  also  complained  that  in  one  county,  at 
least,  the  republicans  had  counted  votes  which  siiouM 
have  been  thrown  out. 

The  action  of  the  county  canvassin;^  board  in  throw- 
ing out  the  precinct  accused  of  fraud  causitl  thts 
democrats  of  Silver  J^ow  county  to  procure  the  issu- 
ance of  a  writ  of  numdanms  by  Associate  Justiee  1  )e 
Wolfe  of  that  district,  who  was  himself  a  candidate 
for  the  chief-justiceship  on  the  democratic  state  ticket, 
which  was  served  upon  tin;  Ijoaid  innnediately  after 
their  rejection  of  the  returns,  requiring  them  to  bo 
counted.  This  command  being  disobeyed,  there  began 
one  of  the  most  stubborn  political  contests  ever  wit- 
nesstul  in  a  nortln>rn  state,  in  wiiich  the  canvassing 
board  of  Silver  1J«)W  county  finally  obeyed  a  prrtinp- 
tory  mandate  of  the  court,  but  not  until  after  the 

"  The  Htato  Itnard  couaistud  uf  Qoveruur  Wiiite,  Chief  Justiuu  liluku,  aud 
S«cruUry  Walkur. 


800 


PROORESS   AND  STATEHOOD. 


stato  oanvassinj^  board  liad  countletod  its  Inlmrs  with 
the  disputed  prcciiiet  left  out.  Tlic  result  of  this 
"muddle,"  as  the  press  very  [)roperly  nniiud  it,  was 
tliat  there  were  two  sets  of  representatives  fioni  Silver 
]^ow,  one  with  state-board  eertitieates,  and  the  other 
with  eertitieates  from  the  clerk  of  Silver  J  >ow  county; 
one  inakinjjj  the  house  democratic,  the  (tthcr  making 
it  re]iul)lican. 

Judi^e  l)e  Wolfe  was  said  by  one  party  to  have 
,lij,Mot.,|  liis  judicial  ermine  in  the  mire,  anil  the 
repuhlican  newspapers  held  up  to  public  view  the 
ini(piity  of  a  combination  between  the  Northern  I'aei- 
tie  railroad  and  the  "big  four"  of  Montana,  by  which 
the  ^rontanaca])italists  expected  to  get  into  the  Ignited 
States  senate,  and  the  railroad  exjiected  to  s( cjire  the 
mineral  lands  in  its  grant  through  their  intluence; 
while  the  democratic  [)apers  dencmnei'd  the  outrage 
peipi^trated  upon  the  party  by  the  attempt  of  the 
republicans  to  "steal  the  state  of  Montana." 

Some  fear  was  entertainid  that  the  contest  over  the 
election  would  delay  statehood,  but  as  there  was  no 
doubt  of  the  acceptance  of  the  ct)nstitution,  J'lcsident 
liarrison,  on  the  Hth  of  Xoveinber,  issued  his  piocla- 
matiou  admitting  Montana  into  the  union.  The  news 
was  received  at  10:40,  A.  M.,  by  telegra|>h  from  Secre- 
tary lilaine.  There  was  no  j»ublic  diinonstratioii  of 
joy,  and  no  parade  accompanying  the  inauguiation  of 
(rovernor  Toole.  Judge  Sanders,  j>olice  magistrate 
of  HeKna,  achninisteii'tl  the  oath  of  olHee  to  Chief 
flustiee  niiike,  in  the  poliet'  court-room,  in  presence  of 
few  witnesses,  at  I'JSSO  o'(;loek  of  the  Htli.  A  despatch 
had  bi'en  sent  to  (jrovernor  White  at  Dillon,  who 
could  not,  h(>wever,  arrive  to  turn  over  the  oHiee  to 
his  successor  before  the  Uth;  but  Toole  was  inaugu- 
rated at  two  o'clock  in  the  governoi's  otHee,  in  the 
presence  of  a  number  of  citizens,  the  oath  being  ad- 
ministered by  Chief  Justice  Blake."     After  half  an 

■'^  AfttT  Pt'fiiis  r.  WiuU?,  till!  fliiuf  jiiHtices  of  Mitntaiia,  w)io  liatl  asso- 
cuit«(i  witli  tiiiu  during  liiN  luHt  term  J.  il,  McLuary,  W.  U,  UalUailb,  aud 


T. 


De 


INAUGURATION  OF  GOVERNOR  TOOLE.  M 

hour  of  receiving  cono^ratulations,  Governor  Toole 
telegraphed  Secretary  Jilaiue  of  the  oatli-taking,  and 

T.  C.  Bach,  the  next  chief  justice  was  N.  \V.  McComiill  1887,  with  the  Hame 
a»Hociates.  In  1888  St.i)heii  iJe  Wolfe,  Moses  J.  Li.l.l.II,  and  T.  C.  Bach 
were  associates.  In  18SS)  Henry  N.  Blako  waa  chief  justice,  with  Ifcich, 
l>e  \Voll'e,  an<l  Liililell  associates. 

VV.  J.  Gulltraith  was  born  in  Frceport,  Pa,  in  18.17,  ami  educated  at 
Dartmouth  Ctille>;e,  N.  H.,  graduating  in  1857.  He  studied  law  at  I'iltshurg, 
I'a,  and  was  admitted  to  the  liar  in  18til,  but  enlistetl  in  the  union  army 
as  a  private  in  the  Pith  rest  I'a  vols.  In  Sei)t.  he  was  comuiissioiied  1st 
lieut  of  company  U,  78th  Pa  vols,  and  transferred  in  Nov.  to  the  U.  S. 
signal  corps,  in  whiiii  he  served  until  Nov.  18t>4.  He  wa.s  captureil  at  Chat- 
tanooga, and  held  prisoner  in  Macon,  Madison,  Libby,  l{it'hiiiond,  ;inil  other 
prisons  until  exchanged.  In  18U5  he  opened  a  law-otlice  in  Oil  City,  I'a, 
where  he  practi.ted  until  1872,  when  ho  removed  to  Nebraska,  and  practised 
there  2  years,  and  was  in  Cherokee  cc,  la,  when  appointed  to  the  juilgcship 
in  the  '2d  judicial  district  of  Montana  in  1879.     He  was  reappointed  in  188:{. 

StejiluMi  |)e  Wolfe  was  Imrn  in  Hawkins  co.,  Tenn.,  in  18:i.'<,  and  educated 
at  the  i'ennsylvania  university  at  Gettysburg,  and  Jefferson  college-.  Cannons- 
burg.  H(!  studied  law  at  Lexington,  Mo.,  and  Leltauon  law  school,  gradu- 
ating in  I8.*i7,  and  commencing  practice  at  Lexington,  .Mo.  In  18.VJ  he  went 
to  Halt  Lake  City  iis  agent  for  Uussell,  Majors,  and  Waddell,  army  coutrac- 
tors,  and  subscipiently  took  the  editorial  management  of  the  VnUeij  Tan. 
His  otiicc  was  destroyed  by  a  mob  for  )>ulilisliiiig  an  account  of  the  .Moun- 
tain Mi'adows  massacre,  the  tirst  one  given  to  the  world.  He  then  cngiigod 
in  live-.stcick  l>usiness  in  Cal.,  but  returned  to  Salt  Lake  City  as  U.  S.  attor- 
ney for  Utali.  In  1879  he  settled  in  Butte,  Mont.,  was  elected  representa- 
tive in  1881,  and  ran  for  councilman  in  188:i,  but  was  defeated.  He  waa 
appointed  to  the  .supreme  bench  in  1888. 

William  11.  De  Witt  was  born  in  New  York  in  1855.  educated  at  Hamil- 
ton college,  graduating  in  1875,  after  which  he  took  a  regular  course  at  the 
Colnnii)i.i  law  school  or  New  York,  received  his  degree,  and  was  admitted 
to  practie('  iiy  the  supreme  court  of  that  city.  He  practincd  his  profession 
in  New  York  until  I87*J,  when  he  canic  to  Helena.  In  1881  he  removed  to 
Butte.  He  was  appointed  U.  S.  district  attorney  in  1883,  and  was  justly 
classed  among  the  leading  attorneys  of  tlie  territory. 

W.  Y.  l'eiul)erton,  d(Mnocratic  candidate  for  attorney-general,  was  born 
in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1842,  was  educated  at  the  Masonic  college.  Mo.,  read 
law  at  till!  Lebanon  law  school  of  (Uunbcrland  university,  graduated  in  I8GI, 
and  was  aduiitted  to  practice  the  same  year.  In  18U:{  he  came  to  Montana, 
forming  a  law  partnership  with  K.  W.  Toole  at  Virginia  City,  where  he  re- 
niaineil  2  years,  when  the  firm  removed  to  Helena,  where  he  was  appointed 
by  Gov.  Kducrtcm  lirst  district  attorney  of  Helena  district.  In  18(18  he  wei.t 
tf>  Texas,  wiiere  he  remained  until  1880,  when  he  nturneil  to  Helena,  and 
removed  hence  to  Butte  '2  years  later,  where  he  was  elected  district  attor- 
ney. In  188:i  he  was  elected  a  niend)er  of  the  constitutional  convention 
of  1884. 

The  oHice  of  attorney-general  was  createil  by  an  act  of  the  extra  session 
of  the  legislature  of  1887,  and  it  was  provided  that  the  governor  shotdtl  ap- 
point this  oliicer  by  and  '  ii,h  the  consent  of  the  council.  The  governor  mailc 
a  nomination,  but  the  legih'ature  adjourned  M'ithout  having  ratified  it.  The 
first  term  of  the  supreme  court  after  tiie  adjournment  of  the  extra  session 
was  Jan.  1S8S,  and  the  cimnty  attorneys  being  exempted  by  the  new  law 
from  appearing;  as  counsel  for  the  territory  in  the  supreme  court,  the  gov- 
ernor comniis.sioned  William  E.  CuUen  of  Helena  to  act  as  attorney  general 
until  the  close  of  the  next  regular  session  of  the  legislature,  in  1881*.  Qoa. 
Mess.  I88'.>,  20  21. 

UisT.  Wash.— Bl 


802 


PROGRESS  AND  STATEH(X)D. 


entered  upon  his  duties  as  executive  of  the  state  of 
Montana,  his  first  otticial  act  being  to  issue  a  procla- 
n)atir>n  convening  the  legislature  on  the  23d  of  the 
niontl). 

Montana  never  having  had  a  capitol  hullding,  there 
had  been  certain  halls  and  rooms  in  Helena's  superb 
court-house  fitted  up  for  legislative  uses  by  the  terri- 
torial secretary  in  territorial  times.  }^ut  when  re- 
publican State  Secretary  Rotwitt  applied  to  the  county 
commissioners  for  possession  of  the  rooms,  he  was 
refused,  and  the  rooms  were  let  to  democratic  (jrov- 
ernor  Toole.  Further,  the  chairman  of  the  board  of 
county  commissioners  pocketed  the  keys  and  placed 
a  guard  in  the  halls,  while  (governor  Toole  issued  a 
proclamation  on  the  22d  declaring  that  only  menjbers 
of  the  legislature  with  county  certificates  would  be 
admitted  to  the  hall,  to  which  ho,  by  his  agents,  held 
the  key.  Then  State  Auditor  Kinney,  whose  duty  it 
was  to  call  the  house  to  order,  having  been  refused 
the  keys  by  the  connnissioners,  issued  a  notice  to  the 
members  of  the  house  of  representatives  calling  upon 
them  to  meet  in  the  Iron  block,  on  Main  street,  at 
noon  on  the  2.'}d,  which  was  Saturday. 

At  the  appointed  hour  the  republicans  met  in  the 
[)lace  indicated  by  the  auditor,  and  the  democrats 
repaired  to  the  court-house.  The  republicans  had 
thirty-two  members,  two  more  than  a  quorum,  and 
were  called  to  order  by  the  auditor,  sworn  in  by  CMiief 
Justice  Blake,  and  their  organization  perfected,  A.  C. 
Witter  of  Beaverhead  county  being  elected  speaker. 
The  democrats  also  organized,  and  elected  C.  P. 
Blakely  of  (iallatin  speaker,  the  members  being 
sworn  in  by  a  notary  public,  the  doors  being  guarded 
to  admit  no  one  not  holding  a  certificate  of  election 
from  county  clerks,  although,  according  to  the  con- 
stitution adopted  by  the  people,  the  state  board  only 
had  authority  to  issue  certificates  of  this  election,  the 
validity  of  the  action  turning  u[)on  the  opinion  of 
the  courts,  not  yet  obtained,  as  to  the  moment  when 


th 
w 
sio 


LEOISLATIVE  TllOUBLra. 


tho  provisions  of  t.'ie  constitution  wont  into  operation, 
wlictlior  on  the  day  of  adoption,  or  the  day  of  a(hnis- 
sion  into  the  union. 

Th(»  senate  met  at  the  court-house,  except  tht; 
democrats,  who  absented  Mieinst-lves,  and  as  the  senate 
consisted  of  ei«(ht  rej>ul)lican8  and  ei^ht  democrats, 
there  was  no  quorum.  Jjieutenant-<^ovenu>r  Kickards 
calh'd  the  senate  to  order,  and  the  eiu^ht  memhers 
i)resent  weres\V(»rn  in  bv  District  J ud^je  \V.  H.  Hunt,""^' 
after  wliich  they  adjourned  to  tlie  25th.  In  a  caucus 
that  evcninuf,  tlie  repul)licans,  on  their  |)art,  determined 
to  stand  on  the  proposition  that  only  such  as  were 
ft)und  to  be  members  by  the  state  canvassintr  boanl 
Were  entitU'd  to  seats  in  the  leijislature,  and  that  all 
])owcr  to  determine  further  ri«.^]its  resided  wholly  in 
the  two  branches,  and  not  in  the  governor.  On  tho 
25th,  both  lower  houses  sent  connnittees  to  the  gov- 
«'rnor  with  information  of  their  or<»anizatioji,  but  the 
republicans  were  told  that  since  he  had  desiijjnated  in 
a  proi'lamation  the  place  of  meetinu^,  and  they  Acre 
not  there,  he  could  have  nothing  to  say  to  them. 
The  rival  body  was  recognized,  and  adjourned  for  the 


ciav 


Xo   change   in    the    position   of  legislative    afl'airs 


occurred  for  some  time.     The  republican  senators  cc 


m- 


"  In  district  No.  I,  Lewin  and  Clarke,  W.  H.  Hunt,  R.,  was  uluctcd  over 
(!ei)rge  F.  Sheldon,  I>.,  by  a  niiijurity  of  '2('ui. 

In  di.striet  No.  S,  Deer  Lod^'t^  Theodore  Brantley,  H.,  waa  elected  over 
l)avi<l  M.  Ihirfee,  !).,  hy  a  majority  of  '210. 

In  di»triet  Xo.  4,  .Nlis.sonia,  C.  S.  Mar.-ihall,  U.,  wa.s  elected  over  W.  •). 
Stejdieiis,  L).,  liy  a  majority  of  !)G. 

In  tli.strict  No.  f),  Iteaverhcad,  .Jefferson,  and  Madison,  Tiioinas  J.  (ial- 
l>raith,  R.,  was  elected  <iver  ThoMi;i.><  .loyes,  l».,  liy  a  majority  of  1,")S. 

In  district  No.  <>,  (iailatin,  .Meagher,  and  Park,  Frank  lienry,  R.,  was 
elected  over  Mo.sum  J.  l.iddell,  l>y  a  majority  of  '2'2',i. 

In  district  No.  7,  Vellow.stone,  ( 'u.ster,  and  iJawson,  Walter  A.  Burleigh, 
R,,  was  elected  over  (ieorge  R.  Mdliurn,  I).,  hy  a  majority  of  "I'A, 

III  district  No.  8,  Ciiscade,  Choteau,  and  Fergus,  (J.  11.  Benton,  R.,  was 
elected  over  Jere  Leslie,  1).,  hy  a  majority  of  KM. 

In  district  No.  'J,  .Silver  Bow,  the  election  being  contested,  and  Judge  |)e 
Wolfe  having  commanded  the  disputed  precinct  counted  in,  .lnhii  •!.  .Me- 
llutton,  democrat,  <vas  sworn  in  as  well  as  the  remililican  camlidate,  ami  two 
courts  Were  set  in  motion.  Subsequently,  to  end  the  contest,  the  governor 
appointed  Mcllatton.  The  constitution  almlislied  proliate  courts,  which  was 
full  by  Humu  couutiu*  as  a  suriuuit  uiiuck  upon  their  businuiM. 


11 


H04 


PROCUESS  AND  STA'lEIIOOD. 


tinuod  to  mcft  without  a  (]Uoruin,  tlie  dcMnorrats  re- 
rniiiiiiijjr  from  tukiii<j  the  oath  of  oHicc  in  order  to  avoid 
l)C'iii<;  coin|tellL'd  by  the  8t'i>^i'ant-ut-ann.s  to  come  in. 
Tht)  two  sfpuratu  low(!r  houses  met  at  their  respective 
halls,  uuahle  to  do  more  than  make  a  pretense  ot"  busi- 
ness, wliile  tfie  wheels  of  government  were  firmly 
blocked,  and  the  state  remained  unrepresented  in  the 
national  senate.  Thus  matters  stood  for  two  or  three 
weeks,  when  legal  process  was  resorted  to  as  a  means 
of  convenin<j  the  senate,  and  a  ioint  coni'erence  was 
obtained  on  the  1  "ith  of  December,  wiicn  it  was  a<rreed 
tlmton  the  Kith  the  democrats  would  come  in  and  take 
their  seats.  Accordin«^ly,  on  that  day  these  senators 
appeared,  and  were  sworn  in  by  the  chief  justice. 
Immediately  after  the  adjournment  of  the  senate, 
the  same  d  ly  the  ser«;eant-at-arms  of  the  democratic 
lowt!r  house  delivered  written  invitations — warrants 
they  were  called— to  all  the  members  of  the  re|)ubli- 
can  house,  save  the  five  from  Silver  Bow  county,  to 
meet  with  them  at  the  court-house,  and  organize  into 
!i  legal  house  of  representatives.  These  invitations 
were  not  accepted. 

On  the  17th  (jovcrnor  Toole  sent  his  biennial  mes- 
sajjfi!  to  the  lejjrislaturo,  as  constituted  with  a  senate 
not  yet  permanently  organized,  and  no  certain  quorum 
in  the  lower  house.  It  was  read  and  laid  on  the  table 
in  the  senate,  and  by  the  democrati<;  house  referred  to 
committees,  as  usual.  It  contained,  besides  the  infor- 
mation and  recommendations  usual  in  a  message,  re- 
grets at  the  existing  comi)lication,  but  advice  to  his 
party  to  stand  by  their  colors,  it  being  better  the 
deadlock  should  continue  than  that  any  |)rinciple  of 
free  government  should  be  imperilled,  or  any  right  of 
Ameiican  electors  sacrificed."* 

For  three  days  the  republican  senators  endeavored 
to  agree  with  the  democrats  upon  a  Kct  of  rules  and 
permanent  organization,  but  without  success.  On  the 
lUth,  a  resolution  was  offered  that  a  plurality  vote 

**  special  tvlegraiu  to  the  Portland  Oreijonian,  Dec.  18,  1881). 


ii 


LEGISLATIVE  TROUBLES. 


805 


should  1)0  siifTiciiut  to  oUct,  which,  after  a  warm  do- 
hate,  was  can  ied,  and  ofliccrs  elected  hy  a  strict  party 
vote,  tlie  democrats  refusitiiLf  to  take  part  in  the  ele<'- 
tioii,  and  finally  leaving;  the  hall.  As  the  si-nate  was 
now  or«ifanized,  and  as  the  repuhlicans  under  their  or- 
ganization had  a  (pioruni,  that  party  considortMl  the 
deadlock  hroken,  and  the  {i^overnor  was  int'ornied  that 
they  were  ready  to  transact  business. 

Jiut  now  aij^ain  the  question  of  rights  was  taken  into 
court,  a  member  of  the  republican  house  from  Silvisr 
How  presentini^  his  bill  for  mileage  to  the  state  audi- 
tor, wiiich  was  refused  settlement.  Lejjfal  advice  was 
taken,  and  a  writ  of  mandanms  was  issued  by  J)istnct 
.ludi^^e  Hunt  to  compel  the  auditor  to  audit  the  bill, 
or  appear  in  court  and  show  cause  why  he  did  not  do 
so.  A  decision  in  this  case  would  necessarily  involve 
a  decision  upon  the  legality  of  the  Silver  Bow  elec- 
tion. All  the  quibbles  of  the  law  were  resorted  to  on 
both  sides,  the  auditor  finally  taking  refuge  apparently 
behind  the  statement  that  ho  could  not  pay  bills  for 
which  no  money  had  been  appropriated.  The  decis- 
ion of  oudge  Hunt,  which  was  ren<lered  January  2, 
181)0,  .  hile  it  carefully  avoi  Jcd  the  question  of  the 
authoiitv  of  the  state  canva  ising  board,  declared  that 
upon  the  propositum  in  dispute  as  to  whether  the  au- 
ditor might  issue  a  certificate  to  a  state  officer  where 
there  was  a  Kgal  claim,  but  no  appropriation  to  pay 
such  officer,  the  law  was  clear  that  he  might.  And 
the  court  found  that  the  relator's  petition  upon  ovct  y 
point  but  the  one  by  the  court  decided  was  admitted, 
and  sufficiently  proved  by  papers  ap[mrently  regular 
to  be  true  for  the  purpose  of  securing  such  certificate 
as  prayed  for,  and  that  the  writ  of  mandate  must  1)0 
peremptory.  This  decision  was  a  victory  for  the  re- 
publicans, but  it  brought  about  no  change  in  the 
legislative  situation. 

The  chief  care  now  was  to  elect  two  senators. 
Before  the  assembling  of  the    legislature,  the   men 


il 


806 


PIKXlRKFiS  AND  STATKH(X)D. 


I 


popularly  inontioiicd  'ho  iniijlit  appear  an  Ronatorial 
caiididatcs  were  William  h).  C'uIIcm,  Samuel  T.  Ilausur, 
( '.  A.  Hroatlwatrr  ot"  JlcKna,  Paris  (iiltsou  of  (iicat 
Falls,  W.  \V.  JJixoii  and  (i.  W.  StapU-toii  (.f  Hutte, 
and  Maiciis  J)aly  of  Anaconda,  di'inocrats;  and  W.  F. 
Sanders,  Li.stiT  S.  \Vils.»n,  T.  (1  l»(»\ver,  C.  S.  VVar- 
ii'n,  tJudt^o  Jiurloij^li,  1.  J).  McCutflu'on,  and  Leo 
Mantle,  republicans.  From  this  ahundanoo  of  <^ood 
material  it  should  have  been  easy  to  ehoosu  mi'ii  with 
wh<»ni  the  people  would  he  siitisHed.  liut  tijo  party, 
and  not  tlu^  state,  were  heinuf  eonsidi-red,  anil  tlu;  elec- 
tion of  senators  whii'h  should  \tv.  the  choice.'  of  a  joint 
convention  was  hopeless.  On  th<;  1st  ol*  .lanuary  tho 
I'epuhlican  house  and  senate  elected  \V.  F.  Sandi-rs 
United  Stat«'s  senator  on  the  1st  hallot.  ( )n  tho 
ft»ll(»\vini;-  day.  T.  ( '.  l*ower  was  chosen  on  the  second 
hallot.  'J'he  democrats  chose  Martin  Manimiis  ami 
W.  A.  Clarke.  'I'hus  was  presented  tlu'  ri'inarkahle 
sp»'«'tacle  of  a  state  i»oveinment  wilfidlv  ohstiutted 
hy  its  N'l^islators  elect,  and  sending  a  douhle  repi'csen- 
t.ition  to  the  hij^hest  hranch  of  the  national  K'Ljisl.ituiu. 
N«)nu  c(ad«l  he  admitted  without  an  investiLjation. 

An  et|ually  rcmarkahle  and  more  pleasing;  spectacle 
was  that  of  a  free  people  traiMpiilly  rei^jardini;;  the 
struy;i;le,  satisfied  that,  however  it  tei'ininatcil,  a  rem- 
edy would  he  found  for  the  evils  r^'suItin]L,^  and  even 
that  their  liyhts  mi'j;ht  he  nioie  securely  i^uanled  in 
the  future  fol'  this  nutlairst  of  ifhelliousness. 

Mtintana.  like  \\'ashni<;<iiM,  is  richly  (Mitjowed  hy 
tin' m'Ui'ral  i^overnment,  Hesides  the  Kith  and  .'Kitii 
sections,  <levoted  to  cynnnon-school  |)U!poses,  and  not 
to  he  sold  for  less  tluiit  ten  dollars  |Mr  iscre,  fifty  sec- 
tions ot' Und  weie  <^i\rii  ft»r  puhlic  huildinLfs;  five  per 
<'ent  of  the  sah's  (A'  puhlic  I, mils  for  schools;  sexenty- 
two  sections  for  university  piir|M»s(S,  not  to  he 
sold  for  less  th.tn  ten  dollars  per  a«'i-e  ;  •.)(),()()()  acres 
for  the  use  and  support  of  an  iMjricultiirjii  colI<'«re  ;  for 
scienlilic  schools,  luo.UOO  acre« ;  fur   normal  schools, 


"    i 


if 


FEnEUAL  EXU0VVMENT9. 


807 


100,000  acH's ;  for  public  Imild'mjjfS  at  tho  cnpital, 
Ix'sidus  tli(!  fifty  Kut'tious,  100,000  acres  ;  and  for  state, 
cli!uital»le,  educutioiiul,  penal,  ami  reformatory  schools, 
200,000  acres.  With  all  this,  her  various  resources, 
lier  pc'ople,  and  her  mines,  ^reat  is  Montana.'^'' 

'"  Tliure  arc  fuw  uarly  Itnoks  upon  Montana,  Uvchiini'  in  uarly  tinifi*  it  waa 
not  iniuli  visitcci,   t-xcriit   l>y   iniricrs,  wlm  thought  littli!  of  aiiytliin^  Imt 
^atluMiii^'  up  llic  HistMoii  M  Hpoilit  auil  luiHtctiinK  Itatk  to  lioniii  anil  trii'nilx  in 
till'  I'.kst,  or  \«lio  loanicil  away  to  nrwt'r  ({ulil  liiliU  on  cvory  frusli  cxi-itrUK'nt. 
Till-  Miiiitan.'i  ni'W.spapi'rH  coiitain  an  uniiHiial  amount  of  ^ooil  niaturial  in  tiu- 
Ncriptivi- anil  .slatiHtii'ai  niatttvr  furiii.Hlifil  l>y  tlu'ir  cilitorii  ami  corri'^poniliMitit. 
In    ISi>7(J.  ('.  Swallow,  at   the  rcijurHt  ol'  linvi'rnor  Smith,   ina'lr  a   riport 
upon  till'  rrNimrri-.s  of  thu  country,  wliii'h  w  in  nicntioni'il  in  thf    I'ioiiin'i  I'ily 
/'<«/,  Ort.  I!(,  lMi7.      Miiaulior  visitiMl  ttwry  part  of   Mc'iana,  ami  wrotr  liiM 
'Hull's  tliroiii^li   Montana     for   llmyirH  Miuitlitfi,    IHtiT.      i  ■  its  wroti'  t'Xocl- 
Ifiil  mimHa|i(i''<  nil  till)  comlitioii  of  llii-ooiiiitry.     Military  n'.  n  I'oiitnluUi'il  nut 
a  llttli'  to  rasti'in  JournalM  ooi, i'<'rninK  the  unexpei-ti'il  r\ii'lli'ni'i:s  of  mill  ami 
climate  in  Mont.in.i,  of  whom    trniiiin  waM  one  ol  the  niimt  interi'stiil.     Mul- 
lan,  fr.iiii  whom   I   have  aliitaily  i|iiiitei|  ai«  an  authority  on  WaHliiiiutoii  aini 
(ilaJio,  also  iiii'iitiiiiis   Montana  hrirlly  in   Mimii'  iiml   Trmullni'  ilniili;     ,1. 
liii.iM  liiowin-,  ill  his  rc'port  on  the  Mimrnl  /{imi^iiiiim,  jjives  a  riirtaihil  hiHtory 
of  till'   iliHciivriy  anil  wnrkiiiK  of  the   inineM  ol    Muntaiia;  lioihlanl,   in   hii* 
Wliiur  lit  Kiiii^liiilf,  Isd'.t,  t^ivi'H  reports*  upon  tin;  aj^rii'ultiii.il   ami  miiiiiit{   re- 
Houri'es  of   Miiiitana;  in  ll'iU'n  <li>'ii  M'.i/,  IHtil,  47  ■">•■  in  a  nii'iilnni  mI    Mi>n- 
tana's   re^oiireeh;   h'rii*  lliiiili'  .Icciw*  tin    I'liuni  eontaiiiM   no  iimri';  the  Mun- 
tiiiiii    Shirnlii-iil    Altiiiiitiic    mid     Villi  Imnk   iif    /-'iii'li.    pulili-'hiil     liy    li.iNsett, 
.Ma>{i'e,  ami  Company  of   lli'leiia  in  iMi!),  wan  a  valnalile  eolh'etion  ol    I'urly 
hi.Htiinial  matter;    h'in/irr'M  AilrnliMiwi  Uiwlr,   Ihti'.l,  eontaineil   Hketrhes  uf   tliti 
priiHipal  towiiN  ill  tiie  country;  I'limfi's  . I  );«,/•'''/(  YiiirliiMik',  »onir  ri'inirkM 
on   the   mini'ral   resoiireex  of  the  xame,  p.  .'MHt;   ilii-liiiiil»iiii'i<   Jii  i/oml  (In-  Min- 
MiHsififii,   Noiiie   travellers'  talen  anil  oliservatnuiH;    Iv    W \   Carpenter,    in    the 
Oriiliiiiil   Mimllilii,  ii.,  ,'lN,'i,  ^rivHH  a  fair  aeei»>iit  of   Montana  as  it  appi  .ireil 
to   him  at    that   perioil.      I    have   alii'iiily   ipmteil    ■■).    It.    Neally,  who  wrote 
an  article  lor  the  Atliinlir  Mmitlilii  in  Istili,  nesi  iihinu  a  year's  ohscrvationit 
ill    the  country  at   that    early    pcrinil,  with    nimli   aliility.      In    |Hli7    A.    K. 
Mel 'lure  III  I'a  visiteil  Montana,  ainl  iliiriiiK  that  year  correMpomliil  with  the 
A'l »'  Ymk  T  liliii  III-  ,ii\i\  h'riiiiklin  //(ji'm/Vo/i/,  enteriiiK  into  the  ti'i'liii,<s  ami  in- 
terestsol  the  Mniitanians  with  warmth,  anil  writing  up  their  politicH,  socii'ty, 
ami  rcMiiiii'ci's  with  iiiucli  frankness.     Thesti  letti  rs  were  piililinln'il  in  a  vol- 
mill' of   l.-iK  liases,  ill   |N(i!l,  ins  ii  -    tli;    title  of    '/'///re    T/iiniiiiinl   .l/iVi.i  i/iriiio/k 
till'    /tiiiii)    MuiiiiliiniH.      l»ur-.iV<  ii     Ml   his   (I'mit    hii'iilf,    piililinhi'il    in    I.S7tS, 
contaiiiiiijj  an  account  of  a  Miii<inier  spent  ahmit  the  hc.til  of  the  N  cllowstiine, 
'lescrihes  the  \'clliiwstor'' ■>  ^lon  ami   natiuiiil    p.iik.      .\l   the  I  I  lli  hosinn  of 
till'  .Montana  Ic^i^latiii .    an  act  was  p.iiscil  ,iutlii>i'i/iii|{  the  piililn  atum  ainl 
eiri'iilatiiin  of  a  painphlei  l>y  Uoliert   K.  Stialinrn,  winch  ^a\e  the  lirst  cm- 
nei'ti'il.  Well  arraii({i'il,   ami  .'iiiihentic  acinunt   nl    the   phssictl   f<  itiiri's  ami 
niatei'i.il  I'l'soiirces  of  the  I'liiintry,  from  which   I   have  i|iiiite<l  often,  tm  want 
of  a  lietter.     Siihseipiently,  Str.iliorn  .nMeil  a  lii'<lorieal  pi'etator>  ehipiir,  anil 
eiiliiiKcil  his  liiiok,  Mmil'iiiii  mi't  lln  XiiIhhkiI  I'ltik,  wlinli  was  repiilili'heil  at 
Kan'..is  City  in  JS.Sl,  with  illiistratioiis.      In    IHVJ   Uolieii    I'.  I'oriir,  special 

afjeiit  of  the  loth  census,  pillilislieil  Ins  otiserv.lt lolls  nil  the  ll|i|ll>t I'l.ll,  social, 
I'oninierclal,   ailil    political    id  V  elnplnellt     of    the   west,    in  .l   Nnluille  ol    over  I'lO't 

pitfi's.  III  winch  he  ilcvoti'i  .1  hrii't  chapicr  to  Montana's  .illitinlcH,  climate,  ami 
piipiilitloii.  In  l^>.'l  V,  .\.  Karnier  piililishcil  a  Voliiiiic  ol  '.'DO  pa^es  ii|ii>ii  the 
liiMiiHirtM  ij/'  till  liiiiky  Mimnliuiut,  wliicli  iiiilurally  incluiled  Mitutan.i,  duvot- 


ii;! 


806 


ing  a  (1 


PROfiRKSS  AND  STATKHOOD. 


vlil.f  I'l      "  W"  ^  *  gu'iTiil  HtatoMieiit  of  tin-  roH.mrc.'u  of  tli;it  .oiuitry.    In 
JB8J  ll»-iiry  .1.  \N  iiiftor  jhiIiIihIkmI  .in   illuMtntt.iil  tliiiilr  UUlif  X.„ll,n„  IWiji,- 


ly  iiifommtioii  .I.tIv.-.I  froin  vnrlmraml  writU-n'ruLolloctioUH  uuVl  Huiemeuu 
lJ«re,  M  i;l.-,Lwhi.ru,  iu  nil  my  hwtoricttl  writings. 


.  Ill 

irijir 


INDEX. 


Alxfriu'tliy,  A.  S.,  legislator,  i>H;  c.iii- 

(liiliitu  t'lir  (■(iii^rreHH,  '2U4;  biog.,  'M'f, 

lircr-t  <)>'  coiiviiiitioii,  'Ml. 
Al)uriiutliy,    TlioniUM,    Huttled    at    N. 

Diiii^i-utms,  '21. 
'Activ.T,'  survey  ntcamer,  90,  ]'2l\. 
Ailii  foiiiity.    I<1.,   civatiiil,   458,   4U."»; 

liiMt.    nl,    Ml -7;    Htuckraiaiiig   in, 

n44. 
Ailiiii.  -  comity,  Wiixh.,  croatod,  .'{71. 
AdaiDM,  .1.  .M.,  ri'fuivfr,  'MS. 
Ailkiiis,  |j.  H.,  l>iot{.,  'Mi'y 
Axiutw,  (•.,  land  claim,  'Miii. 
Anri<iiltiir«!,   Waxh.,  '244,  ."M.'*  "i;   Id., 

r».«!»,    :.7.»-4;    Moiit.,    7H8  l>.    74'J  :», 

".V.». 
'.i.rii.  I'.,  I'tof  vols,  1(17;  liio«.,  :W5. 
AlitaiiiliMi,  catliolic  iiiiHHitiii,  IIMI;  lud. 

littlit  at,  I  lo;  iiiisH.  cHtalilislicd,  .'I7'J. 
Aiii'<lii',    (ict».,    Ic^iHlator,    4(W,    470; 

cli^'tcil    dulcgatti,    475;    dufuat    of, 

ISSJ,  •)iJ7. 
Alaslii,    U.  S.  tcrr.,  270;  advaiiUtji«!ii 

to  W.ihIi..  1571  •-'. 
'Alliioii,'  Hliip,  17. 

Alltioii,  CO.  Muat,  etc.,  l/iWHia,  Id.,  A.'^l. 
Aldcii,  ('ai)t.  .1.  H.,  Hurvcy  cxihiiL,  90; 

ari'tMii  I  lid.  tmirdcrci,  !•.'{, 
Alder  crcuk  iiainud,  &2H;   iniiiiiig  at, 

()-.'*.)  ;to. 
.'Mdi'r  n'di'li,  result  of  diHcnvery,  7'.'0. 
Alexailder,  .lollii,  Hcttlen  mi  WlliiUiey 

ihI.,  :iO;  CO.  com.,  &tl,  7U;  aidn  ro.id- 

making',  (I.'). 
Allu  [loiiit,  HcttlcrH  at,  '2\  .');  Haw-iiiill, 

:««.  I 

Alien,  A.,  hiog  .  :i'JI. 

Allen,  Cliaile^,  iiiui'ilor  of.  4.V_'. 

Allen,  K.  li.,  road  niiikiiig,  li.'i;  claim, 

:«i.-.. 

Allen,  U.  \V.  !,..  Hcttled  im  Wiiidlicy 

iitl  ,  .'Ht;   eo.  eiini.,  .V.l. 
Allen.  II.  K.,  Iiiou  ,  :UM.  ^ 
Allen,  •lamer*,  nettle.'.  Ill  'i'liuritttm  CO., 

61 ,  liiog  ,  Mi. 


Allen,    Lt  JeMO    K.,   ex(ied.   a^aiiiHt 

Yakimax,  I'.Ni. 
Allen,  .liiiin  K,  l>iog.  etc.  of,  :<lli. 
Allen.  ().  U.,  Iiiog.,  7ti<>. 
Alliiiaii,  .lolin  ('.,  land  claim,  M>. 
Allyii,  Kpliraiiii,  aids  in  road-iiiakinf{, 

oil. 

Allyn,  F.,  aHunc.  jiid;,'r,  :WX». 

Allyu,  .lainuH  II.,  aiils  in  roailinaking, 

O.--). 
AUtoii,  VAw.  v.,  l>iog.,  0<.t4. 
AltiiriM  county,  Id.,   Iiiiiindarii.>s   of, 

444-.'i;  aaiiio  and  ilescnpt. ,  .">47. 
Alvurmiii,   Jaiiiex,   aidn  in   road-mak- 
ing, 0."i. 
Alvord,  (iuii.,  coin'd  of  dint,  '2'2'J;  on- 

taliliHiicN  )i(mt,  4S.'i. 
Anaconda  mine,  liiMt,  of,  7<U. 
AtidiirH,  T.   .1.,   Hitp.   vt.   juilge,   ,'{|4; 

l>iof^.,  :il7. 
AndcrMon,  .1.  M.,  dep.  cidlectoi',   fate 

of,  •J'.'4. 
AnderHoii,  .1.  I'.itti'ii,  a|i|ioiiiteil  L'.  .S. 

inarHlial,  ii'2;  del.  to  emiureHM,  'JOj. 
.AndrowM,  L.  It.,  ilel.  to  ennvcn.,  '.".M. 
Aiigelo,  C.  A.,  /././/«.,  4t».'i. 
Aram,  .lolin,  liiojh^. ,  it'<'.\. 
ArniMtron^,    Maj.,    li^lit   witli    Indit, 

1 1.*>;  cam|iai)<ii,  I4lt. 
Arnctt.  Win,  execiitum  of,  (ilU  Ltl 
Ariiiild,    Liuiit,    e.staliliitlicH   di'|iiit   in 

Hitter-ront  val.,  (lO.'). 
.XhIiIcv,    .lanieit    ,M.,    ^ov.    of    .Mmit,, 

liT.H  4. 
.\HHcilin  eiinnty,  WihIi.,  createii,  ;I7I. 
Aiiu'ur,  ('apt.,  Ill  hid.  li^lit,  ll.'i. 
.\uMtin,  (',  •  i  ,  lHOk{.,  .'(17 
.\uHtiii,  K.  W.,  land  claim,  liCi.'i, 


Hach,  K.  W.,  l)ioK.,77l. 

liiielieldcr,  Clian  ('.,   Iayn   out  town, 

lil  '.•»». 
Hiehelder,  .1.    M.,   arrival,   .M,   plot, 

17;!  3. 


M 


810 


INhKX. 


liiil  latiilH  of  Mont.,  rt08  ft.  Hn;»r  \/.iko  iliHtrict,  Iil.,  roiipcr,  etc., 

liiKL',  ( '.  S.,  rt'piirt  (if,  t>4.">.  '      in,  WM\. 

K.i^'li'y,  ('.  li.,  ritv.  ('i)ll(!ctor,  207.  lU^ar  I^Jiki'  county,  hi.,  i-riiiitril,  MV>; 

liiili^y,  Cli.-iM,  niurilcr  of,  *.>•'>.  hixt.,  ,'14^  *,•. 

liailtiy,  Kiilit  S.,  Hi-ttluii  on  Wliiilltoy  |{i'iir   rivi-r   viiUcy,    MiMla  HpringM   in, 

hI.,  :<():  uxplorationH,  U84i.  i      :ii)S. 

IlikiT,  .1.  .\.,  l.ioK.,  77(1.  Hiar  Paw  Mtn,  ln<l.  tiylit  at,  .M'J  VX 

lUkiir,  .1.  N.,  li'^iMlator,  biog.,  *Jftl!.  ■  lit-atty,  K.  'I'.,  Inoy.,  (Vm. 

ItakiT,  .1.  S.,  I.iog.,  ,HI7.  IJ.Mtty,  .1.  II.,  cliuf  jiisti.c.  ISS'.t,  .'i8;». 

Kilcli,  K.  S,,   tlcl.    to  oonviMition,  40.  'H<'av«!r,' Ht«'ani(!r,  r>;i  4,  l'-'4. 

Halt'li,     iinfayfttt!,     ttHtjililiMlit^H     Port  licavi-r  ( 'ity.  Iil.,  foumlcil,  4'.'H. 

Stcilat-iMiMi,   IM;  in  railriHul  untur-  lit-aviTlirail  i-ounty,  rit-liiit'SH  of  inincM, 

prist',  'JTO.  4I-;  oriiiiti'il,  4i.'i;  Mkilch  of,  Ti'i.H. 

Kali,  Srr>{t  K<lw.,  OMoa|H)  from  ludx,  HnilJiT,  .lolm  \.,  I'.  S.  niarHJial,  tkTii). 

IHI.  \U'\\,  (ii'o.,  HuttUtil  on  WliiillK^y  iHliind, 

Italian!,    Davi.l  W.,   now   M.,  4(t7  8;  Mi. 

cliarai'lfi-  anil  policy,  M\S  71.  licll,  iMiiau  K.,  Iiuul  claim,  Ml. 

Ikillxlon,    Wni,   Hcttlcr   iii    Dwunii-nli  Itdl,  .1.  II.,  Mvttluil  in   I'uyitllup  val- 
val., 'M.  Icy,  M. 

Baltic,    .Mr,   Ht'ttlotl  on  Wliitllivy  i.sl.,  Itrll,  ,1.  N.,  leader  of  uiininx  co.,  '2'A'2. 

:<().  '  Itcll,  .lolm,  Hcttlcil  at  N.  l>iiii^i<nrHK, 

liannaik  <'ity  (hch  also  I>!kIi.>  I'ity),  '-'8 

loiiiiilcil,    4()7;  legislature  at,    I>14;  Itcll,  Wni  N.,  settler  at  Alki  I'oint, 

sketch  of,  7."»:».  ••*• 


liaiinack  nunc,  v.ilac  of,  <V28. 


'  lU-llc,'  Hteanicr,  15.'). 


if.iiiiiiii'u   iiiiiii',   v.iiiii'  111,   .ImCV.  iM'iii',     nLt'Jiiiit'i ,    1,1**. 

It.iriiiack'i,    treaty  witli,  515;  troultlcs  i  ItelU^vue,  Id.,  location  etc.  of,  547. 

Willi,  517  et  NCij.  I  HelliUliliain    Uiy,    Helllelliellts    oil,  ^{1 

It.iiincr  < 'ity,  Id.,  founded,  4'.'*.>.  {      'J;   Ind.  ilepredations,  '.15  ( 


Hi'll,  W.  N.,  sijjiiH  liieiii.   to  con^rci'M, 

5;j. 
Itcnian,    Fred.,  in  attaek  at  tliu  Cim- 

c.ides,    151. 


Kaiita,  K.  S.,  liio^.;.,  74>>, 

It.irliiiiir,  .v.  K.,  lii"H.,  770. 

IViri'l.iy,  Korlie-i,  land  claim,  Hi\. 

Ilirlow,  Corp  I  .1.  T.,  death  of,  !M.  ,.....-.,   ..... 

li.ii'klrotli,  Oaliriel,  land  claim,  8<i.         Iteiilon,  II.  M.,  Iiio^.,  It.Vi. 

Heniard,  ('apt.,  li^lit  with  llannacks,    Iti'iin,  Samuel,  liiot{.  mention,  :<!):* 

.V.H).  Iteiinctl,  I'.ipt.  Clias,  killed.  Ml 

Itarr.ick,  ,Mex.,  \»nii.,  !>'>{). 
It.irr.'ick,  .liwi'ph,  liio^.,  .550 


-^ ■^•^.  "  "I'-.  •  • ■ 

Id'iinctt,    'I'hos  \V.,    gov.    Id.,    hiog., 
47'J. 


It.tli.li'li,   .itiii'|*il,    iilii^.,    .i.ni,  *tjM. 

l<.irriti).<liiii,  Kdw.,  si'llled  on  Whidlicy  i  lleiLson,  A.,  Mcttlud  in  I'uyalliiii  val- 

isl.,  ,'10:  heiit  of  vols,  107.  Icy,  00. 

I(.irriili,  .Mex.,  settled  north  of  Colum-  Itcnton,  hco  Fort  Itclltou. 

Ilia,  10.  Kerry,  A.  .M.,  luon.,  77. 

Hiniiw,  .1.  .1.,  Mettled  at  N.    Dunne-  licrrV.  «'.  II.,  assoc.  judge,  IHH8,  M',\. 

ness,   '."H.  ,  Uerry.  S.  II.,  luon  ,  .'110. 

U.irr>,  t'orp'l,  killing  of,  I'.Ni.  Kemier,  .1.,  liioK-,  'M\\. 

hirst,  .liMi'pli,  settled  at 'riiiiiwatcr,  5.  Ilij;  Camas  prairie.    Id,   ilescript.   < '. 

liirstow.  .V.  C..  Ind.  comiiiiM  .  40S.  ;i<»5  0,  547;  name,  :HI7. 

ILii'mIuu,  Cipt.  It.  I>.,  settler  at  Wind-  Itigelow,   Daniel   It,  settles  at  Olyin- 

liey  ihI.,  ,'ll.  pia,  .55;  tor.  auditor,  85. 

Itlsll,  C,,  eolleeliir  of  ellstoiiis,  •_".17.  ItlgeloW,   I  >.    K.,  leglslat'T,  "iW;   eollllly 

lt.i?.il,  Nelsiiii,  settled  on  Wlildlicy  isl.,  treasurer,  78;   dist  all  y,  85. 

no.  Iligelow,  U.  II.,  discovers  coal,  'AM. 

It.iHii'it,  W.  I''.,  ferry  right,  '-'51.  Itigholc  river,  K"'d  discoxiTcd,  &s2. 

It.iii'4,   .1.    !{,.,  legislator,  '218;  liridgo  Itighorn  City.  .Mont.,  map  of,  Oltl. 

iiijlit,  'J5I.  Itighorn  county,  organi/.ed,  445. 

It.itty,  Ceil.,  l.iiid  el.iini,  81).  Itighorn    river,   fort    limit    at    mouth, 

Iteaeliy,    Mill,   estahlishcM   stage  line,  tloh  gold  diMcovcred,  li.'il   'i. 

4:15  li.  Itig  Stiir,  .Spokanu  chief,  siirreiidiirH, 

Itc.im,  Ceil.   W..    settled    on  Wlildlicy  ItM. 

isl.,  ,'ll ;  capt.  of  vols,  l.'iO,  iri7.  Itig  Thunder,  Neie  I'orcv  chiuf,  48:i  et 

Hear  creek,   gohl  diHCovcred  at,  414.  hci[. 


m 


:>'    lH>l. 


INI»KX. 


HI  I 


HilcH.  r..  i> 


1 


•-'(•.:». 


Hii.M,  r.  N..  I.I..K.,  •.'((:» 

Kili-s,  |>.  K.,  \>u>n.,  *.'t):i. 


of.  :.».•>. 

Kointi  river,  |iri>H|M'i'tiii;{  nii,  'jri'l. 


Hili'M,    .rtnii'M,   HcttlfH  al    Tiimwatrr,  |{>>tH<'<    Uimt    Mining   uml    Kxiiloriiig 
<i7;    legislator,  '.'18;    U.    U.    Kntor-        co,  or^aiii/4'<l,  '>!■'>. 

iiriHii,  'J7(l.  itiiinfiirl  jirairu),  HuttlrrM  on,  'M't. 

HiiiiH,   .1.   {).,    itigiitlaUir,  I'Jt;   litnil  of  Itolaii,    A.    J.,     Ir^ixliitor,    Til;    Ii:4l. 


voU,  lt;7. 
KilU,  jjtiiiiui'l,  liio^.,  :ui«i. 


UK'Mit,  IM,  aolioiiM,    l(K);  iiiiiriliirt'il, 

no. 


HiiiKliaiii,  Liitiit,  at  Fort  C  F.  Smitli,    IV>Utfr,  II  ,  l>ui){.,  •'i'.K.' 


1H»7. 
HiiiK'li 


\V..  I 


>io){.,  Xti. 


Ilinl,  K/.M,  liiou.,  r>r>M. 
Uinl.  I-'.  \V  ,  liio^  ,  ;{'J|. 
Itiriiio,     Marci'l,   ilrl.    to   ooiivoiilion, 
VX 


Idilloii,    Win,    Mt'tlleM   at    Sti'ilaotMiii 
17.  I'.l;  l.ion;..  :«!<•.. 


Itiiiiii 


K   L,  l.i(.«..  TCS. 


Idillii.  .1.    N.,  //m/i);i/ (>/'* 'i'/n;'i«/ii,  i>li\, 

MS.  (U». 

iioiiswi  II.  si'iiii'ii  oil  wiiiditi'v  kI..  :io. 


ItiHliop,  It.  It.,  ,stittlt>K  at  ( 'iiMcaili',  :i7;    ItoiiiMiinaiii,     Kiroti    ile,     l»og.,    nlo. 

jIlHllni  of  pcier,  ~H.  '',\~  S. 

liittcr-rodt   valley,   Mont.,  TiUI;  uiiti-    IttHincville,  Id.,  foiniileil,  .||*.). 

Horcier,  l'et<r,  *(Ulile  to  ploiuer  [Lilly, 

•I 

Itoreiii,   ('.   |>.,   xetthm  at  Alki    I'oiiit, 

Uiirst.  .Icmclili.  ilel.   to  eon  vent  loll,    lit. 


HioiiarieH  in,  M'.i, 
Itivdim,  I).  M.,  l>ioK.,  .Vitl. 
Kl.i.k.  F.  T.,  l.ioj^.,  715. 
ItUfkliiini,  .1.  T  ,  liio^.,  :t'JI.  I 

Itlaekfaii.  i'.   T.,  Iiio^..  :WI. 
Itlaekfoot   nation,    treaty    with,    KfJ;    liostwiek,  •loiiii  II.,  iliHcovei'M  Salnioit 

himtility,  41-.!;  in  Mont.,  tKN)  -t.  7tK)         river  iiiiiiex.  -Jiri. 
Illaekniaii.  H.,  l.'UiMlalor,  Ino^.,  '.>•.)■.>.       Ilotliell,  <;  .  liny.,  :fJI. 
Ill.uk     riviT    valley,    Hettleiiientn    in.     Itow.iii.  .\.  O..  nliei  itl,  4.'>S 


iHt 


Hiake,    A.    S.,  tiiiniii),'  al   liolil   ereek,      Ito/elillll,    Mont.,  i|eNei'i|it.  of,  7<'ili 


liowan,  'I'lioi  A.,  ai>["'l'il  >{ov.  M..  ••7'J. 
ill 


(il7;   ex|ie(l.,  (I'JM. 


I<.i 


.1.  M  ,  I. 


ii:j-J 


Itliike,  lleiir)  N.,  aHNoe.  jinltie,  .Mont.,     lio/einiui  route,  tilKi. 


lili 


fllief 


jlistiee,  7'.t7.  >t«H>  '.». 


Itra.l. 


lliieft,   nu'elVi  r. 


•J".>8. 


Mlakely,  t '.    I'.,  H|.e,iker,  MCJ 


It 


II ,  I 


:i'-'l 


HiMiifonl  \   Co.,  trailiii);  at  tin    i'm- 
einles,    I  l.'i;    store    att.ieki'il,    I  Hi   S. 

lirailford,    l>aiiiel    F.,   nettles  al   t'as- 


Kl.iloek,   N.  «;.,   I.io^.,  •MM. 

Klanelietl,    I. mil  elaiiii,   Mi;    Imi4|io|i  of        cmiIc,  ;i7:  le^iHliitor,  7-<. 
Walla  Wall...  :»7'-r. 

Illi'ilsoe,    U.,   le^'lsl.itor,    I  i.'l. 


liraufonl,  I'litnian,  mittluH  ut  (.'aHeaile, 


HloeU  li 


:«7 

I'ti'il.    I-.M:    Itridlev.  .loliii,  ilil.  t< 


»!•: 


lloeli  houses,    nilinlier    erecteil,     , ..       -.  -.    - -    . 

\it<\  ■  iir^es  plan  for.  K'lli.  slii'i'iH.   .I'.l;    sent    willi    i|(">|i.itelies, 

HI Is,   liiil.   tnlie,  li'.tl;  hostility  of,  II'.). 

ti'.tl.  UlM.lsliaW,   f.     M    .    setlle.l    lit     N      l>.lll 

'Mine  Wiii^,' Hl.ip,  niyxtitrioiis  ilisap-  ^eness.  'J7;  le>{isl.iiiir,  'Jii7;    <lel.   to 

pearaiiee.  'JI'J.  eolivelltlou,  '.t)|. 

Itliint'.-i  iihiiicl,  li^lillioiise  at,  Ml.  Itraily,  .loliii,   eoiiiity   eoni.,   7^;    iieiit 

Hoariliiiaii,  •!.  .M.,  l>io^.,  77<>  <>.  of  vols.  hi<>. 

Itoiitllllin.     W.,     Ni.'ltleil     in      I'livallllp  hriltl,  <  ieo..    sellled    at    'riiiiiu.ilei.    S. 

valley,  t'lli.  Ih.tniiaii,  .lo-iepli,    loiiiuU  sellleineii'.,, 

Iloilljsli,  «'    I'.,  liio((..  .M.'i.  )!)). 

lioise  li.'iNin.  map.  4118;  iiiiniiiK  in.  4ll'.l  Kiaiuiaii.  \\  .    II..    toiinil.i  Heitlenieiit, 

III;  eleetioii  in  IHtkt.  44:i;  crime  in,  l>«i:  iiiiir<l<  reil,  Ilil. 

4.'>l)  7.  Hranstetlitr,    Joseph,   ili.<eoveiM    jioLsii 

Hoiso   City,  capital,    4(J4  5;    hint,  of,  inine'<,  4(Ni;  luoj;  ,  .V|(» 

MO  I,  571   '-•;  Moeiety  in,  I'-M  '.'  Iliallon,  Win.  eapt.  iinl.  uar.  i:iN. 

lioi^t-    eoiiiity.    III.,    crime    in.    44*^  '.i,  HiaMiiaii.  M  .  apiioiiiteil  |;i>\.  |il  ,  474; 

4.'i7  IMI;     vigilantes,     451.     l.'iS  i>0;  priieliuiahon,  .>4II 

tfolil  pro'l.,  5115;    ileieripl  ,   ."i4!l  ."lO  'tieek,  (ieo.,  Iiloi;  ,  7  i8. 

Itoise  iiiiiies,  iliseoveiy  and  value,  I'll' ,  l<reiits.    'I'lioinaN     II..    Iiiou     iil,    '.^84; 

•::>'J  01,  400  7,  413' 14.  iluU'gatu  to  conti  .  M,  S07. 


Ill 


ij.t 


812 


INDEX. 


Rri.lall.  E.  J.,  l.ioK..  300. 

Hliv^i.  AlU-rt,  loL-ateii  clbiiii,  'JO;  co. 

ciiiii.,  M. 
Bri^liC,  Goii.,  Buiit   with   duitpatflioH, 

IIU. 
liriMliiii,  ffcn.,  cnin]mif;n  of,  717. 
iirixtol,  Hhorlook,  iiiiiiing  ailvuiiturim, 

4IKM0;  IiiikI  ilaiiii,  i-tu.,  Ml. 
Kromlwiifrr,  •'.  A.,  l)iog.,  T7'2. 
Bro.!k,  Hull),  inarriaj^c  of,  9. 
BriMlnruik,  ('.,  asitoc.  ]ii<l){«i  IH84,  M'\. 
i)ri)tiilii)l<l,    I).  P.,  Hi!ttlt'<i  at  N.  Diiii- 

({fiitixH,  *J7;  (lol,  to  tuiiivtiiitioii,  4U; 

o'l.  L'l.rn.,  an,  7U;  IcgiHlutor,  I'A, 
Bi'iHtku,  L'liiyd,  justicu   of   iMiaco,  77; 

BroMliuarH,  Juiepli,  tlcl.  to  cnnvniition, 

4<>. 
Hniwii,  H.W.,  ina«saurutl  with  family, 

U*>. 
Tii'irwii,   (ic(>.,    justice  of   {R'ace,    7M; 

iiiiii'ilcroil,  05. 
Hrnuii,  J.  C.,  8etth*il   at  N.  Duiit{i!- 

nvH,  *27j  t'o.  aMHCHMor,  79;  attuckcil 

liy  I  ml  I,  iK!;  (!X|ihiratioii,  mi. 
Bmwri,  .liii'l  L.,  Hitttluil  on  Shoalwatur 

lia>',  .'i.');  uxiihtritM  roiitti,  IMU. 
Brow!i,  .1.  S  ,  liioK..  :WI. 
BriiM'ii,  L.  v.,  iugiiilator,  470;  hing., 

Bniwn,  Win,  Kettlitr  in  Dwarrash  val., 

'JO;  at  Bullinuhain  liay,  ',{2, 
Browiiu,  (iuo.,  l)io){.,  >'{*J!I. 
Bniwiie,  ■).  <!,,  hioft,.,  'A\',i. 
Bryan,  11.  B.,  biog..  74U. 
Bryan,  O.,  IiIok.,  74'J. 
Biii'haiiaii,  !>.,  oiog.,  Mil. 
Buchanan,    H.,   tMittltul    on    BoiHfort 

piMlrii-,  11(1. 
Bufk,  N.  ,  iMfloc.  judne,  I.S84,  MX 
Biii-kh^y,  (loo.,  HcttJcil  at  Si-attUt,  '.'H 
Biickluy,  .1.,  ucttlur  in  DwaniiHli  val  , 

•J(l 
Biii'kniinHtcr,  in  attack  at  thu  Cuh- 

cat  Ion,  1(8. 
HiK-na  ViHUTity,  M.,  f..iiiii|...l,  44», 
itullnril,  iloul,  Muttluil   (III  .SliiNilwatcr 

Lay.  :<.V 
Biillaril,  Mark,  wittluil  on  iSli<N«lwator 

l>ay,  ;i"». 
Bullion  iliHtriot,  M.,  iiiinu*  otc.    of. 

Biillio'i,    pro  liicttoii   of,    Wa'th.,   'M',1; 

ii  ,  .VW;  Moiit..  ;->H. 
Hiiiin.  W     M.    Ko«     l>l.,  tHH4,  4N0. 
BiiiitoH,  .Ian.  f>,  killing  ••!  (jiiioiiiutli, 

\:4 

HiiiIm'-     .I<iii«iI»i»ii,  |iN-at<-il  I'laini,   10; 

'     ith,   ;<7:    •Wl.  to  fiiliVtrUtltm,  4'J. 

It.,     u    B   K     iMtiK  .  mL 


I  Bnrforil,  Cioo.  W.,  hing.,  Xid. 
Burnt*,  John  E.,  settlor  at  I'tirt  THs- 
eovery,  '2S. 
!  Burns,  M.  I'.,  sent  with  iluaiiat.,  1 10. 
Biirroll,  J.,  biog.,  740. 
BurroWH,  Lt  J.  M.,  kilhil,  141. 
<  Burt,  Janioa,  niunler  hy,  Oo. 
Bushy,  Jaineii,   suttlod   on   Whiilhoy 

isl.,  :io. 
Bu.th,    Goo.    W.,    sottUa    at    I'ufjot 
I      Houiiil,  .*);  biog.,  4. 
I  Buith,    iSiinoon,    settled    on     ItoiMfort 

prairie,  iVi. 
I  BuhIi.  \V.  O.,  biog.,  s'.n;. 
I  Butler,  llillory,  settleil  at  .Seattle,  '26. 

Butler,  .r.  S.,  biog.  ete.,  4*21. 
'  Butt,  Wilson,  biog.,  UX'i. 
Butte  City,  Mont.,  growth  of,  740;  ile- 
siTipt.,  75*2,  7(i,'i-4;   niiiiiiih'  output, 
i      IM. 
Butto  oud  8uuiuit  val.  uiiuing  dist, 
7;iO. 


t'ady,  Col  A.,  in  coinM  of  Colunibia 
I      (list,  'J'M;  roliovod,  'I-M. 
Cain,  A.  J.,  holds  council,    IDS;  gnUl 

dixcov.   on   the  Clearwater,  '2<ir>-  0; 

bioy.,  371. 
Cain,  •!.,  Ind.  agent,  177. 
Callahan,  T.  T.,  biog.,  747. 
Calhiway,  J.  E.,  biojj.,  701. 
C'aniax  I'rairio  and  V  olcano  dist, 

of,  AIS. 

Camp  Bidwcll,   Id.,  estab.    IMU),  433. 
Can<|iltell,  E.  T.,  biog.,  747. 
CiiiiiplH;ll,  J.  L.,  Idi\:u>  mill  Moiitmiii, 

ilto, 
CiiiiplHill,  MarHhall,  Hctthr  at  W hid- 

beVlHl.,31. 
<'annon,  A.  .M.,  bio^.,  ■•'.»2. 
Cannon,  C,  W.,  Iimij  ,  770. 
Cirdwell.  E.,  b'og  ,  TMt. 
C.irilNio    iiiiiu'.N,    diMcov.    of,   '233;  do- 

Ncript.,  Mii. 
Cirltoii.  .r.  M     l.ioK  .  IW  :iO 
Carnotix,  \    l»     wllloi  .»i 'ruinwator, 

H;  Haw-iinll,  1* 
CwriiH,  Willi'.,  Uog.,  38(1. 
Car|mntcr,    B.    Itatt,    gov.  of   M«Nit., 

IMO;  biog..   iM»  I. 
Carr,  .1.  1».,  coiiimet  oi',  440. 
'C*rrHi  Uavim,'  Mteanu'r.  '270. 
Carniiijton,     < 'ol    H.     B,    i-.>pt>d.    of, 

tMW>  U. 
Cartoo,  ii,  F.,  viiit'varil  «f,  biog.,  544; 

MiirvcN  or  uoii.,  .'idl. 
Carter,  T.   11.,  dclc^alu  to  toug.,  A7, 

70U. 


knap 


INDEX. 


813 


kiiap 
433. 

itiiiiii, 
liitl- 


lie- 

itt-r, 

.It... 

..f. 
VM; 


Carter,  Wm  R„  J>iog..  (W4. 

Carver's  map,  I77H,  (UK). 

CaKcatis  county,  Mtxit.,  croateil,  1887, 

770. 
< 'ai»cMil««,  attack  on  the,  144-5'J;  do- 

Hcnimtl,  145-0;  map,  l.VJ. 
('axL'ailo  iiitM,  roa<l-makiiifj  to,  <t.5. 
CaNcailo  Railroail  co.,  hi.st.  of,  ;{87-8. 
C'uHuy,    Lieiitcol   .Silan,    arriv.il  with 

tronpx,    llti;  actioiiH   ugaiiiHt   liuU, 

Ui'2  A. 
('aHHia   ooiinty,  Id.,  freatc<l,  40.');  do- 

Hcript. ,  5.'iO-l. 
Catliii,  C,  logiMlator,  \nn^^.,  'Jl^J. 
Catlin,  Scth,  Hettlvd  in  Towlitz  vnl., 

37;    tli'l.   to  oonvontion,    4*.>;   ni^jiiH 

iiiuiniirial   tii  I'oiig.,    53;    lugiMlator, 

M,  l:i;  l.iog.,  .170. 
<'avaiiaiiuli,      ,  dul.   to  cougruitH,  U(i8; 

hiog,,  008  i». 
C'ayuHUM,  Hign  truaty,  101. 
Cuntruvillu,  Id.,  dvHoript.  of,  4'.'l. 
CVntralia,  niuiit.  ol,  'AW. 
Chaddook,  4 'apt.  J.  .S.  S.,  takus  [mm- 

■ON.iion  of  I'liNtom-hoUMi*,  '^Jl\. 
Challia,  co.  Nuat  Ciisior,  Id.,  iVi'i. 
ChaiidM-rlain,  .lat-nli  B.,  biog.,  m'.\. 
ChaiiilHTM,  .\ndru\v,  Mottluu  at  Turn- 

wat«ir,  l»iog.,  8. 
('liainlMTM,    iJavid,     Hcttlcd   at  Turn- 
water,  luog.,  8;  foiiiity  roin.,  7H, 
('haiiduTH,  1.  .M.,  (tottloK  ist  Tuinwa- 

tt.'r,  liiog.,  8;  did.  to  coiivuiiti'iii,  411; 

county  com.,  Ml. 
C'hanilicrM,  riicnuH.t.l.,  Huttlodat  Tuai- 

wiitcr,  l»ioi{. ,  S. 
I'haiiip,  .lohn  W.,  Rottlud    at.   Mhoal- 

water  liay,  34 
Chance,  .lohn,  in  attack  at  the  < 'an- 

cades,   U.S. 
ChancUer,  \V.  K  ,   chief  jnxtice,  I8.S4, 

Id.,  4.S(). 
Chapni.'iu.  .lohn  Kutler,  laid  not  Clui- 

lialit  J'il\,   :U»;  Hchumo  of,   47;  ilul. 

to  i'(Mi\  intion,  4U. 
< 'hapiti.iii,    John    .M.,    KglHlator,    7'i, 

•J  IS 
Ch.irltoii,  Cham  hiog.,  74S. 
Clidiali.i  Cit>.  WuHh.,  laidnut.  'Mt 
Chehalii  i-ount,> ,  crcs'ited,  77;  •iiliiudi, 

7'!:  ;;c.oiint"of,  3(i'.». 
Che'iaiiH  ViiMey,  HcttlnrM  in,  .17. 

<  III  'ht,  I'lerro,  Hcttlo<l  KoiHlort  prairio, 
•M 

(,'hiinoweth.  F.  A.,  Netth»iat  Camade, 
37;  le^^ixlator,  fiO,  73;  caiidulate  ior 
eoiigrcHH,  71  3;  dint  ju-l^u,  HO; 
trii'.  l.*'f(ihi,  17'-'  .'i. 

<  'hriiiiweth,    Hardin,  e«oaiHi  from  thu 

CaoouiluM,  148, 


Clirrry,  Chas,  killed  by  IniU,  93. 
Child,  H.  W..  biog.,  774. 
Chiniacuni  valley,  MuttlerM  in.  '2S. 
ChimakuniM,     flight     from     noriheru 

IndH,  13.*). 
China,    Maj.   M.    A.,   muvemcatii  of, 

140  I. 
Chinook.  tiMhory  at,  3.'<. 
'  'Chipiiewa, '  Htuamer,  burnt,  (Sl<i. 
t'liolidra,  .lohn,  nettled   on    Whidhev 

iHl.,  30. 
Choteai,    county,    Mont.,    orgaui/ud, 

44.*);  Hketeh  of,  7.'i-  •<. 
Chowell,   H.  ().,  Ilio;;.,  774. 
CIniri'h,  .Indah,  Hettlol   on   Whidlxiy 

ul.,  ;<o. 
ChiireheK,  Wanh.,   37-' -4;   Id.,   .Vi'.'  3; 

Mont.,  777-8. 
Claggett,    NV.    II.,    do),    to  conKri!.iH, 

ll<(i;  biog.,  (i7i*-7. 
Claim      jumping,       pitlilic      meeting 

auain.it,  IN47,  'M  40. 
I  Clallam  comity,    \Va»li.,  ircated,   77; 

olKciaU,  7U}    Mketch    ol,   'MM;   hint. 
j      of,  31  il). 

I  Cl.'illainH,  depredatioiiM  by,  <.KI. 
'Clark,     K.    A.,    ttettluM    in    liwamiith 

val.,  •_'«. 
,  Clark,  Krank,  univernity  nijeiit,  '.'l."»; 
I       IcgLslator,  '-'IH,  'HA;  biog.,  -.'iXi;  rad- 

road  uiitorpriHc,  '.'70. 
Clark,  .1..  di.il  judge  Id.,  473. 
Clark,  •lohn  (.'.,  lynching  of,  4l**>. 
Clark,  Maleolni,  ileath  of,  7tHi 
Chirk,  \\ .  A..  prcHt  coiiitit.  cuiiveiit., 

787;    liiog.,    <87-»i    U.    S.   «eii.aor 

elect.  SiHi. 
Clarke  CO.,  otiiciaU  of,  78;  voI'I'h  «n- 

r..lled,  113. 
Clarke,  A.  C.,  biog.,  7Im. 
Ci.tr-ke,   A.    K.,  hlog.,  3'J'J. 
Chirke,  K.  A.,  MigiiN  iiK'iii.  to  cniigrcHi, 

o3;     lejL;i>4.4tor,    73,    DS;    dixl    pioi. 

atty,  H.". 
Clarki  .  Niwiii.kii  S.,  coiiid    if  I'acilic 

delit,      I7<>;     viiilit    Ciiliiliihia,     177; 

lioidi  ■■iiiiiicil,    IH3;  on  liid.   truatlci, 

lINi;   aiNigiied  to  t  al  ,   l'.)7. 
C1.'|)'Imu.  .Imd,  atlai'ki'd  by  liid->,  >l,*i; 

iiarrnw  escape,  IIW. 
,  Cbiiili',  H  ,  MottlcH  at  ()lym|ii.i.  t'lT. 
I  Cli'.»r«  >l' r   ;.  iilu    'leldn,    ilLtioveiy   nf, 

value,  •.';«  7. 
Clears  iter    river,    lerrv    rightit,   251; 

hid.   battle,  ."107   8. 
Cli'iiiim,  .lohn,  liiog.,  '.^^2. 
(  lill    I'hIu,     Mont.,     dlmiiv.,    etc.,     nf, 

7J4. 

(  limite,  I.I  Id  ,  .VC    40;    Muiil,  .V.Kl. 
Cliudinning,  J.,  biog..  ^S, 


814 


INDKX. 


('line,  Kliot,  Rottled  nt  N.  Diingonoos, 

M;  Irgialittor,  liio^.,  '2i*2. 
CliiigLT,  .1.  (•.,  lociitvM  oLtiiii,   19,  'M. 
I'loiigli,  .Idliii  P.,  Iiiog.,  55(i. 
Clou^li,  \..  )i.,  Iiiog.,  :{I7. 
C'(Mil  iiiiiicH,    Waith.,   'M0-'2;  M.,  536; 

Mont.,  Ttii*  ;*. 
(  iH-liran,    .lauifH,  di'I.   to  cimvcntiou, 

4!>. 
('<mIi!  (i(  laws,  hill  to  provide,  7<i. 
('iK%  LawicinT  \\.,  Hottles  at  C'lHcado, 

.'{7;  liuilds  uteuinor,  '2'.i\. 
Cii'iir   d'Al'iicM,  int'ft   iiuv,   Stevenit, 


104 
I 


(M;  cainiiaiuii  aijiiiiist,  l7K-iNi;  at 
M'.ici!  witii  Nf/.  I'fireH,  I'.W;  excite- 
ment ainonu,  etc.,  4'.><V(i. 

('■lur  il  Al«  lie  Lake,  (id  SVrij^lit  tit, 
liW. 

t'n'ur  d'Alene  MinoH,  M,  .'•HO. 

1  n'lir  irAli-iii-  MisHiitn,  iiroMpurity  of, 

( 'oKliiinour.  !>.,  UioK.,ete.,  410. 

<'<illMirn,  .I..|in,  l)iog.,  74N. 

Cidliy,   AiindiiiH,  co,  oilicer,  li71);  ex- 

|doratiiiii,  ',\bii. 
Cole,  «'.  K  ,  liioj;.,  771. 
Cide,  (ifo.    K.,   del.    to  congrons,   2M; 

iilm;.,  '.'til  ."•;   apjl'td   gov.,  I'ti'l,  'Mi. 
('■■Ilili.4,  .Icilin,  I'ioi;.,  .'tI'Mi. 
('olliii'',  hiiijit'r  Nl.,  locates  claim,  'Jl; 

at  lit'lliiigliani  iiay,  ',i'2;  ai^ns  mem. 

to  conyr-ciH,  Xi;  CO.  coin.,  ')'.(.  7^*. 
'Colonel  Wnglit,'  Hteamer,  '2'M,  'SM. 
Colt,  M.  F.,  legislator,  Ijiog.,  '.'IK.'. 
(''•Iiiiidii  k  county,  \Va4l1.,  hi.st.  of,  H'm. 
(  oluinliia    river,    ferry    riglitH,    'J.'il; 

HcrioiiM  rinc,  i!.*>(). 
Cidiimbia  Ti'ani»{Hirtution   Co.,  incor- 

loratcil,  '.'70. 

IgnatiUH,  reacued  frnni  Iiids, 

f»7. 

Coiiii'(iy«,  <ieo.,  Iiiog.,  ,'tt(8. 
Comintrcc,  Wasli,  :i;U  4(1;  !d.,.'7t>  7. 
Coinstock,  11.  M.,  niiiiiiig  advciituren, 

•J-)7. 
Coiifcdernte    gnlcli,    Mont.,    dinvov., 

-•2-2. 
Council,  M.,  killed,  118. 
Conner,  .).  >«.,  luog.,  .'1(17. 
Connor,  Cci.,  Ind.  liglitH,  (>.'(7,  l>9,'). 
Conrad,  ('.  K.,  Iiiog..  770. 
'CoiiHfitntion,'  Htcanicr,  fate  of,  '.i7l. 
Constitutional     eonventioii,      WaMli., 

:K»I   14;  Id.,  im-:>;    .Mont,,   7HI  2, 

7N7    H. 
Cook,    Krancin    11,,    prext  of   council, 

bioK  .  '-•iM   '2. 
CiMik,   Win,  ter.  treisiiror,  S.5. 
Cook,  S    ,S..  I.io.r.,  :«•.••.'.  1 

t'uuku,  Cliii4  1'.,  Iiioj.,  :)57.  I 


porat 
I'olvin, 


Cool,  Sami,  HPttled  at  Tumwnter,  6. 
Cooper,   K.,  foUlidH  Hcttlcllielit,  Oti. 
CcMijter,    •).   (i.,    in    U.    It.    burveying 

party,  71. 
CooiHif,  Simon,  murdered.  170. 
CopIHT,  deituaita  in  Id.,  r>.'<4i. 
CoquiUon,  in  coin'd  nf  Ind.  force,  1*25. 
Coray,  tlolin,  killing  of,  4')H. 
CorlisH,  (Jeo.  W.,  biog,  'JIW. 
CorneliuH,  Thoniaa  U.,  col  Or.  volii, 

I4*J;    inoveinciitij,    144;    returuii    to 

i'ortlund,  \M. 
Cornwall,  .F.  .M..  liiog.,  322. 
Cory,  I).  A.,  liiog.,  770-71. 
Cimton,  I.  N.,  l>iog.,  640. 
Counties     of     WaHli.,     354-71;    Id., 

r>4l-«0;  .Mont  ,  7r.l  H. 
Couiie,    Capt.    TliomaH,     itetllud    on 

\V  liidlMiy  inland,  'Mi. 
Cover,  'llioM,  expcd.,  etc.,  of,  028. 
Covington,    Kictiard,    judge,    44;    en. 

<'lerk.  4."i;  railroad  eiiterpriHe,  270. 
Cowan,  Andrew,  Itiog.,  OIUJ. 
Cowan,  .lohn,   diHcovera  LnHt  Clmncu 

gulch,  721. 
Cowlitz,  ptihlic  meeting  at,  40. 
Cowlitz,  county,    WomIi.,   created,  T7; 

otIicialH,  7t);  nketch  of,  370. 
Cowlit/  river,  Htts'tmerti  on,  200-70. 
Cowlitz  valley,  Hcttlem  in,  37. 
Cox,  \V.  A.,  founded  Hettlenient,  ('At. 
(.Vaig,  Win,  liiog.,  KMt;  aitp't'd  uid  to 

gov.,  142;  Ind.  agent,  \il. 
( 'rainey,  'rhoinax,  Kottler  on  Whidliey 

i.sland.  31, 
Crane,  C.ipt.,  reeonnaiNMince  of,  385. 
Crane,  II.  ( '.,  liiog.,  ri4li. 
Cranny,  T. ,  mention  of.  337. 
Crate,"  Will  !•'.,  land  cliiini,  80. 
Cr:iwf(<rd.    I'ctcr   W.,    loeuteH   claim, 

10;  .sigiiM  mem.  to  eongresn,  .*i3. 
Crockett.  Saiii'l   It.,   Mettled  at  I'llget 

soiinil,  3. 
Croc'rtett,  Walter,  Hettled  on  Wliidlny 

i.sl  .  30. 
Crook,  (Jen.,  caiiipHign  of,  712  14. 
Cro«liic!,  Henry   K.,   leginlator,  73,  08. 
Cro.sliy,    Clanrick,    hiog. ,    15;   del.    to 

convi^ntion,  40;  li^giHlator,  2(»4. 
Cnmhy,  .loiin  >S.,  gov.  of  Moat.,  (>88. 
Crowh-y,  1).  ,1.,  lii<ig.,  311. 
Crowi,  eoiintry  and  charuuter,  001-2; 

treaty  with,  70.'i. 
Ciilliert.son,    .\lex.,    charge  of   .Viner. 

Kur   Co. '«  trade,    001;    Iniilds    Kort 

Lewis,  0O2;  the  gold  diiicov.,  .Mont., 

012. 
Cull,  .lohn,  hiog.,  tiUti 
Ciirley,    hwamihli  chief,   I'M,    attack 

on  8eatllu,  I2ii  32. 


Cu 

Cui 
Cui 


Cu 
5 

CUH 
f( 
CUH 
(   U 


INDEX. 


816 


to 


y 


•r. 
irt 


Currency  qnnstion,  Mont..  r>5J)-fil.       ' 
(/'urry,  <iov.,   Iml.   war,   144);   pr<>flii- 
miitioii,    144;    huriiiouy  witli   (tuv. 

Stt'VUIIM,    ItiO. 

('urtiM,  E.  J.,  net.  gov.,  III.,  472.         j 
CiiKliiiiaii,  JiMvph,  iMog.,  T2.  I 

( 'uniting,    Win,   Huttletl  ou  \ViU(>i>ah 

riviT,  'M. 
CuHtiT,  K4)str(n,  kilKnl,  714. 
CuHtor,  dipt.,  killfci  with  <ten.  Cus- 

tur,  714. 
C'U'^tur  county  cruutcd,  44i5;  Hketcli  of, 

551-2,  757. 
<'uHter,  Oi-n.,  nxpcd.  of,  7<>".)  10;  il«). 

font  and  iloath  of,  7 Hi- 15. 
I'uHtur  .Mini!,  lil.,  ilvMcript.  of,  fi.'i'J. 
(  uttiir,  II.  L.,  Iiiog.,  :MU. 
'i'ynimuru,'  Hliip,  Ul, 


Duly,  MarcHs,  l)iog.,  79S, 

Dallam,  F.  M.,  I>i<.^'.,  »ll. 

Damly,  liUnitC.  H.,  in  Wright's  cam- 

pai){M,   IHli. 
Dunii'l.H,  W.  IV,  acting  gov.,  I<l.,  443; 

uii|ii>|inlarity,  (47. 
Darwin,  * '.  \i  ,  jmiicial  ilist.   of,  278; 

L'hnractirr,  '^7'.'. 
Daviilsiin,  Lunit,  in  Murveying  oxpcd., 

IN)  I. 
Davin,  (ti-n.,  nicnt.  of,  4JI7. 
Davi.i,  .Mix.,  I.iikI  ilaini,  8<S. 
Davii,  L.  II.  liioK.,  :tti*.). 
DiiviM,     I..     .\.,    Mcttluil    on    iloisfort 

prairiit,  'M>. 
Daviii,  Daviil  '1'.,  orclmril  of,  544. 
Davis,  'I'ho.i  .S.,  HLttU'S  on  W'hidbey 

iitl,  :io. 
Diivii,  Wni  A.,  Itiog.,  740. 
Dawson      I'oiinty,      organized,     445; 

gki'.li'li  oi,  75S 
Dvy,  II.  It.,  l.iog..  .TJ2. 
Day  Ion,  oo.  Hi>at,    Columbia,   Wiuih., 

;iV(,  Hkiitcli  of,  371. 
Duan,  E.  II.,  Iiio^.,  »22. 
'  Docatiir, '    NJdop   of    war,    IIH,    IIS; 

plot  to  (Mplnrc,  I '.'5  0. 
Doer  Loilgo  City,  .Mont.,  di-scriiit.  of, 

751  '.'. 
!3oor    Lodgo    ronnty,    created,    44."); 

Hkiitch  of,  751-2. 
iKier  l..odn»!  I'ity,   dosoript,  of,  clc., 

670.  7ti,S. 
Doer  l..oil«o  valley,  5»l.  «25t5. 
Dogan,  Hunt,  luog.,  7  IS. 
Do   Uey,   W.   \V..  f.rry   right,   2.11; 

exiK!cl.,     *>;<:<;    map,    ti;<,'i-40;    chief 

eiigiitour  of  mililia,  OW. 


Delin,  Nicholon,  claim  of,  07. 

Deinont,  Lieut  .lohii,  reiteiie.s  captive 
gold-seukerx,  5(i. 

iHtniiiHoii,  A.  1'.,  liid.  agent,  177. 

Ik'iiniMon,  B.  F.,  university  regent, 
2Hi;  com.  to  reviHo  laws,  273;  chief 
juHtice,  27!l;  del.  to  convent  ion,  2'.M. 

Denny,  A.  A.,  Hetties  at  .-Mki  I'oiiit, 
22;  judge,  5l;Higiii  ineiiiorial  to 
eongresH,  511;  co.  com.,  .V.!;  legisl.t- 
ture,  7:i,  SIS;  lieut  of  Vols,  I  Hi;  do- 
nation tonniverHity,  215;  university 
regent,  2lt);  del.  to  coiigreiiM,  21)5; 
K.  K.  enterprise,  270. 

Denny,  David  T.,  nettles  at  .AIki 
I'oiiit,  22. 

Dent,  ('apt.,  ereets    Idoek  lionse,    lli5; 

in  Wright's  campaign,  I  S,'>  7. 
De    Chutu  falls,  tloiiiing-iniU  erected, 

». 
De  .Smot,  P.  .1.,  explor.  of,  (j(>2  'X 
Deiiter,   ('has  W.,   nettled   in   .^hoal- 

water  hay,  35. 
iKiWare,  .1.  M.,  logiidatnr,  liiog.,  2t>2. 
IK)  Wolf,  S.,  career  of,  7»»  SOI. 
De  Witt,  W.  H.,  hiog,,  hOl;  iwsociate 

judge,  707. 
Diukeiison,  John,  settliMl  on  Wliidliev 

Jul.,  Mi. 
Dickey,  .S.  A.,  l.ioi,'.,  'MX 
Dillenliailgh,    A.    li.,  del.    to   eoiiveli- 

tion,  40;  signu  mem.    to  congress, 

53. 
Dillingham,  Hhoritr,  death  of,  Ii:i0. 
Dilley,   S.   U.,   mining   pioneer,    ,'t.s:i; 

h'gislator,  4.'<3-4. 
Dilliiii,  Win  II.,  land  claim,  1>io^.,  .Sii. 
Ditnsdale,  painpidet,  etc.,  of,  (ill. 
Discovery  liar,  mining  at,  4IS. 
Dittes,  .rohii  K.,  biou'.,  (i02. 
Divoreet,  bills  relating  to,  274  5. 
Dixon,  .Fneob,  lynching'  of,  4lil. 
l)i\oii,  W.  W.,  bioK'.,  7sit. 
Dodge,  F.   A.,   in    l)e    Laoy'n  ixped., 

.582. 
Dod^'e,  .1.  W.,  killing  of,  400. 
Di.lan,  .li'liu,  h.'inueil,  501. 
Doiie^iin,  .liijin,  biog.,  740. 
Dolielsiiii,    I. lent    .V.    1.,  Mirveys  K.    U. 

route,  71. 
Doiinell,   .Inliii,   settleil   al  N.   Diiiige. 

ness,  27. 
Doty,  .lames,  treaty  witii  Inds,    101; 

exped.,  007. 
Dou;;lHTty,  Will,  eo.  eoiiiniis''.',  50,  7H. 
Doiiu'l'is  county,  Wa^ii  ,  created,  37. 
Douglas,   (iiiv.  , lames,  ai'tioiis  in  .S.iii 

.liiaii   troiiMe,  S7;  hoiiiU  ntuainur  lu 

l*ii;;et  Sound,  121   2. 
Douthitt,  1a!VI,  liiog.,  3(15. 


:  I 


818 


INPEX. 


piiylt',  r;itri<'k,  m'ttlcd  on  WliiilUi-y  ;  Klikiikali,  onptnroH  T.(«i«olii,  171. 


l>n\lr.  i:.  I,  ,  M'ttl.-.l  (III  Whi.llx'y  iiil., 

;iO;   I.  ni.|.it..l.  '.IH. 
|)i'i'vv,    (ifci,,     IkiiiiiIh     ( ';iHi'itilu,    ii7;  J  ' Klli'ii    M;tria,'  hIii|>,   niyHtiTimiH  <lia- 

MiVii-<  iiK'in.  In  ciinttD'KN,  iV(.  :       a|>|t)'ariiiu'i',  '2\'2. 


'Kli7^i  AikIvI'huii,' Htt'iiiiicr,  '.''J'.',  271- 
KIk  <'itv.  fiiiiiMl.-'l.  '-'M. 


Ih'.'W,  M.  S  .  In..-  .  ;»•_••■' 

iM'lliii,   II.     InoL,'.,   :<I7. 

hi'iiiii    l.iiiiiiiiiiiiil    iiiiiiv>,    oiit|>ilt  etc, 

lit,  7(>.S  i  Kliiioro  Minn,     .^ri-  KiiiiiHi'k  Miue. 

DiiIhih,  K.  T  ,  ili'l.  to  I'liii),'.,  r»t>8,  M'.X.    Klihfr,  K.,  l>i<'g.,  71"> 


Kll.iwlmrn.  lire  itr.  INS'.t,  ,m. 
Klln.lt,  T.    1..,  coMiM  ill   V.iiuiiuvor, 
"77. 


Du.lli'y.  .S.  i;  .   Itnislatiir,    lung.,  l'y.». 
lUlkf.s,  lie.).   1...  I>i.>){.,  7'Xi  7. 
Iliiiiliar,  I''.  .!.,  Iiin^.,  (il!4. 
Piiiii.ar,    It.    ().,    liKi^.,  :<0S;    Hup.   ct 

jiulni',  ."ill. 
huiiiMii,    l.ii'iit  •loliiiMoii  K.,  Biirvoya 

riiilrnad  rniitc,  71. 
Diiiiliaiii,  Will  II.,  iiiaater  <)f  the  'Or- 

1>it,'  15;  .liMtli,  Hi. 
Diiinvay.    Mis  A.   S.,  nunt.  of,  21)0. 
I>iiiila]i,  It.  \V.,  Iiin;;.,  'M'A. 
Diliinivcii.      1,'iKil  Piriilf,  S07. 
i>M'aiiii!<li  valli'V,  Nitttli'i-H  at,  22. 
Dyor,  T.  P.,  I.mg.,  312. 


B 


Kiiinry,   II.    H.,   ^M.    to   iniivtiitioii, 

•J'.n. 
KiikI»,  W.  R.,  iifttli'«l.>ii  Wliiillxy  isl., 

:ui. 

KiiKlixli,  Wm  .1.,  liinK-,  li.'tii  7. 
'  Kiit«'ri»ri.s»','  Htcaiiu-r.  •-'70. 
F^iiii'i'altla,  <■<>.  Nt'.it  .Miiir.'iM,  l(l.,647> 
Kilirlmail.  J.  T..  l.ini..,  :i(IS. 
Kthui'illKtoil,  ('.,  Iiin^;.,  Illili. 

Ktliri<i>!i',  ('tiiirllaiiil,  nf  navigation 
f.i,.,  '210. 

Kiin-ka  «'ity,  Iil..  fmin.l.Ml,  420. 

KvaiiH,  KIwiMxl,  ilf|).  rullei'tiir.  l>iog., 
r>4;  liiHioriciil  imitiN  mi  Mctili-iuijit, 
firi;  M»M'.  of  turr..  'Jl!»,  cniii.  In  ruviite 
laws,  273;  h'ginlalnr,  'J>S, 

KvaiiH,  .Inim,  in  H.  K.  Hiiivuying  par- 
ty. 71. 

Kvitnnn,  JoHrph,  l>ing.,  635-0. 

•Exaut,'iihip,  22,  &&. 


Ka^li'  from    tho    Ligl't,    Ni-z    Perc< 

.111.    I.     J.S2  «t    M'(|. 

Kastfi'ii  (lii'i{i.ii,  iiiap  of,  r>2l. 
Fulton,  (.'iiiiii'..,  i-a|it.  ill  IikI.  war,  I3U. 
Katoii,  C'li.irli'ij   II.,  settled  at  Tutu- 

wal.T.  limn.,  .'). 
Kitoii,  OM.  foiimlM  scttliMiiftit,  (ilt. 
EU-y,  I.  N  ,  i>iiriliaH<'»  Hit-  'Orliit,' IB;    Kairohil.l,  .1.  H.,  I»in>;.,  774 

naiiu's  Olyiin.i.i.   Hi;  |nf!itf«  rlaiiii,    Fairw«aiher,  H.  W.,  Imoi;  ,  ;M)9. 

18;  liioy.,  •_'!•;  |m-.is.  ally,  ."il;  Ifj^iit-     K.iirwiMtluT,  Win,  «'X|ic.|.  ol,  (>28, 

lalnr,  ."»!•:  .•nllrctor,  I'li^jct  mniiitl,  »i2;    '  Kairy,'  »toaiii  jtaikct,  (is. 

acts  ill  .S.  .Iiiau  all.iir,  St.  7;   iiiiir-  ,  FariiuT,  K.  .1..  Hfjiiiiiiri':  •>/  the  Roekff 

ilunil,    i;t7  .S;   capt.    ill  iinl.   war,  j      .1//.*,  .MiT  8. 


Failing,  Win,  attai-koil  by  Inda,  932, 


FariiHWortli,    Ijovi,    Icgi.slatnr,    l>iog., 
2'.t2. 


EU-y.  .fac.li.  liiog.,  2J>, 
Kl>  y,  WiMli.i.l  .S.,  Hotll.r  nil  Wlii.l      Karrinti'.  W.,  l>iog.,  H'^'J. 
licy  i>\.,  :il.  FirriM,  A.  .1.,  l>iog,,  ;{I7. 

K.ldv,  A.  II..  l)io>,'.,  :f_'2. 
K.U'iiH,  .1.  .1.,  l.u.u.,  ;f.'2. 
Kiljjar,  lly.,  i'X|ic(l,  ol,  (i'JS. 

KillJ.ir.    .Inllll,    llfl.    to  OnllVl'lllioll,    40 


'Katliioii,' Htimnipr,   I."  I. 
Kay.  ('.   r.,  I.iog..  'MX 
Fay,  l>.  ('.,  in  I'li.ir):"'  ni  |n<1   I'lK-amp- 
int'iit,  121;  liid.  11^. 'lit,  177. 


r.i.i.l  vifwi'r,  Ii4;  ('X|iliii'atiiiii!i,   ItMi.  i  Fcigliaii,  .1.  \V.,  lii.it;.,  n'J 


E.lu.'rt.iii,    ^i.liu>y,    diHl.  jiidgi'.     111 

444;  p>v.  I.I  Moiit.,  Ii4:{:  l>ioK.,  <i4:i. 
K.lii.Mli.iii,    Wa^li.,  37r)-«j   111.,   5t52; 

.Mmit..  77S  '.»,  7S4. 
Klili-rx,   Will,  Hi'tlUtil   at  Stoilticooin, 

17. 
EMridg.',  K'lw.,  Mcttii'dat  llillinghain 

Imy,   liiog.,  32;  dal.  to  cuuvuutiuu, 

31U. 


FuiMi,   ^S,   tS.,    lugiMl.il.n',   ili'l.   to  uon- 

^•n'.sst,  474. 
Ferguson.  E.  C,  liio'.'.,  .".il7. 
FcrgiiNoii,    .li'HMo,    xi'tili'it    at    I'liget 

Miiiuiil,  3;  Diiw-inill,  *.);  hm'iu'.I  frnin 

Iml.M,  ■''>7 
Foiry,   Kli.slia  P.,  mirvi  y..i  ):.ii.,  279; 

Sov.  ol  Wawli.,  US-J.  .'tit:  lulu,  2J»2- 
i  l«uda  aruis  to  Idalm,  4'JU. 


w 


INDKX. 


817 


92. 


rainp- 


ciin- 


riiijet 
llriiin 

'-'79; 


K.'H.rrmn.  C„\,  .Lath  fif,  098. 

FinIhT,    .lnl>.    I.llhl   cIlMII,    H{\. 

FiHh.ih's,  W.ish.,  :m:i  '.». 

FiNh.TVlll.-.    III.,   fnlltlil.xl,  4'.>H. 

FiHk,  .laiiiii-t  L.,  <\|><>cls  III,  &22,  ftll 

7;  tcir.  aiiililiir,  (i7'». 
Fit/«ir.iM,     M.ij.,     iirrivoH     at    Tla- 

hnll-N.  I  Hi. 
Fit/.  I  •ililiiiiii,  iMiinlcr  l>y,  4r>8. 
Fit/hiiKli,  K.  ('.,  Iinl.  ngclit,  IV>I,  177; 

l>i<i){.,  '.'.'ill. 
Fitx|i.'itrii-k,  L.'i\vr<Mic<!,  ilmtli  of,  94. 
Fliimlirn,    .Mviiii,    ilcl.     tii    cniigrcMM, 

lii<m.,  '2tt'>;  Kiiv    III  W.ihIi,,  '21\K 
Flitiiilfi'H,  <ti'(i.  W.,  Iiiii){.,  747. 
Kl.itlii'.'Kl  I  ik<',  Mont..  TiiN). 

Kirti-ii.T,  Will,  i.iM;f ,  (;:{(i. 

Fliiri'i ,  iiiiiiiiiv:  iiiwii,  'J.'i.l;  miiitiiK 

.It,   4-.'7    S;    VI-llllltH  lit,   4.'ll. 

Fliiri-iii'i'  iiiini-4,  iiltitiiilu,  !<U5. 
Flour  nulls.  .'I.'ij   ■_>. 
I'luiiiiiiirii-ll.  I'    II  ,  liiiiu..  :t'J3. 
FoxiiM,  I).  II.,  ili.ii'iivurc'il  Uuiati  miiieit, 

'-».V.»,  KMi 
Fiirlii^H,  rii  iM,  trill  of,  AIM). 
FiirliiH.  .1.  \V.,  liiiiK.,  7(ili. 
Fiiril,  .SiciiHv  ,S.,  Hi'ttli-il  .-it  TiuiiwatiT, 

1.5;    ili'l.  to  I'lilivrlitiiili,   49;    jii<l>;ii, 

51;    Migiis    iiiriii.    to    I'lingri'HM,    i'lU; 

cnpt.  of    Kov.H  ^uiiril,    14'.';    Iji!.>trlii 

Niirrt-iiiliTs  lo,  171;  liul.  •tK*'"ti  177. 
Fonl,    Shlih'y    S.,    .Ir,   ri'.iciicd    from 

IiiiIm,  .'i7:  i-\|>liiratiiiiici,  :<')<>. 
ForiMti  III  111..  o'.V.t. 
Forri'Ht,  I.K  lit,  ill  IikI.  li^lit,  i:<0  7. 
Forrii.it,  \V.  T.,  iii.iit.  nl,  :il4. 
Fornytlii!,  r.  K..  bio;..,  ai8. 
Fort  AMtMi,  limit,  I.V.». 
Fort  A.ssiiiiilioiiii',  Miiiit.,  719. 
Fort   Hriitiin,    .Mont.,  iiiiiiii({r.'iiitH  at, 

4i:<;    Hki'trli    of,    7.'i'-'  .'t;    iluHcript., 

774  .'>;  yi'lcl  (li«i'ov.,  lil'^. 
Fort  lioisr,  M  ,  I'ltuliliihiMl,  411    I'J. 
Fort   I '.    I''.   Siiiitli,  u.staliliHiii'il,   U97; 

IiiiIm  .ittiii  k,  1199. 
Fort   Clii'lialiH,    f{ovt   l)uililings  fiotil, 

'-'77. 
Fort  Colvillf,  yolil   fiiunil  i'liar,   lOS; 

(•Htllll|l.slll!ll,   '.'ill. 

Fort  Cu.itor,  Moiit.,  uiitultliHhoil,  71i\ 

719. 
Fort  Fli/.alifth  Monglior,  catnli.,  701. 
Fort  Mull,  uiiniiJoiiu.l,  140. 
Fort  Uiiyn,  i-Ktal>li.ili<'<l,  UiTt. 
Fort  lli'iirii'tti,  i-rri'tiMl,  141. 
Fort     Ki'oiigli,     .Mont.,    cHtnliliiihoil, 

IN77,  719 
Fort  Nisi|u.illy,  iittmlc  on,  13  14. 
Fort  riiili|i  KiMi  icy,  i!KtaliliMliu(l,  lS9ti; 

map,  1)97;  iiiaMiitcri!  near,  tiiW. 
llisr.  Wamii.— Ci'i 


I  Fort  .Siinooo,  ali'inilonml,  198. 
Fort  .s|;iii^lit<!i',  i'Htalilislii-.|,  Hi.*!. 

Fort     .Sti'll.li'oolii,     iTfrtrd,     11;      lllil. 

I'Xpitil.     from.    Mil;     liiili    liaii){i-il, 

174;  uliaiiiloiiril,  '^7l> 
Fort  Taylor,  limit,  I,  1H4;  aliaii>loiioil, 

19.'). 
Fort  TiUoii,  Imilt,  159. 
Fort  I'nioii.  .Mont.,  liOl,  )M)9,  ri9:t. 

FoMtir, «'.  K.,  iiion  ,  :w:i. 

I  FoMti-r,  .1.  .1.,  Ifninhitor,  Ition.,  '.'ifj. 
I  FoMti'r,    'i'liomax,    Muttlril    at    Shoal- 
I      water  liay,  'M. 

FowliT,  K  .s.,  Hi-ttl<'H  at  I'ort  Town- 
muikI,  '.1);  K  It.  iiiiti-riiriiv,  '.'7U;  1'. 
S.  .Sti'am  Nav.  to.,  '.')'-'. 

Franklin  i-o.,  rroafeil,  .'171. 

Frary,  T.  <'.,  li-uiHlator.  Iiioff.,  '292. 

Fra.siT  rivi-r,  miniiii;  rxriti'iiiiMil,  'J09, 

Fri-<lurii'ksliiirK,  l<l.,  fouinloil,  415. 

FriiT,  F.,  l>iog.,  ;r>i». 

Fricml,  Unu,  Huttlud  on  Wliiillicy  ihI., 

Front,     Morris     H.,    colluctor,     *ilU; 

liiii;{.,  :<ii.s. 
Fruit  culturi!,  Mont.,  741  5. 


O 


tlaH'S  NrlMon,  liion.,  757. 
Ii.'ili'iia  ili.ilnrt,  III.,  nniH'w  of.  5,11. 
tialliraith.  Win  .1.,  Iiio^'.,  MM. 
(lallatiii  I'll.,    .Mont.,   Nuttlorit  in,  UIU); 

Hkittrh  III,  75ll. 
(iaililii-r,  Sil.Ax,  liio^.,  MVi. 
tiamly,  .1.  K.,  Iiio^.,  :<*.*:<. 
(ianMi-voort,  ('apt.,  rainpiigu  of,  1*25- 

liartii'lil  CO.,  Wasli.,  Iii^t.  of,  H.'ill. 
I  <iarlii'lili',     Saliii-iiiM,    I'olliM'lor,     '."ift; 
ili'l.  to  ('on^l-l'MM,  artion.i,  'J.'Sit  s|. 

tJarlu'k,  'riiim,  l>ioj{.,  74ti. 

tiariu'tt.   Maj.,  rxpnl.  a^'ainiit  Yaki- 
i      iiiaM,   iH.'i;  I'ainpaiuii,  I9t(. 

(larry,  rlm-l  of  .S|iiikaiirH,   1(19. 

liaMtoti,    {.lent    \V.,    in    .Stcptoo  I'am- 
I       pllrill.    ISII;    kllli'il,    IHI. 
jtiiary,  K    |{.,  triMty  witli  Imli, '.'.'Ui. 

(JcoKhi'nan,  .1.  I).,  Iiio^;.,  iW.'l. 

(iror»{u,   W.  A.,  iliil.    to  convention, 

'dcorno  F.inory.' nliip,  H- 
tlc'or^i',  .Ir.iHi',  ir  .S.  marilial,  '2\)1. 
'tiiHir^iana,' NJiip,  wreiki'd,  5.'J,  .''ill. 
(ierri.sli,  (ti'o.  H  ,  NDttli'il  at  N.  Dun- 

HiMliMS.  '.'7;   jllxtii'e  of  prari',  79. 
(ierrislt,  Oliver  F  ,  iiniverHit>    reyent, 
'.'hi;    v.    S.    Steam    NttV.    Co.,  •.'7'-'; 
biug.,  'Mii, 


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INDEX. 


Gholson,  Rich.  D.,  gov.  1859^1,  211; 
admini.st.,  211. 

Gibbon,  Gen.  John,  in  pursuit  of  Jo- 
seph, 510;  campaign  of,  712-15. 

Gibbs,  Benj.,  settler  at  Port  Discov- 
ery, 28;  rescued  from  Inds,  57. 

Gibbs,  G.,  explores  route,  38.3. 

Gibbs,  Rich.,  rescued  from  Inds,  57. 

Gibson,  Lieut  H.  G.,  in  Wright's 
campaign,  186. 

Gibson,  Paris,  biog.  etc.,  773-4. 

Giddings,  Edw.,  biog.,  275-6;  as- 
sessor, 280. 

Gideon,  Solomon  S.,  rescued  from 
Inds,  57. 

Gig  harbor,  Ind.  rendezvous,  121. 

Gil'jreth,  S.  L.,  biog.,  355. 

Gilchrist,  Chas,  biog.,  323. 

Gilfoil,  O.  D.,  biog.,  318. 

<{imple,  Peter,  discovered  mine,  .387. 

(j-ilmore,  S.  M.,  del.  to  convention, 
291. 

Gilson,  Horace  C,  acting  gov.,  de- 
falcations by,  4(33. 

Given,  Sam'l  R.,  biog.,  551. 

(Jlascock,  B.  B.,  bios;.,  309. 

Glasgow,  Thomas  VV.,  explor.  tour, 
10. 

(ileason,  H.,  biog.,  748. 

Glendive,  Mont.,  descript.  of,  758. 

<!lover,  J.  N.,  biog.,  .300. 

(Joia,  disoov.  of.  Wash.,  1855,  108; 
hist.,  342-3;  Id.,  527-.35;  Mont., 
611-17. 

Gold  creek,  Mont.,  mining  at,  616-18. 

Gold  hill  n>ine,  value,  528. 

(Joldsborough,  H.  A.,  biog.,  48. 

Goodell,  W.  B.,  starts  passenger  line, 
64. 

Goodman.  M.  M.,  biog.,  .309. 

Gordon,  Bcnj.,  settled  at  Tumwater, 
6. 

Gore,  Sir  Geo.,  exped.  of,  609. 

Gosnell,  W.  B.,  Ind.  agent,  177. 

Goudy.  Geo.  B.,  biog.,  77;  capt.  in 
Ind.  war,  139. 

Gould,  A.  S.,  starts  the  Golden  Age, 
262. 

Oowey,  John  F.,  biog.,  311, 

(jraham,  Chas,  biog.,  364. 

(rraham,  W.,  mining  at  Gold  creek, 
617:  legislator,  683. 

Graml)rinus  lode,  discov.  etc.  of,  416. 

Granite  creek,  gold  discov.  at,  414; 
quarts- mill,  429. 

Granite  Mountain  mines,  richness 
etc.  of,  767. 

Grant,  F.  J.,  biog.,  323. 

Grant,  J.  F.,  settled  at  Gold  creek, 
015. 


Gray,  W.  H.,  gold  discovery,  63. 
Gray  harbor,  gov.  building  sold,  277. 
Great  Consolidated  Boise  River  Gold 

and  Silver  Mining  co.,  mines,  415; 

mill  of,  429-30. 
Great  Falls,  descript.,  770-3. 
Greathouse,  H.,  biog.,  423. 
Greene,  Rodger  S.,  assoc.  judge,  279; 

chief  justice,  293,  297. 
Gregg,  Lieut,  in  Steptoe's  campaign, 

180. 
Grenman,  Lawrence,  setttler  at  W^hid- 

bey  isl.,  31. 
Grey,  Thcmas,  com'd  at  Camp.  Steel, 

277. 
Grier,  Maj.  W.  N.,  in  Wright's  cam- 
paign, 185,  191. 
Grimes,  Geo.,  discovered  Bois(S  mines, 

406,  407,  410. 
Griswold,  Geo.,  living  at  the  Cascades, 

145. 
Gros  Ventres,  character,  691. 
Grover,    Lieut  Cuvier,    in   Stephens' 

party,  606. 
Grubb,  S.  G.,  biog.,  .323. 
Grut,  Edw.,  settler  at  Whidbey  isl., 

31. 
Gulches  and  lodes,  Mont.,  1865,  630. 
Guun,  L.  C,  app't'd  collector,  223. 
Guernsey,  D.  C,  legislator,  biog.,  292, 
Guess,  Mason,  biog.,  306. 


Hadley,  Thomas,  settles  in  Puyallup 

valley,  66. 
Haidahs,    capture     gold-seekers,    56; 

outrages  by,  90,  212. 
Hailey,  J.,   delegate,   1872,  473;  con- 
gressman, 567. 
Hailey,    co.    seat    etc.    Alturas,    Id., 

547-8. 
Haines,  Joseph,  biog.,  749. 
Hale,  Supt.,  averts  Ind.  war,  484. 
Hale,  C.   H.,  signs  mem.  to  congress, 

53;  legislator,  73;  university  regent, 

215. 
Hale,  S.  C,  biog.,  558. 
Haley,  Thomas,  biog.,  ,356. 
Hall,  discovered  Salmon  river  mine, 

245. 
Hall,  Henry,  death  of,  94. 
Haller,  Maj.  G.  0.,  exped.  and  defeat 

of,  108,  111-13;  biog.  of,  150. 
Hamilton,  escapes  from  the  Cascades, 

151. 
Hamilton,  H.,  biog.,  323. 
Hamilton,   John,  arrival,  64;  death, 

94. 


INDEX. 


819 


I  mine, 

lefeat 
badea, 

leath, 


Hammond,  J.  S.,  biog.,  765. 

Hancock,  Sam'l,  settles  at  Tumwater, 
ti;  bi()g.,  7;  brick-making,  9;  settles 
on  Whidbov  isl.,  31;  trading-port, 
JK)-1;  Inds  threaten,  92;  mention 
of,  340. 

Hanks,  W.,  biog.,  775. 

Hanna,  Lieut,  in  Kght  with  Inds,  115. 

Hanna,  Tliomas  J.,  Ind.  agent,  177. 

Hannah,  D.  B.,  del.  to  couvention, 
•291. 

Hanson,  John,  biog.,  747. 

Hardie,  Capt.  J.  A.,  in  Wright's  cam- 
paign, 186. 

Harmon,  Hill,  terr.  treasurer,  282; 
biog.,  306. 

Harney,  Gen.  W.  S.,  assigned  to  Or. 
dept.,  197;  order  of,  197-8. 

Harney  depot,  established,  199. 

Harper,  J.  B.,  fight  with  Inds,  519. 

Harper,  M.  V.,  legislator,  biog.,  292. 

Harvey,  J.,  settler  in  Dwamish  val., 
2(5. 

Harwood,  E.  N.,  associate  judge, 
Mont.,  797. 

Haskell,  H.  J.,  att'y-gen.,  Mont.,  797. 

Hastie,  Thomas,  settled  on  Whidbey 
isl.,  30. 

Hastings,  L.  B.,  lays  out  town,  19-20; 
signs  mem.  to  congress,  53;  county 
com.,  59;  probate  judge,  79;  biog., 
366. 

Hatch,  E.  A.  C,  Ind.  agent,  692. 

Hatliawfiy,  Capt.  Eli,  settled  on 
Whidbey  isl.,  30. 

Hathaway,  J.  S.,  biog.,  365. 

Hanscr,  Sam'l  T.,  gov.  of  Mont.,  689; 
biog.,  (189;  delegate,  782. 

Hawaiian  islands,  recipr.  treaty  with, 
273. 

Hay  den,  Capt.,  in  fight  with  Inds, 
115. 

Hay  den,  J.  R.,  mention  of.  298. 

Haydon,  John  M.,  candidate  for  con- 
gress, 72. 

Hays,  Gilinore,  candidate  for  con- 
gress, 73;  biog.,  73;  capt.  of  vols, 
113;  in  Ind.  war,  122,  138;  major, 
159,  16G;  ferry  right,  251. 

Hays,  Isaac,  capt.  in  Ind.  war,  138. 

Hays,  J.  B.,  chief  justice,   1886,  583. 

Hayton,  T.,  biog.,  313. 

Hay  ward,  G.,  settled  in  Puyallup 
val.,  66. 

Hazen,  Inspector  Gen.,  at  Ft  Philip 
Kearny,  697. 

Hualy,  John  J,,  discovered  Salmon 
river  mines,  245. 

Hedges,  Cornelius,  biog.,  780. 

Heebe,  Hy.,  biog.,  030. 


Helena,  capital  of    Mont,  etc.,    605, 

670,  721-2;  descript.  of,  755-6,  769, 

780;  constit.     convent,     at,    1884, 

781-2. 
Helena  mines,  descript.  of,  768-9. 
Hellgate  valley,    Mont.,    name,  591; 

settlers  in,  026-7. 
Hendricks,  Chas,  rescued  from  Inds, 

57. 
Henley,  J.  C,  biog.,  545. 
Henness,  B.  L.,  legislator,  98;  capt. 

in  Ind.  war,  138,  159,  166;  fight  at 

White  river,  164. 
Henry,  Francis,  biog.,  309. 
Heriflf,  E.  L.,  rev.  collector,  297. 
Herren,  L.  C,  biog.,  324. 
Herman,  James,  in  attack  at  the  Cas- 
cades, 148. 
Hershfield,  L.  H.,  biog.,  789-90. 
Hewett,  A.  S.,  biog.,  324. 
Hewett,  Hy.,  settled  at  Bellingham 

bay,  32. 
Hewitt,  C.  C,  buries  victims  of  Inds, 

119;  in  Ind.  war,  122-3,  139;  judge, 

250,  278;  character,  279. 
Hibbard,  A.,  mention,  352. 
Hicks,  Gwin,  biog.,  307. 
Hicks,  W.  E.,  biog.,  73;  co.  auditor, 

78;  in  Ind.  war,  164,  167. 
Hickman,  R.  C,  treas.  of  Mont.,  797. 
Higgins,  C.  P.,  biog.  etc.,  784. 
Hdl,  Emmerson,  biog.,  748-9. 
Hill,  Humphrey,  settled  on  Whidbey 

isl.,  30;  biog.,  30. 
Hill,  N.  D.,  settled  on  Whidbey  isl., 

.30;  charge  of  Ind.  camp,  121. 
Hill,  Robert  C,  settled  on  Whidbey 

isl.,  .30. 
Hdlyer,  Rich.,  settled  at  Shoalwater 

bay,  34. 
Himes,  Tyrus,  claim  of,  67;  biog.,  67. 
Himrod,  C,  treas.,  584. 
Hindbaugh,  settler  Whidliey  isl.,  31. 
Hiiigate,  J.  A.,  biog.,  313. 
Historical  soc.  of  Mont.,  incorporated, 

040. 
Hockensmith,  J.  H.,  biog.,  555-6. 
Hodgdon,  Steven,  biog.,  304. 
Hofen,  Leo.,  biog.,  552. 
Hoge,  W.  L.,  biog.,  707. 
Hogine,  A.,  settler  in  Dwamish  val., 

20. 
Holbrook,  del.  to  congress,  470;  biog. , 

470. 
Holbrook,  John,  murder  by,  458. 
Holbrook,  Rich.  B.,  settled  on  Whid- 
bey isl.,  30. 
Holgite,  Mis  Elizabeth,  biog.,  21. 
Holgate,    Miltou,    killed  at    Seattle, 

130. 


820 


INDEX. 


Hollister,  M.  E.,  chief  justice  Id., 
473. 

Holme  harbor,  Iiid.  fight  at,  93. 

Holmes,  Chas,  biog.,  747. 

Holmes,  Sam'l,  biog.,  3()4. 

Holter,  A.  M.,  biog.,  771. 

Hood  canal,  explored,  11. 

Hoover,  Wm  F.  O.,  biog.,  364. 

Hopkins,  G.  B.,  marshal,  2<J3. 

Horton,  Dexter,  settled  at  Seattle, 
26. 

Hosmer,  H.  L.,  chief  justice,  643; 
off'l  acts,  653-5,  658-61. 

Houghton,  H.  E.,  biog.,  318. 

Hovey,  S.  VV,,  legislator,  biog., 
292. 

Howard,  Daniel,  murder  by,  452-4; 
execution,  455. 

Howard,  Gen.  O.  O.,  Ind.  comis.,  498; 
Ind.  campaign  of,  500-14. 

Howe,  Ind.  agent,  at  council,  484. 

Howe,  S.  D.,  aettles  on  Whidbey  isl., 
30;  rescued  from  Inds,  57;  co.  com., 
59;  legislator,  73;  capt.  of  vols, 
159,  167;  P.  S.  Steam  Nav.  co., 
272. 

Howlett,  S.  R.,  acting  gov.,  467;  quar- 
rel with  legislature,  469-70. 

Hoyt,  Jno.,  biog.,  311. 

Hoyt,  John  P.,  assoc.  judge,  29.3, 
297,  314. 

Hubbs,  Paul  K.,  university  regent, 
215;  legislator,  218;  R.  R.  enter- 
prise, 270. 

Hudson  Bay  co.,  Gov.  Stevens'  re- 
port, 86;  S.  Juan  trouble,  87;  de- 
stroy ammunition,  139-40;  abandon 
Wafla  Walla,  140. 

Hughes,  Barney,  exped.  of,  628. 

Hughes,  J.  A.,  biog.,  556. 

Hughes,  James,  settles  at  Olympia, 
55;  capt.  of  vols,  1 14. 

Hughes,  W.  H.,  biog.,  324. 

Hume,  VV^m,  cannery  of,  370. 

Hunsaker,  J.,  biog.,  318. 

Hunt,  D.,  murder  of,  212. 

Hunt,  G.  W.,  biog.  etc.,  389. 

Hunt,  Wm  H.,  dist.  judge,  803,  805. 

Huntington,  U.  8.  marshal,  222;  at- 
tempts arrest  of  Collector  Smith, 
223. 

Huntington,  C,  biog.,  324. 

Huntington,  H.  D.,  settles  in  Cowlitz 
val.,  37;  signs  mem.  to  congress, 
53;  legislator,  73;  R.  R.  enterprise, 
270. 

Huntress,  Robt,  del.  to  convention, 
49. 

Hurd,  James  K.,  rescued  from  Inds, 
07. 


Hiird,  .Tared  S.,  biog.,  364. 
Hutcliins,  Ind.  agent,  4iS4  et  seq. 
Hutchinson,  R.  H.,  biog.,  324. 
Hutton,  James  H.,  biog.,  552-3. 
Hyde,    D.    N.,    pioneer   Boise   city, 

546. 
Hyde,  E.  B.,  biog.,  318. 


Ida  Elmore  mine  co.,  415. 

Idaho,  ter.  organized,  262,  393;  limits, 
393;  phys.  features,  .393-9;  fauna 
and  flora,  .398-401;  name,  399-400; 
early  settlements,  402-21;  map  of 
1863,  402;  mining  in,  409-32,  440-1, 
527-37,  572-3;  Ind.  aflfairs,  410-14, 
432-3,  481-526;  newspapers,  420-1, 
438,  447,  471-2;  stage  lines  etc., 
423-4;  roads,  425-6,  435-40;  legisl., 
444-6,  464-77,  564-5,  577-81;  seal, 
446;  crime  etc.  in,  448-63;  rad- 
roads,  532-3,  576;  soil  and  climate, 
537-40;  agric,  5.S9,  573-4;  counties 
and  towns,  541-60;  education,  562; 
churches  and  charities,  562-3;  state- 
hood, 581-3;  commerce,  576-7;  tail- 
roads,  577-8. 

Idaho  and  California  Wagon-road  co., 
incorporated,  425. 

Idaho  City,  saw  mills,  410;  1864,  421 ; 
burning  of,  434-5;  riot,  434;  incor- 
porated, 445;  jail  at,  449. 

Idaho  CO.,  created,  404-5;  sketch  of, 
552-3. 

Indians,  Wash.,  counsel  at  Whidbey 
isl.,  11;  incursions  by,  90;  plot 
against  surveying  party,  91;  small- 
pox among,  91-2;  depredations  by, 
92-4,  212;  reservations,  .380-1;  af- 
fairs of,  in  Id.,  410-14,  4323,  481- 
526;  in  Mont.,  690-719. 

Insane  at^ylum,  at  Steilacoom,  273-4. 

Irby,  Chas  S.,  legislator,  98. 

Ireland,  D.  C,  biog.,  421. 

Iron,  manufact.  Wash.,  353;  deposits, 
in  Id.,  536. 

Irrigation,  Id.,  673. 

Irvine,  S.  8.,  settled  at  N.  Dungeness, 
28. 

Irwin,  Geo.  W.,  biog.,  765. 

Irwin,  J.  N.,  gov.  Id.,  1883.  480. 

Island  CO.,  created,  59;  officials,  79; 
sketch  of,  360. 

Iveng,  Henry,  settled  on  Whidbey 
isl,  30. 

Ives,  Geo.,  trial  etc.  of,  640. 

Izeth,  John  M.,  aettler  ou  Whidbey 
isl.,  31. 


INDEX. 


821 


dhey 

plot 

Hiiiall- 
ns  by, 
;  af- 
481- 


8,  79; 
idbey 

idbey 


W 


•J.  B.  Libbey,' steamer,  272. 
Jacknon,  John  R.,  settled   at   Puget 

sound,  3;  biog.,  4;  sheriif,  44;  del. 

to  convention,  49;    signs   inein.  to 

congress,  33;    legislator,  73;   capt. 

in  Ind.  war,  138,  1G7. 
Jacobs,  Cyrus,  trading  at  Boise  City, 

542. 
Jacobs,  J.  M.,  settled  at  Gold  creek, 

6)5. 
Jacobs,   O.,  assoc.  judge,  279;   cbief 

justice,  279;  del.  to  congress,  285. 
James,  Geo.  W.,  biog.,  35C. 
James,  Thos,  biog.,  364. 
Jay,  O.  W.,  biog.,  635. 
Jeffs,  R.,  biog.,  311. 
'Jefferson  Davis,'  revenue  cutter,  96, 

113,  122. 
Jefferson  co.,  created,  59;  officials,  79; 

sketch  of,  329,  754;  organized,  445. 
Jenkins,  D.  P.,  biog.,  300. 
Jerome,  D.  H.,  Ind.  coniis.,  498. 
Jerome,  Pierre,  hostility  of,  109. 
Jewell,  Capt.,  killed  by  Inds,  93. 
Jewell,  Ambrose,  rescued  from  Inds, 

57. 
Jim,    friendly  to  whites,  125;   saves 

Seattle,  128-9. 
'[Joe  Lane,'  revenue  cutter,  221. 
John  Day  mine,  value  of,  257. 
John  Day  river,  fight  at,  165. 
'John  Hancock,'  U.  S.  steamer,  134. 
Johns,  L.,  biog.,  311. 
Johnson,  R.  Z.,  atty-gen,,  584. 
Johnson,  Thomas,  biog.,  357. 
Johnston,  Geu.,  relieved  from  com'd, 

2'27. 
Jones,  Col   De   L.  Floyd,  fight   with 

Indians,  93;  supt.  Ind.  affairs,  492. 
Jones,  Fred.,  biog.,  361. 
Jones,    Gabriel,     settled    at    Puget 

sound,  3;  saw-mill,  9. 
Jones,  H.  H.,  murder  of,  119. 
Jones,  J.  H.,  biog.,  318. 
Jones,  II.  A.,  chief  justice.  SCO, 
Jones,  W.  C,  biog.,  747-8, 
Jordan  creek,   map,  417;  mining  at, 

418-19;  Ind.  outrages,  518. 
Jorgensen,  J.,  registrar,  298. 
Jorup,  P.  D.,  legislator,  biog.,  292. 
Joseph,    Nez    Purees    cliief,    198;    at 

council,  483  et  st'(|. 
Joset,  Fatiier,  at  Ind.  ctmncils,  104- 

6,  193  4;  visits  Col  Stcptoe,  179. 
Joy,  O.  H.,  biog.,  312. 
Judson,  (}.    H.,  biog.,  3'24. 
Judson,  Joliu  Paul,  l)i<>g.,  285, 
Judson  S.,  biug.  of,  324. 


s 


Kamiakin,  Yakimas  chief,  101;  home, 
109;  hostility,  110,  169;  refuses  to 
attend  council,  194-5;  goes  to  B. 
C,  195. 

Kanascut,  Klikitat  chief,  122. 

Kandle,  G.,  biog.,  324. 

Kautz,  Lieut,  fight  with  Inds,  1G3. 

Kautz,  Fred.,  plot  of,  172-3. 

Kaymer,  James,  settler  at  Port  Dis- 
covery, 28. 

Keeney,  Jonathan,  biog.,  545. 

Kellet,  J.  H.,  biog.,  .364. 

Kellogg,  John,  settled  on  Whidbey 
isl.,  30. 

Kellogg,  J.  C,  biog.,  311. 

Kelly,  A.  M.,  first  mayor  of  Lewis- 
ton,  262. 

Kelly,  Lieut-col  James  K.,  move- 
ments of,  140-2. 

Kelly,  Serg't  M.,  at  Cascades  fight, 
145,  150-1. 

Kelly,  W.,  biog.,  305. 

Kendall,  B.  F.,  librarian,  85. 

Kendall,  B.  S.,  opposes  Stevens, 
203-4;  biog.,  '203. 

Kennedy,  Chas,  settled  at  Seattle, 
'2ij. 

Kennedy,  \V.  J.,  elk  supr.  ct,  797. 

Kennedy,  W.  K.,  biog.,  324. 

Kenneth,  John,  settled  on  Whidbey 
isl.,  30. 

Kent,  James,  biog.,  746. 

Kenyon,  F.,  career  of,  447. 

Ker.se,  R.  P.,  bravery  in  Ind.  fight, 
181. 

Kessler,  Nicholas,  biog.,  636;  legis- 
lator, 684. 

Keys,  Capt.  E.  D.,  in  com'd  at  Steila- 
coom,  123;  actions  against  Inds, 
l'24-5;  visits  Puget  sound,  1'26; 
builds  Fort  Taylor,  184;  in  Wright's 
campaign,  185-7. 

Kilborn,  W.  K.,  at  Cascades,  145; 
escape  from,  151-2. 

Kinoaid,  Wm  N.,  settled  in  Puyallup 
val.,  66;  biog.,  .366. 

Kindred,  John,  settled  at  Tumwater, 
8. 

Kindred,  Mrs  Tabatha,  biog.,  4. 

Ki\ig  CO.,  created,  59;  otKuials,  78. 

King,  (Juo.  K,  murder  of,  119. 

Kinna,  .lolin,  771. 

Kiniie,  11,  R.,  registrar,  298. 

Kinnear,  J,  K.,  biog.,  308. 

Kinney,  E.  H.,  audt.  of  Mont.,  778, 
81)2. 

Kiiired,  David,  settled  at  Puget 
sound,  3. 


INDEX. 


Kip,  Lieut  L.,  works  of,  181. 
Kipxap,  Indian,  warns  settlers,  119. 
Kirklanil,  M.,  foun<1eii  settlement,  66; 

escapes  from  Inds,  119. 
Kitsap  CO.,  Wash.,  hist,  of,  361. 
Kitsiip,    Klikitat  chief,    1*22;   killed, 

174. 
Kittitass  co..  Wash.,  hist,  of,  356-7. 
Kleinschmidt,  T.  H.,  hiog.,  770. 
Klickitat  co.,  Wash.,  hist,  of,  357-8. 
Klickitats,  attack   on   the   Cascades, 

146-5*2;  surrender,  166. 
Klowowit,  NisquuUy  chief,  122. 
Knapp,  H.   H.,  Statement,  MS.,  etc., 

415-21. 
Kneeland,  W.  H.,  biog.,  318. 
Knight,  K.  W.,  biog.,  771. 
Knippenbcrg,  H.,  biog.,  789. 
Knowk's,    Hiram,   assoc.  judge,   661; 

biog.,  789;  delegate,  782. 
Kootenai  CO.,  created.  Id.,  465;  sketch 

of,  553-4. 
Korhs,  C,  biog.,  690. 
Krattcar,  (i.  VV.,  biog.,  746. 
Kress,    Capt.,    exped.    against    Inds, 

523. 
Kuhn,  J.  A.,  biog.,  324. 
Kussass,  Cowlitz  chief,  death,  175. 


Laroy,  O.  P.,  del.  to  convention,  291. 

Ladd,  A.  Cr.,  biog.,  774. 

La  Barge  city,  Mont.,  founding  of, 
623-6. 

La  Conner,  town  of,  367. 

La  l)u,  J.  IJ.,  legislator,  biog.,  292. 

Ii.'iiitoh  CO.,  created,  465. 

Lake,  Joseph,  founded  settlement,  66; 
attacked  by  Inds,  119. 

Lake,  Donald,  founds  settlement, 
66. 

Lrunbert,  John,  in  Stevens'  survey 
party,  71. 

Lancaster,  Columbia,  obstinacy  of, 
46;  legislator,  59;  del.  to  congress, 
70-1;  politics,  201;  university  re- 
gent, 215;  R.  R.  enterprise,  270. 

Lander,  Edw.,  chief  justice,  62;  com. 
to  prepare  laws,  76;  biog.,  80;  ar- 
rested, 203;  donation  to  university, 
215. 

Lander,  F.  W.,  in  R.  R.  surveying 
party,  71,  382-3,  556;  erects  block- 
house, 165;  biog.,  218. 

Landes,  H.,  biog.,  318. 

Land  laws,  acts  of  legislature,  81-2. 

liand-olKce,  established,  206. 

Landon,  lude  mining  at,  429-30. 


Lane,  actions  in  congress  on  dividing 
Oregon,  60-1. 

Lane,  (Jov.,  prompt  measures  of,  14. 

Lane,  Daniel,  settles  in  Puyallup  val., 
66. 

Lane,  Rich.,  judge,  44,  45. 

Langford,  W.  (r.,  assoc.   judge,  300. 

Lansdale,  R.  H.,  locates  claim,  18; 
biog.,  29-30;  co.  com.,  59;  Ind. 
agent,  177;  explores  route,  382. 

Liipwai,  Ind.  council.  Id.,  106,  482-90. 

Lamed,  Maj.,  death  of,  94. 

Larrabee,  Chas  H.,  del.  to  conven- 
tion, 291. 

Last  (.'hance,  Mont.,  gulch  discovered, 
721. 

Laugh  ton,  C.  E.,  lieut  gov.  Wash., 
314. 

Lawrence,  .T.  C,  biog.,  318. 

Lawson,  Lieut,  in  surveying  exped., 
90-1. 

Lawyer,  Nez  Perce  chief,  238;  averts 
war,  483  et  seq. 

liayton,  Maj.,  light  with  Inds,  165. 

Leary,  Joseph,  settled  at  N.  Dunge- 
ness,  27. 

Leaming,  M.  J.,  delegate,  782-6. 

Leavitt,  E.  D.,  biog.,  764-5. 

Leavitt,  E.  N.,  resolution  of,  645. 

Lee,  Wm  H.,  biog.,  749. 

Leech,  discovered  Salmon  river  mines, 
245. 

Lees,  Hy.,  death  of,  94. 

Leig'iiton,  Joseph,  settled  at  N.  Dun- 
geness,  28. 

Leiser,  J.  J.,  biog.,  770. 

Legislature,  first  in  Wash.,  73;  gov. 
message,  74-6;  measures,  76-9,  267, 
274-8,  288,  386-8;  memberis,  218, 
282;  Id.,  measures,  444-6,  464-77, 
564-5,  578-81;  member.s,  444.  465- 
6,  470,  477-80,  564-5,  567;  Mont, 
measures  of,  644-50,  662-86,  7H3; 
members,  644,  649,  662,  669,  672- 
5,  679-89,  783-4. 

Lemhi  co..  Id.,  created,  465;  sketch 
of,  554-6. 

Lemmon,  I.,  settled  in  Puyallup  val., 
66. 

Lemp,  John,  biog.,  546. 

'Leonesa,'  ship,  27. 

Leschi,  attempted  arrest,  124;  attack 
on  Seattle,  128-33;  capture,  171; 
trial  and  execution,  172-3. 

Leslie,  H.  P.,  gov.  of  Mont.  1886, 
782-3. 

Lewis  CO.,  meeting  against  claim- 
jumping,  .39;  oUicials,  44-6,  78. 

Lewis,  J.  R.,  assoc.  judge,  Wash., 
Id.,  279,  473;  chief  justice,  285. 


INDEX. 


823 


Lewis  and  Clarke  co.,  Mont.,  settlers 
in,  63G-7;  sketch  of,  754-G. 

Lewis  and  Clarke's  map,  1806,  606. 

Lewiston,  Id.,  founded,  2.'1S;  inun- 
dated, 256;  incorporated,  26'2;  trade 
o',  407  9;  vigilauts,  452-5;  capital 
removed,  464-5;  sketch  of,  556. 

Libbey,  8ain'l,  settled  on  Whidbey 
isl.,  80. 

Libraries,  Wash.,  376-7. 

Lifeboat  stations,  establishment  of, 
336. 

Lichthouses,  Wash.,  89,  335-6. 

Liil,  Edw.,  biog.,  366. 

Lillis,  Hill,  biog.,  313. 

Liuie,  works  etc.,  352. 

Lincoln  co.,  created,  371. 

Lincoln,  Pres.,  calls  for  vols,  228. 

Lindsay,  James,  in  attack  at  the  Cas- 
cades,  148. 

Lindsley,  A.  A.,  biog.,  311;  treas. 
Wash.,  314. 

Lionnet,  Father,  miss,  to  Chinook, 
372. 

'Live  Yankee,'  ship,  68. 

Lloyd,  C.  F.,  biog.,  766. 

Lockey,  U.,  biog.,  770. 

Logan,  J.  B.,  settled  at  Tumwater,  8. 

Logan,  J.  L.,  assoc.  judge,  1888,  583. 

Logan,  Robt,  settled  at  Tumwater,  8. 

Loio  trail,  map  of,  506. 

Long,  J.  H.,  biog.,  319. 

Long,  Ransom,  biog.,  356. 

Looking-glass,  treachery  of,  105-G; 
Nez  Perce  chief,  198,  482  et  seq. 

Low,  John  N.,  founds  New  York,  21- 
3;  biog.,  21. 

Lowery,  Christopher,  murder  by, 
452-4;  execution,  455. 

Luce,  F.  H.,  biog.,  319. 

Ludlow,  Col  Wni,  exped.  of,  657-8. 

Lugenbeel.  Maj.  P.,  com'd  at  Harney 
depot,  199;  establishes  Ft  Boise, 
411. 

Lull,  A.  B.,  ment.  of,  324. 

Lumber,  mill  at  Tumwater,  9;  early 
trade  at  Seattle,  24;  mills  at  Bel- 
lingham  bay,  32;  hist,  and  value 
of  trade,  337-40;  product  etc., 
Mont.,  760. 

Luminii  river,  reservation,  99. 

Lyle,  T.,  settler  at  Whidbey  isl.,  31. 

Lyndo,  Walter,  settled  iu  Shoalwater 
bay,  35. 

Lyon,  Caleb,  governor,  446;  arrival, 
448;  biog.,  448;  departure  of,  465; 
reapuointed  1865,  466-7. 

Lyon,  Lieut  H.  B.,  in  Wright's  cam- 
paign, ]S6. 

Lyons,  Haze,  trial  of,  639. 


M 


Maclay,  E.  G.,  biog.,  774. 

Macunil)er,  Archie,  biog.,  634. 

Maddox,  Mrs  Rebecca,  settled  on 
Wludbey  isl.,  30. 

Madison,  B.  I.,  settled  at  New  Dun- 
geness,  27. 

Madison  co'ty,  created,  445;  settlers 
of,  635-6;  sketch  of,  753-4. 

Maginnis,  Martin,  del.  to  congress, 
677;  biog.,  790;  U.  S.  senator  elect, 
806. 

Magruger,  Lloyd,  murder  of,  452-4. 

Mahard,  Wm,  rescued  from  Inds,  57. 

Mails,  tirst  contract.  Wash.,  64;  in- 
adequacy of  service,  273. 

Maize,  H.  B.,  prospecting  etc.,  418. 

'  Major  Tompkins,'  steamer,  96-7, 
271. 

Makahs,  small-pox  among,  92;  fight 
with,  92;  treaty,  100. 

Malade  City,  co.  seat  etc.  Oneida,  Id., 
559. 

Malheur  river,  gold  discovored,  230; 
fight  at  with  Inds,  3/9. 

Maloney,  Capt.,  com'd  Steilacoom, 
113;  despatches  to  gov.,  119;  fight 
with  Inds,  120;  arranges  campaign, 
122;  expds,  124,  162;  erects  block- 
house, 165. 

Mammoth  dist.  Id.,  discov.,  1864,  432. 

Manning,  W.  C.  M.,  com'd  at  Colville, 
277. 

Mansfield,  Col,  inspects  army,  195. 

Mantle,  Lee,  biog.,  766;  delegate,  782; 
prest.  of  convention,  786. 

Manufactures,  Wash.,  351-3. 

Maps,  attack  on  Seattle,  127:  Cas- 
cades, 152;  Wright's  campaign,  193; 
Walla  Walla  valley,  197;  Puget 
sound,  329;  King  co'ty  coal-fields, 
342;  east  Washington,  343;  Haro 
archipelago,  360;  railroad,  e.  Wash- 
ington, 363;  Idaho,  1863,  402; 
Idaho  counties  formerly  in  Wash., 
403;  Boise  basin,  408;  Jordan  creek, 
417;  seal  of  Idaho,  414;  the  Lolo 
trail,  506;  (7amas  prairie  and  vol- 
canic dist.,  518;  east  Oregon,  521;  s. 
w.  Idaho,  629;  Wood  river  mineral 
dist.,  531;  Boise  and  Payette  val- 
leys, 545;  south-eastern  Llaho,  548; 
Carver's,  1778,  600;  Mont,  moun- 
tain passes,  594;  Lewis  and  Clarke's, 
1806,  606;  Rector's,  1818,  607;  Fin- 
ley's,  1826,558;  trading  forts,  IH07- 
60,  610;  gulciies  and  lodes,  I8li5, 
630;  Bigliorn  city,  631;  Ue  Laey's 
expd.,    633;    seal    uf    Moat.,    645; 


INDEX. 


Bozeman    route,    695;    Ft    Philip 

Kearny,  697;  battles  of  east  Mont., 

716;  Butte  and  Summit  val.  mining 

dist.,  739. 
Maple,    Jacob,    settled  in    Dwaraiah 

val.,  biog.,  22. 
Maple,  Sam'l,  killed  at  Dwamish  val., 

22. 
Marly,  S.  H  ,  biog.,  312. 
Marsh,  A.  (Jr.,  receiver.  298. 
Marsh,  £(lwin,  biog.,  364. 
Marsh,  H.  J.,  biog.,  635. 
Marshall,  (ieo.  W.,  biog.,  746. 
Marshall,  Stephen,  settled  in  Shoal- 
water  bay,  34. 
Marston,   Gilman,  app't'd  gov.    Id., 

472. 
Martial  law,  proclaimed,  Wash.,  165. 
Martin,  Abner,  biog.,  336. 
Martin,  H.,  biog.,  36o. 
'Mary,'  steamer,  in  Kght  at  Cascades, 

145-lS;  escapes,  148;  at  The  Dalles, 

154;  takes  relief  to  Cascades,  155. 
'Mary  Dare,'  ship,  seizure  of,  53-4. 
Mason,  C.  H.,  sec.  of  Wash,  ter.,  62; 

gives  name  to  co'ty,  77;  acting  gov., 

oflf'l  acts,    96-7,    118;    death,   21  Ij 

biog.,  211. 
Mason,    Col,    Nez    Perce    campaign, 

507-8. 
Mason    co'ty,    created,    77;    officials, 

77;  sketch  of,  .327. 
'Massachuset^is,'  U.  S.  steamer,  134, 

136-7. 
Matthias,  F.,  settles  at  Seattle,   26; 

university  regent,  216;    adj.-geu., 

228. 
Mattice,  Henry,  killed  by  Inds,  111. 
Mayflower  mine,  LI. ,  yield  etc.  of,  530. 
Maylor,  Sam'l,  settled   on   Whidbey 

isl.,  30. 
Maynard,  D.  S.,    settled  at   Seattle, 

biog.,  24;   del.  to    convention,    49; 

signs  mem.     to    congress,   53;    in 

cliarge  of  Ind.  camp,  121. 
McAdow,     P.   W.,     mining   at   Gold 

creek,    617;     legislator,    684,    689; 

biog.,  690. 
McAllister,  James,    settler  at  Puget 

sound,    3;  rescued   from  Inds,  57; 

county  com.,  78;   lieut  of  rangers, 

114;  killed,  118. 
McCarty,  I.,  settled  in  Puyallup  val., 

66. 
McCarver,  M.  M.,  biog.,  362. 
McClellan,  Lieut  G.  B.,  explor.  route, 

71. 
McClellan  gulch,  discovery  of,  722. 
McClure,    A.    K.,     works    of,    405, 

653-4,  807. 


McClurg,  Henry,  settler  at  Whidbey 
isl.,  31. 

McConaha,  G.  N.,  settled  at  Seattle, 
26;  pres.  of  convention,  52;  signH 
mem.  to  congress,  53;  road  viewer, 
64;  legislator,  73;  death,  73. 

MuConnel,  W.  J.,  forms  vigilance 
com.,  4.56-7. 

McConville,  Capt.,  operations  of,  504. 

MuCorkle,  W.  A.  L.,  signs  mem.  to 
congress,  53;  capt.  in  Ind.  war, 
139. 

McCormick,  W.  J.,  delegate,  782. 

MeCroskey,  J.  P.  T.,  biog.,  310. 

McCurdy,  S.,  mention  of,  336. 

McCutcheon,  I.  D.,  biog.,  769. 

McDermitt,  Chas,  comniaud  etc.  of, 
433. 

McDonald,  Angus,  at  Ind.  council, 
104. 

McDonald,  B.  F.,  rescued  from  Inds, 
57. 

McDonald,  S.  P.,  biog.,  365. 

McDougall,  David,  com'd  of  the 
■John  Hancock,'  134. 

McElroy,  T.  F.,  publishes  the  'Colum- 
bian,' 51. 

McEwen,  Duncan,  rescued  from  Inds, 
57. 

McFadden,  0.  B.,  assoc.  judge,  62; 
acting  chief  justice,  172;  legislator, 
264;  del.  to  cougreiis,  281;  death, 
281. 

McGavin,  .John,  disc'v's  placers,  621. 

McGill,  Henry  M.,  acting  gov.,  211; 
adminis.,  1860-1,  211-17;  biog., 
217;  calls  out  militia,  228. 

Mc(ilynn,  John,  legislator,  biog., 
292. 

McKibben,  Lieut,  plot  of,  172-3. 

McKenzie,  Kenneth,  biog.   etc.,  601. 

McKimens,  Wm,  biog.,  745. 

McKinaey,  Geo.  E.,  biog.,  6.36. 

McLean,  Alex.,  settled  at  Belling- 
ham  bay,  32. 

McLean,  Sam'l,  del.  to  congress,  644. 

McLeod,  John,  arrest  of,  202. 

McLougldin,  John,  influence  on  immi- 
gration, 1;  treatment  of  Puget 
sound  settlers,  5. 

McMullan,  D.  J.,  biog.,  768. 

McMicken,  Wm,  sucvoyor-gen.,  297. 

McMullin,  Fayette,  appeal  on  behalf 
of  Inds,  172;  gov.,  209;  admiuis., 
1857-8,  209-11. 

McQueen,  P.,  biog.,  416-17. 

McRea\ry,  J.,  biog.,  324. 

Meacham,  A.  B.,  meni.  of,  424. 

Mead,  W.  J.,  biog.,  324. 

Meagher  county,  Mont.,  sketch  of,  768. 


INDEX. 


iig. 


11- 

zet 


Mcacrlier,   T.  F.,  terr.     sec,    Mont., 

64;{;  atling  gov.,  047-5*2,  CGO,  701; 

l)ios{.,  702. 
Mc'iluiiir,  a.,  \,\ofi.,  324. 
MegkT,  J.  a.,  l)i()g..  3'J5. 
Meigti,  (i.  A.,  university  regent,  215. 
Melville,  Daviil,   niurilered    by  Inds, 

9.-). 
Meiiefce,  Kobert  P.,  biog.,  625. 
Meuoiiiy,  John  B.,  biog.,  5r>8. 
Mercer,  A.    8.,    imports   ahipload   of 

unniarrictl  women,  275. 
Mercer,   Thomas,    Hetties  at  Seattle, 

2G. 
Merritt,    S.    A.,     elected     delegate, 

472-3. 
Merry  man,  Lieut  J.  H.,  in  charge  of 

custom-house,  221-2;  arrested,  223. 
Meter,  H.,  founds  setthvnent,  66. 
Mica  «k'[)o.sit8  in  Id.,  537. 
Miles  (-'ity,   Mont.,  descript.  of,  757; 

shipping  centre  etc.,  776,  779. 
Miles,    <Jen.,    Ind.    operations    etc., 

512  25,  717-19. 
Miles,   H.,   signs   mem.  to  congress, 

53;  legislator,  73;  capt.  of  ntilitia, 

228. 
Military    road,     appropriations    for, 

88-9. 
Miller,  Capt.,  in  Howard's  campaign, 

506-7. 
Miller,  Clias  H.,  settled  on  Whidbey 

isl.,  30. 
Miller,  Mrs  Minnie,  first  white  woman 

in  Mont.,  615. 
Miller,  Nelson,  settled  on  Whidbev 

isl,  30. 
Miller,  Sam'l  C,  biog.,  356. 
Miller,  T.  H.,  discovered  Salmon  river 

mines,  f?45. 
Miller,    VV.    W.,    port  surveyor,   54; 

liii.g.,   118;    11.   K.  enterprise,  270, 

272. 
Millersburet.  Wash.,  founded,  245. 
Milward,  iiieh.  J.,  settled  in  Shoal- 
water  bay,  35. 
Ming.  J.  H.,  biog.,  771. 
Mining,  hist,  of  in  Wash.  1861-3,  2.S0- 

63,    340-3;   in  Id.,  409-32,    440-1, 

527-37;  in  Mout.,  611-33,  720-31, 

759-^2,  762-9. 
Minor,  T.  T.,  biog.,  312. 
Minkler,  D.  B.,  biog.,  324. 
Mires,  A.,  biog.,  311. 
Missoula,  incorporated,  596;  descript. 

of,  751,  784.  ' 
Missoula    co'ty,    created,    413,    445; 

sketch  of,  751. 
Monroe,    John,    holds    first    federal 

court,  79;  removal  of,  80. 


Montana,  name,  588;  phys.  fi-ntures, 
uSfS- 1)5;  fauna,  595  -o;  diiiuitu,  5i(o, 
740-4;  minerals,  597-S;  mi.ssions, 
60.V4;  jiioncers,  603-5,  ti21-7; 
explor.,  605-1 1 ;  gohldisi'ov.Ol  1-17; 
vigllants  anil  eriuie  in,  619-20,  638- 
41:  mining,  620-33,  720  31,  739  42, 
762-9;  terr.  organized,  1S04.  642-4; 
legisl.,  644-50,  (i(i2-89,  783  6;  news- 
papers, 652-3,  678,  779;  judic,  65.'{- 
62;  the  currency  cpiestion,  659-61; 
fiiiances,  678-9,  687-8;  railroads, 
679-87,  752-62;  Ind.  aliairs  in,  690- 
719;  travel  and  trade  in,  729-34,  761 ; 
stoL'k-raising,  734-8,  759-763 ;agric., 
738-9,  742-3,  759;  counties  and 
towns,  751-76;  education  in,  778-9, 
784;  churches  in,  777-8;  constit. 
convent. ,  78 1  -2,  787-8;  constitution, 
789-96;  bihliog.,  807-8. 

Monteith,  .7.  B.,  Ind.  agt,  402,  494-5. 

Monticello,  convention  at,  52. 

Moore,  A.  J.,  settled  atTumwater,  6. 

Moore,  F.  K.,  biog.,  392. 

Moore,  Geo.  B.,  settled  at  N.  Dunge- 
ness,  27. 

Moore,  J.  M.,  legislator,  218;  death 
of,  549. 

Moore,  M.C.,  gov.,  30.3. 
j  jMoore,  John,  mining  expcd.,  384. 
]  Moore,  J.  Z.,  biog.,  310. 
i  Moore,   Marshall  F.,  gov.,  266;  biog., 
I      266-7;  administ.,  267-9;  vetoes  di- 
vorce bill,  275;  death,  280. 
j  Moore,  R.  S.,  biog.,  310. 

Moore,  Samuel,  prospecting  on  Boise 
river,  259. 

More,  discovered  Salmon  river  mines, 
245. 

More,  R.,  settles  in  Puyallup  val.,  66. 

Morgan,  Lieut,  shoots  Owhi,  195. 

Morgan,  J.  T.,  chief  justice  Id.,  1879, 
583. 

Morgan.  H.  D.,  biog.,  368. 

Mormons  in  Id.,  402-3,  548-9;  legisl. 
etc.  against,  585-7. 

Morris,  t'ol,  com'd  at  Vancouver,  153. 

Morris,  B.  F.,  biog.,  553. 

Morris,  W.  1).,  canal  built  by,  543-4. 

Morrow,  W.  W.,  in  11.  R.  enterprise, 
270. 

Morse,  — ,  biog.  etc.,  .368. 

Morse,  G.  W.,  biog,,  325. 

Moscow.,  Id.,  sketch  of,  557. 

Moseley,  H.  C,  legislator,  73;  pro- 
bate judge,  78. 

Moses,  A.  B.,  arrival,  54;  port  sur- 
veyor, 62;  death,  119;  biog.,  119; 
Leschi  charged  with  murder  of, 
172. 


826 


INDEX. 


Moses,  Sampson  P.,  app't'd  collector, 

actions  of,  54-6. 
Moson,  acting  gov.,  makes  requisition 

for  troops,  111. 
Moultray,  VV.  R.,  biog.,  325. 
Mount  Idaho,  vola  organized  at,  501; 

hi.-*t.,  55;$. 
Mount  Hayden,  scenery,  590. 
Mountain    passes,    Mont.,    map    of, 

594. 
Mounts,  James,  settled  on  Whidbey 

isl.,  30. 
Mounts,  Milton,  settled  on  Whidbey 

isl.,  30. 
MuUan,  Lieut  John,  surveys  R.  R. 

route,  71;    treaty  with   Inds,   101; 

coin'd     of    Ind.    scouts,     184;     in 

Wright's    campaign,    185;    wagon 

road,   199;    iu  survey  exped.,  384, 

607-8. 
MuUan  road,  constructed,  89;  hist,  of 

survey,  384. 
Munsac,  John,  claim  on  Salmon  river, 

247. 
Munaon,    Lyman    E.,   assoc.   judge, 

644,  648-50. 
Murphy,  John  T.,  assoc.  judge,  662; 

biog.,  765. 
Murray,  David,  biog.,  357. 
Murray,  Hy.,  arrest  of,  202. 
Myers,  I.,  biog.,  774. 


N 


Narragansctt  iron  mine.  Id.,  richness 
of,  536. 

Nash,  E.  D.,  biog.,  325. 

Neace,  L.,  biog.,  312. 

Neah  bay,  small-pox  fit,  91. 

Neely,  D.  A.,  settler  in  Dwamish  val., 
26;  founded  settlement,  66;  lieut 
of  vols,  166. 

Neil,  J.  B.,  gov.  Id.,  1880,  475. 

Neilson,  S.,  discovers  mine,  419. 

Nelson,  Green  river  Ind.  chief,  122. 

Nelson,  Mr,  settled  in  Dwamish  val., 
26. 

Nelson,  John,  founds  settlement,  66. 

Nerton,  T.,  biog.,  305. 

Nesmith,  Col  J.  W.,  campaign  of, 
1 14-16;  reports  against  winter  cam- 
paign, 140;  re.signs  com'd,  142; 
supt  of  Ind.  affairs,  176;  recom- 
mendations, 177. 

New  Dungeuess,  early  settlers  of, 
27-8;  lighthouse,  89. 

Newell,  Rol)t,  Ind.  agent,  484,  491. 

Newell,  Wui  A.,  appointed  gov.,  biog., 
9SSit 


Newspapers;  of  Wash..  .177-80;  Idaho, 
420-21,  438.  447,  471-2;  Montana, 
652-3,  678,  779. 

New  Tacoma,  hist,  of,  362. 

'New  World,'  steamer,  272. 

New  York  laid  out,  23;  decadence, 
of,  25. 

Nez  Perc(;s,  treaties  with,  101,  184, 
236,  457-8;  (Jov.  Stevens'  treat- 
ment, 103;  escort  to  gov.,  106-7; 
mustered  out  of  service,  142-3;  hos- 
tility, 168;  in  Wright's  campaign, 
18i>-91;  peace  with  Coeur  d'Aleues, 
15(4;  gold  discovered  on  reservation, 
234,  450;  allow  founding  of  Lewis- 
ton,  238;  expel  Mormons,  403;  ne- 
gotiations with,  481-94;  war  with, 
500-14,  718. 

Nez  Perce  co.,  Id.,  created,  404;  sketch 
of,  555-8. 

Nims,  L.  B.,  biog.,  325. 

Nisquallies,  attacked  by  Stikines, 
135. 

Nisqually,  Ind.  rendezvous,  121. 

Nisqually,  claim,  dispute  over,  40. 

Nitinats,  jilot  of,  91. 

Nix,  II.,  settlers  in  Puyallup  val.,  66. 

Noggle,  David,  chief  justice  Id.,  biog., 
473. 

North  bay,  Ind.  rendezvous,  121. 

Northcraft,  Wm.  killing  of,  162. 

North  Pacific  railroad,  387-8,  390, 
566,  682-3,  75.3-61,  786. 

Norton,  I.,  biog.,  365. 

Nugen,  Lieut  John,  in  com'd  at  Fort 
Steilacoom,  120. 


Oak  harbor,  Ind.  rendezvous,  121. 

Oaks,  D.  W.,  biog.,  360. 

O'Brien,  P.  M.,  biog.,  336-7. 

Odell,  J.  v.,  del.   to  convention,  291. 

O.lenal,  Supt.,  conference,  494-5. 

Odle,  James,  biog.,  553. 

Ogalalaco.,  Id.,  organized,  445. 

'  Okanagan, '  steamer,  237. 

Okanagau  river,  Garnett's  march  to, 
196. 

Oliphant,  W.  S.,  biog.,  .325. 

Olney,  Ind.  agent,  off'l  actions  of, 
139-40. 

Olympia,  named,  16;  winter  at,  5.'>; 
legislature  at,  71;  temp,  seat  of 
govt,  79;  custom-house  removed, 
96;  capital,  213-14;  constit.  con- 
vention at,  1889,  307-14;  sketch  of, 
362-4. 

Ouderdouk,  J.  L.,  Idaho,  405. 


INDEX. 


390, 


Fort 


,  291. 


s  of, 

,  55; 
It  of 
)ved, 
coii- 
hof, 


Oneida  co'tVi  I<1.)  organized,  444; 
sivetch  of,  558-'J. 

Oneida  aalt  works,  Id.,  product,  etc., 
53G. 

Opliir  gulch,  discov.  of,  722. 

'Orbit,'  first  Amer.  ship  at  Puget 
sound,  15;  hist.,  16-17. 

Oregon  department,  created,  197. 

Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  co., 
hist,  of,  888. 

Oregon  Road,  Bridge,  and  Ferry  co., 
incorporated  etc.,  180,'),  437. 

'Oregon  Spectator,'  newspaper,  sus- 
pended, 45. 

Oregon  Steam  Navigation  co.,  opera- 
tions of,  209-70. 

Oregon  &  VV.  T.  R.  R.,  hist,  of,  389. 

Oregon  Transcontinental  R.  R.,  hist, 
of,  388. 

Oregon  troops,  campaign  of,  140-4. 

Oro  Fino  City,  founded,  239. 

Oro  Fino  Gold  and  Silver  Tunnel  co., 
incorporated,  Id.,  431. 

Oro  Fino  mines,  Id.,  discov.  and  hist. 
of,  239,  528,  579. 

Orr,  Geo.,  exped.  etc.  of,  628. 

Ostrander,  B.  R.,  biog.,  325. 

Ostrander,  N.,  signs  mem.  to  con- 
gress, 53;  proi)ate  judge,  78. 

'Otter,'  H.  B.  co.  steamer,  87,  122. 

Owen,  J.  &  F.,  settle  ia  Bitterroot 
val.,  005. 

Owen,  Thomas,  settles  in  Fuyallup 
val.,  60. 

Owhi,  in  com'd  of  Ind.  force,  125; 
attack  on  Seattle,  128;  death, 
195. 

Owings,  N.  H.,  ter.  sec,  283,  293, 
297,  300;  biog.,  319. 

Owyhee  co'ty,  Id.,  organized,  444; 
sketch  of,  559. 

Owyhee  mines,  hist,  of,  528-9. 

Owyhee  river,  mining  at,  417-19. 

Oyster-beds  of  Shoalwater  bay,  34. 


Pacific  City,  Wash.,  estab.  of,  33. 

Pacific  CO.,  oilicials,  78;  sketch  of, 
309-70. 

Packwood,  Elisha,  settled  at  Turn- 
water,  6,  7. 

Packwood,  William,  settled  at  Tum- 
water,  7,  8;  actions  against  agric. 
assoc.,  40;  surveys  road,  65. 

Page,  H.  C,  settled  at  Bellingham 
bay,  32;  co.  com.,  77. 

Page,  Wm,  in  Magruder  murder, 
452-4;  murder  of,  455. 


Paige,  O.  A.,  rescued  from  Inds, 
biog.,  57;  Ind.  agent,  177. 

Painter,  J.  C,  biog.,  325. 

Palouses,  hostility  of,  178;  campaign 
against,  178-83;  surrender,  195. 

Parclien,  H.  M.,  biog.,  770. 

Parks,  S.  C,  judge,  Id.,  444. 

Parker,  John  G.,  establishes  express 
line,  biog.,  64. 

Parkinson,  W.  J.,  biog.,  319. 

Parrish,  J.  L.,  gold  discovery,  63. 

Patkanin,  attempt  to  exterminate 
settlers,  11-12;  causes  outijreal., 
13-14;  stipulation  with  authorities, 
134;  supports  whites,  159;  services 
accepted,  161;  tight  with  Leschi, 
101-2;  death,  174. 

Patterson,  F.  J.,  murder  by,  458-9; 
killed,  460. 

Patterson,  Ira,  land  claim,  86;  legis- 
lator, 98. 

Pattle,  VVm,  discovers  coal  mine,  31. 

Payette,  Id.,  vig.  com.,  formation  of, 
457. 

Payne,  D.  S.,  U.  S.  marshal,  446;  re- 
moved from  office,  402. 

Payne,  Thos,  biog.,  319. 

Peabody,  R.  V.,  of  Whatcom  Milling 
CO.,  32;  CO.  com.,  77;  capt.  of  vols, 
107;  enrolling  officer,  229. 

Pearcy,  Edmund,  biog.,  558. 

Pearson,  Wm  C,  biog.,  553-4. 

Pease,  com'd  of  the  'Jefferson  Davis,* 
113. 

Peck,  C.  F.,  mining,  discov.  of,  431-2. 

Peers,  Henry  N.,  elected  to  legisla- 
ture, 44. 

Peers,  H.  W.,  capt.  in  Ind.  war,  138, 
167. 

Pemberton,  W.  Y.,  biog.,  801. 

Penaluna,  John,  biog.,  749. 

Penitentiary,  location  of,  213;  estab., 
275-0. 

Penn  cove,  Ind.  rendezvous,  121. 

Percival,  I).  F.,  legislator,  294;  biog., 
292,  354. 

Perkins,  F.  K.,  biog.,  364. 

Perkins,  J.  A.,  legislator,  biorr.,  292. 

Perry,  Capt.,  Ind.  campaign  ot,  501)  -4. 

Persham,  A.  S.,  settles  in  Puyallup 
val.,  66. 

Person,  J.  T.,  biog.,  325. 

Peterson,  O.,  biog.,  .325. 

Pettygrove,  F.  W.,  lays  out  town, 
19-20. 

Peupeumoxmox,  death  of,  lOG,  141; 
hostility,  139. 

Phillips,  David,  set.  at  Seattle,  25-6. 

Phillips,  John,  prospecting  on  Boise 
river,  259. 


828 


INDEX. 


Phillii>3l)nrg  mine,  descript.  of,  7C5-7;  [ 

naiiiu,  TUT. 
Pickerull,  K.  It.,  biog.,  325-6. 
Pickering,  Win,  app't'd  gov.,  18G2-7, 
21'J;  biog.,  219;  removed,  2tiU. 

PiegaiiH,  treaty  with,  C02;  war  with, 
OO.'i;  character,  (<9i. 

Pierce  City,  aituatiou  of,  23ti. 

Pierce  co.,  created,  59;  otiiciah,  78; 
mills,  130. 

I'iorce,  J.  B.,  legislator,  4C5-fl;  biog., 
54(5-7. 

Pierce,  T.  B.,  settles  at  Cascade,  37; 
wounded,  152. 

Pinkham,  Sumner,  sheriff,  448;  murder 
of,  459. 

Piuney,  James  A.,  biog.,  546. 

Pioneer  City,  Id.,  founded,  407;  pop- 
ulation, etc.,  1864,  421. 

Pioneer  mine,  richness  of,  415. 

Placers,  see  Mining. 

Placerville,  Id.,  founded,  407;  popu- 
lation, etc.,  1864,  421;  incorp.,  445. 

Plomondon,  iSimon,  brick-making  on 
farm,  9;  lej,'i8lator,  45;  del.  to  con- 
vention, 49;  signs  mem.  to  con- 
gre^.s,  53, 

Pluiiimer,  A.  A.,  lays  out  town,  19- 
20;  biog.,  19;  probate  clerk,  59; 
CO.  auditor,  79;  capt.  in  lud.  war, 
139. 

Plununer,  A.  A.,  jun.,  biog.,  326. 

Plummcr,  U.,  career  and  death,  462, 
638-41. 

Poe,  Alonzo  Marion,  settled  at  Tum- 
water,  6;  sheriff,  45;  del.  to  con- 
vention, 49;  CO.  auditor.  77;  legis- 
lator, 98;  lieut  of  ranger.*),  114. 

Poisell,  Francis,  bravery  in  Ind.  tight, 
181. 

Folatkin,  Spokane  chief,  surrenders, 
190-1;  released,  193. 

Pooruiau  Mines,  Id.,  discov.  and  hist, 
of,  431-2,  528,  579-80. 

Port  Angeles,  removal  of  custom- 
house, 220;  destruction  of,  224-5. 

Port  Blakely,  saw-mill  at,  33. 

Port  Discovery,  settlers  at,  28. 

Porter,  Dana  H.,  settler  on  Whidbey 
isl.,  31. 

Porter,  J.  W.,  biog.,  545. 

Porter,  James,  settled  in  Cowlitz  val., 
37. 

Porter,  R.  P.,  works  of,  807. 

Port  Gamble,  saw-mills,  32-3;  Ind. 
fight  at,  135-7. 

Portland,  mining  co.  organized  at, 
232;  advantage  to,  of  gold  discov- 
ery, 243;  headquarters  Columbia 
dept,  277. 


Port  liudlow,  sawmill  erected  at,  32. 

Port  Madi.son,  saw-mills  at,  33,  229. 

Port  Orchard,  saw-mill  removed  to, 
33;  Ind.  rendezvous,  121. 

Port  .Steilacoom,  established,  18. 

Port  Townsend,  founded,  20;  co.  seat, 
69;  custoni-hou.se.  96,  220-2,  225; 
mills  at,  229;  sketch  of,  366. 

Potts,  Benj.  F.,  gov.  of  Mont.,  674- 
88. 

Powell,  John  \7.,  discovers  mines, 
622. 

Power,  J.  N.,  biog.,  .326. 

Power,  J.  VV.,  biog.,  776. 

Power,  Jas,  biog.,  310. 

Power,  T.  C,  biog.,  796-7;  U.  S.  sen- 
ator-elect, 806. 

Powers,  Isaac,  settled  on  Whidbey 
isl.,  30. 

Preston,  P.  A.,  biog.,  319. 

Price,  K.,  settled  at  N.  Dungeness,  28. 

Price,  E.  G.,  killing  of,  122. 

Price,  John,  settles  at  Port  Town- 
send,  20. 

Prickett,  H.  E.,  dist  judge  Id.,  47.S-4. 

Pride,  D.  P.  ii.,  delegate  for  Id.,  1884, 
480. 

Prosser,  W.  F.,  biog.,  308. 

Protection  Island,  settler  on,  28;  ori- 
gin of  name,  28. 

Proux,  Chas,  biog.,  365. 

Puget  Sound,  first  settlers  at,  3;  ori- 
gin of  name,  3;  men-of-war  at,  134; 
war  on,  134-56,  174;  map,  329. 

Puget  Sound  Agricultural  Association, 
settlers  vs,  40-3;  memorial  C()ncern- 
in     83-4. 

Pug'  Sound  and  Columbia  River 
Kadroadco.,  incorporated,  270,  388. 

Puget  Sound  Milling  co.,  formed,  9. 

Puget  Sound  mounted  volunteers,  or- 
ganized,  113. 

Puget  Sound  Navigation  co.,  incor- 
porated, 271;  reincorporated,  272. 

Puget  Sound  Transportation  co.,  in- 
corporate! I,  272. 

Purcell,  Albert,  settled  on  Boisfort 
prairie,  36. 

Purdy,  B.  F.,  biog.,  326. 

Purdy,  F.  C,  legislator,  biog.,  292. 

Purdy,  O.  H.,  mining  exped.,  416. 

Puyallup,  fight  with  Inds  near,  122-3. 

Puyallup  river,  survey  of,  271. 

Puyallup  valley,  settlers  in,  66. 


Qualchin,  hanging  of,  195. 
(^uallawort,  execution  of,  13i 


INDEX. 


829 


incor- 
1,  272. 
bo.,  iii- 


|292. 

no. 

1122-3. 


Qnartzbnrg,  founded,  416.  i 

Qucoa  Charlotte  island,  acc't  of  gold 

expeil.  to,  55-8. 
Quiainak,  Nisqiially  chief,  122. 
(juiemiiuth,   chief,   outrages  by,   163; 

killi-d,  173-4. 
Quilluliuyte  co.,  organized,  278. 


R 


Rahboson,     Antonio    B.,    settled    at 

Tumwater,    biog.,    6;    saw-mill,    9; 

carries    mails,    64,    119;    capt.     of 

vols,    159,     166;     in    White    river 

ti^ht,  164. 
Rabjohn,  Fred.,  settled  at  Steilacoom, 

17. 
Rahmig,  Carl,  biog.,  635. 
Railroads,   Wash.,   70-1,   251-2,  283, 

380-90;    Id.,    532-3,    576;    Mont, 

679-87,  752-62. 
Raines,  G.  I.,   exped.    against  Inda, 

111;    brig,    gen.,    114;    campaign, 

114-18. 
Rains,  S.  M.,  deulii  of,  303. 
Randall,  D.  B.,  encounter  with  Inds, 

503  I 
Randall,  M.  R.,  biog.,  .326. 
Raville,  Father,  at  Ind.  council,  104. 
Raymond,    W.    W.,    quartz-mill    of, 

429. 
Rawn,   Capt.,  Nez  Perce  campaign, 

509. 
Rector's  Map,  1818,607. 
Redfield,  A.  H.,  Ind.  agent,  692. 
Redford,  James,  biog.,  625. 
Redpath,   James,  settled  in  Cowlitz 

val.,  37. 
Reed,  Chas  B.,  biog.,  .356-7. 
Reed,  James,  train,  etc.,  of,  622. 
Reed,  J.  M.,  biog.,  312. 
Reed,  T.  M.,  auditor,  314;  biog.,  etc., 

312,  314,  466;  representative,  443. 
Reese,  John  £.,  biog.,  625. 
Remenyi,    A.,    in    Stevens'    survey 

party,  71. 
Reniley,   John,  rescued    from    Inda, 

57. 
Reno,  Maj.,  campaign  of,  713-15. 
Reynolds,  John,  prospecting  on  Boise 

river,  259;  discovers  Boise  mines, 

406. 
Reynolds,  W.  F.,  exped.  of,  616. 
Rhoades,  F.  M.,  legislator,  biog.,  292. 
Ricard,  Rev.  Pascal,  establishes  mis- 
sion, 10,  372. 
Richard,  Nez  Perce  chief,  184. 
Richardson,  E.,  claim  of,  340. 
Richt«r,  Christopher,  biog.,  636. 


Rickards,  J.  E.,  biog.,  789;  lieut  gov. 

of  Mont.,  797. 
Riddle,  Robt,  biog.,  745-6. 
Riugs,   H.  C,   legislator,  465-6,  4'70; 

lays  out  Boise  City,  542;  R.  R.  in- 
corporator, 564. 
Rinehart,  W.  V.,  biog.,  319. 
Ringer,  L.  M.,  biog.,  292,  354. 
Ritz,   Pliilip,    U.    S.    marshal,  biog., 

279. 
Roads,  Waish.,  laying  out  of,  1852-3, 

6;i-6;  hist.  381-6;  Id.,  425-6,  435- 

40. 
'  Robert  Bruce,*  achr,  34. 
'Robert  Campbell,' steamer,  413,  609. 
Roberts,  Geo.  B.,Jiecotlectioiis,  etc.,  of, 

12. 
Robertson,  A.,  biog.,  326. 
Robertson,    Capt.     Win,    settled    on 

Whidbey  isl.,  30;  biog.,  31. 
Robie,  A.  H.,  Ind.  agent,  '77;  biog., 

546. 
Robinson,  R.  S.,  settled  ui  Chimacum 

val.,  28. 
Rock  creek,    saw-mill  at,  145;  guld 

discovered,  233. 
Rocky  Bar,  Id.,  415,  547. 
Roder,  Hy.,  forms  niiUin.^  co.,  31-2; 

biog.,  31;  legislator,  292. 
Rodgers,  David,  propecting  on  Boise 

river,  259. 
•Rogers,'  steamer,  413. 
Rogers,    B.    B.,    discovered    Salmon 

river  mines,  245. 
Rogers,  Wm,  biog.,  635. 
Rolfe,  H.  P.,  biog.,  774. 
Romaine,  James,  murder  by,  452-4; 

execution,  455. 
Rooney,  Lawrence,  killed  at  the  Cas- 
cades, 151. 
Ross,  Benj.,  settles  at  Port  Townscnd, 

20. 
Ross,  Charles,  death  of,  94. 
Ross,    Col    Samuel,   supt   of    Indian 

affairs,  279;  biog.,  279-80. 
Ross,  R.  W.,  settles  at  Port  Town- 
send,  20. 
Rossi,  cure  of  Pnget  sound,  372. 
Rotwitt,  L.,  sec'y  of  Mont.,  797,  802. 
Rotch,  F.  J.,  biog.,  326. 
Rothschild,  D.  C.  H.,  biog.,  366. 
Roundtree,  T.  R.,  biog.,  369. 
Rowland,    Wm,    rescued   from  Inds, 

57. 
Ruby  City,  Id.,  founded,  419. 
Russell,  S.  W.    settled  at  Seattle,  26; 
founded  settl.  nent,  66;   justice  of 
peace,  79. 
Russell,  T.  S.,  settled  at  Serttle,  26. 
Rutter,  W.  C,  biog.,  326. 


J 


830 


INDEX, 


St  .Tolin,  A.  E.,  settled  in  Slioalwater 

bay,  :i'}. 
Salmon  City,  Id.,  sketch  of,  554-5. 
Salmon  river,  gold  discov.,  etc.,  244-9, 
534;  ferry  rights,  251;  hardships  at 
mini's,    252-0;    phenomena,     18G4, 
31)6-7;  massacre  at,  49S). 
Salomon,  Kdw.  S.,  app't'd  gov.,  281. 
Salt,  prodnct  in  Id.,  530. 
Sanders,  Wilbnr,  vigilant,  640;  legis- 
lator,   680-6;    Nolen,    MS.,    655-7; 
delegate,  782;  U.  S.  senator-elect, 
806. 
Saiiford,  — ,  Ind.,  operations  of,  525. 
San  Juan  co.,  hist,  of,  SOO-?!. 
San  Juan  tnuible,  86-8. 
Sankster,  actions  ill  S.  Juan  trouble, 

87. 
Sands,  A.  J.,  discovered  mine,  419. 
'Saraii  Stone,'  sliip,  26. 
Sargent,  Asher,  rescued  from  Inds, 

57;  biog.,  364-5. 
Sargent,  E.  N.,  rescued  from  Inds,  57. 
'Satsall,'  steamer,  270. 
Saw-mills,  early  erections,  32-3,  230. 
Saw  Tootli  dist,  Id.,  mines  of,  531-2. 
Saxton,  Kufus,  surveys  K.  R.  route, 

71. 
Say  ward,  W.  T.,  builds  saw-mill,  32; 
biog.    and   bibliog.,    32;   legislator, 
73;  sheriff,  79;  Puget  Sound  S.  Nav. 
Co.,  272. 
Scammon,  J.  L.,  settled  on  the  Che- 

lialia,  .S6;  justice  of  peace,  78. 
Schools,  see  Education, 
Schroeder,  fate  of,  212. 
Scott,  E.,  sup.  ct  judge,  314. 
Scott,  .los.,  biog.,  777. 
Scott,  Tiios  v.,  opis.  bishop,  374. 
Seaborg,  B.  A.,  biog.,  319. 
Seal  of,  Wash.,  76;  Id,  446;  Mont., 

645. 
'Sea  Serpent,'  schr,  .34. 
Seattle,  chief,    character,  23;    death, 

174. 
Seattle,  founded,  23;  early  settlers, 
2;i-7;  county  seat,  59;  lud.  rendez- 
vous, 121;  citizens  uneasy,  124; 
attack  on,  125-34;  map,  127;  forti- 
fications erected,  133;  university, 
213;  anti-Chinese  riot  at,  294-5; 
sketcli  of,  3(il. 
Seattle  and  Northern  R.  R.,  hist,  of, 

3,S9. 
Seattle,    Lake    Shore,    and    Eastern 

R.  R.,  hist,  of,  388  9. 
Seattle  and  Si^uuk  Railroad  oc,  hist, 
of,  388, 


Secley,  J.  R.,  killing  of,  458. 
Seligman,  A.  J.,  biog.,  771. 
Sells,  D.  M.,  Ind.  agent,  492. 
Semnies,  Lieut,  in  Ind.   light,  136-7. 
Sem]de,  Gov.   E.,    app'tm't,   etc.,  of, 

298. 
Servis,  Francis  G.,  assoc.  judge,  062. 
Sewell,  John  Y.,  settler  in  Wliidboy 

isl.,  31. 
Seybert,    Chas,    settled   on  Whidbey 

isl.,  31. 
Shafer,  J.  K.,  elected  delegate,  biog., 

471. 
Sharkey,  F.  B.,  biog.,  556. 
Sliarp,  J.  P.,  biog.,  326. 
Sharpe,  John  P.,  biog.,  358, 
Shaw,  A.   F.,  biog.,  326. 
Shaw,  B.  F.,  settled  at  Tumwater,  8; 
saw-mill,  9;   purchases   the   Orbit, 
15;    aids     road-making,    65;     Ind. 
agent,  114;  lieut-col  vols,  159;  legis- 
lator, 218;  biog.,  292. 
Shaw,  Joseph,  biog.,  364. 
Shazar,  Geo.,  settled  at  Tumwater,  8j 

surveys  road,  05. 
Shelton,  David,  legislator,  73. 
Siielton  J.  M.,  biog.,  358. 
Shelton,  Levi,  biog.,  304. 
Siieppard,  Wm,  biog.,  746. 
Sheridan,  Lieut  Philip,  at  Vancouver, 
115;    attacks     Inds    at    Cascades, 
153-4. 
Sherwood,  B.  F.,  biog.,  300. 
Shinn,  VV.  A.,  biog.,  326. 
Shipping,    Wash.,    list    of    arrivals, 

1851,  53. 
Ship-building,  etc..  Wash.,  328-32. 
Shipwrecks,  Wash.,  333-5. 
Slioalwater  bay,  settlements  at,  34-6; 

surveyed,  90. 
Shoshone  co..  Id.,  created,  40>i,  569; 

sketch  of,  560. 
Shoshones,  hostility  to  miners,  247: 
attack    miners,     2,')9-60;    troubles 
with,    433,   615-16;   invade  Mont., 
692-3. 
Shoup,  Col  G.  L.,  exped.,  511;  biog., 
etc.,     554-5;     gov.    of     Id.    1880, 
583-4. 
Shoudy,  John  A.,  biog.,  .1.58. 
Show,  Daniel,  rescued  from  Inds,  57. 
•Shreveport,'  steamer,  413. 
Si.lebotham,  R.  A.,  sec.  of  Id.,  474-5. 
Silver  Bow  county,  Mont.,  sketch  of, 

752;  election,  799-800. 
Silver  City,  Id.,  founded,  419. 
Silver  hill,  mining  at,  429. 
Simcoe  val.,  fight  in,  115. 
Similkameeu  river,  gold  disooT,,  232; 
exciteuieut,  232-3. 


INDEX. 


831 


nog., 
11880, 


^57. 

174-5. 
Hi  of, 


1232: 


Simmons,  Andrew  J.,  located  claim, 

10;  si;;ii»  iiiciii.  to  congress,  5;{. 
Siimiioiis,  t'liristophur,  first  Am.  born 
ill  Wasli.,  '2. 

Simmons,  L.,  expcd.,  etc.,  of,  G'28. 

Simmons,  M.  I.,  candidate  for  con- 
yrtss,  71-'_':  duatii,  7'2. 

Simmons,  M.  T.,  at  Ft  Vancouver, 
1-2;  character,  2;  settles  on  Tuget 
sound,  ;i;  sawmill,  D;  store  at 
Olympia,  10;  actions  against  agric. 
assoc,  40;  dist  judge,  44;  del.  to 
convention,  4!);  signs  mem.  to  con- 
gress, 5;{;  organizes  road  co.,  ii'.i; 
Ind.  agent,  1)4,  121,  177;  visit  to 
I'nget  sound,  12(5. 

Sinclair,  James,  killed  at  the  Cas- 
cades, 147. 

Sin-.lair,  W.  B.,  biog..  308. 

Singiser,  T.  V.,  sec.  of  Id.,  475;  con- 
gressman, 5G7. 

Siou.x,  hostilities  with,  413,  693,  718. 

Sitting  Hull,  campaign  against,  etc., 
712-10. 

Skakig  county,  created,  371. 

Skamania  county,  created,  77;  aketch 
of,  3r)8-0. 

Skookuni  creek,  block-house  erected, 
14. 

Slack,  .To.sei)h  K.,  discov.  placers,  622. 

Klatcrville,  founded,  237. 

Slaugliter,  Lieut,  e.xped.  of,  122; 
death,  123. 

Sliiggia,  captures  Loschi,  171;  death, 
174. 

Small-pox,  ravages  among  Inds.,  91-2. 

Smitii,  A.  (.'.,  biog.,  etc.,  369-444. 

Smitii,  C.  Do  Witt,  acting  gov.  Id., 
46:{. 

Smitii,  E.  L.,  sec.  of  ter.,  206. 

Smith,  Urcen  (Jlay,  gov.  of  Mont., 
662  6;  Ind.  campaign,  703-4. 

Smitii,  Henry,  arrest  of,  202. 

Smitii,  II.  A.,  settled  at  Seattle,  26; 
surg         )t' vols,  106;  legislator,  2H2. 

Smitii,        h.,  biog.,  354. 

Smith,  .lames  A.,  biog.,  748. 

Smith,  Joliii  A.,  biog.,  624. 

Smith,  .lo.sepli  8.,  settled  on  Whidbey 
isl.,  30. 

Smitii,  Levi  L.,  biog.,  15-16. 

Smitii,  L.  1*.,  legislator,  bi..g,,  292. 

Smith,  Lyon  A.,  arrest  of,  v;i)2. 

Smitii,  Nathan,  discovered  Salmon 
river  mines,  etc.,  245,  534. 

Smith,  U.  t'.,  settled  in  Cowlitz  val., 
37. 

Smith,  Rufus,  biog.,  747. 

Smith,  Samuel,  discovered  Salmon 
river  mines,  245. 


Smith,  Victor,  collector,  220;  charges 
against,  220-3;  arrest  of,  223;  death, 
225. 
Smithers,  E.  M.,  settled  at   Seattle, 

26. 
Snake  river.  Id.,  fort  built,  184;  ferry 

rights,    251;    descript.    of,    394-7; 

surveyed,  437;  mining,  529-35. 
Sno(jualimich  pass,  blocliaded,  159. 
Snoipialimichs,  outbreak  of,  13-14. 
Snow,  J.  M.,  biog.,  319. 
Snyder,  Alfred,  legislator,  biog.,  292. 
Soda,  deposits  in  Id.,  536. 
South  Boise,  Id.,  mining,  etc.,  at,  431. 
Southeastern  Idaho,  map  of,  549. 
South  ford,  gold  discovered,  240-1. 
Sonth  pass,  height  of,  395. 
Southwestern  Id.,  map  of,  529. 
Sparling,  F.  W.,  register,  298. 
Spaulding,  Henry  11.,  biog.,  354. 
Spencer,  I'.  K.,  biog.,  326-7. 
S  perry,  Cajit,  death  of,  522. 
Spillman,  C.  W.,  execution  of.  019- 

20. 
Splane,    Moses,  discov.  Boise   mines, 

259.  406. 
Splawn,  A.  .T.,  biog.,  355. 
Spokane  co'try,  counsel  at,  104-5, 
Spokane  falls,  hist,  of,  391. 
Spokane   rirer,  gold   discovered,    63; 

bridge  across,  251. 
Spokancs,     (}ov.     Stevens'     dtjalings 

with,     104-6;    cam))aigiis    against, 

178-96;  treaty  with,  195. 
Spotted    Kagle,  capt.  of    Nez    Perce 

vols,  139. 
Spreading    Eagle,    Nez    Perce   chief, 

184. 
Squire,  W.  C,  gov.  Wash.  1884,  293; 

biog.,  293-4;  adminst.,  293-8. 
Stalii.  chief,  outrages  by,  163. 
Staiiduer,  Jefferson,  capt.  of  vols,  411; 

U.  S.  sen.,  316. 
Stanton,  A.  K.,  biog.,  621. 
Stanwood,  Ingersoll,  biog.,  305. 
Starr,  L.   M.  and   E.   A.,    steamboat 

contractors,  272. 
Steamboats,  on   rivers,   2(t9- 72;    (irst 

charter  to  co.,  269. 
Stearns,    H.   N.,  settled   on   Boisfort 

prairie,  36. 
Steilacoom,    Ind.,    rendezvous,     121; 

insane    asylum,    273  4,    366;    coal 

mines,  .309;  hist,  of,  303. 
Steinberger,  Justin,  sent  to  raise  regi- 
ment for  regular  service,  228;  com- 
mand at  Vancouver,  229 
Stcptoe,    Col,    campaign  of,   178-83j 

defeat  of,  182. 
Sterling,  F.  P.,  biog.,  770. 


|.» 


832 


INDEX. 


Sterrett,  coinM  of  the  'Decatur,'  113. 

Stevens  co.,  Iiist.  of,  H54. 

Stevens,  I«i;io  Ingalls,  gov.  Wash, 
terr  ,  (il-'2;  character  and  biog., 
70,  '204-.-),  20S-9;  R.  R.  survey 
expi'd.,  71,  55(5;  messages,  74-t5; 
98-0;  1 J7-S;  report  on  H.  B.  co's 
property,  Sii;  l<-..vea  for  Washington 
city,  8S;  acts  in  Intl.  affairs,  03- 
107;  visits  Puget  sound,  120;  at 
Or.  vols  camp,  142;  reception  at 
Olympia,  143;  plan  of  canip:iign, 
100;  takes  the  held,  102;  orders 
troops  to  the  sound,  103;  proclaims 
martial  law,  l(i5;  liolds  council 
with  Inds,  108-70;  unpopular,  202; 
del.  to  congress,  205-7;  career  dur- 
ing civil  war,  207-8;  death,  208;  ex- 
ped.,  000-9. 

Stevens,  James  H,,  biog.,  358. 

Stevenson,  gov.  of  Id.,  proclani.  1889, 
584. 

Stevenson,  G.  H.,  biog.,  327. 

Stewart,  Ueo.  H.,  speaker  of  house, 
280;  biog.,  292. 

Stickney,  \Vm,  Ind.  coniis.,  498. 

Stikines,  hostilities  of,  134-7. 

Stiles,  I.  L.,  biog.,  etc.,  310;  sup.  ct 
judge,  314. 

Stimpson,  Tiiomas,  biog.,  306. 

Stinkingwatcr  creek,  rich  diggings  at, 
412. 

Stock-raisins;;,  Wash,,  349-51;  Mont., 
734-8;  759-00. 

Stodden,  Wni,  biog.,  748. 

Stone,  David,  settled  in  Cowlitz  val., 
37. 

Stone,  Nathaniel,  settled  in  Cowlitz 
val.,  37;  signs  mem.  to  congress, 
53;  justice  of  peace,  78. 

Storms,  D.  J.,  legislator,  biog.,  292. 

Strahorn,  11.  K.,  w(U-ksof,  405;  panii)li- 
let,  etc.,  of,  807. 

Straigiit,  (J.  K.,  biog.,  327. 

Straugiiii,  J.  C,  surveyor  gen.,  584. 

Strong,  juilge,  contlict  of  jury  with, 
50;  presiding  at  Olympia,  55;  can- 
diilate  for  congress,  73;  com.  to 
prepare  laws,  70;  capt.  in  Ind. 
war,  114,  138. 

Struve,  H.  (i.,  pros,  of  council,  267. 

Stuart,  Ciias,  settled  on  Shoalwater 
bay,  35. 

Stuart,  (r.,  cxped.  of,  613-17;  biog., 
77t)-7. 

Stuart, '  Cr.  It..,  del.  to  convention, 
291. 

Stuart,  J.  ,  expods.  of,C13-17;  627-8; 
030-3;  i)iog.,  013;  aheriif,  019;  legis- 
lator, 044, 


Sucklcy,  G.,  in  Stevens'  survey  party, 
71. 

Suksdorf,  H.  F.,  biocj.,  312. 

Sidlivan,  E.  H.,  biou'.,  311. 

Sullivan,  Jas,  biog.,  770. 

Sullivan,  Jere,  l>io;,'.,  770. 

Sullivan,  M.,  mention,  .■!44. 

Sullivan,  P.  C,  lung.,  313. 

Sully,  Gen.,  campaign  against  Sioux, 
093. 

Sulpiiur,  deposits  in  Id.,  537. 

Sununit  City,  Id..  founiUul,  428. 

Sumner,  Gen.  E.  V.,  com'd  of  Pacific 
dept,  227. 

Sumner,  G.  W.,  settled  on  Wliidbey 
isl.,  30. 

'Susan  Sturgis,'  sliip,  attacked  by 
Inds,  90. 

Swanish  co.,  see  Mason  co. 

Swan,  James  G.,  settled  in  Slioal- 
water  bay,  35;  biog.  and  works,  35; 
explorations,  380. 

Swartout,  Sam'l,  com'd  of  the  '  Mas- 
sacliusetts,'  134;  actions  against 
Stikines,  1.34-7. 

Sweeny,  Samuel,  settled  in  Shoal- 
water bay,  34. 

Sweet,  W.,  assoc.  judge,  18S9,  .^SS. 

Swiudal,  C.  \V.,  capt.  of  scouts,  159- 
07;  fight  at  White  river,  lt)4. 

Syford,  Otto,  in  Ind.  fight.  478. 

Sylvester,  Edmund,  settled  at  Turn- 
water,  biog.,  0;  saw-mill,  9;  pur- 
chases tlie  Orbit,  15;  aids  road- 
making,  03. 

Symes,  Geo.  G.,  assoc.  judge,  002. 


Tabotte,  Henry  J.,  killing  of,  420. 
Taftetson,  Christian,  biog.,  308, 
Taftson,  Martin,  settled  on  Whidbey 

isl.,  30. 
Talbot,  H.  E.,  biog.,  540. 
Tappan,  Wm  H.,  legislator,  73;  Ind. 

agent,  94. 
Taylor,  Geo.  S.,  biog.,  355. 
Taylor,  Geo  W.,  biog,,  774. 
Taylor,  J.  A.,  legislator,  l)iog,,  292. 
Taylor,  Capt.  O.  H.  P.,  killed,  181. 
Taylor,  Thos  T.,  biog.,  741). 
Taylor,  W.  H.,  biog.,  .392. 
Teeumseh,  in  attack  on  Seattle,  128. 
Temple,  Fred.,  biog.,  034. 
Territory,    petition    for  establishing, 

48-59,  .59-00. 
Terry,  Gen.,  campaign  of,  713-15. 
Terry,  C.  C,  founds  New  York,  21- 

3;  saw-mill,  33;  signs  mum.  to  ouu- 


INDEX. 


833 


15. 

I.  21- 

uuu- 


gress,  53;  legislator,  98;   donation 

to  university,  215. 
Terry,  Mr.s  Grove,  settled  on  Whid- 

l)ey  isl.,  30. 
'Tiie   Columbian,'  newspaper  estab., 

51. 
The    Dalles,   army   headquarters    at, 

117. 
Thomas,  Cr.  F,,  biog.,  423. 
Tliomas,  John,  settloil  at  Seattle,  20; 

founds  settlement,  (iO. 
Thompson,  Chas,  settler  at  Whidbey 

isl.,  31. 
Tliompson,  D.  P.,  gov.  Id.  1876,  474; 

biog.,  474. 
Tliompson,  (i.  F.,  biog.,  320. 
Thompson,  Gideon,  biog.,  3t>4. 
Thompson,  James,  in  attack  at  the 

Cascades,  148. 
Thomi>son,  L.  P.,  biog.,  320. 
Thompson,  \V.  (j.,  chief  justice  Id., 

187!),  480. 
Thompson,  W.  J.,  biog.  and  ment.  of, 

of,  31 5-1 1). 
Thornton,  John,  settled  at  N.  Dunge- 

ness,  27;  rescued  from  Inds,  57. 
Thornton.  \V.  M.,  l)iog.,  771-2. 
Tin-ee    Feathers,    Nez    Perce    chief, 

184. 
TInirston   co.,    created,    51;   officials, 

78;  vols  enrolled,  113;  under  mar- 
tial law,  203. 
Til)bal3,  H.  L.,  of  P.  S.  Steam  Nav. 

CO.,  272;  biog.,  .300. 
Tilley,  M.  R.,  legislator,  biog.,  292. 
Tilton,  surveyor-gen.,  11.3. 
Tilton,  James,  app't'd  adj. -gen.,  114. 
Tiiikh'iin,  A.  VV.,  in  Stevens'  survey 

party,  71. 
Titman,  H.,  biog.,  554. 
Tobin,    H.    H.,    founded  settlement, 

00;  Ind.  agent,  121. 
Toolo,  J.   K.,  delegate  to  cong.,  782; 

biog.,  788-9;   gov.    of  Mont.,  797, 

800-4. 
Toole,  J.  R.,  biog.,  789. 
Towns,  Wash.,  hist,  of,  361-71,  390-2. 
Townsend,  A.,  Ind.  agent,  177. 
Trading  forts,  Mont.,  map  of,  010. 
•Traveller,"  steamer,  130,  271. 
Travis,  ,1.  J.,  biog.,  313. 
Tripp,  A.  G.,  biog.,  305. 
Troy,  S.,  legislitor,  biog.,  292. 
Truett,  H.  B.,  biog.,  720-7. 
Trutch,  J.  W.,  surveys  R.  R,   route, 

69. 
Tucker,  A.  H.,  legislator,  biop.,  292- 

3. 
Tucker,  James,  settler  at  Port  Dis- 
covery, 24;  murder  of,  28. 
UisT.  Wash.— 58 


[  Tucker,  J.  E.,  biog.,  .327. 

Tukey,  John  F.,  settler  at  Port  Dis- 
covery, 28. 

TuUis,  A.  F.,  settled  on  Boisfort 
prairie,  30;  legislator,  biog.,  292. 

Tumwater,  first  suttlumcnt  at,  4; 
early  annals,  5-8;  saw-mill,  9; 
block-house  erected,  14;  public 
meeting,  1848,  39;  mauufac.  at, 
305. 

Turnbull,  James,  biog.,  305. 

Turner,  G.,  assoc.  judge,  297,  300; 
biog.,  310. 

Turner,  J.  C,  biog.,  327. 

Turney,  L.  .J.  S.,  app't'd  sec.  of  terr., 
211;  acting  gov.,  219. 

Twiss,  C.  P.,  legislator,  biog.,  293. 


U 


Um.atillas,  loyalty  of,  521;  in  Wheat- 

on's  campaign,  525. 
'Una,' ship,  wrecked,  53. 
Union  Lake,  named,  20. 
Ui)dyko,  David  C,  lynching  of,  401. 
Utah  Northern  K.  R.,  083-0,  752 -.3. 
Utes,  outbreaks  among,  719. 
Utter,    Wm,    settled   at   Bollingham 

bay,  32. 


Van  Assalt,  Hy.,  settled  on  the  Dwa- 

mish,  22. 
Van  Houton,  B.  C,  biog.,  320. 
Van  Name,  J.  F.,  biog.,  308. 
Vancouver,    co.    seat,    77;   alarm   at, 

152-3;    penitentiary,    213;    arsenal 

closed,    27iS;    conventions    at,  284; 

sketch  of,  305. 
Vancouver  co.,  created,  officials,  44-5. 
Vansycle,   J.    M.,   lays  out  Wallula, 

255;  biog.,  etc.,  371. 
Van  Wie,  Vroman  W.,  biog.,  .354. 
V^aslion  island,  Ind.  rendezvous,  121. 
Vaughn,  Alfred  J.,  Ind.  agent,  625, 

091-2. 
Vaughn,  Wm,  biog.,  035. 
Vestal,  S.,  biog.,  320. 
Vigilance    committees,    see    Popular 

'Iribunals,  this  series. 
Vincent,    CiBur    d'Aluno   chief,    180j 

makes  poaoe,  194. 
Virginia  City,  foun<led,  etc.,  412,  629; 

niiiss   meeting   at,  099;   sketch   of, 

764,  780. 
Volcano  dist.  Id.,  mining  in,  428-9. 
Voorhees,   C.    S.,   del.    to    congreu, 

302. 


834 


INDEX. 


-    m      ■ 

Wade,  Deciaa  C,  chief  justice,  662. 

Wade,  R.  H.,  discovered  mine,  419, 

Wahkiakum  co.,  created,  77;  officials, 
78. 

Wait,  S.  M.,  del.  to  convention,  291. 

Walla  Walla,  mil.  post  established  at, 
116;  campaign  of  Or.  troops,  140-4; 
army  inspected,  195;  mil.  co,  raised, 
229;  incorporated,  252;  convention 
at,  1878.  290-1;  sketch  of,  371. 

Walla  Walla  CO.,  created,  77;  officials, 
77;  assessed  value  of  property,  251; 
hist,  of,  371. 

Walla  Walla  and  Columbia  River  Rail- 
road CO.,  hist,  of,  388. 

Walla  Walla  Railroad,  hist,  of,  388. 

Walla  Wallas,  sign  treaty,  101;  exe- 
cution of,  195. 

Walla  Walla  valley,  Ind.  council  in, 
101;  map,  197;  settlers,  200. 

Wallace,  Leander  C,  killed  at  Ft 
Nisqually,  13,  14. 

Wallace,  Thomas  W.,  settled  at  Tum- 
water,  6. 

Wallace,  Wm,  settled  on  Whidbey 
isl.,  30. 

Wallace,  Wm  H.,  biog.,  71;  candidate 
for  congress,  73;  legislator,  98;  capt. 
in  Ind.  war,  120,  139;  occupies 
Puyallup  val.,  122;  gov.  of  Wash., 
211;  del.  t>.  congress,  218;  gov.  of 
Idaho,  442  et  seq. 

Wallula,  town  laid  out,  255. 

Warbass,  E.  D.,  founds  town,  biog., 
37:  del.  to  convention,  49;  capt.  of 
vols,  167. 

Warbass,  W.  G.,  legislator, '218;  biog., 
364. 

Warbassport,  founded,  37. 

Ward,  Samuel,  delegate,  782. 

Ward,  D.  B,,  legislator,  biog.,  293. 

Ward,  Ira,  legislator,  73. 

Warner,  C.  H.,  biog.,  310. 

Warner,  D.,  settles  in  Puyallup  val., 
66. 

Warren,  C.  S.,  biog.,  765-6. 

Warren,  Hy.  L.,  chief  justice,  661. 

Warren,  James,  discovers  mines,  258. 

Warren,  town  of.  Id.,  552. 

Warwick,  Isaac,  murder  by,  420. 

Washington,  first  settlements,  1845- 
53,  1-38;  effects  of  Gal.  gold  discov- 
ery, 12-13;  development,  1845-53, 
39-69;  terr.  named,  61 ;  population, 
1853,  62;  seal,  76;  Ind.  census, 
1853-4.  89-90;  Ind.  wars,  1855-8, 
108-200;  war  expenses,  175;  thro' 
four  admin.,  201-26;  mail  communi- 


cations, 222;  mining,  1861-3,  230- 
63;  town-making,  231-62;  gov'm't 
and  development,  1863-86.  264-303, 
codif.  of  laws,  299;  enabling  act, 
304-7;  statehood,  317-27;  timber 
and  ship-building,  32S-3:?;  marit. 
commerce,  etc.,  333-5;  light-h.ouses, 
etc.,  335-6;  exports,  337-40;  coal- 
mining. 340-2;  gold  and  silver, 
342-3;  agric,  etc.,  343-5;  f'.heries, 
345-9;  stock-raising,  349-;')!;  manu- 
fact.,  351-3;  counties  and  towns, 
354-71,  390-2;  churches,  372-4; 
education,  375-6;  libraries,  376-7; 
journals,  ."177-80;  Ind.  reserv..  .180-1 ; 
roads,  381-6;  railroads,  386-90. 

Washington  co.,  created,  465;  sketch 
of,  560. 

Washington  lake,  named,  26. 

'Water  Lily,'  steamer,  97. 

Watkins,  li.  W.,  attacked  by  Inds, 
92. 

Watkins,  James,  wounded  in  the  Cas- 
cades attack,  149. 

Watt,  A.,  biog.,  320. 

Waunch,  Geo.,  settled  at  Puget 
sound.  4. 

Weatherford,  A.  H.,  biog.,  327. 

Webber,  J.  B.,  stationed  at  S.  Juan 
island,  88;  in  charge  of  Ind.  camp, 
121;  R.  R.  enterprise,  270. 

Webster,  Wm,  settles  at  Port  Town- 
send,  20. 

Weed,  Chas,  rescued  from  Inds,  57. 

Weir,  Allen,  sec.  state  Wash.,  314. 

Weir,  H.W.,  chief  justice  1888,  583. 

Weir,  John,  exploration,  386. 

Weisenburger,  J.  J.,  biog.,  311. 

Welcher,  Benj.,  settled  on  Whidbey 
isl.,  30. 

Welcher,  Lewis,  settled  on  Whidbey 
isl.,  30. 

Weldon,  David  K.,  settled  on  ShoaK 
water  bay,  35. 

Wenatchee  river,  gold  discovered, 
230. 

West,  A.  J.,  biog.,  309. 

Westenfeldten,  Jacob,  prospecting  on 
Boise  river,  259,  406. 

West  Granite  mines,  ment.  of,  767. 

Whalley,  J.  T.,  biog.,  320. 

Wham,  Lieut  J.  W.,  Ind.  agent,  492. 

Whatcom  co.,  created,  77;  officials, 
77;  mil.  co.  raised,  229;  sketch  of, 
359. 

Wheaton,  Gen.,  Ind.  campaign  of, 
521-6. 

Whidl)ey  island,  Ind.  council  at,  11; 
settlements,  12,  28-31;  Ind.  out- 
rages, 137.  < 


INDEX. 


835 


:  on 


192. 

als, 

of. 

of, 

11; 

put- 


Whipple,  Capt.,  operations  of,  .'502-3. 
Whitcoinl),  .John,  setted  on  Protection 

island,  28. 
Whitcoinl),    J.     Henry,     settled    on 

Shoalwater  bay,  35;  biog.,  3G. 
White,  B.  F.,  gov.  Mont.   1889,  787; 

biog.,  787. 
White,    C.    F.,    settled    on     Boisfort 

prairie,  36;  legislator,  98. 
White,   Christian,   killed  at  Seattle, 

130. 
White,    Cyn.s,    settled    on    Boisfort 

prairie,  3o. 
White,   Elijah,   founds  Pacific  City, 

33. 
White,  Lieut  J.  L.,  in  Wright's  cam- 
paign, 185. 
White,  John,  discovers  placers,  etc., 

«21. 
White,    Capt.   Joseph    A.,    fight    at 

White  river,  163-4. 
White,  W.  H.,  legislator,  biog.,  29.3. 
White  Bird,  Nez  Perce  chief.  499-500. 
White  river,  settlements  founded,  66; 

massacre  at,  118-20;  fight  at,  162-3. 
White    River    valley,   see    Dwamish 

valley. 
Whitesell,  H.,  settles  in  Puyallup  val., 

66. 
Whitlach,  James  W.,  discovers  quartz 

mine,  72.3. 
Whitlach  mine,  descript.  of,  72.3-4. 
Whitman  co.,  hist  of,  .354. 
Whitman,    P.    B.,    Ind.    interpreter, 

484,  491. 
Whitson,  Wm  G.,  dist  judge,  Id.,  473; 

biog.,  473. 
AVhitworth,  G.  F.,  biog.,  etc.,  373. 
Wickershain,  J.  H.,  comptroller,  584. 
Wiley,  J.  W.,  publi-shes  the  'Colum- 
bian,' 51;  biog.,  77. 
Willamette   valley,   mining   rush  to, 

108;  gold  discovery,  243. 
Willard   creek,    gold   discovered   at, 

621. 
Willard,  DrG.  K.,  biog.,  364. 
Willhf.-d.  John,  biog.,  635. 
Willi?  -mos,  biog.,  747. 

Willia.ji?,    tSam'l    H.,   rescued    from 

Inds,  57. 
Williams,  Sergt  Wm  C,  bravery  in 

[nd.  tight,  death,  181. 
Williamson,  J.  R.,  settled  at  Seattle, 

26. 
Williamson,  N.,  exped.,  etc.,  of,  614. 
Willison,  H.  C,  biog.,  309. 
Williston,  L.  P.,  assoc.  judge,  643-4. 
Willopah  river,  settlers  on,  36. 
Willson,  B.,  biog.,  etc.,  649. 
Wilson,  E.  J.,  biog.,  320. 


Wilson,  Lieut,  belligerent  acts  of, 
221-2. 

Wilsor,  Fi'ed.  A.,  collector, 220;  biog., 
366. 

Wilson,  Henry  C,  settles  at  Port 
Townsend,  biog.,  18;  del.  to  con- 
vention, 49;  signs  mem.  to  congress, 
.53;  sheriff,  59. 

Wilson,  J.  L.,  congressman,  314. 

Wingard,  S.  C.,  assoc.  judge,  285. 

Wisconsin  gulch,  iiiiiiing  at,  630. 

Witherbee,  F.  S.,  biog.,  769. 

Withington,  L.  P.,  biog.,  556. 

Witten,  M.,  biog.,  747. 

Witter,  A.  C,  speaker,  802. 

Wolfe,  H.  H.,  biog.,  320. 

Wolverton,  W.  M.,  ment.,  .300. 

Woman  suffrage.  Wash.,  290,  298. 

Wood,  H.  C,  Ind.  coinniis.,  498. 

Wood  river  dist,  mines  of,  529-31; 
map,  531. 

Wood,  W.  D.,  biog.,  321. 

Woodard,  A.,  settled  on  Wliidbey 
isl.,  30 

Woodard,  John,  in  attack  at  the  Cas- 
cades, 148. 

Woodhig.  C.  F.,  biog.,  321. 

Woodward,  H.  R.,  biog.,  364. 

Woodward,  Sain'l,  settled  on  Shoal- 
water bay,  35. 

Wool,  Geu.,  at  Vancouver,  116;  tjuar- 
rel  with  officers,  117;  recall, 
176.    • 

Woolery,  A.  H.,  settled  in  Puyallup 
val.,  66. 

Woolery,  Isaac,  settled  in  Puyallup 
val.,  66. 

Word,  Saml,  biog.,  770. 

Word,  S.  E.,  biog.,  635. 

Wren,  Chas,  arrest  of,  202. 

Wright,  Col  Geo.,  arrival  of  with 
troops,  116;  exped.  to  Cascades, 
154-6;  campaign,  etc.,  of,  183-95; 
coin'd  of  Pacific  dept,  227-8. 

Wright,  I.  H.,  settled  in  Puyallup 
val.,  66. 

Wright,  Moses,  biog.,  356. 

Wriglit,  T.  R.,  settled  in  Puyallup 
val.,  66. 

Wyche,  James  E.,  chief  justice,  biog., 
250;  dist  of,  278. 


Yakima  co.,  hist,  of,  .355. 

Yakima  river,  gold  discov.,  63;  sol- 
diers drowned,  115;  mil.  post  on, 
117;  ferries,  251. 

Yakimas,  sign  treaty,  101;  hostility, 


880 


INDEX. 


109;  campaign  against,  110-13,  196; 
attack  at  Cascades,  146-52;  expel 
Leschi,  171;  exped.  against,  183- 
96. 

Yankee    Fork    dist.    Id.,    mines   of, 

Yantis,  B.  F.,  biog,,  64;  surveys  state 

road,  65;  legislator,  73. 
Yeaiian,  Jacob,  biog.,  556. 
Yellow.stoue  basin,  Mont.,  descript.  of, 

Yellowstone     co.,     organized,     443; 
sketch  of,  757-8. 


Yellowstone  river,  gov.  cxped.  on. 
710-11.  '  ^ 

Yesler,  Henry  L.,  settled  at  Seattle, 
24-5;  CO.  auilitor,  78-9;  contrib- 
utes to  Seattle  fortifications,  133; 
R.  R.  enterprise,  270. 

'Yf.iing  America,'  steamer,  fate  of, 
271. 

Young,  Lieut,  sent  to  attack  Inds, 
135. 

Young,  Brigliam,  visits  colony  in 
Idaho,  402-3. 

Young,  Wm,  killed  by  Inds,  93. 


• 


on, 

ittle, 
trib- 
133; 

'.   of, 

iida, 

'    in 


